Electrical telegraph

900: 672: 1389: 1224: 341:. Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) to represent almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires representing each letter of a message; at the recipient's end, the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would watch the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message. This is in contrast to later telegraphs that used a single wire (with ground return). 798: 1371: 22: 1896:

used in the commercial sector. Government buildings were not inter-connected with telegraph lines, but relied on runners to carry messages back and forth. Before the war the Government saw no need to connect lines within city limits, however, they did see the use in connections between cities. Washington D.C. being the hub of government, it had the most connections, but there were only a few lines running north and south out of the city. It was not until the Civil War that the government saw the true potential of the telegraph system. Soon after the shelling of

531: 2058:. Western Union and Bell were both invested in telegraphy and telephone technology. Western Union's decision to allow Bell to gain the advantage in telephone technology was the result of Western Union's upper management's failure to foresee the surpassing of the telephone over the, at the time, dominant telegraph system. Western Union soon lost the legal battle for the rights to their telephone copyrights. This led to Western Union agreeing to a lesser position in the telephone competition, which in turn led to the lessening of the telegraph. 227: 605:. The two stations of Schilling's telegraph were connected by eight wires; six were connected with the galvanometers, one served for the return current and one for a signal bell. When at the starting station the operator pressed a key, the corresponding pointer was deflected at the receiving station. Different positions of black and white flags on different disks gave combinations which corresponded to the letters or numbers. Pavel Schilling subsequently improved its apparatus by reducing the number of connecting wires from eight to two. 83:. Many electrical telegraph systems were invented that operated in different ways, but the ones that became widespread fit into two broad categories. First are the needle telegraphs, in which electric current sent down the telegraph line produces electromagnetic force to move a needle-shaped pointer into position over a printed list. Early needle telegraph models used multiple needles, thus requiring multiple wires to be installed between stations. The first commercial needle telegraph system and the most widely used of its type was the 1723: 965: 935:, 1848). A common code was a necessary step to allow direct telegraph connection between countries. With different codes, additional operators were required to translate and retransmit the message. In 1865, a conference in Paris adopted Gerke's code as the International Morse code and was henceforth the international standard. The US, however, continued to use American Morse code internally for some time, hence international messages required retransmission in both directions. 735: 6014: 33: 1578: 1569:. (While the work toward packing multiple telegraph signals onto one wire led to telephony, later advances would pack multiple voice signals onto one wire by increasing the bandwidth by modulating frequencies much higher than human hearing. Eventually, the bandwidth was widened much further by using laser light signals sent through fiber optic cables. Fiber optic transmission can carry 25,000 telephone signals simultaneously down a single fiber.) 41: 1397: 1318: 434: 6024: 1907:(USMT) had laid approximately 300 miles (480 km) of line. By war's end they had laid approximately 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of line, 8,000 for military and 5,000 for commercial use, and had handled approximately 6.5 million messages. The telegraph was not only important for communication within the armed forces, but also in the civilian sector, helping political leaders to maintain control over their districts. 6003: 1263: 6034: 1983: 860: 1966:, Britain's telegraph communications were almost completely uninterrupted, while it was able to quickly cut Germany's cables worldwide. The British government censored telegraph cable companies in an effort to root out espionage and restrict financial transactions with Central Powers nations. British access to transatlantic cables and its codebreaking expertise led to the 1252:

receiving instrument was developed into a "sounder", an electromagnet that was energized by a current and attracted a small iron lever. When the sounding key was opened or closed, the sounder lever struck an anvil. The Morse operator distinguished a dot and a dash by the short or long interval between the two clicks. The message was then written out in long-hand.

885:. Thus the alternating line voltage moved the indicator's pointer on to the position of the depressed key on the communicator. Pressing another key would then release the pointer and the previous key, and re-connect the magneto to the line. These machines were very robust and simple to operate, and they stayed in use in Britain until well into the 20th century. 872:

alphabet (and four punctuation marks) around its circumference. Against each letter was a key that could be pressed. A transmission would begin with the pointers on the dials at both ends set to the start position. The transmitting operator would then press down the key corresponding to the letter to be transmitted. In the base of the communicator was a

408:, in which a magnetic needle is dipped into a pot of mercury when an electric current passes through the surrounding coil. In 1837, Davy invented the much more practical metallic make-and-break relay which became the relay of choice in telegraph systems and a key component for periodically renewing weak signals. Davy demonstrated his telegraph system in 550:, he set up a complete subterranean system in a 175-yard (160 m) long trench as well as an eight-mile (13 km) long overhead telegraph. The lines were connected at both ends to revolving dials marked with the letters of the alphabet and electrical impulses sent along the wire were used to transmit messages. Offering his invention to the 680:

and down over a permanent magnet and connecting the coil with the transmission wires by means of the commutator. The page of Gauss's laboratory notebook containing both his code and the first message transmitted, as well as a replica of the telegraph made in the 1850s under the instructions of Weber are kept in the faculty of physics at the

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in February 1863. As the new head of the Signal Corps, Myer tried to get all telegraph and flag signaling under his command, and therefore subject to military discipline. After creating the Signal Corps, Myer pushed to further develop new telegraph systems. While the USMT relied primarily on civilian

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The first system that did not require skilled technicians to operate was Charles Wheatstone's ABC system in 1840 in which the letters of the alphabet were arranged around a clock-face, and the signal caused a needle to indicate the letter. This early system required the receiver to be present in real

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A continuing goal in telegraphy was to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing the sending rate. There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to reduce the

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which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet. Any number of needles could be used, depending on the number of characters it was required to code. In May 1837 they patented their system. The patent recommended five needles, which coded twenty of the

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Telegraphic determination of longitudes in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and on the north coast of South America, embracing the meridians of Coatzacoalcos; Salina Cruz; La Libertad; San Juan del Sur; St. Nicolas Mole; Port Plata; Santo Domingo; Curacao; and La Guayra, with

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For a brief period, starting with the New York–Boston line in 1848, some telegraph networks began to employ sound operators, who were trained to understand Morse code aurally. Gradually, the use of sound operators eliminated the need for telegraph receivers to include register and tape. Instead, the

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actuated by a handle on the front. This would be turned to apply an alternating voltage to the line. Each half cycle of the current would advance the pointers at both ends by one position. When the pointer reached the position of the depressed key, it would stop and the magneto would be disconnected

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The "telegraphic longitude net" soon became worldwide. Transatlantic links between Europe and North America were established in 1866 and 1870. The US Navy extended observations into the West Indies and Central and South America with an additional transatlantic link from South America to Lisbon

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patented a printing telegraph in which the signals were translated automatically into typographic characters. Each character was assigned a five-bit code, mechanically interpreted from the state of five on/off switches. Operators had to maintain a steady rhythm, and the usual speed of operation was

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invented the printing telegraph in 1855; it used a keyboard of 26 keys for the alphabet and a spinning type wheel that determined the letter being transmitted by the length of time that had elapsed since the previous transmission. The system allowed for automatic recording on the receiving end. The

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in 1843, the system was converted to a one-needle, two-wire configuration with uninsulated wires on poles. The cost of installing wires was ultimately more economically significant than the cost of training operators. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000

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The telegraph system still had its flaws. The USMT, while the main source of telegraphers and cable, was still a civilian agency. Most operators were first hired by the telegraph companies and then contracted out to the War Department. This created tension between generals and their operators. One

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the telegraph proved its value as a tactical, operational, and strategic communication medium and an important contributor to Union victory. By contrast the Confederacy failed to make effective use of the South's much smaller telegraph network. Prior to the War the telegraph systems were primarily

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The telegraph was very important for sending time signals to determine longitude, providing greater accuracy than previously available. Longitude was measured by comparing local time (for example local noon occurs when the sun is at its highest above the horizon) with absolute time (a time that is

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The most expensive aspect of a telegraph system was the installation – the laying of the wire, which was often very long. The costs would be better covered by finding a way to send more than one message at a time through the single wire, thus increasing revenue per wire. Early devices included the

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he created his first keyboard perforator, which used compressed air to punch the holes. He also created a reperforator (receiving perforator) and a printer. The reperforator punched incoming Morse signals onto paper tape and the printer decoded this tape to produce alphanumeric characters on plain

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patented a chemical telegraph in Edinburgh. The signal current moved an iron pen across a moving paper tape soaked in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide, decomposing the chemical and producing readable blue marks in Morse code. The speed of the printing telegraph was 16 and a

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Wheatstone developed a practical alphabetical system in 1840 called the A.B.C. System, used mostly on private wires. This consisted of a "communicator" at the sending end and an "indicator" at the receiving end. The communicator consisted of a circular dial with a pointer and the 26 letters of the

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At first, Gauss and Weber used the telegraph to coordinate time, but soon they developed other signals and finally, their own alphabet. The alphabet was encoded in a binary code that was transmitted by positive or negative voltage pulses which were generated by means of moving an induction coil up

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Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in Mexico and Central America and on the West Coast of South America: Embracing the Meridians of Vera Cruz; Guatemala; La Libertad; Salvador; Paita; Lima; Arica; Valparaiso; and the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba; with the Latitudes of the

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The Story of the Telegraph, and a History of the Great Atlantic Cable: A Complete Record of the Inception, Progress, and Final Success of that Undertaking: a General History of Land and Oceanic Telegraphs: Descriptions of Telegraphic Apparatus, and Biographical Sketches of the Principal Persons

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of the U.S. Navy in 1844, over Morse's line between Washington and Baltimore. The method was soon in practical use for longitude determination, in particular by the U.S. Coast Survey, and over longer and longer distances as the telegraph network spread across North America and the world, and as

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in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. These prompt daily news reports energised British public opinion on the war, which brought down the government and led to Lord Palmerston becoming prime minister.

