Telecommunications

1748: 2046:(LANs)—computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometres—remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet does not provide assured protection from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN. 1186:(ITU) revealed that roughly a third of countries have fewer than one mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have fewer than one land-line telephone subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have fewer than one out of 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies. Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and 752:(EB) in 2000 to 65 EB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $ 4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $ 1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). 6502: 29: 8882: 7677: 6847: 6248: 7687: 8780: 8848: 311: 6258: 2034:

in advance (i.e., audio and video) without detriment. That prioritization is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VoIP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritization, i.e., a private corporate-style network, but the Internet is not generally managed in this way and so there can be a big difference in the quality of VoIP calls over a private network and over the public Internet.

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perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes and received with signal amplitudes it would still decode to the binary message 1011— a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using

966:. Coaxial cable types are classified by RG type or "radio guide", terminology derived from World War II. The various RG designations are used to classify the specific signal transmission applications. This last channel is called the "free space channel". The sending of radio waves from one place to another has nothing to do with the presence or absence of an atmosphere between the two. Radio waves travel through a perfect 6237: 2128: 1895: 8797: 6268: 1073:") before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this . An example of this process is a disc jockey's voice being impressed into a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel "96 FM"). In addition, modulation has the advantage that it may use frequency division multiplexing (FDM). 1643: 1681:

Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as

1972:(UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer whereas UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered nor retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry 840:). The transmission electronics and the receiver electronics within a transceiver are quite independent of one another. This can be explained by the fact that radio transmitters contain power amplifiers that operate with electrical powers measured in watts or kilowatts, but radio receivers deal with radio powers measured in microwatts or 1950:

network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.

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that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized

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As of 2015, the landline telephones in most residential homes are analogue—that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the

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Many countries have enacted legislation which conforms to the International Telecommunication Regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the "leading UN agency for information and communication technology issues". In 1947, at the Atlantic City Conference, the

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that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange

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Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of low-frequency analogue signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be impressed into

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also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone.

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were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during

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voice communications. The data packets are marked as voice-type packets and can be prioritized by the network administrators so that the real-time, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed (i.e., file transfer or email) or buffered

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dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social conversations and staying connected to family and friends.

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has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to order and arrange a variety of home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to

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Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data-link protocols for larger networks such as WANs; Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data-link protocols for LANs. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler, e.g., they

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However, despite the pending switch to digital, analog television remains being transmitted in most countries. An exception is the United States that ended analog television transmission (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on 12 June 2009 after twice delaying the switchover deadline. Kenya

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in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optical fibres. The benefit of communicating with optical fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and

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Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m),

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brought on the first explosion of international broadcasting propaganda. Countries, their governments, insurgents, terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to promote propaganda. Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the

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was first used as an English word in the late 14th century. It comes from Old French comunicacion (14c., Modern French communication), from Latin communicationem (nominative communication), noun of action from past participle stem of communicare, "to share, divide out; communicate, impart, inform;

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In cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access music and film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the Internet, people can listen to music they

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Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless, devices like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as opposed to the social

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For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local

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with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can

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has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexual preference and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in

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and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small

2052:(WANs) are private computer networks that may extend for thousands of kilometres. Once again, some of their advantages include privacy and security. Prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information secure and secret. 608:

within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar,

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signals to digital signals for transmission. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side by side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long-distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).

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systems. Analogue signals vary continuously with respect to the information, while digital signals encode information as a set of discrete values (e.g., a set of ones and zeroes). During propagation and reception, information contained in analogue signals is degraded by undesirable

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Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A 2006 survey (right table) of slightly more than 3,000 Americans by the non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project in the United States the majority specified television or radio over newspapers.

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and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

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networks). However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optical fibres. When optic fibres are used, the distinction must be made between multimode fibres and single-mode fibres.

862:. The sharing of physical channels using multiplexing often results in significant cost reduction. Multiplexed systems are laid out in telecommunication networks and multiplexed signals are switched at nodes through to the correct destination terminal receiver. 1701:

today's optical fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optical fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from

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that can render the signal indistinguishable from the noise. Another advantage of digital systems over analogue is that their output is easier to store in memory, i.e., two voltage states (high and low) are easier to store than a continuous range of states.

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Unless the additive noise disturbance exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. Their resistance to noise represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals. However, digital systems

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is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).

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connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.

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mid-1930s. In 1936, the BBC broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa. Modern political debates in telecommunication include the reclassification of

1925:). As of 2008, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of 1984:, network administrators can manipulate traffic to suit particular requirements. Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning 498:, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers. 993:. Each station in this example is separated from its adjacent stations by 200 kHz, and the difference between 200 kHz and 180 kHz (20 kHz) is an engineering allowance for the imperfections in the communication system. 7642: 8344: 1061:" system, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between various devices. In addition, there are combinations of phase-shift keying and amplitude-shift keying which is called (in the jargon of the field) " 3146:

The electronics age may be said to have been ushered in with the invention of the vacuum diode valve in 1902 by the Briton John Fleming (himself coining the word 'electronics'), the immediate application being in the field of

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is the interface between the power amplifier and the free space channel. The free space channel is the transmission medium and the receiver's antenna is the interface between the free space channel and the receiver. Next, the

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when noise exceeds the system's ability to autocorrect. On the other hand, analogue systems fail gracefully: as noise increases, the signal becomes progressively more degraded but still usable. Also, digital transmission of

1999:(TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential. Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as 1177:

Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of the world—this is known as the

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as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."

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requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear". The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of

1866:(French-designed). For analogue radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude ( 2082:

As the Internet grew in popularity and its traffic was required to be routed into private networks, the TCP/IP protocols replaced existing local area network technologies. Additional technologies, such as

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Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 1980s and 1990s, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernet facilities. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use

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suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth. Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.

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negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as

981:(megahertz) while another radio station can simultaneously broadcast radio waves at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 96.1 MHz. Each radio station would transmit radio waves over a frequency 8599: 8544: 2116:

can be thought of as thicker optical fibres that are cheaper to manufacture devices for, but that suffer from less usable bandwidth and worse attenuation—implying poorer long-distance performance.

1786:. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints common to traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as 1705:

which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.

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is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable

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also ended analog television transmission in December 2014 after multiple delays. For analogue television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting colour TV (see a map on adoption

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Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the

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ITU decided to "afford international protection to all frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the Radio Regulation". According to the ITU's

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The term "channel" has two different meanings. In one meaning, a channel is the physical medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver. Examples of this include the

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It is estimated that 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the

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invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the

3812: 1000:, and each channel is assigned a separate frequency bandwidth in which to broadcast radio waves. This system of dividing the medium into channels according to frequency is called " 8079: 8011: 7601: 3303: 8049: 8294: 208:, a technology independent of any given medium, has provided global access to services for individual users and further reduced location and time limitations on communications. 559:

and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.

8569: 604:, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more 2386: 1799:

a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.

1023:), and is used in optical fibre communication. Some radio communication systems use TDM within an allocated FDM channel. Hence, these systems use a hybrid of TDM and FDM. 844:. Hence, transceivers have to be carefully designed and built to isolate their high-power circuitry and their low-power circuitry from each other to avoid interference. 640:

devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the

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out of each second), and to allow each sender to send messages only within its own time slot. This method of dividing the medium into communication channels is called "

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to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then

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mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a

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Modern telecommunication is founded on a series of key concepts that experienced progressive development and refinement in a period of well over a century:

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discusses some debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and telecommunication such as radio broadcasting. The onset of

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again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo

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for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an

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Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the

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Telecommunications in which multiple transmitters and multiple receivers have been designed to cooperate and share the same physical channel are called

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of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1940s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard in the 1970s.

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Another way of dividing a communications medium into channels is to allocate each sender a recurring segment of time (a "time slot", for example, 20

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for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of

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communications have gradually been supplemented by data. The physical limitations of metallic media prompted the development of optical fibre. The

4065: 1657:. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller 6977: 6304: 3920: 2258: 1507:

According to data collected by Gartner and Ars Technica sales of main consumer's telecommunication equipment worldwide in millions of units was:

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From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The

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reported that 81% of 15- to 24-year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirt.

