Radio - Knowledge

3572: 1652: 2814: 3401: 2639: 2630: 2324: 2071: 1886: 3692: 1625: 4268: 900: 2485: 27: 1762: 1746: 2961:– a battery-powered microphone with a short-range transmitter that is handheld or worn on a person's body which transmits its sound by radio to a nearby receiver unit connected to a sound system. Wireless microphones are used by public speakers, performers, and television personalities so they can move freely without trailing a microphone cord. Traditionally, analog models transmit in FM on unused portions of the television broadcast frequencies in the VHF and UHF bands. Some models transmit on two frequency channels for 1786: 4204: 3336:) which are attached to merchandise. When it receives an interrogation pulse of radio waves from a nearby reader unit, the tag transmits back an ID number, which can be used to inventory goods. Passive tags, the most common type, have a chip powered by the radio energy received from the reader, rectified by a diode, and can be as small as a grain of rice. They are incorporated in products, clothes, railroad cars, library books, airline baggage tags and are implanted under the skin in pets and livestock ( 2218: 3794: 3485: 2230: 2955:– a crib-side appliance for parents of infants that transmits the baby's sounds to a receiver carried by the parent, so they can monitor the baby while they are in other parts of the house. The wavebands used vary by region, but analog baby monitors generally transmit with low power in the 16, 9.3–49.9 or 900 MHz wavebands, and digital systems in the 2.4 GHz waveband. Many baby monitors have duplex channels so the parent can talk to the baby, and cameras to show video of the baby. 1637: 2690: 2206: 2869: 623: 4096: 3846: 2725:, about 400–700 miles (640–1,100 km) above the surface. With an orbital period of about 100 minutes, a satellite can only be in view of a phone for about 4 – 15 minutes, so the call is "handed off" to another satellite when one passes beyond the local horizon. Therefore, large numbers of satellites, about 40 to 70, are required to ensure that at least one satellite is in view continuously from each point on Earth. Other satphone systems use satellites in 2757: 10778: 3229: 10788: 3030: 10767: 4031: 3317: 3634: 3745:(SAR) – a specialized airborne radar set that produces a high-resolution map of ground terrain. The radar is mounted on an aircraft or spacecraft and the radar antenna radiates a beam of radio waves sideways at right angles to the direction of motion, toward the ground. In processing the return radar signal, the motion of the vehicle is used to simulate a large antenna, giving the radar a higher resolution. 1774: 10798: 2497: 3138: 2315: 2574:. Low power transmitters are used so the radio waves used in a cell do not travel far beyond the cell, allowing the same frequencies to be reused in geographically separated cells. When a user carrying a cellphone crosses from one cell to another, his phone is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the new antenna and assigned new frequencies. Cellphones have a highly automated 4329: 4255:. The pilot uses aircraft controls like a joystick or steering wheel, which create control signals which are transmitted to the drone by radio to control the flight surfaces and engine. A telemetry system transmits back a video image from a camera in the drone to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going, and data from a 3751:– a specialized radar instrument that is rolled along the ground surface in a cart and transmits a beam of radio waves into the ground, producing an image of subsurface objects. Frequencies from 100 MHz to a few GHz are used. Since radio waves cannot penetrate very far into earth, the depth of GPR is limited to about 50 feet. 3687:(ECM) – Military defensive electronic systems designed to degrade enemy radar effectiveness, or deceive it with false information, to prevent enemies from locating local forces. It often consists of powerful microwave transmitters that can mimic enemy radar signals to create false target indications on the enemy radar screens. 3185:, other wireless devices and other Bluetooth networks using the same frequencies, since the chance of another device attempting to transmit on the same frequency at the same time as the Bluetooth modem is low. In the case of such a "collision", the Bluetooth modem just retransmits the data packet on another frequency. 3739:, a computer-controlled antenna that can steer the radar beam quickly to point in different directions without moving the antenna. Phased-array radars were developed by the military to track fast-moving missiles and aircraft. They are widely used in military equipment and are now spreading to civilian applications. 3671:, transceivers which when triggered by the incoming radar signal transmit a return microwave signal. This causes the aircraft to show up more strongly on the radar screen. The radar which triggers the transponder and receives the return beam, usually mounted on top of the primary radar dish, is called the 3159:; satellite internet access; and lower frequencies in the UHF band, which have a longer range than Wi-Fi frequencies. Since WWAN networks are much more expensive and complicated to administer than Wi-Fi networks, their use so far has generally been limited to private networks operated by large corporations. 3532:

receives the signal, translates it to a different downlink frequency to avoid interfering with the uplink signal, and retransmits it down to another ground station, which may be widely separated from the first. There the downlink signal is demodulated and the telecommunications traffic it carries is