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The ability to send telegrams brought obvious advantages to those conducting war. Secret messages were encoded, so interception alone would not be sufficient for the opposing side to gain an advantage. There were also geographical constraints on intercepting the telegraph cables that improved

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developed and patented a letter-printing telegraph system in 1846 which employed an alphabetic keyboard for the transmitter and automatically printed the letters on paper at the receiver, and followed this up with a steam-powered version in 1852. Advocates of printing telegraphy said it would

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While the telegraph was not the focus of the legal battles that occurred around 1878, the companies that were affected by the effects of the battle were the main powers of telegraphy at the time. Western Union thought that the agreement of 1878 would solidify telegraphy as the long-range

1878:. News from war correspondents kept the public of the nations involved in the war informed of the day-to-day events in a way that had not been possible in any previous war. After the French extended their telegraph lines to the coast of the Black Sea in late 1854, war news began reaching 133:

allowed for the first rapid communication between people on different continents. The telegraph's nearly-instant transmission of messages across continents – and between continents – had widespread social and economic impacts. The electric telegraph led to

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suggested that telegraphy could be achieved by placing small magnets under the ends of a set of wires, one pair of wires for each letter of the alphabet. He was apparently unaware of Schweigger's invention at the time, which would have made his system much more sensitive. In 1825,

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Using these discoveries a number of inventors or rather 'adapters' appeared, taking this new knowledge, transforming it into useful ideas with commercial utility; the first of these 'products' was the use of electricity to transmit information between distant points, the electric

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leading to a Charles Marshall of Renfrew being suggested. Telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in Europe, but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into a useful communication system.

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which allowed, respectively, one or two telegraph transmissions in each direction. However, an even greater number of channels was desired on the busiest lines. In the latter half of the 1800s, several inventors worked towards creating a method for doing just that, including

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in 1838. This was a five-needle, six-wire system, and had the major advantage of displaying the letter being sent so operators did not need to learn a code. The insulation failed on the underground cables between Paddington and West Drayton, and when the line was extended to

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revived the 'cable war' of 1914–1918. In 1939, German-owned cables across the Atlantic were cut once again, and, in 1940, Italian cables to South America and Spain were cut in retaliation for Italian action against two of the five British cables linking Gibraltar and Malta.

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Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in Japan, China, and the East Indies: Embracing the Meridians of Yokohama, Nagasaki, Wladiwostok, Shanghai, Amoy, Hong-Kong, Manila, Cape St. James, Singapore, Batavia, and Madras, with the Latitude of the Several

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Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin. This brought news reports from the rest of the world. The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world.

613:. Schilling's telegraph was tested on a 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) experimental underground and underwater cable, laid around the building of the main Admiralty in Saint Petersburg and was approved for a telegraph between the imperial palace at 1714:. In 1896, there were thirty cable laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies owned and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was still 42.7 percent. 608:

On 21 October 1832, Schilling managed a short-distance transmission of signals between two telegraphs in different rooms of his apartment. In 1836, the British government attempted to buy the design but Schilling instead accepted overtures from

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the same for an observer anywhere on earth). If the local times of two places differ by one hour, the difference in longitude between them is 15° (360°/24h). Before telegraphy, absolute time could be obtained from astronomical events, such as

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improved on Ampère's design by placing the magnetic needles inside a coil of wire connected to each pair of conductors. He successfully demonstrated it, showing the feasibility of the electromagnetic telegraph, but only within a lecture hall.

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installations were attempted in 1857, 1858 and 1865. The 1857 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long

1294:) was typed onto a piece of perforated tape using a keyboard-like device called the 'Stick Punch'. The transmitter automatically ran the tape through and transmitted the message at the then exceptionally high speed of 70 words per minute. 983:. There was also serious concern that an electrical telegraph could be quickly put out of action by enemy saboteurs, something that was much more difficult to do with optical telegraphs which had no exposed hardware between stations. The 3866:

Telegraphic determination of longitudes on the east coast of South America embracing the meridians of Lisbon, Madeira, St. Vincent, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, and Para, with the latitude of the several

1437:, a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures. In 1901, Baudot's code was modified by 1289:

By this point, reception had been automated, but the speed and accuracy of the transmission were still limited to the skill of the human operator. The first practical automated system was patented by Charles Wheatstone. The message (in

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optical system symbols, making it more familiar to the telegraph operators. The optical system was decommissioned starting in 1846, but not completely until 1855. In that year the Foy-Breguet system was replaced with the Morse system.

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improved it in 1828 by placing several windings of insulated wire around the bar, creating a much more powerful electromagnet which could operate a telegraph through the high resistance of long telegraph wires. During his tenure at

1004:. The era of mass personal communication had begun. Telegraph networks were expensive to build, but financing was readily available, especially from London bankers. By 1852, National systems were in operation in major countries: 1562:. These various frequencies, referred to as harmonics, could then be combined into one complex signal and sent down the single wire. On the receiving end, the frequencies would be separated with a matching set of resonators. 4751:

Wonders of electricity and the elements, being a popular account of modern electrical and magnetic discoveries, magnetism and electric machines, the electric telegraph and the electric light, and the metal bases, salt, and

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developed an instrument that was called the register for recording the received messages. It embossed dots and dashes on a moving paper tape by a stylus which was operated by an electromagnet. Morse and Vail developed the

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half words per minute, but messages still required translation into English by live copyists. Chemical telegraphy came to an end in the US in 1851, when the Morse group defeated the Bain patent in the US District Court.

1686:, after many mishaps along the way. John Pender, one of the men on the Great Eastern, later founded several telecommunications companies primarily laying cables between Britain and Southeast Asia. Earlier transatlantic 271:

suggested an electrostatic telegraph. Using one wire for each letter of the alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of

3091:"The Telegraph Manual: A Complete History and Description of the Semaphoric, Electric and Magnetic Telegraphs of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, Ancient and Modern: with Six Hundred and Twenty-five Illustrations" 1815:

between 1874 and 1890. British, Russian and US observations created a chain from Europe through Suez, Aden, Madras, Singapore, China and Japan, to Vladivostok, thence to Saint Petersburg and back to Western Europe.

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In 1851, a conference in Vienna of countries in the German-Austrian Telegraph Union (which included many central European countries) adopted the Morse telegraph as the system for international communications. The

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that makes a click; communication on this type of system relies on sending clicks in coded rhythmic patterns. The archetype of this category was the Morse system and the code associated with it, both invented by

2032:) and the army groups in the field. These contained situation reports, battle plans, and discussions of strategy and tactics. Britain intercepted these signals, diagnosed how the encrypting machine worked, and 1599:

was first proposed. One of the primary technical challenges was to sufficiently insulate the submarine cable to prevent the electric current from leaking out into the water. In 1842, a Scottish surgeon

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Electrical telegraphs were used by the emerging railway companies to provide signals for train control systems, minimizing the chances of trains colliding with each other. This was built around the

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Australia's telegraph network was linked to Singapore's via Java in 1871, and the net circled the globe in 1902 with the connection of the Australia and New Zealand networks to Canada's via the

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pulse, enabling him to transmit seven letters a minute instead of two. The inventors and university did not have the funds to develop the telegraph on their own, but they received funding from

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and Wheatstone soon discovered the merits of gutta-percha as an insulator, and in 1845, the latter suggested that it should be employed to cover the wire which was proposed to be laid from

1925:, wanted control over the telegraph lines to maintain the flow of information. Early in the war, one of Stanton's first acts as Secretary of War was to move telegraph lines from ending at 825:

in 1837 for signalling rope-hauling of locomotives. It was rejected in favour of pneumatic whistles. Cooke and Wheatstone had their first commercial success with a system installed on the

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in 1837 and was granted a patent on 4 July 1838. Davy also invented a printing telegraph which used the electric current from the telegraph signal to mark a ribbon of calico infused with

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was eventually adopted. This was a two-needle system using two signal wires but displayed in a uniquely different way to other needle telegraphs. The needles made symbols similar to the

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for experimentation. This became a source of a low-voltage current that could be used to produce more distinct effects, and which was far less limited than the momentary discharge of an

1974:. Despite British acquisition of German colonies and expansion into the Middle East, debt from the war led to Britain's control over telegraph cables to weaken while US control grew. 1861:. It was to comprise twenty-five men from the Royal Corps of Sappers & Miners trained by the Electric Telegraph Company to construct and work the first field electric telegraph. 594:. It had a transmitting device that consisted of a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current. The receiving instrument consisted of six 1710:

From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the

867:-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal. 572: 1565:

With a set of frequencies being carried down a single wire, it was realized that the human voice itself could be transmitted electrically through the wire. This effort led to the

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eliminate Morse operators' errors. The House machine was used on four main American telegraph lines by 1852. The speed of the House machine was announced as 2600 words an hour.