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Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become increasingly important. In recent years, the popularity of

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In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the

58:, is the transmission of information with an immediacy comparable to face-to-face communication. As such, slow communications technologies like 7566: 4106: 1921:). By 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through 3869: 2842: 2479: 772:

and wireless methods. Overall, a basic telecommunication system consists of three main parts that are always present in some form or another:

8632: 8128: 7851: 2167: 2087:, allowed TCP/IP-based computers to self-configure in the network. Such functions also existed in the AppleTalk/ IPX/ NetBIOS protocol sets. 4267: 8189: 7781: 7611: 6220: 6192: 6187: 5212: 4965: 4825: 3333: 1452: 4412: 2820: 1669:. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small 8239: 3820: 2177: 1136:

scale, companies have used telecommunications to help build global business empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer

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Röller, Lars-Hendrik; Leonard Waverman (2001). "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach".

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reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent on media that depend upon telecommunication.

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In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the

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to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or

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to the output. This can be reduced, but not eliminated, only at the expense of increasing the channel bandwidth requirement.

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that work together to transmit information to the correct user. An analogue communications network consists of one or more

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Riaz, Ali (1997). "The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis".

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Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the

1045:—a term derived from the older use of Morse Code in telecommunications—and several keying techniques exist (these include 891:. Commonly, the noise in a communication system can be expressed as adding or subtracting from the desirable signal via a 8820: 8768: 8738: 8574: 7873: 7032: 6591: 6297: 6271: 6204: 6050: 4367: 2901: 2309: 1153:, isolated villagers use cellular phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In 4657: 4389: 4167: 3167: 2887: 441:

independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837.

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may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat

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Early telecommunication networks used metal wires as the medium for transmitting signals. These networks were used for

118:. Long-distance technologies invented during the 20th and 21st centuries generally use electric power, and include the 4160:"Affordable Broadband: FCC Could Improve Performance Goals and Measures, Consumer Outreach, and Fraud Risk Management" 2771: 2355: 8625: 8458: 8334: 8244: 8194: 8154: 8121: 7973: 7451: 7446: 7341: 7147: 7037: 6967: 6070: 5130: 5005: 4847: 3989: 3894: 3040: 2985: 2755: 2222: 287: 4576: 3541: 1008:", which is more commonly used in optical communications when multiple transmitters share the same physical medium. 708:. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the 435:. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device. 8803: 8329: 8319: 8174: 7943: 7903: 7883: 7863: 7766: 7571: 7546: 7461: 7441: 7391: 7361: 7351: 7207: 7127: 7092: 7077: 7062: 7017: 6952: 6409: 6324: 5855: 5403: 5205: 3707:"World Telecommunication Development Report 2003: Access Indicators for the Information Society: Executive Summary" 2946: 2227: 1981: 1696:

There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of

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The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that communicate with each other using the

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The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281

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the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small

1062: 1001: 781: 709: 4877: 4441: 3706: 3612: 2550: 2520: 8929: 8700: 8690: 8675: 8443: 8279: 8214: 8184: 8159: 8064: 7958: 7953: 7928: 7786: 7551: 7506: 7486: 7476: 7376: 7182: 7157: 7007: 7002: 6982: 6947: 6932: 6850: 6290: 5961: 4732: 4130:"Robocallers are preying on the elderly with fake Medicare calls. It's a no-brainer to stop it, but nobody has" 3684: 2507: 2202: 1814:

standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use

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In a telephone network, the caller is connected to the person to whom they wish to talk by switches at various

291: 267: 4129: 4033: 1157:, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price. 8705: 8680: 8660: 8594: 8493: 8289: 8219: 8199: 7983: 7933: 7893: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7791: 7776: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7576: 7491: 7471: 7356: 7346: 7254: 7245: 7236: 7167: 7137: 7122: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7052: 7047: 6997: 6942: 6917: 6566: 5986: 3490:

ATIS Committee T1A1 Performance and Signal Processing (approved by the American National Standards Institute)

3064: 2442: 1722: 1230:(SMS) and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group 982: 851:

because it occurs between a transmitter and a receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called

446: 157:. Other early pioneers in electrical and electronic telecommunications include co-inventors of the telegraph 4932: 4546: 8685: 8665: 8618: 8488: 8234: 8224: 8169: 8164: 8114: 8074: 8016: 7978: 7968: 7948: 7938: 7923: 7918: 7898: 7868: 7836: 7821: 7796: 7732: 7621: 7556: 7521: 7456: 7436: 7426: 7386: 7371: 7366: 7177: 7172: 7112: 7067: 7027: 6922: 6596: 6546: 6486: 6261: 6022: 5919: 5462: 5257: 5229: 2197: 1690: 875: 848: 355:

to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in

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In the example above, the "free space channel" has been divided into communications channels according to

490:, demonstrating, by 1901, that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of 449:

was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

8934: 8670: 8483: 8473: 8463: 8453: 8400: 8284: 8209: 7963: 7888: 7858: 7662: 7581: 7541: 7516: 7496: 7431: 7406: 7396: 7381: 7232: 7152: 7102: 7057: 7042: 7022: 7012: 6987: 6927: 6576: 6561: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6251: 5758: 5198: 4695: 4006: 3786: 1124:(official exchange rate). Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication on society. 1042: 1041:. Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is commonly called 829: 6501: 2408: 1968:

At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the

832:(two-way systems) with a single box of electronics working as both the transmitter and a receiver, or a 495: 8695: 8564: 8516: 8438: 8179: 7716: 7501: 7466: 7421: 7416: 7162: 7072: 6962: 6889: 6349: 6110: 6032: 5971: 5678: 5160: 4606: 4289:

Hacker, Michael; Burghardt, David; Fletcher, Linnea; Gordon, Anthony; Peruzzi, William (3 April 2015).

3485: 2696: 1846:

transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analog transmissions.

1831: 1807: 1709: 1117: 1082: 1016: 855:

because it occurs between a powerful transmitter and numerous low-power but sensitive radio receivers.

689: 166: 103: 94:

and empty space made to carry electromagnetic signals. These paths of transmission may be divided into

3916: 2275: 6682: 6551: 6516: 5882: 5843: 5688: 5588: 5517: 5450: 5277: 4892: 3089: 2133: 1926: 888: 804:

that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information for the recipient

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and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations merged to form the

8647: 7333: 7311: 6444: 6374: 6329: 6241: 5483: 5418: 5371: 5331: 3858: 3507:

Lenert, Edward (December 1998). "A Communication Theory Perspective on Telecommunications Policy".

2113: 2079:

existed at this point, but it was typically only used by large government and research facilities.

1996: 1953:

At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for

1796: 1779: 974: 547:

beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the

428: 22: 5029: 3742:

Fischer, Claude S. (January 1988). "Touch Someone: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability".

2850: 2379:"The Case for Fiber to the Home, Today: Why Fiber is a Superior Medium for 21st Century Broadband" 1957:. For the World Wide Web, these "IP addresses" are derived from the human-readable form using the 6616: 6601: 6439: 6429: 6080: 6065: 5909: 5860: 5783: 5683: 5361: 5247: 5242: 1933: 1851: 1702: 1474: 637: 505: 6692: 4817: 4490: 8393: 6787: 6002: 5788: 5603: 5548: 5543: 5356: 5321: 4416: 3575: 2828: 2182: 2152: 2008: 1969: 1759: 1313: 1215: 1088: 1054: 1050: 939: 879: 154: 142: 36: 3361: 2291:

Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, Annex (Geneva, 1992)

7709: 6882: 6611: 6541: 6414: 6313: 5904: 5708: 5673: 5593: 5573: 5495: 5383: 5304: 5138:

Dot-Dash to Dot.Com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet

4927: 4332:

Mbarika, V.W.A.; Mbarika, I. (2006). "Africa calling [African wireless connection]".