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method used to locate and track aircraft, spacecraft, missiles, ships, vehicles, and also to map weather patterns and terrain. A radar set consists of a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter emits a narrow beam of radio waves which is swept around the surrounding space. When the beam strikes a

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services; police, fire, ambulance, and emergency services, and other government services. Other systems are made for use by commercial firms such as taxi and delivery services. VHF systems use channels in the range 30–50 MHz and 150–172 MHz. UHF systems use the 450–470 MHz band and

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can calculate its position on Earth by comparing the arrival time of the radio signals. Since each satellite's position is known precisely at any given time, from the delay the position of the receiver can be calculated by a microprocessor in the receiver. The position can be displayed as latitude

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and transmits a continuous radio signal containing a precise time signal as well as its current position. Two frequencies are used, 1.2276 and 1.57542 GHz. Since the velocity of radio waves is virtually constant, the delay of the radio signal from a satellite is proportional to the distance of

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to another dish antenna and receiver. Since the antennas must be in line-of-sight, distances are limited by the visual horizon to 30–40 miles (48–64 km). Microwave links are used for private business data, wide area computer networks (WANs), and by telephone companies to transmit long-distance

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for different uses. Radio transmitters must be licensed by governments, under a variety of license classes depending on use, and are restricted to certain frequencies and power levels. In some classes, such as radio and television broadcasting stations, the transmitter is given a unique identifier

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the radio signal (impressing an information signal on the radio wave by varying some aspect of the wave) in the transmitter. In radar, used to locate and track objects like aircraft, ships, spacecraft and missiles, a beam of radio waves emitted by a radar transmitter reflects off the target object,

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between the transmitted and received signal the aircraft can calculate its distance from the beacon. This allows an aircraft to determine its location "fix" from only one VOR beacon. Since line-of-sight VHF frequencies are used VOR beacons have a range of about 200 miles for aircraft at cruising

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which has a monetary cost and is in increasing demand. In some parts of the radio spectrum, the right to use a frequency band or even a single radio channel is bought and sold for millions of dollars. So there is an incentive to employ technology to minimize the bandwidth used by radio services.

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that uses wireless technology to eliminate the need to run wires through the building walls. It consists of a doorbell button beside the door containing a small battery powered transmitter. When the doorbell is pressed it sends a signal to a receiver inside the house with a speaker that sounds

4251:(UAV, drone) – A drone is an aircraft without an onboard pilot, flown by remote control by a pilot in another location, usually in a piloting station on the ground. They are used by the military for reconnaissance and ground attack, and more recently by the civilian world for news reporting and 4046:

used in emergencies to locate airplanes, vessels, and persons in distress and in need of immediate rescue. Various types of emergency locator beacons are carried by aircraft, ships, vehicles, hikers and cross-country skiers. In the event of an emergency, such as the aircraft crashing, the ship

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Dr. O. J. Lodge, who preceded Marconi in making experiments in what may be called "ray" telegraphy or radiotelegraphy by a year or two, has devised a new method of sending and receiving the messages. The reader will understand that in the radiotelegraph electric waves forming the signals of the

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transmitter, included with most modern cars, which can lock and unlock the doors of a vehicle from outside, eliminating the need to use a key. When a button is pressed, the transmitter sends a coded radio signal to a receiver in the vehicle, operating the locks. The fob must be close to the