919:. Originally, the armature was intended to make marks on paper tape, but operators learned to interpret the clicks and it was more efficient to write down the message directly. 1000:

As well as the rapid expansion of the use of the telegraphs along the railways, they soon spread into the field of mass communication with the instruments being installed in

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and was one of the first to be documented extensively. In 1854, the government in London created a military Telegraph Detachment for the Army commanded by an officer of the

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from 1826 to 1832, Henry first demonstrated the theory of the 'magnetic telegraph' by ringing a bell through one-mile (1.6 km) of wire strung around the room in 1831.

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in 1838. In 1865, the Morse system became the standard for international communication, using a modified form of Morse's code that had been developed for German railways.

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between France and England. The first undersea cable was laid in 1850, connecting the two countries and was followed by connections to Ireland and the Low Countries.

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paper. This was the origin of the Creed High Speed Automatic Printing System, which could run at an unprecedented 200 words per minute. His system was adopted by the

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source of irritation was that USMT operators did not have to follow military authority. Usually they performed without hesitation, but they were not required to, so

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acquired working control of Western Union in 1909 but relinquished it in 1914 under threat of antitrust action. AT&T bought Western Union's electronic mail and

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Müller, Simone (2010). "The Transatlantic Telegraphs and the 'Class of 1866' – the Formative Years of Transnational Networks in Telegraphic Space, 1858–1884/89".

3807:"The telegraphic longitude net of the United States and its connection with that of Europe, as developed by the Coast and Geodetic Survey between 1866 and 1896" 1558:

One approach was to have resonators of several different frequencies act as carriers of a modulated on-off signal. This was the harmonic telegraph, a form of

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in 1856 to undertake to construct a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. It was successfully completed on 18 July 1866 by the ship

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to connect teletypewriters. These resulting systems were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style

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from the line. The communicator's pointer was geared to the magneto mechanism. The indicator's pointer was moved by a polarised electromagnet whose

6073: 4638:(The Morse Telegraph Club is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the perpetuation of the knowledge and traditions of telegraphy.) 621:. However, the project was cancelled following Schilling's death in 1837. Schilling was also one of the first to put into practice the idea of the 68:, that were devised to send text messages more quickly than physically carrying them. Electrical telegraphy can be considered the first example of 1929:

headquarters to terminating at the War Department. Stanton himself said " is my right arm". Telegraphy assisted Northern victories, including the

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The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company, for example, was created in 1852 in Rochester, New York and eventually became the

671: 4703: 4684: 2154: 1900:, the South cut telegraph lines running into D.C., which put the city in a state of panic because they feared an immediate Southern invasion. 157:

pushed telegraphy into only a few specialist uses; its use by the general public dwindled to greetings for special occasions. The rise of the

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communication of choice. However, due to the underestimates of telegraph's future and poor contracts, Western Union found itself declining.

1822:. The two determinations of longitudes, one transmitted from east to west and the other from west to east, agreed within one second of arc ( 5986: 5958: 5953: 4978: 4618: 1478:

The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in Germany during the 1930s as a network used to communicate within the government.

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of his own. As a result, he was able to make the distant needle move in the direction set by the commutator on the other end of the line.

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in July 1816, it was rejected as "wholly unnecessary". His account of the scheme and the possibilities of rapid global communication in

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Soon after the first successful telegraph systems were operational, the possibility of transmitting messages across the sea by way of

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By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used

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due to induction. Elements of Ronalds' design were utilised in the subsequent commercialisation of the telegraph over 20 years later.

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had commercial telegraph networks with local telegraph offices in most cities and towns, allowing the public to send messages (called

4157: 2101: 498: 559: 2122: 1223: 904: 470: 238:, electrical phenomena were known to travel with great speed, and many experimenters worked on the application of electricity to 4918: 1646:, submerged a 2 miles (3.2 km) wire coated with gutta-percha off the coast from Folkestone, which was tested successfully. 1388: 218:

to communicate complex messages – usually regarding news of birth, ceremonies, and military conflict – over 4–5 mile distances.

5980: 4604: 566: 4935: 4930: 5975: 5965: 5945: 5747: 4913: 4666: 4622: 4352: 4312: 4267: 3789: 3535: 3291: 2720: 2497: 2235: 2074: 1335: 939: 451: 355:, with a coil of wire around a compass, that could be used as a sensitive indicator for an electric current. Also that year, 477: 4794: 347:

discovered in 1820 that an electric current produces a magnetic field that will deflect a compass needle. In the same year

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Gauss was convinced that this communication would be of help to his kingdom's towns. Later in the same year, instead of a

262: – were applied to the problems of detecting controlled transmissions of electricity at various distances. 6037: 5970: 5816: 4642: 3116:

John Liffen, "The Introduction of the Electric Telegraph in Britain, a Reappraisal of the Work of Cooke and Wheatstone."

1772: 763: 1485:– considered speedy at the time – up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using 758:. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at 708: 5742: 4898: 4607:, International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Background Reading, Version 1; February 2008. 4533: 4413: 3724:"Report on the experience of the Coast Survey in regard to telegraph operations, for determination of longitude &c" 3038: 2033: 1954:

lines and operators, the Signal Corp's new field telegraph could be deployed and dismantled faster than USMT's system.

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was able to build a telegraph network within the city in 1835–1836. In 1838, Steinheil installed a telegraph along the

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systems such as semaphores, becoming the standard way to send urgent messages. By the latter half of the century, most

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balls at the far end. The writer has never been positively identified, but the letter was signed C.M. and posted from

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Hills, Jill (June 2006). "What's New? War, Censorship and Global Transmission: From the Telegraph to the Internet".

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The Morse system uses a single wire between offices. At the sending station, an operator taps on a switch called a

1695:. The telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in 1870. (Those several companies combined to form the 5732: 4008:

Distant Writing A History of Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 16. Telegraph at War 1854–1868

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https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/museum/schweigger-multiplier

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Solymar, L. (March 2000). "The effect of the telegraph on law and order, war, diplomacy, and power politics".

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as the founder, although the name was only adopted in 1934. It was formed from successive mergers including:

797: 330: 5752: 1938: 1904: 1586: 822: 3937:"Asian Servants for the Imperial Telegraph: Imagining North Australia as an Indian Ocean Colony before 1914" 3103:

Richard B. Du Boff, "Business Demand and the Development of the Telegraph in the United States, 1844–1860."

2054:. Western Union was the leading telegraph provider for America and was seen as the best competition for the 6027: 5788: 5685: 5228: 5023: 4995: 2012:

in occupied Europe sabotaged communications facilities such as telegraph lines, forcing the Germans to use

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interconnection. Message by post was still the primary means of communication to countries outside Europe.

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tried Ampère's idea but only got it to work over 200 feet (61 m) and declared it impractical. In 1830

361: 3849:

Report on the telegraphic determination of differences of longitude in the West Indies and Central America

288:

realised an early electric telegraph. The telegraph had a separate wire for each of the 26 letters of the

6063: 6017: 5524: 4964: 2209:"Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 2. Introduction" 1788: 365: 322:

Another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an "electrochemical telegraph" created by the

5876: 5798: 5737: 5444: 4763:

The electro magnetic telegraph: with an historical account of its rise, progress, and present condition

4226: 2029: 2006:, Cable & Wireless's head office and central cable station, was damaged by German bombing in 1941. 1911: 1798:

The idea of using the telegraph to transmit a time signal for longitude determination was suggested by

1668: 1643: 1566: 1518: 1487: 1051: 1047: 946:

connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the

844: 4700: 681: 5648: 5609: 5454: 5354: 5283: 5216: 5043: 4832: 1244: 968: 959: 692: 4323: 103:

in which signal boxes along the line communicate with neighbouring boxes by telegraphic sounding of

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Headrick, D.R.; Griset, P. (2001). "Submarine telegraph cables: business and politics, 1838–1939".