4318: 3104: 2618: 2265: 2096: 2016: 1823: 1227: 925: 883: 717: 633: 618: 540: 453: 352: 294:

or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by

283: 244: 174: 95: 5237: 4523: 3610: 3394: 3387: 1091:

that send messages to one another. Some digital communications networks contain one or more

899:, with the understanding that the noise can be negative or positive at different instances. 6822: 6621: 6571: 6536: 6526: 6521: 5818: 5778: 5748: 5505: 5440: 5262: 5187: (archived 13 April 2004) (Ericsson removed the book from their site in September 2005) 3232: 2071:

with the dominant protocol set during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with

1992: 1763: 1747: 713: 601: 552: 466: 424: 186: 146: 119: 107: 8837: 2869: 8: 8721: 7631: 7304: 6767: 6742: 5828: 5768: 5527: 5489: 5287: 5272: 3284: 3001: 2674: 2232: 2212: 2056: 1977: 1899: 1708:

Assisting communication across many modern optical fibre networks is a protocol known as

1654: 1121: 825:

is the destination of the radio signal, where it is converted from electricity to sound.

787: 769: 622: 578: 491: 141:

and telephony for many decades. In the first decade of the 20th century, a revolution in

79: 4467: 4259: 3236: 486:

began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of

106:. Several methods of long-distance communication before the modern era used sounds like 6606: 6581: 6556: 6424: 6055: 6012: 5943: 5813: 5743: 5718: 5653: 5500: 4630: 4483: 4349: 4315:"Gartner Says Top Six Vendors Drive Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to 21% Growth in 2005" 4228: 3954: 3767: 3759: 3662: 3520: 3258: 2157: 2092: 2043: 1958: 1918: 1875: 1843: 1783: 1751: 1150: 1092: 1046: 913: 721: 669: 644:. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers. 432: 364: 158: 67: 8610: 8106: 6707: 3841: 7686: 6637: 6095: 6017: 5931: 5914: 5877: 5723: 5553: 5522: 5388: 5282: 5126: 5106: 5001: 4785: 4637: 4494: 4294: 4198: 3985: 3771: 3666: 3593: 3398: 3365: 3354: 3262: 3250: 3223: 3194: 3135: 3036: 2981: 2751: 2608: 2581: 2345: 2142: 2049: 1906: 1713: 1491: 959: 909: 705: 661: 483: 375:, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. 150: 111: 5763: 4353: 1725:(MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future. 973:

The other meaning of the term "channel" in telecommunications is seen in the phrase

6762: 6454: 6100: 6060: 6040: 6007: 5936: 5894: 5808: 5663: 5648: 5623: 5598: 5558: 5408: 5267: 5252: 4341: 3946: 3835:"Online News: For many home broadband users, the internet is a primary news source" 3751: 3654: 3585: 3516: 3240: 3219:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 2806: 2729: 2337: 1985: 1973: 1938: 1717: 1170: 1099:

that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of networks,

1096: 801: 697: 685: 556: 548: 524: 512:

began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news.

194: 190: 6687: 5125:, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. 4568: 3937:

Codding, George A. (1955). "Jamming and the Protection of Frequency Assignments".

3418: 2978:

Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II

1929:, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world. 970:

just as easily as they travel through air, fog, clouds, or any other kind of gas.

6797: 6757: 6747: 6737: 6672: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6474: 5728: 5583: 5351: 5326: 5314: 5184: 3924: 3463: 2162: 1980:

the packet should be handled by. Because certain application-level protocols use

1954: 1826:(MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses 1483: 871: 817: 813: 569: 517: 509: 318: 299: 178: 91: 8385: 527:

demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store

7701: 6874: 6861: 6832: 6827: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6752: 6727: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6642: 5926: 5798: 5773: 5733: 5703: 5578: 5413: 5366: 5341: 5299: 4855: 4345: 4070: 4038: 3658: 1803: 1487: 1179: 1166: 1133: 896: 892: 822: 673: 653: 462: 407: 384: 170: 63: 4375: 3950: 2909: 2301: 1470:"shall have the right to international protection from harmful interference". 8918: 7680: 7296: 6782: 6777: 6717: 6677: 6657: 6586: 6531: 6419: 6359: 6075: 5848: 5838: 5753: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5613: 5435: 5294: 5098: 4670: 4397: 4202: 4159: 3597: 3159: 3084: 1922: 1819: 1787: 1767: 1658: 1646: 1087:

A telecommunications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and

951: 946:

for communications by way of the voltages and electric currents in them, and

943: 935: 809: 681: 665: 399: 356: 340: 324: 315: 182: 32: 3245: 3218: 2932: 1842:. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as 1065:" (QAM) that are used in high-capacity digital radio communication systems. 989:(kilohertz), centred at frequencies such as the above, which are called the 6792: 6732: 6722: 6667: 6369: 6354: 5953: 5793: 5738: 5668: 5633: 5568: 5467: 5457: 5309: 3254: 2331: 2104: 1742: 1478: 1195: 1070: 1012: 990: 904: 859: 852: 837: 733: 656:

transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a

605: 513: 438: 252:

join, unite, participate in," literally, "to make common", from communis".

162: 99: 71: 28: 3902: 748:(PB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 PB in 1993 to 2.2 200:

Since the 1960s, the proliferation of digital technologies has meant that

21:"Telecommunication" redirects here. For the A Flock of Seagulls song, see 7690: 6772: 6379: 6153: 5803: 5713: 5698: 5658: 5618: 5477: 3589: 2604:

Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird

2187: 2030: 1771: 1670: 1154: 1140:

but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer

1104: 777: 657: 626: 582: 555:. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by 536: 532: 501: 457: 328: 201: 83: 59: 6282: 1838:

standard). The exception is the United States which has chosen to adopt

1312:

Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising.

1120:'s revenue at US$ 4.7 trillion or just under three per cent of the 6449: 6404: 6399: 6158: 5865: 5563: 5472: 5428: 5398: 5376: 4770: 4717: 3958: 3763: 1962: 1910: 1835: 1738: 1662: 1231: 1146: 1137: 1032: 963: 931: 729: 677: 641: 528: 487: 445:

was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first

442: 403: 127: 87: 5065: 282:

The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the

6434: 6143: 5608: 5423: 5190: 4954:

T. Dierks and C. Allen, The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, RFC 2246, 1999.

2217: 2192: 2147: 2060: 1879: 1220: 1058: 997: 745: 693: 614: 590: 586: 471: 336: 138: 123: 3755: 3680: 617:. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the 310: 6138: 6128: 6045: 5870: 5693: 4066:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation" 3132:

The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the present day

2341: 2108: 1839: 1305:

have not heard before without having to travel to the music store.

1100: 955: 841: 749: 725: 688:, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination 613:, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital 388: 372: 205: 40: 3611:

Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang and Carlo M. Rossotto with Kaoru Kimura.

6491: 6459: 6133: 6118: 5336: 4966:"VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol and Internet telephone calls" 4260:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures" 2068: 1666: 1187: 1141: 701: 360: 115: 44: 8905: 4598: 4021:

from the original on 2 March 2009 – via Middle East Forum.

2748:

Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph

585:

for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal

6469: 6464: 6163: 6123: 5445: 2099:. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems. 2076: 2072: 1894: 1883: 1882:, and quadrature amplitude modulation is used for stereo AM or 1827: 1815: 1689:

with many markets choosing to deprecate analog systems such as

1686: 967: 700:

emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the

392: 379: 368: 348: 332: 75: 70:

have been used for telecommunications throughout history, from

5122:

Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications

335:

roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military.

102:, allowing for a single medium to transmit several concurrent 8762: 6148: 6085: 5393: 5150: 4288: 2037: 1942: 1863: 1734: 1697: 1642: 1191: 768:

Telecommunication technologies may primarily be divided into

597: 543:. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the 411: 131: 3493: 3130:

Macksey, Kenneth; Woodhouse, William (1991). "Electronics".