3821:, and altitude/elevation) to be determined to high precision (within a few metres) by small portable navigation instruments, by timing the arrival of radio signals from the satellites. These are the most widely used navigation systems today. The main satellite navigation systems are the US 2603:

and low microwave range, between 700 MHz and 3 GHz. The cell phone transmitter adjusts its power output to use the minimum power necessary to communicate with the cell tower; 0.6 W when near the tower, up to 3 W when farther away. Cell tower channel transmitter power is

2717:. They are more expensive than cell phones; but their advantage is that, unlike a cell phone which is limited to areas covered by cell towers, satphones can be used over most or all of the geographical area of the Earth. In order for the phone to communicate with a satellite using a small 3523:

a microwave transmitter and large satellite dish antenna transmit a microwave uplink beam to the satellite. The uplink signal carries many channels of telecommunications traffic, such as long-distance telephone calls, television programs, and internet signals, using a technique called

3131:) modulation to transmit data at high rates. The transmitters in Wi-Fi modems are limited to a radiated power of 200 mW to 1 watt, depending on country. They have a maximum indoor range of about 150 ft (50 m) on 2.4 GHz and 50 ft (20 m) on 5 GHz. 2680:

band, around 28 and 39 GHz. Since these frequencies have a shorter range than previous cellphone bands, the cells will be smaller than the cells in previous cellular networks which could be many miles across. Millimeter-wave cells will only be a few blocks long, and instead of a

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as a standalone word dates back to at least 30 December 1904, when instructions issued by the British Post Office for transmitting telegrams specified that "The word 'Radio'... is sent in the Service Instructions." This practice was universally adopted, and the word "radio" introduced

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sent by radio waves from a transmitter to control the actions of a device at a remote location. Remote control systems may also include telemetry channels in the other direction, used to transmit real-time information on the state of the device back to the control station. Uncrewed

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messages to their submarines in the world's oceans. Due to the small bandwidth, these systems cannot transmit voice, only text messages at a slow data rate. The communication channel is one-way, since the long antennas needed to transmit VLF or ELF waves cannot fit on a submarine.

647: 2197:" effect. Unlike analog television, in which increasingly poor reception causes the picture quality to gradually degrade, in digital television picture quality is not affected by poor reception until, at a certain point, the receiver stops working and the screen goes black. 4394:

countries which practice censorship use jamming to prevent their citizens from listening to broadcasts from radio stations in other countries. Jamming is usually accomplished by a powerful transmitter which generates noise on the same frequency as the target transmitter.

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vehicle, typically within 5 to 20 meters. North America and Japan use a frequency of 315 MHz, while Europe uses 433.92 and 868 MHz. Some models can also remotely start the engine, to warm up the car. A security concern with all keyless entry systems is a

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and TV systems. It uses a higher transmitter power than other communication satellites, to allow the signal to be received by consumers with a small unobtrusive antenna. For example, satellite television uses downlink frequencies from 12.2 to 12.7 GHz in the

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space. Therefore, each of the 6 MHz analog RF channels now carries up to 7 DTV channels – these are called "virtual channels". Digital television receivers have different behavior in the presence of poor reception or noise than analog television, called the

3649:. A rotating dish antenna sweeps a vertical fan-shaped beam of microwaves around the airspace and the radar set shows the location of aircraft as "blips" of light on a display called a radar screen. Airport radar operates at 2.7 – 2.9 GHz in the microwave 3151:(wireless wide area network, WWAN) – a variety of technologies that provide wireless internet access over a wider area than Wi-Fi networks do – from an office building to a campus to a neighborhood, or to an entire city. The most common technologies used are: 886:

at which it oscillates. The resonant frequency of the receiver's tuned circuit is adjusted by the user to the frequency of the desired radio station; this is called "tuning". The oscillating radio signal from the desired station causes the tuned circuit to

3224:(SMS) which transmits using spare bandwidth on the control radio channel used by cell phones to handle background functions like dialing and cell handoffs. Due to technical limitations of the channel, text messages are limited to 160 alphanumeric characters. 3949:(or "radial") from the station accurately. By taking a bearing on two VOR beacons an aircraft can determine its position (called a "fix") to an accuracy of about 90 metres (300 ft). Most VOR beacons also have a distance measuring capability, called 344:

about the need for legal restrictions warned that "Radio chaos will certainly be the result until such stringent regulation is enforced." The United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms

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becomes the principal mode. These higher frequencies permit the great bandwidth required for television broadcasting. Since natural and artificial noise sources are less present at these frequencies, high-quality audio transmission is possible, using

1919:. Its disadvantage is that it is incompatible with previous radios so that a new DAB receiver must be purchased. Several nations have set dates to switch off analog FM networks in favor of DAB / DAB+, notably Norway in 2017 and Switzerland in 2024. 2974:. European standards also support wireless multichannel audio systems (WMAS) that can better support the use of large numbers of wireless microphones at a single event or venue. As of 2021, U.S. regulators were considering adopting rules for WMAS. 2918:, spaced throughout the radio spectrum starting at 136 kHz. Within these bands, amateurs are allowed the freedom to transmit on any frequency using a wide variety of voice modulation methods, along with other forms of communication, such as 1413:

The airwaves are a resource shared by many users. Two radio transmitters in the same area that attempt to transmit on the same frequency will interfere with each other, causing garbled reception, so neither transmission may be received clearly.

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frequencies centered around the FM broadcast band, and is intended as a replacement for FM broadcasting. It is incompatible with existing radio receivers, so it requires listeners to purchase a new DRM receiver. The modulation used is a form of

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into 12 bands, each beginning at a wavelength which is a power of ten (10) metres, with corresponding frequency of 3 times a power of ten, and each covering a decade of frequency or wavelength. Each of these bands has a traditional name:

3206:(transmitter/receivers) called nodes, which may be separated by miles, and maybe mobile. Each node only communicates with neighboring nodes, so packets of data are passed from node to node until they reach their destination using the 1013:

method used; how much data it can transmit in each kilohertz of bandwidth. Different types of information signals carried by radio have different data rates. For example, a television (video) signal has a greater data rate than an

4418:. Since astronomical radio sources are so far away, the radio waves from them are extremely weak, requiring extremely sensitive receivers, and radio telescopes are the most sensitive radio receivers in existence. They use large 3219:

Text messaging (texting) – this is a service on cell phones, allowing a user to type a short alphanumeric message and send it to another phone number, and the text is displayed on the recipient's phone screen. It is based on the

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signals can give reliable coverage of areas several hundred kilometers across, but have a more limited information-carrying capacity and so work best with audio signals (speech and music), and the sound quality can be degraded by

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The radio waves from many transmitters pass through the air simultaneously without interfering with each other because each transmitter's radio waves oscillate at a different rate, in other words, each transmitter has a different

3165:– a very short-range wireless interface on a portable wireless device used as a substitute for a wire or cable connection, mainly to exchange files between portable devices and connect cellphones and music players with wireless 2747:

radio link, instead of being attached by a cord. Both the handset and the base station have low-power radio transceivers that handle the short-range bidirectional radio link. As of 2022, cordless phones in most nations use the

1025:, the total range of radio frequencies that can be used for communication in a given area, is a limited resource. Each radio transmission occupies a portion of the total bandwidth available. Radio bandwidth is regarded as an 4119:

from bearings taken by two RDF stations separated geographically, as the point where the two bearing lines cross, this is called a "fix". Military forces use RDF to locate enemy forces by their tactical radio transmissions,

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modulation using two digital radio channels, each carrying one direction of the bidirectional conversation, as well as a control channel that handles dialing calls and "handing off" the phone to another cell tower. Older

3258:– automated one-way (simplex) transmission of measurements and operation data from a remote process or device to a receiver for monitoring. Telemetry is used for in-flight monitoring of missiles, drones, satellites, and 2969:

from interrupting transmission as the performer moves around. Some models use digital modulation to prevent unauthorized reception by scanner radio receivers; these operate in the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz or 6 GHz

2902:– long-range half-duplex two-way radio used by hobbyists for non-commercial purposes: recreational radio contacts with other amateurs, volunteer emergency communication during disasters, contests, and experimentation. 2851:

band is used. This system has a typical transmission range of 200 miles (320 km) for aircraft flying at cruising altitude. For flights in more remote areas, such as transoceanic airline flights, aircraft use the