2132: 1438: 924: 719: 338: 247: 843:

sets were in use at the end of the nineteenth century; some remained in service in the 1930s. The

491: 344: 5846: 5831: 5675: 5626: 5549: 5449: 5127: 5013: 5008: 4873: 4046: 1736: 1731: 1328: 932: 630: 444: 356: 312: 104: 100: 4605:

Roots of Interconnection: Communications, Transportation and Phases of the Industrial Revolution

5768: 5554: 5369: 5314: 5309: 5122: 5087: 4945: 4729: 2155:"The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge" 2096: 2055: 1865: 1841:

security, however once radio telegraphy was developed interception became far more widespread.

810: 771: 745:

independently developed and patented a recording electric telegraph in 1837. Morse's assistant

712: 696: 656:, installed a 1,200-metre-long (3,900 ft) wire above the town's roofs. Gauss combined the 87:, invented in 1837. The second category are armature systems, in which the current activates a 69: 58:

system, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electrical

4743: 4558: 3173: 675:

Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G

5670: 5474: 5439: 5359: 5339: 5261: 5149: 5070: 3899:

Norris, John Alexander; Laird, Charles; Holcombe, John H.L.; Garrett, Le Roy M. (1891).

1934: 1914:

censored suspect messages informally to block aid to the secession movement. During the war,

1739:

was a British telecommunications company that traced its origins back to the 1860s, with Sir

1552: 1370: 984: 878: 826: 767: 700: 665: 657: 285: 5003: 2567: 1986:

German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at

762:

near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only later, in 1844, that he sent the message "

5584: 5544: 5514: 5271: 5206: 5028: 4868: 4184: 3987: 3818: 3341: 2683: 1535: 1445: 649: 645: 638: 610: 417: 3460:

The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization

2471: 2389: 21: 8: 6068: 5594: 5534: 5293: 5255: 5053: 5038: 4908: 4780: 4721: 3764: 3400:

Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in New York", Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 45

3090: 2127: 2013: 1967: 1926: 1601: 1524: 1270: 928: 759: 583: 149:

In the early 20th century, manual operation of telegraph machines was slowly replaced by

139: 44: 4454:

Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914".

4188: 3991: 3975: 3900: 3864: 3847: 3822: 3691: 3599:

Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914".

3518:

Starosielski, Nicole (2015). "Cabled Depths: The Aquatic Afterlives of Signal Traffic".

2687: 2654: 530: 5821: 5778: 5709: 5579: 5509: 5484: 5419: 5266: 4987: 4923: 4471: 4426:

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808–1810)

4208: 4139: 3956: 3918: 3677: 3659: 3651: 3616: 3541: 3500: 3151: 3054: 3006:

The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States

2635: 2525: 1930: 1892: 1792: 1703:

expedition in 1873–1876 mapped the ocean floor for future underwater telegraph cables.

1683: 1649: 1531: 1460: 1449: 1412: 848: 830: 723: 390: 304: 212: 59: 226: 5861: 5783: 5697: 5680: 5643: 5489: 5319: 5288: 5154: 5048: 4822: 4676: 4593: 4529: 4514: 4498: 4488: 4409: 4394: 4376: 4348: 4329: 4308: 4292: 4281: 4263: 4212: 4200: 4143: 4131: 3960: 3785: 3746: 3719: 3705: 3663: 3564: 3545: 3531: 3492: 3463: 3317: 3250: 3225: 3200: 3034: 3009: 2986: 2785: 2716: 2639: 2547: 2427:

M. (10 December 2014). Schweigger Multiplier – 1820. Retrieved 7 February 2018, from

2364: 2299: 2274: 2231: 2177: 2173: 1692: 1468: 1400: 1382: 976: 818: 626: 551: 348: 197: 135: 119: 115: 88: 5529: 4467: 3612: 3410: 3155: 1799: 1433:, telegraphic encoding became fully automated. Early teletypewriters used the ITA-1 5866: 5826: 5806: 5773: 5702: 5660: 5574: 5429: 5414: 5389: 5364: 5324: 5174: 5033: 5018: 4762: 4750: 4463: 4192: 4123: 3948: 3826: 3643: 3608: 3523: 3143: 3131: 2967: 2691: 2627: 2465: 2169: 2078: 2020:

by Britain. The Germans developed a highly complex teleprinter attachment (German:

1676: 1540: 1494:, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication. 1255: 591: 558:

was the first published work on electric telegraphy and even described the risk of

413: 409: 373: 296: 259: 108: 76: 75:

Text telegraphy consisted of two or more geographically separated stations, called

3952: 2631: 2501: 5494: 5349: 5117: 5092: 5080: 4827: 4716: 4707: 2208: 1858: 1615: 1610: 614: 587: 575: 547: 543: 535: 251: 215: 4006: 3443: 2050:

In America, the end of the telegraph era can be associated with the fall of the

1722: 1282: 964: 5692: 5564: 5539: 5499: 5469: 5344: 5179: 5132: 5107: 5065: 1991: 1946: 1807: 1657: 1498: 1464: 1430: 980: 847:, the world's first public telegraphy company, was formed in 1845 by financier 634: 267: 255: 243: 193: 55: 4650: 3446: : founded in part on Wünschendorff's 'Traité de télé graphie sous-marine 2931: 2656:

Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus

556:

Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus

62:

system and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems called

6052: 5841: 5614: 5604: 5519: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5379: 5201: 5060: 4502: 4333: 4300: 4204: 4135: 4127: 3917:

Green, Francis Mathews; Davis, Charles Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1883).

3496: 2336:

Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture

2181: 2051: 2025: 2003: 1922: 1918: 1631: 1544: 1506: 1240:

time to record the message and it reached speeds of up to 15 words a minute.

1117: 988: 912: 622: 377: 242:

at a distance. All the known effects of electricity – such as

239: 208: 4196: 3199:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 60–61. 2990: 975:

France was slow to adopt the electrical telegraph, because of the extensive

5719: 5559: 5504: 5434: 5399: 5334: 5233: 5223: 5075: 4772: 4719:– a 1902 article about telegraph networks and technology from the magazine 1998: 1875: 1819: 1803: 1784: 1711: 1639: 1605: 1502: 1233: 1212: 947: 834: 742: 688: 661: 595: 397: 385: 352: 300: 204: 189: 93: 80: 3527: 2024:, "cipher attachment") that was used for enciphering telegrams, using the 1274:

system was very stable and accurate and became accepted around the world.

734: 653: 5919: 5569: 5479: 5464: 5424: 5384: 5243: 4842: 4697:– The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868 2107: 1963: 1897: 1850: 1740: 1548: 1434: 1408: 1303: 1278: 1001: 814: 746: 401: 308: 150: 3504: 2618:

Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "Sir Francis Ronalds and the Electric Telegraph".

2602: 625:

system of signal transmission. His work was taken over and developed by

5924: 5631: 5329: 5238: 5194: 5164: 5142: 4940: 4837: 4803: 3655: 2319:

Odden, David (1995). "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.).

2045: 2017: 1854: 1577: 1422: 1342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1291: 916: 894: 882: 751: 458: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 316: 179: 32: 4767: 4756: 4728: 4475: 3620: 3292:"Royal Earl House Steam-Powered Printing-Telegraph Patent #9505, 1852" 2696: 2671: 1475:. This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing. 5909: 5374: 5189: 4956: 4635: 3444:

Submarine telegraphs : their history, construction, and working

3147: 3118:

International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

2620:

International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

1870: 1661: 1497:

Automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced into Canada by

940:

quickly deployed in the two decades following the first demonstration

775: 618: 326: 184:

Prior to the electric telegraph, visual systems were used, including

154: 79:. The offices were connected by wires, usually supported overhead on 64: 40: 4563:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

3647: 2368: 1396: 1317: 664:. To change the direction of the electric current, he constructed a 433: 380:, with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished 5904: 5894: 5811: 5636: 5459: 3831: 3806: 3588:(3 ed.). Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–307. 1780: 755: 384:, which increased the magnetic force produced by electric current. 334: 289: 158: 123: 3132:"Spiritualist Writing Machines: Telegraphy,Typtology, Typewriting" 2498:"Joseph Henry: Inventor of the Telegraph? Smithsonian Institution" 711:, built in 1835 as the first German railroad, which was the first 319:

were the only previously known human-made sources of electricity.

165:

in the 1990s largely made dedicated telegraphy networks obsolete.