2704: 1462:

adopted in Atlantic City, all frequencies referenced in the

6090: 5175: 4665: 3537:

The Effect of Income Inequality on Mobile Phone Penetration

3033:

Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound

2084: 2042:

Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of

2026: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1859: 1811: 1649:

provides cheaper bandwidth for long-distance communication.

1199: 344: 295: 4317:(Press release). Gartner. 28 February 2006. Archived from 1037:

The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as

5170: 2302:"How does a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) work?" 2064: 2012: 1855: 1682: 1190:

received the highest ranking while the African countries

986: 978: 865: 327:

have been used throughout history by different cultures.

3895:"International Telecommunication Union : About ITU" 2633:"Chronology: Reuters, from pigeons to multimedia merger" 2607:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. 8640: 8136: 5033: 4893:"The TCP/IP Guide - History of the OSI Reference Model" 4034:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules" 3191:

Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet

2772:"Who made the first electric telegraph communications?" 1237: 494:

by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the

5165: 3565: 3030: 5155: 4991:

Martin, Michael (2000). "Understanding the Network".

4489:(7th intl ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 4099:"FCC takes long-delayed step against spam text surge" 3840:. Pew Internet Project. 22 March 2006. Archived from 3298: 3296: 3294: 716:

documents, other networking advancements occurred in

647: 367:

started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between

4994:

The Networker's Guide to AppleTalk, IPX, and NetBIOS

4790:

Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI)

4191:"Why falling PC sales means Windows 7 is on the way" 3419:"Coax Cable FAQ Series: What is RG Cable? – Conwire" 2123: 1712:(ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side 1226:

Prior to social networking sites, technologies like

676:

remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s,

5066:"Fiber Optic Cable single-mode multi-mode Tutorial" 3787:"How do you know your love is real? Check Facebook" 3308:

Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2010

3212: 3210: 2551:"International Telegraph Conference (Madrid, 1932)" 4629: 4482: 4229:"Mobile Phone Sales To Exceed One Billion in 2009" 3540:(Honors thesis). Boston University. Archived from 3386: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3318: 3291: 739: 402:, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual 54:, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as 8415: 3326:"Introduction to the Telecommunications Industry" 2474:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1219:everything from organising social engagements to 496:Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada 145:began with breakthroughs including those made in 8916: 7731: 6904: 6866: 4733:"Changeover to Digital TV Off to a Smooth Start" 3360:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3304:"Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenues" 3207: 3129: 2849:. Electronic Oberlin Group. 2006. Archived from 2703:. l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon. 2003. Archived from 1909:(IP). Any computer on the Internet has a unique 1878:, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for 1758:In a broadcast system, the central high-powered 668:. This configuration of a centralized computer ( 4786:"What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work)" 4784:Kahn, Robert; Cerf, Vinton G. (December 1999). 4025: 3533: 3340: 1770:so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a 16:Transmission of information electromagnetically 7326: 4331: 4097:McGill, Margaret Harding (26 September 2022). 3031:Théberge, P.; Devine, K.; Everrett, T (2015). 1466:, examined by the board and registered on the 351:also conveyed the names of the victors at the 343:used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of 8925:Economics of transport and utility industries 8626: 8401: 8122: 7717: 7312: 6890: 6298: 5206: 4730: 4007:"The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq" 2466:"From tele-communicare to Telecommunications" 2168:Institute of Telecommunications Professionals 1494:, and expanding affordable broadband access. 1486:as a telecommunications service (also called 1243:News source preference of Americans in 2006. 1145:use telecommunication to their advantage. In 1076: 847:Telecommunication over fixed lines is called 8745:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4636:(7th intl ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. 4058: 3216: 1502: 1453:List of telecommunications regulatory bodies 780:that takes information and converts it to a 387:, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from 6221:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 5181:Ericsson's Understanding Telecommunications 5156:International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 4848:"World Internet Users and Population Stats" 3714:International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 2178:List of telecommunications encryption terms 828:Telecommunication systems are occasionally 452:The conventional telephone was patented by 8633: 8619: 8408: 8394: 8129: 8115: 7724: 7710: 7319: 7305: 6897: 6883: 6305: 6291: 6257: 5213: 5199: 5105:(New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176. 4963: 4870:"OECD Broadband Statistics, December 2005" 4815: 2827:. Burndy Library Inc. 1959. Archived from 2745: 2038:Local area networks and wide area networks 2029:(VoIP) allows data packets to be used for 1464:International Frequency Registration Board 1004:". Another term for the same concept is " 660:and received the computed results back at 418: 185:, as well as inventors of television like 6312: 4627: 4480: 3579: 3457:Bluetooth Specification Version 2.0 + EDR 3244: 3217:Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011). 2441:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 2333:Renewing U.S. Telecommunications Research 1976:with them to specify what application or 1728: 1069:a higher-frequency signal (known as the " 919: 692:without passing it through a centralized 504:accelerated the development of radio for 427:was demonstrated by English inventor Sir 167:inventors and developers of the telephone 4890: 4783: 4372:Australia Telecommunications Association 4004: 3998: 3478: 3384: 3378: 2975: 2600: 1893: 1746: 1641: 816:is the transmitter and the broadcasting 309: 35:at the satellite communication facility 27: 4539:"The WAN Road Ahead: Ethernet or Bust?" 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3936: 3741: 3735: 3077: 3002:"Report 1946-04 – Frequency Modulation" 2994: 2922: 2800: 2580:. Sumter, SC: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. 2376: 2208:Telecommunications Industry Association 1320:Advertising expenditures in US in 2007 477: 423:On July 25, 1837, the first commercial 219:is a compound noun of the Greek prefix 66:are excluded from the definition. Many 8917: 5220: 4990: 4516:"MPLS is the future, but ATM hangs on" 4457: 4410: 4257: 4188: 4096: 3506: 3351: 3188: 2947:"TR Center - Talking Across the Ocean" 2531:from the original on 14 September 2016 2463: 1932:The Internet works in part because of 1822:AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses 1754:standards and their adoption worldwide 866:Analogue versus digital communications 305: 8614: 8389: 8137:Telecommunications in North America 8110: 7705: 7300: 6878: 6865: 6286: 5194: 5176:International Telecommunication Union 5027: 4903:from the original on 4 September 2017 4743:from the original on 14 December 2017 4536: 4031: 3982:History of international broadcasting 3939:American Journal of International Law 2746:Brockedone, William (11 March 2013). 2726:International Telecommunication Union 2427: 2415:from the original on 25 December 2016 2272:International Telecommunication Union 1184:International Telecommunication Union 755: 272:International Telecommunication Union 8769: 8641:Telecommunications in South America 6267: 5076:from the original on 23 October 2018 4972:from the original on 24 January 2018 4170:from the original on 8 February 2023 4140:from the original on 7 February 2023 4109:from the original on 8 February 2023 3979: 3966: 3793:from the original on 6 November 2017 3644: 3389:Analog and Digital Signal Processing 3102: 2575: 2569: 2377:Cyphers, Bennett (16 October 2019). 1961:(e.g., 72.14.207.99 is derived from 1238:Entertainment, news, and advertising 562: 268:Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference 4964:Multimedia, Crucible (7 May 2011). 4818:"How Internet Infrastructure Works" 4579:from the original on 2 January 2016 4513: 4258:Reimer, Jeremy (15 December 2005). 3687:from the original on 2 January 2019 3626:from the original on 12 August 2020 3170:from the original on 15 August 2017 3035:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3012:from the original on 3 January 2020 2719:"CCIT/ITU-T 50 Years of Excellence" 2557:from the original on 8 January 2023 794:that carries the signal (e.g., the 13: 5151:International Teletraffic Congress 4828:from the original on 10 April 2010 4692:Digital Video Broadcasting Project 4609:from the original on 12 March 2018 4046:from the original on 27 April 2019 4032:Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014). 3859:"100 Leading National Advertisers" 3521:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x 3492:. 28 February 2001. Archived from 3429:from the original on 8 August 2017 3111:from the original on 15 April 2012 2957:from the original on 17 April 2021 2929:Tesla Memorial Society of New York 2782:from the original on 8 August 2017 2646:from the original on 26 March 2008 2294: 2173:International Teletraffic Congress 1111: 878:, which may in turn be carried by 648:Computer networks and the Internet 508:. After the war, commercial radio 14: 8946: 5166:Federal Communications Commission 5144: 4796:from the original on 15 July 2017 4603:Digital Television News Australia 4599:"Digital Television in Australia" 4537:Lazar, Irwin (22 February 2011). 4460:"Report: DWDM No Match for Sonet" 4431:"Fundamentals of DWDM Technology" 4293:. Cengage Learning. p. 433. 4239:from the original on 8 March 2018 3875:from the original on 27 July 2011 3393:(2nd ed.). Brooks. pp. 2358:from the original on 23 June 2021 2223:Underwater acoustic communication 1818:for video compression. ATSC uses 1297:Survey permitted multiple answers 1160: 1127: 870:Communications can be encoded as 763: 712:(IETF) who published a series of 704:, which by 1981 had grown to 213 531:. Baird's device relied upon the 8897: 8880: 8863: 8846: 8829: 8812: 8795: 8778: 8250:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7685: 7676: 7675: 7203:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6973:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6846: 6845: 6500: 6266: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6235: 5856:Free-space optical communication 5058: 5049: 5040: 5021: 4984: 4632:Data and Computer Communications 4485:Data and Computer Communications 4390:"Milestones in AT&T History" 4270:from the original on 12 May 2015 4209:from the original on 19 May 2017 4189:Arthur, Charles (4 March 2009). 4127: 4078:from the original on 9 July 2018 3819:. September 2005. Archived from 3723:from the original on 6 June 2023 2884:"Connected Earth: The telephone" 2863: 2664: 2389:from the original on 3 June 2021 2312:from the original on 7 June 2021 2228:Wavelength-division multiplexing 2126: 1205: 1006:wavelength-division multiplexing 934:for sound communications, glass 611:sound recording and reproduction 545:British Broadcasting Corporation 6365:Computer-mediated communication 5092: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4931:. February 2006. Archived from 4915: 4884: 4862: 4840: 4809: 4777: 4755: 4724: 4702: 4680: 4650: 4621: 4591: 4561: 4530: 4507: 4474: 4451: 4423: 4404: 4382: 4368:"Ten Years of GSM in Australia" 4360: 4325: 4307: 4282: 4251: 4221: 4182: 4152: 4121: 4090: 3930: 3887: 3851: 3827: 3813:"I Just Text To Say I Love You" 3805: 3779: 3699: 3673: 3638: 3613:"Economic Impacts of Broadband" 3604: 3559: 3527: 3500: 3469: 3450: 3441: 3411: 3269: 3182: 3152: 3123: 3096: 3078:Postman, Neil (29 March 1999). 3071: 3049: 3024: 2969: 2951:www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org 2939: 2916: 2894: 2876: 2866:"Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci" 2857: 2835: 2813: 2803:"The Electromagnetic Telegraph" 2794: 2764: 2739: 2711: 2689: 2658: 2625: 2594: 2543: 2513: 1914:of messages between computers. 1497: 1169:scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and 1063:quadrature amplitude modulation 1002:frequency-division multiplexing 895:. This form of noise is called 740:Growth of transmission capacity 710:Internet Engineering Task Force 632:In the 1940s, the invention of 8434:Federated States of Micronesia 8416:Telecommunications in Oceania 7733:Telecommunications in Europe 7643:British Indian Ocean Territory 5028:Droms, Ralph (November 2003). 4854:. 30 June 2008. Archived from 4731:Brian Stelter (13 June 2009). 4458:Jander, Mary (15 April 2003). 4005:Garfield, Andrew (Fall 2007). 3534:Mireille Samaan (April 2003). 