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that, when triggered by an interrogation signal, transmit their readings by radio to a utility reader vehicle at the curb, to eliminate the need for an employee to go on the customer's property to manually read the

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message to a recipient over a kilometer away in 1895, and the first transatlantic signal on 12 December 1901. The first commercial radio broadcast was transmitted on 2 November 1920, when the live returns of the

4178:) which is rotated until the received signal is strongest; at this point the antenna is pointing in the direction of the animal. Sophisticated systems used in recent years use satellites to track the animal, or 2063:

The DRM system is designed to be as compatible as possible with existing AM and FM radio transmitters, so that much of the equipment in existing radio stations can continue in use, augmented with DRM modulation

473:, so radio was used for person-to-person commercial, diplomatic and military text messaging. Starting around 1908 industrial countries built worldwide networks of powerful transoceanic transmitters to exchange 5222: 4374:

chimes to indicate someone is at the door. They usually use the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The frequency channel used can usually be changed by the owner in case another nearby doorbell is using the same channel.

2570:. All the cell phones in a cell communicate with this antenna on separate frequency channels, assigned from a common pool of frequencies. The purpose of cellular organization is to conserve radio bandwidth by 3017:). Security is more of an issue for wireless networks than for wired networks since anyone nearby with a wireless modem can access the signal and attempt to log in. The radio signals of wireless networks are 3711:

radar on ships used to detect nearby ships and obstructions like bridges. A rotating antenna sweeps a vertical fan-shaped beam of microwaves around the water surface surrounding the craft out to the horizon.

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is the deliberate radiation of radio signals designed to interfere with the reception of other radio signals. Jamming devices are called "signal suppressors" or "interference generators" or just jammers.

3519:, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky, so the satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track it. In a 3595:, by measuring the brief time delay between the outgoing pulse and the received "echo", the range to the target can be calculated. The targets are often displayed graphically on a map display called a 8510: 3571: 1487:, a series of frequency bands throughout the radio spectrum reserved for unlicensed use. Although they can be operated without a license, like all radio equipment these devices generally must be 2021:

means "worldwide" in French and Italian; DRM was developed in 2001, and is currently supported by 23 countries, and adopted by some European and Eastern broadcasters beginning in 2003. The

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anywhere on Earth transmitting on the international Cospas distress frequency of 406 MHz. The satellites calculate the geographic location of the beacon within 2 km by measuring the

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in the remote control generates a different random key each time it is used. To prevent thieves from simulating the pseudorandom generator to calculate the next key, the radio signal is also

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radio transceivers operating in the VHF or UHF band that can be used without a license. They are often installed in vehicles, with the mobile units communicating with a dispatcher at a fixed

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installed on tall buildings, hills, or mountain peaks are often used to increase the range when it is desired to cover a larger area than line-of-sight. Examples of land mobile systems are

4288:, in which a thief uses a special receiver ("code grabber") to record the radio signal during opening, which can later be replayed to open the door. To prevent this, keyless systems use a 3883:

and longitude, or as a marker on an electronic map. GPS receivers are incorporated in almost all cellphones and in vehicles such as automobiles, aircraft, and ships, and are used to guide

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in some areas the 470–512 MHz range. In general, VHF systems have a longer range than UHF but require longer antennas. AM or FM modulation is mainly used, but digital systems such as

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and an Earth-based ground station, or another spacecraft. Communication with spacecraft involves the longest transmission distances of any radio links, up to billions of kilometers for

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in a vehicle, when triggered by a roadside transmitter, transmits a signal to a roadside receiver to register the vehicle's use of the road, enabling the owner to be billed for the toll.

1392:, the range of frequencies, contained in each band is not equal but increases exponentially as the frequency increases; each band contains ten times the bandwidth of the preceding band. 321:

internationally, by the 1906 Berlin Radiotelegraphic Convention, which included a Service Regulation specifying that "Radiotelegrams shall show in the preamble that the service is 'Radio

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are being introduced. The radiated power is typically limited to 4 watts. These systems have a fairly limited range, usually 3 to 20 miles (4.8 to 32 km) depending on terrain.