47:

telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske

5899: 5884: 5102: 3766:

The recent progress of astronomy, especially in the United States

3175:

A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838–1868

2936: 2091: 2063: 1653: 1635: 1453: 1416: 1262: 873: 864: 571: 323: 277: 4526:

Wired into Nature: The Telegraph and the North American Frontier

4305:

Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers

3197:

The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia

2073:

Although commercial "telegraph" services are still available in

1626:. Gutta-percha was used as insulation on a wire laid across the 5929: 5889: 5211: 4888: 4883: 4694: 4590:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

3077:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920

2932:"Telegraph – A working ABC telegraph from prof. Ch. Wheatstone" 1879: 1672: 1623: 1120:. Although many countries had telegraph networks, there was no 839: 704: 185: 4619:

The Telegraph's Effect on Nineteenth Century Markets and Firms

3055:

The Transcontinental Telegraph and the End of the Pony Express

2467:

The Albany Hand-book: A Strangers' Guide and Residents' Manual

1982: 1381:, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by 859: 542:

The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor

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A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet

3195:

Khalid, Adeeb (1998). "2: The Making of a Colonial Society".

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Electromagnetic Telegraph – Invented by Baron Pavel Schilling

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The Eastern Extension Australasia and China Telegraph Company

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Williams, Raymond (1974). "The Technology and the Society".

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with his magnetometer to build a more sensitive device, the

5856: 4710: 2951:

Freebody, J. W. (1958), "Historical Survey of Telegraphy",

2734: 2732: 1482: 1472: 801:

GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument

602: 599: 546:

in 1816 and used static electricity. At the family home on

381: 273: 200:

for visual signals to communicate over distances of land.

4375:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 6–17, 138–141. 3898: 2884: 2848: 2672:"The Bicentennial of Francis Ronalds's Electric Telegraph" 1811:

technical developments improved accuracy and productivity

809:. A demonstration four-needle system was installed on the 4863: 4858: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 1773:

History of longitude § Land surveying and telegraphy

4235: 4051:, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech 4026: 4014: 3485:

Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung

3271:"Royal Earl House Printing-Telegraph Patent #4464, 1846" 2729: 2872: 2860: 2836: 2744: 1509:

started to build a Telex network in the United States.

629:

who invented telegraph equipment that was used by Tsar

4072: 4062: 4060: 4058: 3745:

Briggs, Charles Frederick; Maverick, Augustus (1858).

2582: 292:

and its range was only between two rooms of his home.

126:) addressed to any person in the country, for a fee. 4485:

The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History

2713:

Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph

1806:

in 1837, and the first test of this idea was made by

4095: 3881:

Davis, Chales Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1885).

3340:. Clarkson University. 14 April 2007. Archived from 2411: 2409: 931:, and was based on a code used on Hamburg railways ( 927:

adopted was considerably modified from the original

333:

in 1809, based on an earlier 1804 design by Spanish

4746:, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library 4262:. London: The Institution of Electrical Engineers. 4055: 3980:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

2756: 2478: 1753:

The Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company

938:In the United States, the Morse/Vail telegraph was 6079:History of telecommunications in the United States 4325:A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837 2542:McDonald, Donald; Hunt, Leslie B. (January 1982). 2524: 2188: 1864:Journalistic recording of the war was provided by 1832: second of time – less than 30 metres). 1426:for daily transmission of the newspaper contents. 805:The first commercial electrical telegraph was the 114:In the 1840s, the electrical telegraph superseded 3057:, Library of Congress, retrieved 3 February 2017. 2783: 2463: 2406: 6050: 3916: 3784:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 3586:The Daily Miracle: An introduction to Journalism 1747:The Falmouth, Malta, Gibraltar Telegraph Company 1227:Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment 4449:, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union 4364:Australian Dictionary of Biography: Edward Davy 4559:"The Inventors of the Telegraph And Telephone" 3769:(3rd ed.). New York: Harper and Brothers. 3744: 3633: 3598: 2522: 2448: 1762:The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies 1750:The British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company 1374:Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from 786: 4972: 4788: 4768:Science History Institute Digital Collections 4757:Science History Institute Digital Collections 4511:The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology 4048:Essential Civil WAR Curriculum: The Telegraph 3592: 3448:. Canadiana.org. London: C. Lockwood. p. 251. 2829: 2827: 2296:Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects 2230:. abc (2nd ed.). Ian Allan. p. 16. 1903:Within 6 months of the start of the war, the 1726:The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901 1717: 903:1900 illustration of Professor Morse sending 16:Early system for transmitting text over wires 4802: 3928: 3583: 3517: 2541: 1444:In the 1930s, teleprinters were produced by 146:telecommunication, which he began in 1894. 5987:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4662:A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications 4406:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 3967: 3880: 3798: 3756: 3738: 3712: 3558: 3431:. London: Adlard Coles Ltd. pp. 26–27. 2544:A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 2152: 2039: 1766: 1572: 1218: 907:– "WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT" – on 24 May, 1844 854: 793:Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom 578:, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy 404:independently invented the mercury dipping 211:drummers used talking drums to mimic human 6023: 4979: 4965: 4795: 4781: 4744:Indiana telegraph and telephone collection 4370: 4089: 4044: 3779: 3773: 3422: 3420: 3033:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 2915: 2904:The Gentleman's magazine, Volumes 282–283. 2824: 2273:. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press. 2081:rather than a dedicated wired connection. 1791:, or by transporting an accurate clock (a 766:" over the 44 miles (71 km) from the 4403: 4257: 3910: 3892: 3874: 3856: 3839: 3830: 3362: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2750: 2695: 2600: 1512: 1358:Learn how and when to remove this message 1181:Calcutta in Bengal (east coast of India) 518:Learn how and when to remove this message 203:An auditory predecessor was West African 4299: 4241: 3934: 3782:Longitude by Wire: Finding North America 3692:"Evolution of Eastern Telegraph Company" 3088: 2980: 2950: 2531:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2470:. Albany: Brandow & Barton. p. 2271:Television: Technology and Cultural Form 2268: 2102:American Telephone and Telegraph Company 1981: 1721: 1576: 1395: 1387: 1369: 1261: 1232:cost per message was the development of 1222: 963: 898: 858: 796: 781: 733: 670: 570: 538:as part of his electric telegraph (1816) 529: 423: 225: 39: 31: 20: 6074:Western (genre) staples and terminology 4523: 4453: 4361: 4290: 4174: 4101: 4066: 4004: 3973: 3584:Conley, David; Lamble, Stephen (2006). 3417: 3316:. Mercer University Press. p. 71. 3249:. Mercer University Press. p. 67. 3224:. Mercer University Press. p. 69. 3171: 3028: 2965: 2762: 2710: 2669: 2652: 2617: 2484: 2357: 2123:Neutral direct-current telegraph system 2036:a large amount of teleprinter traffic. 534:Revolving alphanumeric dial created by 6051: 4986: 3804: 3762: 3718: 3522:. Duke University Press. p. 203. 3482: 3457: 3194: 2806:BT Group Connected Earth Online Museum 2097:Aurora#Historically significant events 1853:was one of the first conflicts to use 1656:, sought and obtained permission from 1173:Bombay in India (west coast of India) 648:, together with the physics professor 598:with magnetic needles, suspended from 567:Electric telegraphy in Imperial Russia 230:Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809 4960: 4776: 4623:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4482: 4422: 4389:Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, 4340: 4321: 4113: 4032: 4020: 3924:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3906:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3903:the latitudes of the several stations 3888:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3870:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3862: 3852:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3845: 3426: 3311: 3244: 3219: 3089:Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston (1867). 2985:. Philadelphia: A. Hart. p. 77. 2738: 2588: 2570:. Australian Science Archives Project 2415: 2318: 2225: 2194: 2077:, transmission is usually done via a 1886: 953: 6033: 4667:History of electromagnetic telegraph 4643:"Transatlantic Cable Communications" 4556: 4228:World War II: German-occupied Europe 3728:American Journal of Science and Arts 3462:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 203. 3129: 2604:Pioneers of Electrical Communication 2546:. Johnson Matthey Plc. p. 306. 2293: 2250: 1835: 1340:adding citations to reliable sources 1311: 829:over the 13 miles (21 km) from 658:Poggendorff-Schweigger multiplicator 456:adding citations to reliable sources 427: 265:In 1753, an anonymous writer in the 4513:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 4373:The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920 4307:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4116:International Communication Gazette 3003: 2560: 2333: 2257:The Guardian: International Edition 2206: 2153:Wenzlhuemer, Roland (August 2007). 1977: 1392:A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930 590:von Canstatt in 1832, was an early 13: 4543: 4391:The Early History of Data Networks 3563:. Cambridge: Polity. p. 110. 3559:Briggs, Asa; Burke, Peter (2005). 3031:Open Standards and the Digital Age 2715:. London: Imperial College Press. 2362:. Abelard-Schuman. pp. 17–19. 1957: 1795:) from one location to the other. 1133:A letter by post from London took 633:to connect the Imperial palace at 14: 6090: 4629: 4278:Sir Charles Wheatstone: 1802–1875 4177:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 3382:from the original on 26 July 2019 3066:Holzmann & Pehrson, pp. 93–94 2253:"Final telegram to be sent. STOP" 1970:incident that contributed to the 1165:Constantinople in Ottoman Turkey 6032: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6001: 5622:Free-space optical communication 4685:Pavel Shilling and his telegraph 4592:, Oxford University Press, 2007 4528:. University of Illinois Press. 4219: 4168: 4150: 4107: 3863:Green, Francis Matthews (1880). 3846:Green, Francis Matthews (1877). 3752:. New York: Rudd & Carleton. 3429:Cable Ships and Submarine Cables 3130:Enns, Anthony (September 2015). 2906:p. 545. University of California 2174:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00461.x 2118:Great Northern Telegraph Company 1988:The National Museum of Computing 1403:ASR (Automatic Send and Receive) 1316: 1128:Worldwide postal speeds in 1852 1035:23,000 mi or 37,000 km 1008:Extent of the telegraph in 1852 915:, spelling out text messages in 432: 153:networks. Increasing use of the 4293:"The Electromagnetic Telegraph" 4251: 4038: 3998: 3698: 3684: 3670: 3627: 3577: 3552: 3511: 3476: 3451: 3435: 3403: 3394: 3368: 3330: 3314:The Story of Telecommunications 3305: 3284: 3263: 3247:The Story of Telecommunications 3238: 3222:The Story of Telecommunications 3213: 3188: 3165: 3123: 3110: 3097: 3082: 3069: 3060: 3053:Today in History – 24 October, 3047: 3022: 2997: 2974: 2968:"A Short History of Telegraphy" 2959: 2944: 2924: 2909: 2896: 2794: 2777: 2768: 2704: 2670:Ronalds, B.F. (February 2016). 2663: 2646: 2611: 2594: 2535: 2527:Joseph Henry: His Life and Work 2516: 2490: 2457: 2442: 2433: 2421: 2397: 2382: 2373: 2351: 2342: 2321:Handbook of Phonological Theory 2113:Geomagnetically induced current 2056:National Bell Telephone Company 2052:Western Union Telegraph Company 2028:, between German High Command ( 1874:newspaper) with photographs by 1597:submarine communications cables 1560:frequency-division multiplexing 1327:needs additional citations for 1297: 1118:Western Union Telegraph Company 905:the first long-distance message 888: 443:needs additional citations for 28:five-needle telegraph from 1837 4736:New International Encyclopedia 4445:Michaelis, Anthony R. (1965), 4328:. London: E. & F.N. Spon. 2787:Morse Code & the Telegraph 2379:Holzmann & Pehrson, p. 203 2360:Early Electrical Communication 2327: 2312: 2298:. Cambridge University Press. 2287: 2262: 2251:Moss, Stephen (10 July 2013), 2244: 2228:Signalling in the Age of Steam 2219: 2200: 2146: 1844: 1591:Submarine communications cable 1461:telephone-like rotary dialling 1149:New York in the United States 1083:1,000 mi or 1,600 km 1070:1,400 mi or 2,300 km 1057:2,200 mi or 3,500 km 85:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph 1: 4701:NASA – Carrington Super Flare 4672:The first electric telegraphs 4468:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728 4456:The English Historical Review 3953:10.1080/1031461X.2017.1279196 3941:Australian Historical Studies 3749:Connected with the Great Work 3613:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728 3601:The English Historical Review 3411:"How does fiber optics work?" 2966:Hobbs, Alan G.; Hallas, Sam. 2632:10.1080/17581206.2015.1119481 2139: 1905:U.S. Military Telegraph Corps 1756:The Eastern Telegraph Company 1587:Transatlantic telegraph cable 1581:Major telegraph lines in 1891 1481:At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) 1375: 1277:The next improvement was the 1211:Telegraphy was introduced in 881:was coupled to it through an 823:London and Birmingham Railway 221: 173: 6008:Telecommunication portal 5789:Telecommunications equipment 5097: 4647:Canada's Digital Collections 4404:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). 3780:Stachurski, Richard (2009). 2453:. India: Dorling Kindersley. 1608:, the adhesive juice of the 1108:700 mi or 1,100 km 1095:900 mi or 1,400 km 995: 709:Nuremberg–Fürth railway line 236:early studies of electricity 7: 5525:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4447:From semaphore to satellite 4322:Fahie, John Joseph (1884). 