3006:BBC Research & Development 2801:Calvert, J. B. (19 May 2004). 2508:New Oxford American Dictionary 2489: 2457: 2401: 2383:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2370: 2324: 2285: 2251: 2203:Telecommunications engineering 596:The simplest vacuum tube, the 567:The type of device known as a 378:In the Middle Ages, chains of 1: 6905:Telecommunications in Africa 4891:Kozierok, Charles M. (2005). 4806:Specifically see footnote xv. 3716:. December 2003. p. 22. 3310:. 1 June 2010. Archived from 2409:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2239: 1723:Multiprotocol Label Switching 1446: 1026: 539:and thus became known as the 447:transatlantic telegraph cable 8375:United States Virgin Islands 6867:Telecommunications by region 6487:Text and conversation theory 6242:Telecommunication portal 6023:Telecommunications equipment 4716:. March 2005. Archived from 3681:"Digital Access Index (DAI)" 3647:Media, Culture & Society 3486:"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2000" 3160:"George Stibitz (1904–1995)" 2244: 2198:Outline of telecommunication 2027:Voice over Internet Protocol 1834:standard (also known as the 1637: 1468:International Frequency List 849:point-to-point communication 636:made it possible to produce 262:History of telecommunication 211: 7: 7327:Telecommunications in Asia 5759:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 5171:IEEE Communications Society 4628:Stallings, William (2004). 4481:Stallings, William (2004). 4394:AT&T Knowledge Ventures 3620:siteresources.worldbank.org 2976:Thompson, R.J. Jr. (2011). 2525:Online Etymology Dictionary 2464:Dilhac, Jean-Marie (2004). 2119: 1889: 1870:) or frequency modulation ( 1762:transmits a high-frequency 298:, radio, optical, or other 286:, which defined it as "Any 10: 8951: 5463:Telecommunications history 4822:Computer.HowStuffWorks.com 4346:10.1109/MSPEC.2006.1628825 4291:Engineering and Technology 3659:10.1177/016344397019004004 2886:. BT. 2006. Archived from 2105:copper twisted-pair cables 1832:Digital Audio Broadcasting 1732: 1710:Asynchronous Transfer Mode 1673:in that person's handset. 1484:broadband Internet service 1450: 1118:telecommunication industry 1083:Telecommunications network 1080: 1077:Telecommunication networks 1030: 1017:time-division multiplexing 923: 810:radio broadcasting station 482:In 1894, Italian inventor 431:and English scientist Sir 259: 255: 20: 8719: 8646: 8525: 8502: 8421: 8350:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8268: 8142: 8088: 8040: 8002: 7739: 7671: 7630: 7590: 7332: 7216: 7191: 6910: 6872: 6841: 6630: 6509: 6498: 6338: 6320: 6230: 6172: 6109: 6071:Public Switched Telephone 6031: 5995: 5952: 5893: 5883:telecommunication circuit 5844:Fiber-optic communication 5827: 5589:Francis Blake (telephone) 5536: 5384:Optical telecommunication 5228: 4658:"HDV Technology Handbook" 4413:"Optical fibre waveguide" 3951:10.1017/S0002930000170046 3466:(p. 27), Bluetooth, 2004. 3061:MZTV Museum of Television 2601:Blechman, Andrew (2007). 2134:Telecommunications portal 1862:(American designed), and 1503:Worldwide equipment sales 1295: 950:for communications using 8585:Northern Mariana Islands 8370:Turks and Caicos Islands 7392:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6958:Central African Republic 6445:Nonviolent communication 6375:History of communication 5982:Orbital angular-momentum 5419:Satellite communications 5258:Communications satellite 4543:Telecom Industry Updates 3568:American Economic Review 3509:Journal of Communication 3385:Ambardar, Ashok (1999). 3193:. Simon & Schuster. 2847:Oberlin College Archives 2697:"Les Télégraphes Chappe" 2306:European Investment Bank 1997:Transport Layer Security 1797:forward error correction 1780:broadcast media industry 429:William Fothergill Cooke 23:Telecommunication (song) 8550:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7653:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6440:Nonverbal communication 6430:Models of communication 5861:Molecular communication 5684:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5513:Undersea telegraph line 5248:Cable protection system 4945:Stallings, pp. 683–702. 4411:Bhatti, Saleem (1995). 3246:10.1126/science.1200970 3134:. Viking. p. 110. 2923:Vujovic, Ljubo (1998). 1475:history of broadcasting 1216:social networking sites 1182:. A 2003 survey by the 1089:communications channels 853:broadcast communication 718:industrial laboratories 684:started to investigate 506:military communications 419:Telegraph and telephone 8300:British Virgin Islands 7782:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6003:Communication protocol 5789:Charles Sumner Tainter 5604:Walter Houser Brattain 5549:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5357:Information revolution 5055:Stallings, pp. 514–16. 5046:Stallings, pp. 500–26. 4923:"Introduction to IPv6" 4769:. 2006. Archived from 4694:. 2003. Archived from 4669:. 2004. Archived from 4440:. 2006. Archived from 4396:. 2006. Archived from 4374:. 2003. Archived from 3744:Technology and Culture 3462:14 August 2014 at the 3352:Haykin, Simon (2001). 3189:Hafner, Katie (1998). 3063:. 2006. Archived from 2980:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2728:. 2006. Archived from 2576:Levi, Wendell (1977). 2274:, 2012, archived from 2183:Military communication 2153:Control communications 2107:(including the common 2095:guarantees, and offer 2091:omit features such as 1970:User Datagram Protocol 1902: 1854:). These are known as 1755: 1650: 1314:TNS Media Intelligence 1055:amplitude-shift keying 1051:frequency-shift keying 975:communications channel 940:optical communications 920:Communication channels 812:, the station's large 724:(LAN) developments of 652:On 11 September 1940, 321: 155:Nobel Prize in Physics 143:wireless communication 104:communication sessions 96:communication channels 48: 37:Raisting Earth Station 8930:Mass media technology 8528:and other territories 8240:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7118:São Tomé and Príncipe 6978:Republic of the Congo 6592:Mediated cross-border 6314:Communication studies 5977:Polarization-division 5709:Narinder Singh Kapany 5674:Erna Schneider Hoover 5594:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5574:Alexander Graham Bell 5305:online video platform 5161:ATIS Telecom Glossary 4928:Microsoft Corporation 4698:on 27 September 2006. 4011:Middle East Quarterly 3789:. CNN. 4 April 2008. 3356:Communication Systems 3092:on 30 September 2009. 2902:"History of AT&T" 2267:ITU Radio Regulations 2097:medium access control 2023:(instant messaging). 1897: 1824:Advanced Audio Coding 1750: 1645: 1418:$ 30.33 billion 1407:$ 28.22 billion 1396:$ 25.42 billion 1385:$ 16.82 billion 1363:$ 18.02 billion 1352:$ 10.69 billion 1341:$ 11.31 billion 1228:short message service 1202:received the lowest. 991:"carrier frequencies" 926:Communication channel 905:fail catastrophically 884:digital communication 796:"free space channel") 634:semiconductor devices 619:spark gap transmitter 541:mechanical television 313: 284:ITU Radio Regulations 260:Further information: 235:, and the Latin verb 177:, inventors of radio 175:Alexander Graham Bell 31: 7567:United Arab Emirates 6527:Communication theory 6522:Communication design 5819:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5779:Almon Brown Strowger 5749:Charles Grafton Page 5404:Prepaid mobile phone 5332:Electrical telegraph 5030:"Resources for DHCP" 4852:Internet World Stats 4710:"Status of DAB (US)" 4400:on 6 September 2008. 4074:. 14 November 2014. 3980:Wood, James (1992). 3823:on 27 December 2016. 3590:10.1257/aer.91.4.909 3447:Haykin, pp. 344–403. 2821:"The Atlantic Cable" 2735:on 12 February 2020. 2667:"The Spanish Armada" 2642:. 19 February 2008. 2510:(2nd edition), 2005. 1993:Secure Sockets Layer 1764:electromagnetic wave 1729:Radio and television 1429:$ 4.02 billion 1374:$ 4.17 billion 714:Request for Comments 680:and, independently, 623:mechanical computers 602:John Ambrose Fleming 600:invented in 1904 by 581:of electrons from a 553:Karl Ferdinand Braun 478:Radio and television 467:electrophonic effect 425:electrical telegraph 314:A replica of one of 274:(ITU). They defined 187:Vladimir K. Zworykin 147:radio communications 80:semaphore telegraphs 8255:Trinidad and Tobago 8150:Antigua and Barbuda 8003:States with limited 7594:limited recognition 7193:States with limited 5769:Johann Philipp Reis 5528:Wireless revolution 5490:The Telephone Cases 5347:Hydraulic telegraph 5103:Global Mobile Media 5000:. SAMS Publishing. 4935:on 13 October 2008. 4858:on 2 February 2009. 4816:Jeff Tyson (2007). 4575:. 7 December 2000. 3923:7 June 2011 at the 3847:on 21 October 2013. 3547:on 14 February 2007 3475:Haykin, pp. 88–126. 3425:. 12 January 2016. 3336:on 22 October 2012. 3287:on 18 January 2012. 3237:2011Sci...332...60H 2935:on 14 January 2016. 2912:on 14 January 2003. 2485:on 2 December 2010. 2439:Oxford Dictionaries 2435:"Telecommunication" 2233:Wired communication 2213:Telecoms resilience 2057:OSI reference model 2044:local area networks 2019:(file sharing) and 1900:OSI reference model 1858:(German designed), 1784:integrated circuits 1655:telephone exchanges 1440:$ 149 billion 1321: 1244: 1122:gross world product 788:transmission medium 579:thermionic emission 523:On March 25, 1925, 492:wireless telegraphy 306:Beacons and pigeons 153:, who won the 1909 8935:Telecommunications 8765:Telecommunications 8190:Dominican Republic 6557:Discourse analysis 6482:Telecommunications 6425:Meta-communication 5967:Frequency-division 5944:Telephone exchange 5814:Charles Wheatstone 5744:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5719:Innocenzo Manzetti 5654:Reginald Fessenden 5389:Optical telegraphy 5222:Telecommunications 4880:on 6 January 2009. 4514:Dix, John (2002). 3080:"Philo Farnsworth" 2890:on 22 August 2006. 2158:Digital Revolution 2093:quality of service 2050:Wide area networks 1959:Domain Name System 1955:logical addressing 1919:landline telephone 1903: 1844:in-band on-channel 1756: 1752:Digital television 1651: 1319: 1242: 1151:Narsingdi District 1047:phase-shift keying 985:of about 180 938:for some kinds of 914:quantization noise 790:, also called the 756:Technical concepts 722:local area network 433:Charles Wheatstone 365:Paul Julius Reuter 322: 159:Charles Wheatstone 68:transmission media 49: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8726:other territories 8608: 8607: 8600:Wallis and Futuna 8545:Clipperton Island 8503:Associated states 8383: 8382: 8272:other territories 8104: 8103: 7699: 7698: 7636:other territories 7294: 7293: 7220:other territories 6993:Equatorial Guinea 6859: 6858: 6280: 6279: 6018:Store and forward 6013:Data transmission 5927:Network switching 5878:Transmission line 5724:Guglielmo Marconi 5689:Internet pioneers 5554:Mohamed M. Atalla 5523:Whistled language 5140:(Springer, 2011). 5111:978-0-415-46918-0 5017:on 29 March 2009. 4643:978-0-13-183311-1 4569:"How Radio Works" 4500:978-0-13-183311-1 4447:on 9 August 2012. 4166:. February 2023. 3404:978-0-534-95409-3 3371:978-0-471-17869-9 3330:Plunkett Research 3314:on 28 March 2010. 3277:"video animation" 3200:978-0-684-83267-8 3166:. Kerry Redshaw. 3141:978-0-670-82698-8 3105:"The Vacuum Tube" 2925:"Tesla Biography" 2872:on 24 April 2006. 2677:on 4 January 2020 2614:978-0-7022-3641-9 2587:978-0-85390-013-9 2496:Telecommunication 2351:978-0-309-10265-0 2143:Active networking 2059:. These included 2015:(Internet chat), 2011:(file transfer), 1907:Internet Protocol 1714:data transmission 1635: 1634: 1490:), regulation of 1460:Radio Regulations 1444: 1443: 1302: 1301: 1298: 960:ultraviolet light 912:unavoidably adds 860:multiplex systems 792:physical channel, 662:Dartmouth College 563:Thermionic valves 484:Guglielmo Marconi 276:telecommunication 217:Telecommunication 151:Guglielmo Marconi 110:, the blowing of 52:Telecommunication 8942: 8910: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8892:from Wikiversity 8885: 8884: 8883: 8876: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8859: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8825: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8808: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8791: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8771: 8746: 8734:Falkland Islands 8648:Sovereign states 8635: 8628: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8590:Pitcairn Islands 8560:French Polynesia 8540:Christmas Island 8469:Papua New Guinea 8449:Marshall Islands 8422:Sovereign states 8410: 8403: 8396: 8387: 8386: 8340:Saint Barthélemy 8270:Dependencies and 8143:Sovereign states 8131: 8124: 8117: 8108: 8107: 8041:Dependencies and 7740:Sovereign states 7726: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7689: 7679: 7678: 7648:Christmas Island 7334:Sovereign states 7321: 7314: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7281: 7280:(United Kingdom) 7276:Tristan da Cunha 7272:Ascension Island 7264: 7251: 7242: 7218:Dependencies and 6911:Sovereign states 6899: 6892: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6863: 6862: 6849: 6848: 6504: 6455:Public relations 6350:Biocommunication 6307: 6300: 6293: 6284: 6283: 6270: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6250: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6111:Notable networks 6101:Wireless network 6041:Cellular network 6033:Types of network 6008:Computer network 5895:Network topology 5809:Thomas A. Watson 5664:Oliver Heaviside 5649:Philo Farnsworth 5624:Daniel Davis Jr. 5599:Charles Bourseul 5559:John Logie Baird 5268:Data compression 5263:Computer network 5215: 5208: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5032:. Archived from 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5010:. Archived from 4999: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4897:The TCP/IP Guide 4888: 4882: 4881: 4876:. Archived from 4866: 4860: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4773:on 21 June 2006. 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4720:on 21 July 2006. 4706: 4700: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4676:on 23 June 2006. 4675: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4635: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4545:. Archived from 4534: 4528: 4527: 4522:. Archived from 4511: 4505: 4504: 4488: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4470:on 24 July 2012. 4466:. Archived from 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4415:. Archived from 4408: 4402: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4378:on 20 July 2008. 4364: 4358: 4357: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4235:. 21 July 2005. 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4134:Business Insider 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3977: 3964: 3962: 3934: 3928: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3901:. Archived from 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3868:. 23 June 2008. 3863: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3722: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3496:on 2 March 2008. 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3392: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3359: 3349: 3338: 3337: 3332:. Archived from 3322: 3316: 3315: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3283:. Archived from 3273: 3267: 3266: 3248: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3088:. Archived from 3075: 3069: 3068: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3008:. January 1946. 2998: 2992: 2991: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2931:. Archived from 2920: 2914: 2913: 2908:. Archived from 2898: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2868:. Archived from 2861: 2855: 2854: 2853:on 28 June 2017. 2839: 2833: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2809:on 16 June 2001. 2805:. Archived from 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2707:on 9 April 2004. 2701:Cédrick Chatenet 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2673:. Archived from 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2617:. Archived from 2598: 2592: 2591: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2517: 2511: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2478:. Archived from 2470: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445:on 30 April 2013 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2281:on 19 March 2015 2280: 2263: 2255: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2114:Multimode fibres 2003:(web browsing), 1939:Internet browser 1927:broadband access 1718:traffic contract 1665:in the caller's 1513:Equipment / year 1510: 1509: 1322: 1318: 1296: 1245: 1241: 1171:Leonard Waverman 686:packet switching 575:thermionic valve 557:Philo Farnsworth 549:cathode ray tube 525:John Logie Baird 319:semaphore towers 245:Édouard Estaunié 223:(τῆλε), meaning 195:Philo Farnsworth 191:John Logie Baird 8950: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8903: 8898: 8896: 8886: 8881: 8879: 8869: 8864: 8862: 8858:from Wikisource 8852: 8847: 8845: 8835: 8830: 8828: 8818: 8813: 8811: 8801: 8796: 8794: 8790:from Wiktionary 8784: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8770:sister projects 8767:at Knowledge's 8761: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8744: 8727: 8725: 8715: 8642: 8639: 8609: 8604: 8527: 8521: 8504: 8498: 8479:Solomon Islands 8417: 8414: 8384: 8379: 8273: 8271: 8264: 8138: 8135: 8105: 8100: 8084: 8042: 8036: 8022:Northern Cyprus 8004: 7998: 7914:North Macedonia 7735: 7730: 7700: 7695: 7667: 7635: 7626: 7607:Northern Cyprus 7593: 7586: 7328: 7325: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7262: 7249: 7240: 7221: 7219: 7212: 7196: 7194: 7187: 6906: 6903: 6868: 6860: 6855: 6837: 6626: 6505: 6496: 6343: 6341: 6334: 6316: 6311: 6281: 6276: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6168: 6105: 6027: 5991: 5948: 5897: 5889: 5830: 5823: 5729:Robert Metcalfe 5584:Tim Berners-Lee 5532: 5352:Information Age 5224: 5219: 5185:Wayback Machine 5147: 5136:Wheen, Andrew. 5095: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5070:ARC Electronics 5064: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036:on 4 July 2007. 5026: 5022: 5014: 5008: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4810: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4778: 4767:World DAB Forum 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4725: 4714:World DAB Forum 4708: 4707: 4703: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4549:on 2 April 2015 4535: 4531: 4526:on 6 July 2007. 4512: 4508: 4501: 4479: 4475: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4419:on 24 May 2006. 4409: 4405: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4330: 4326: 4321:on 10 May 2012. 4313: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4233:Palm Infocenter 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4128:Hall, Madison. 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4030: 4026: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3978: 3967: 3935: 3931: 3925:Wayback Machine 3908: 3906: 3905:on 15 July 2009 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866:Advertising Age 3861: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3756:10.2307/3105226 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3581:10.1.1.202.9393 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3532: 3528: 3505: 3501: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3464:Wayback Machine 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3350: 3341: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3231:(6025): 60–65. 3215: 3208: 3201: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3101: 3097: 3076: 3072: 3067:on 14 May 2013. 3055: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2921: 2917: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2864:Katz, Eugenii. 2862: 2858: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2831:on 1 July 2017. 2819: 2818: 2814: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2671:Britain Express 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2621:on 14 May 2008. 2615: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2521:"communication" 2519: 2518: 2514: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2352: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2163:Information Age 2132: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2040: 1892: 1876:stereo playback 1760:broadcast tower 1745: 1733:Main articles: 1731: 1640: 1505: 1500: 1455: 1449: 1240: 1208: 1163: 1130: 1114: 1112:Societal impact 1085: 1079: 1035: 1029: 928: 922: 910:continuous data 876:digital signals 868: 814:power amplifier 766: 758: 742: 650: 570:thermionic tube 565: 518:FM broadcasting 510:AM broadcasting 480: 421: 363:. And in 1849, 308: 300:electromagnetic 264: 258: 214: 179:Edwin Armstrong 108:coded drumbeats 64:pneumatic tubes 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8948: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8912: 8911: 8894: 8877: 8875:from Wikibooks 8860: 8843: 8841:from Wikiquote 8826: 8809: 8792: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8580:Norfolk Island 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8535:American Samoa 8531: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8506: 8505:of New Zealand 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Sint Eustatius 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8305:Cayman Islands 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8096:European Union 8092: 8090: 8089:Other entities 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8043:other entities 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7989:United Kingdom 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7802:Czech Republic 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7706: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285:Western Sahara 7282: 7265: 7252: 7243: 7229:Canary Islands 7225: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7199: 7197: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6597:Organizational 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6547:Cross-cultural 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6395:Intrapersonal 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6254: 6244: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5962:Space-division 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799:Camille Tissot 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5774:Claude Shannon 5771: 5766: 5764:Tivadar Puskás 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5734:Antonio Meucci 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5704:Charles K. Kao 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:Harold Hopkins 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579:Emile Berliner 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5518:Videotelephony 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5414:Radiotelephone 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Internet video 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5145:External links 5143: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5114: 5099:Goggin, Gerard 5094: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5020: 5006: 4983: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4914: 4883: 4861: 4839: 4808: 4776: 4763:"DAB Products" 4754: 4737:New York Times 4723: 4701: 4679: 4649: 4642: 4620: 4590: 4560: 4529: 4506: 4499: 4473: 4450: 4422: 4403: 4381: 4359: 4324: 4306: 4300:978-1305855779 4299: 4281: 4250: 4220: 4181: 4151: 4120: 4089: 4071:New York Times 4057: 4039:New York Times 4024: 3997: 3990: 3965: 3945:(3): 384–388. 