3974:Stewart, R.Meldrum (1924). 3805:Schott, Charles A. (1897). 3636:The Business History Review 3029:Russell, Andrew L. (2014). 2981:Turnbull, Laurence (1853). 2802:"The telegraphic age dawns" 2084: 807:Cooke and Wheatstone system 787:Cooke and Wheatstone system 331:Samuel Thomas von Sömmering 10: 6095: 5229:Telecommunications history 4717:How Cables Unite The World 4636:Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. 4483:Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). 4371:Hochfelder, David (2012). 4231:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 4045:Hochfelder, David (2019), 3885:Several Sea-coast Stations 2983:Electro-magnetic telegraph 2784:History.com Staff (2009), 2464:Henry Pitt Phelps (1884). 2403:Prevost, 1805, pp. 176–178 2323:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 2226:Vanns, Michael A. (2012). 2043: 1939:Sherman's March to the Sea 1912:American Telegraph Company 1729: 1718:Cable and Wireless Company 1669:Atlantic Telegraph Company 1584: 1567:invention of the telephone 1522: 1519:Invention of the telephone 1516: 1505:in July 1957 and in 1958, 1488:voice frequency telegraphy 1429:With the invention of the 1301: 1052:Magnetic Telegraph Company 1048:Electric Telegraph Company 957: 892: 845:Electric Telegraph Company 790: 564: 177: 168: 131:submarine telegraph cables 5996: 5938: 5875: 5837:Public Switched Telephone 5797: 5761: 5718: 5659: 5649:telecommunication circuit 5610:Fiber-optic communication 5593: 5355:Francis Blake (telephone) 5302: 5150:Optical telecommunication 4994: 4897: 4851: 4833:Modulated continuous wave 4810: 4423:Jones, R. Victor (1999). 4362:Gibberd, William (1966). 3008:. McFarland. p. 69. 2653:Ronalds, Francis (1823). 2294:Chen, Matthew Y. (2000). 1910:Even before the war, the 1697:Eastern Telegraph Company 1662:telegraphic communication 1281:of 1874. French engineer 1132: 971:displaying the letter "Q" 611:Nicholas I of Russia 329:, anatomist and inventor 5748:Orbital angular-momentum 5185:Satellite communications 5024:Communications satellite 4879:Morse code abbreviations 4804:International Morse code 4344:Crimea: The Last Crusade 4128:10.1177/1748048506063761 4005:Roberts, Steven (2012), 3935:Martinez, Julia (2017). 3811:The Astronomical Journal 3441:Bright, Charles (1898). 3312:Oslin, George P (1992). 3245:Oslin, George P (1992). 3220:Oslin, George P (1992). 3172:Roberts, Steven (2012), 2133:Western Electric Company 2040:End of the telegraph era 1771:Main article § Section: 1767:Telegraphy and longitude 1732:Cable & Wireless plc 1573:Oceanic telegraph cables 1471:, and then sent data by 1219:Telegraphic improvements 1105:optical systems dominant 979:system built during the 925:international Morse code 855:Wheatstone ABC telegraph 720:William Fothergill Cooke 339:Francisco Salva Campillo 248:electrostatic attraction 6059:19th-century inventions 5627:Molecular communication 5450:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5279:Undersea telegraph line 5014:Cable protection system 4874:Prosigns for Morse code 4524:Schwoch, James (2018). 4341:Figes, Orlando (2010). 4291:Calvert, J. B. (2008). 4258:Beauchamp, Ken (2001). 4197:10.1179/030801800679233 3458:Wilson, Arthur (1994). 3105:Business History Review 2523:Thomas Coulson (1950). 2449:R. V. G. Menon (2011). 2358:Marland, A. E. (1964). 1266:A Baudot keyboard, 1884 731:alphabet's 26 letters. 682:University of Göttingen 207:. In the 19th century, 101:signalling block system 5769:Communication protocol 5555:Charles Sumner Tainter 5370:Walter Houser Brattain 5315:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5123:Information revolution 4946:Chinese telegraph code 4677:The Dawn of Telegraphy 4585:, Göttingen 1863–1933. 4347:. London: Allen Lane. 3763:Loomis, Elias (1856). 3376:"Telegraphy and Telex" 3075:Christine Rider, ed., 2918:"Victorian Technology" 2902:Nichols, John (1967). 2711:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 2601:Appleyard, R. (1930). 2451:Technology and Society 2016:, which could then be 1995: 1951:U.S. Army Signal Corps 1866:William Howard Russell 1727: 1582: 1513:The harmonic telegraph 1404: 1393: 1385: 1267: 1228: 972: 908: 868: 802: 739: 713:earth-return telegraph 697:Alexander von Humboldt 676: 617:and the naval base at 579: 539: 467:"Electrical telegraph" 231: 70:electrical engineering 48: 37: 29: 26:Cooke and Wheatstone's 5743:Polarization-division 5475:Narinder Singh Kapany 5440:Erna Schneider Hoover 5360:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5340:Alexander Graham Bell 5071:online video platform 4899:Other writing systems 4706:29 March 2010 at the 4588:Howe, Daniel Walker, 4557:Gray, Thomas (1892). 4487:. David and Charles. 4260:History of Telegraphy 4162:BBC History Magazin e 3528:10.1215/9780822376224 3338:"David Edward Hughes" 3107:54#4 (1980): 459–479. 2044:Further information: 1985: 1935:Battle of Chickamauga 1725: 1660:in 1847 to establish 1644:South Eastern Railway 1642:, electrician to the 1580: 1553:Alexander Graham Bell 1399: 1391: 1373: 1286:30 words per minute. 1265: 1226: 985:Foy-Breguet telegraph 969:Foy–Breguet telegraph 967: 960:Foy–Breguet telegraph 902: 862: 827:Great Western Railway 800: 782:Commercial telegraphy 770:in Washington to the 764:WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT 738:Morse key and sounder 737: 701:Carl August Steinheil 674: 574: 533: 424:First working systems 345:Hans Christian Ørsted 313:electrostatic machine 286:Georges-Louis Le Sage 229: 142:, the first means of 52:Electrical telegraphy 43: 35: 24: 5585:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5545:Almon Brown Strowger 5515:Charles Grafton Page 5170:Prepaid mobile phone 5098:Electrical telegraph 4869:Morse code mnemonics 4818:Electrical telegraph 4811:Transmission methods 4660:, an exhibit of the 4658:Shilling's telegraph 3520:The Undersea Network 3491:(1 (131)): 237–259. 2334:Ong, Walter (1977). 2070:businesses in 1990. 2010:Resistance movements 1737:Cable & Wireless 1407:An early successful 1336:improve this article 1205:Sydney in Australia 1157:Alexandria in Egypt 646:Carl Friedrich Gauss 639:Kronstadt Naval Base 452:improve this article 418:calcium hypochlorite 54:is a point-to-point 5535:Johann Philipp Reis 5294:Wireless revolution 5256:The Telephone Cases 5113:Hydraulic telegraph 4909:American Morse code 4625:, pp. 149–163. 4408:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4189:2000ISRv...25..203S 4035:, pp. 304–311. 4023:, pp. 306–309. 3992:1924JRASC..18....1S 3823:1897AJ.....18...25S 3427:Haigh, K R (1968). 3365:, pp. 394–395. 3004:Coe, Lewis (2003). 2812:on 19 February 2013 2741:, pp. 307–325. 2688:2016PhT....69b..26R 2128:Radiogram (message) 2014:wireless telegraphy 1968:Zimmermann Telegram 1652:, an engineer from 1602:William Montgomerie 1525:Acoustic telegraphy 1271:David Edward Hughes 1129: 1019:Miles or kilometers 1009: 929:American Morse code 772:old Mt. Clare Depot 760:Speedwell Ironworks 726:had co-developed a 584:Schilling telegraph 140:wireless telegraphy 129:Beginning in 1850, 107:and three-position 105:single-stroke bells 6064:British inventions 5733:Frequency-division 5710:Telephone exchange 5580:Charles Wheatstone 5510:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5485:Innocenzo Manzetti 5420:Reginald Fessenden 5155:Optical telegraphy 4988:Telecommunications 4691:, Russian edition. 4653:on 29 August 2005. 4433:on 11 October 2012 4164:. 17 January 2017. 2439:Fahie, pp. 302–306 1996: 1972:US joining the war 1931:Battle of Antietam 1893:American Civil War 1887:American Civil War 1728: 1699:in 1872.) The HMS 1693:transmission lines 1684:Sir James Anderson 1650:John Watkins Brett 1583: 1413:Frederick G. Creed 1405: 1394: 1386: 1268: 1229: 1215:during the 1870s. 1197:Shanghai in China 1127: 1007: 973: 954:Foy–Breguet system 944:overland telegraph 909: 869: 849:John Lewis Ricardo 831:Paddington station 803: 740: 724:Charles Wheatstone 715:put into service. 677: 580: 560:signal retardation 540: 391:The Albany Academy 357:André-Marie Ampère 305:continuous current 232: 198:optical telegraphs 60:telecommunications 49: 38: 30: 6046: 6045: 5784:Store and forward 5779:Data transmission 5693:Network switching 5644:Transmission line 5490:Guglielmo Marconi 5455:Internet pioneers 5320:Mohamed M. Atalla 5289:Whistled language 4954: 4953: 4730:"Telegraph" 4612:Ueber Telegraphie 4610:Steinheil, C.A., 4354:978-0-7139-9704-0 4314:978-0-19-284055-4 4301:Copeland, B. Jack 4269:978-0-85296-792-8 3791:978-1-57003-801-3 3678:"Sir John Pender" 3537:978-0-8223-7622-4 2893:, pp. 67–69. 2857:, pp. 67–68. 2722:978-1-78326-917-4 2697:10.1063/PT.3.3079 2659:. London: Hunter. 2591:, pp. 23–24. 2237:978-0-7110-3536-2 2207:Roberts, Steven. 1836:Telegraphy in war 1614:tree, to Europe. 1469:circuit switching 1401:Teletype Model 33 1383:George May Phelps 1368: 1367: 1360: 1209: 1208: 1114: 1113: 1016:Company or system 977:optical telegraph 819:Robert Stephenson 627:Moritz von Jacobi 528: 527: 520: 502: 349:Johann Schweigger 136:Guglielmo Marconi 120:developed nations 116:optical telegraph 89:telegraph sounder 77:telegraph offices 6086: 6036: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5877:Notable networks 5867:Wireless network 5807:Cellular network 5799:Types of network 5774:Computer network 5661:Network topology 5575:Thomas A. Watson 5430:Oliver Heaviside 5415:Philo Farnsworth 5390:Daniel Davis Jr. 5365:Charles Bourseul 5325:John Logie Baird 5034:Data compression 5029:Computer network 4981: 4974: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4740: 4732: 4722:The World's Work 4681: 4654: 4649:. 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Kao 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5445:Harold Hopkins 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:Emile Berliner 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Videotelephony 5281: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5180:Radiotelephone 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Internet video 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4914:Greek alphabet 4911: 4905: 4903: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4759: 4747: 4741: 4725: 4714: 4698: 4692: 4682: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4655: 4639: 4631: 4630:External links 4628: 4627: 4626: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4586: 4579: 4554: 4553:, London 1856. 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4535:978-0252041778 4534: 4521: 4507: 4493: 4480: 4451: 4443:Attributed to 4420: 4415:978-0471205050 4414: 4401: 4393:, Wiley, 1995 4387: 4381: 4368: 4359: 4353: 4338: 4319: 4313: 4303:, ed. (2006). 4297: 4288: 4274: 4268: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4234: 4218: 4183:(3): 203–210. 4167: 4149: 4122:(3): 195–216. 4106: 4094: 4071: 4054: 4037: 4025: 4013: 3997: 3966: 3947:(2): 227–243. 3927: 3909: 3891: 3873: 3855: 3838: 3832:10.1086/102749 3797: 3790: 3772: 3755: 3737: 3734:(28): 151–160. 3711: 3697: 3683: 3669: 3642:(3): 543–578. 3626: 3591: 3576: 3569: 3551: 3536: 3510: 3475: 3468: 3450: 3434: 3416: 3402: 3393: 3367: 3363:Beauchamp 2001 3355: 3329: 3322: 3304: 3283: 3262: 3255: 3237: 3230: 3212: 3205: 3187: 3164: 3122: 3109: 3096: 3081: 3068: 3059: 3046: 3040:978-1107039193 3039: 3021: 3014: 2996: 2973: 2958: 2943: 2940:. 