3929: 3927:of regulation) 3886: 3850: 3826: 3804: 3778: 3734: 3698: 3672: 3637: 3603: 3558: 3526: 3499: 3477: 3468: 3449: 3440: 3410: 3403: 3377: 3370: 3339: 3317: 3290: 3268: 3206: 3199: 3181: 3164:www.kerryr.net 3151: 3140: 3122: 3095: 3070: 3057:"The Pioneers" 3048: 3041: 3023: 2993: 2986: 2968: 2938: 2915: 2893: 2875: 2856: 2834: 2812: 2793: 2763: 2756: 2738: 2710: 2688: 2657: 2624: 2613: 2593: 2586: 2568: 2542: 2512: 2488: 2456: 2426: 2400: 2369: 2350: 2342:10.17226/11711 2323: 2293: 2284: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2121: 2118: 2039: 2036: 1891: 1888: 1874:). To achieve 1788:snowy pictures 1730: 1727: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1488:net neutrality 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288:National paper 1285: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1207: 1204: 1180:digital divide 1162: 1161:Macroeconomics 1159: 1129: 1128:Microeconomics 1126: 1113: 1110: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1031:Main article: 1028: 1025: 944:coaxial cables 936:optical fibres 924:Main article: 921: 918: 897:additive noise 893:random process 867: 864: 823:radio receiver 806: 805: 798: 784: 765: 764:Basic elements 762: 757: 754: 741: 738: 720:, such as the 696:. A four-node 690:asynchronously 674:dumb terminals 672:) with remote 654:George Stibitz 649: 646: 583:heated cathode 564: 561: 479: 476: 463:Antonio Meucci 454:Alexander Bell 420: 417: 408:semaphore line 385:Spanish Armada 325:Homing pigeons 307: 304: 257: 254: 213: 210: 171:Antonio Meucci 86:, and optical 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8947: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8909:from Wikidata 8908: 8907: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8827: 8824:from Wikinews 8823: 8822: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8747: 8742: 8740: 8739:French Guiana 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8624: 8622: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575:New Caledonia 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8555:Easter Island 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8267: 8261: 8260:United States 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Faroe Islands 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8027:South Ossetia 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7874:Liechtenstein 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7617:South Ossetia 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7286: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033:Guinea-Bissau 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6852: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Media studies 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:International 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562:Environmental 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Developmental 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Communicology 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Media ecology 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Interpersonal 6388: 6386: 6385:Intercultural 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6360:Communication 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6273: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6253: 6245: 6243: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5987:Code-division 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Time-division 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898:and switching 5896: 5892: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5849:optical fiber 5847: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5839:Coaxial cable 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Radia Perlman 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Lee de Forest 5642: 5640: 5639:Thomas Edison 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Donald Davies 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:Claude Chappe 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Smoke signals 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5436:Semiconductor 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5295:Digital media 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5131:92-64-13497-2 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5013: 5009: 5007:0-7357-0977-7 5003: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4573:HowStuffWorks 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4520:Network World 4517: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4464:Light Reading 4461: 4454: 4443: 4439: 4438:Cisco Systems 4432: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334:IEEE Spectrum 4328: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3991:9780863413025 3987: 3984:. p. 2. 3983: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3653:(4): 557–83. 3652: 3648: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3574:(4): 909–23. 3573: 3569: 3562: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3281:The Economist 3278: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3103:Hoddeson, L. 3099: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3085:TIME Magazine 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3042:9781623566654 3038: 3034: 3027: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2987:9781118104644 2983: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:"Elisha Gray" 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2776:The Telegraph 2773: 2767: 2759: 2757:9780415846783 2753: 2750:. Routledge. 2749: 2742: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665:Ross, David. 2661: 2645: 2641: 2636:(Web article) 2634: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2504:communication 2501: 2497: 2492: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2259:"Article 1.3" 2254: 2250: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1982:certain ports 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1923:mobile phones 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Dolby Digital 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1647:Optical fibre 1644: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368:Syndicated TV 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1206:Social impact 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167:macroeconomic 1158: 1156: 1155:Côte d'Ivoire 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:microeconomic 1125: 1123: 1119: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:visible light 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 927: 917: 915: 911: 906: 900: 898: 894: 890: 885: 881: 877: 873: 863: 861: 856: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 819: 815: 811: 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 783: 779: 775: 774: 773: 771: 761: 753: 751: 747: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:Donald Davies 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:New Hampshire 663: 659: 655: 645: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 621:for radio or 620: 616: 612: 607: 606:control grids 603: 599: 594: 592: 591:rectification 588: 587:amplification 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 475: 473: 468: 464: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 416: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Claude Chappe 396: 394: 390: 386: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:Olympic Games 350: 346: 342: 341:Julius Caesar 338: 334: 330: 326: 320: 317: 312: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 277: 273: 269: 263: 253: 250: 249:Communication 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 209: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:Lee de Forest 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 72:smoke signals 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33:Earth station 30: 24: 19: 8904: 8887: 8870: 8853: 8836: 8819: 8807:from Commons 8802: 8785: 8764: 8722:Dependencies 8526:Dependencies 8512:Cook Islands 8365:Sint Maarten 8345:Saint Martin 8032:Transnistria 7994:Vatican City 7632:Dependencies 7562:Turkmenistan 7527:Saudi Arabia 7268:Saint Helena 7239: 7143:South Africa 7133:Sierra Leone 6938:Burkina Faso 6481: 6370:Conversation 6355:Broadcasting 5954:Multiplexing 5829:Transmission 5794:Nikola Tesla 5784:Henry Sutton 5739:Samuel Morse 5669:Robert Hooke 5634:Amos Dolbear 5569:John Bardeen 5488: 5468:Telautograph 5372:Mobile phone 5327:Edholm's law 5310:social media 5243:Broadcasting 5221: 5137: 5121: 5102: 5093:Bibliography 5078:. Retrieved 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5034:the original 5023: 5012:the original 4993: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4959: 4950: 4941: 4933:the original 4926: 4917: 4905:. Retrieved 4896: 4886: 4878:the original 4873: 4864: 4856:the original 4851: 4842: 4830:. Retrieved 4821: 4811: 4798:. Retrieved 4789: 4779: 4771:the original 4766: 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4736: 4726: 4718:the original 4713: 4704: 4696:the original 4691: 4682: 4671:the original 4664: 4652: 4631: 4623: 4611:. Retrieved 4602: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4572: 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4547:the original 4542: 4532: 4524:the original 4519: 4509: 4484: 4476: 4468:the original 4463: 4453: 4442:the original 4437: 4425: 4417:the original 4406: 4398:the original 4393: 4384: 4376:the original 4371: 4362: 4340:(5): 56–60. 4337: 4333: 4327: 4319:the original 4309: 4290: 4284: 4272:. Retrieved 4264:Ars Technica 4263: 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4232: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4195:The Guardian 4194: 4184: 4172:. Retrieved 4163: 4154: 4142:. 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