5 June 2018. 2923: 2908: 2895: 2891:Huurdeman 2003 2883: 2879:Huurdeman 2003 2871: 2867:Beauchamp 2001 2859: 2855:Huurdeman 2003 2847: 2843:Huurdeman 2003 2835: 2833:Bowers, p. 129 2823: 2793: 2790:, A+E Networks 2776: 2767: 2755: 2751:Huurdeman 2003 2743: 2728: 2721: 2703: 2662: 2645: 2610: 2593: 2581: 2559: 2552: 2534: 2515: 2489: 2477: 2456: 2441: 2432: 2420: 2405: 2396: 2381: 2372: 2350: 2341: 2338:. p. 101. 2326: 2311: 2304: 2286: 2279: 2261: 2243: 2236: 2218: 2199: 2187: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2075:many countries 2041: 2038: 1992:Bletchley Park 1979: 1976: 1959: 1956: 1888: 1885: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1800:François Arago 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1730:Main article: 1719: 1716: 1671:was formed in 1658:Louis-Philippe 1574: 1571: 1517:Main article: 1514: 1511: 1499:CPR Telegraphs 1465:pulse dialling 1431:teletypewriter 1366: 1365: 1324: 1322: 1315: 1299: 1296: 1245:Alexander Bain 1220: 1217: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080:Siemens system 1078: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067:Siemens system 1065: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1045: 1043:United Kingdom 1039: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1014: 997: 994: 981:Napoleonic era 958:Main article: 955: 952: 893:Main article: 890: 887: 856: 853: 788: 785: 783: 780: 684:, in Germany. 635:Tsarskoye Selo 586:, invented by 565:Main article: 526: 525: 440: 438: 431: 425: 422: 337:and scientist 303:, providing a 268:Scots Magazine 240:communications 223: 220: 194:flag semaphore 178:Main article: 175: 172: 170: 167: 56:text messaging 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6091: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6039: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6009: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5753:Code-division 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:Time-division 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664:and switching 5662: 5658: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5615:optical fiber 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5605:Coaxial cable 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:Radia Perlman 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Lee de Forest 5408: 5406: 5405:Thomas Edison 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395:Donald Davies 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:Claude Chappe 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Smoke signals 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202:Semiconductor 5200: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5061:Digital media 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936:Arabic script 4934: 4932: 4931:Hebrew script 4929: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4901:in Morse code 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823:On–off keying 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687:- article in 4686: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4581:Gauß, C. F., 4580: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4549:Cooke, W.F., 4548: 4547: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4494:0-7153-5883-9 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4382:9781421407470 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4242:Copeland 2006 4238: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3859: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3570:9780745635118 3566: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3469:9781855733015 3465: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3325: 3323:9780865544185 3319: 3315: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3256:9780865544185 3252: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3231:9780865544185 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3206:0-520-21356-4 3202: 3198: 3191: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3079:(2007) 2:440. 3078: 3072: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2881:, p. 69. 2880: 2875: 2869:, p. 35. 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2845:, p. 67. 2844: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2753:, p. 54. 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Physics Today 2673: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2569: 2568:"Edward Davy" 2563: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2305:9780521033404 2301: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2197:, p. 13. 2196: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Lorenz cipher 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2004:Electra House 2000: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Edwin Stanton 1920: 1919:Simon Cameron 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1868:(writing for 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1833: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1679:Great Eastern 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Thomas Edison 1542: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1507:Western Union 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1439:Donald Murray 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1384: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1351: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1325:This section 1323: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1029:United States 1028: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1003: 993: 990: 986: 982: 978: 970: 966: 961: 951: 949: 945: 942:in 1844. The 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 920: 918: 914: 913:telegraph key 906: 901: 896: 886: 884: 880: 875: 866: 861: 852: 850: 846: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 799: 794: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 744: 736: 732: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 673: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 650:Wilhelm Weber 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 631:Alexander III 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 606: 604: 601: 597: 596:galvanometers 593: 589: 585: 577: 573: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 537: 532: 522: 519: 511: 500: 497: 493: 490: 486: 483: 479: 476: 472: 469: – 468: 464: 463:Find sources: 457: 453: 447: 446: 441:This section 439: 435: 430: 429: 421: 419: 415: 411: 410:Regent's Park 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 387: 383: 379: 378:electromagnet 376:invented the 375: 370: 367: 363: 358: 354: 351:invented the 350: 346: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 325: 320: 318: 315:, which with 314: 310: 306: 302: 299:invented the 298: 293: 291: 287: 282: 279: 275: 270: 269: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 228: 219: 217: 214: 210: 206: 205:talking drums 201: 199: 195: 191: 190:smoke signals 187: 181: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 132: 127: 125: 121: 117: 112: 111:instruments. 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 90: 86: 82: 81:utility poles 78: 73: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 53: 46: 42: 34: 27: 23: 19: 5720:Multiplexing 5595:Transmission 5560:Nikola Tesla 5550:Henry Sutton 5505:Samuel Morse 5435:Robert Hooke 5400:Amos Dolbear 5335:John Bardeen 5254: 5234:Telautograph 5138:Mobile phone 5093:Edholm's law 5076:social media 5009:Broadcasting 4817: 4761: 4749: 4734: 4720: 4688: 4680:(in Russian) 4651:the original 4646: 4611: 4589: 4582: 4571:. Retrieved 4566: 4562: 4550: 4525: 4510: 4484: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4435:. Retrieved 4431:the original 4425: 4405: 4390: 4372: 4363: 4342: 4324: 4304: 4280:, IET, 2001 4277: 4259: 4252:Bibliography 4237: 4227: 4221: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4102:Kennedy 1971 4097: 4067:Schwoch 2018 4047: 4040: 4028: 4016: 4007: 4000: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3919: 3912: 3901: 3894: 3883: 3876: 3865: 3858: 3848: 3841: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3781: 3775: 3765: 3758: 3747: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3714: 3700: 3686: 3672: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3560: 3554: 3519: 3513: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3459: 3453: 3442: 3437: 3428: 3405: 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3370: 3358: 3348:29 September 3346:. Retrieved 3342:the original 3332: 3313: 3307: 3295:. Retrieved 3286: 3274:. Retrieved 3265: 3246: 3240: 3221: 3215: 3196: 3190: 3179:, retrieved 3174: 3167: 3159: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3117: 3112: 3104: 3099: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3062: 3049: 3030: 3024: 3005: 2999: 2982: 2976: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2926: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2814:. Retrieved 2810:the original 2805: 2796: 2786: 2779: 2770: 2763:Calvert 2008 2758: 2746: 2712: 2706: 2682:(2): 26–31. 2679: 2675: 2665: 2655: 2648: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2607:. Macmillan. 2603: 2596: 2584: 2572:. Retrieved 2562: 2543: 2537: 2526: 2518: 2506:. Retrieved 2502:the original 2492: 2485:Gibberd 1966 2480: 2466: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2423: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2295: 2289: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2246: 2227: 2221: 2212: 2202: 2190: 2165: 2161: 2148: 2072: 2060: 2049: 2021: 2008: 1999:World War II 1997: 1961: 1943: 1937:(1863), and 1933:(1862), the 1921:, and later 1909: 1902: 1890: 1876:Roger Fenton 1869: 1863: 1848: 1839: 1820:All Red Line 1817: 1813: 1808:Capt. 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Walker 1609: 1606:gutta-percha 1594: 1564: 1557: 1528: 1503:CN Telegraph 1496: 1491:multiplexing 1486: 1480: 1477: 1458: 1456:in Germany. 1443: 1428: 1421: 1406: 1354: 1348:January 2020 1345: 1334:Please help 1329:verification 1326: 1298:Teleprinters 1288: 1283:Émile Baudot 1276: 1269: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1234:telegraphese 1230: 1213:Central Asia 1210: 1121: 1115: 1054:, and others 1032:20 companies 1002:post offices 999: 974: 948:Pony Express 937: 921: 910: 889:Morse system 870: 835:West Drayton 804: 743:Samuel Morse 741: 717: 689:voltaic pile 686: 678: 662:galvanometer 643: 607: 581: 555: 541: 514: 508:January 2021 505: 495: 488: 481: 474: 462: 450:Please help 445:verification 442: 398:Joseph Henry 395: 386:Joseph Henry 371: 362:Peter Barlow 353:galvanometer 343: 321: 301:voltaic pile 294: 283: 266: 264: 258:, and later 233: 202: 183: 148: 128: 113: 98: 94:Samuel Morse 74: 63: 51: 50: 18: 5920:NPL network 5632:Radio waves 5570:Alfred Vail 5480:Hedy Lamarr 5465:Dawon Kahng 5425:Elisha Gray 5385:Yogen Dalal 5310:Nasir Ahmed 5244:Teleprinter 5108:Heliographs 4843:Signal lamp 2108:Bell Canada 2018:intercepted 1964:World War I 1947:Albert Myer 1927:McClellan's 1898:Fort Sumter 1891:During the 1851:Crimean War 1845:Crimean War 1793:chronometer 1741:John Pender 1638:. 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