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target object, radio waves are reflected back to the receiver. The direction of the beam reveals the object's location. Since radio waves travel at a constant speed close to the

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sent to its local destinations through landlines. Communication satellites typically have several dozen transponders on different frequencies, which are leased by different users.

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than AM or FM. In OFDM, multiple radio carrier waves closely spaced in frequency are transmitted within the radio channel, with each carrier modulated with bits from the incoming

11633: 11371: 4473: 1440:, which must be used in all transmissions. In order to adjust, maintain, or internally repair radiotelephone transmitters, individuals must hold a government license, such as the 509:

to be transmitted. On 2 November 1920, the first commercial radio broadcast was transmitted by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in Pittsburgh, under the call sign

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with radio transmissions can not only have a large economic cost, but it can also be life-threatening (for example, in the case of interference with emergency communications or

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as AM and FM do. DAB has the potential to provide higher quality sound than FM (although many stations do not choose to transmit at such high quality), has greater immunity to

638:. A receiver intercepts the radio wave and extracts the information-bearing modulation signal, which is converted back to a human usable form with another transducer such as a 6558: 3362:

are cut off from all ordinary radio communication with their military command authorities by the conductive seawater. However radio waves of low enough frequencies, in the

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Broadcasting is the one-way transmission of information from a transmitter to receivers belonging to a public audience. Since the radio waves become weaker with distance, a

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so multiple bits are being sent simultaneously, in parallel. At the receiver, the carriers are demodulated and the bits are combined in the proper order into one bitstream.

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Communications-electronics Management of the Electromagnetic Spectrum (Report). Headquarters, Department of the Army. United States Department of the Army. 1973. p. 2.

1651: 5230: 891:, oscillate in sympathy, and it passes the signal on to the rest of the receiver. Radio signals at other frequencies are blocked by the tuned circuit and not passed on. 2608:, have many functions besides making telephone calls, and therefore have several other radio transmitters and receivers that connect them with other networks: usually a 5688: 3873:. The orbits of the satellites are distributed so at any time at least four satellites are above the horizon over each point on Earth. Each satellite has an onboard 2457:

to the correct time, thus allowing a small watch or desk clock to have the same accuracy as an atomic clock. Government time stations are declining in number because

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The term "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for wavelengths from 1–3 Hz (300,000–100,000 km), though the term has not been defined by the ITU.

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US Federal law prohibits the nonmilitary operation or sale of any type of jamming devices, including ones that interfere with GPS, cellular, Wi-Fi and police radars.

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in the same device, used for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication with other users with similar radios. An older term for this mode of communication is

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which radiates the energy as radio waves. The radio waves carry the information to the receiver location. At the receiver, the radio wave induces a tiny oscillating

2566:). The service area covered by the provider is divided into small geographical areas called "cells", each served by a separate base station antenna and multichannel 9495: 4170:

receiver. Sometimes the transmitter is implanted in the animal. The VHF band is typically used since antennas in this band are fairly compact. The receiver has a

3001:– automated radio links which transmit digital data between computers and other wireless devices using radio waves, linking the devices together transparently in a 1053:

algorithms, which reduce redundancy in the data to be sent, and more efficient modulation. Other reasons for the transition is that digital modulation has greater

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In radio communication systems, information is carried across space using radio waves. At the sending end, the information to be sent is converted by some type of

4444:– in radio, remote sensing is the reception of electromagnetic waves radiated by natural objects or the atmosphere for scientific research. All warm objects emit 1973:

more than one audio signal in the subcarrier, supporting the transmission of multiple audio services at varying bitrates. The digital signal is transmitted using

3383:. A few nations use ELF transmitters operating around 80 Hz, which can communicate with submarines at lower depths. These use even larger antennas called 9420: 7500:(Report). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: British Columbia Centre for Disease Control/National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health. p. 26. 3511:

and so cannot propagate around the curve of the Earth. As of 1 January 2021, there were 2,224 communications satellites in Earth orbit. Most are in

3370:(below 3 kHz) bands are able to penetrate seawater. Navies operate large shore transmitting stations with power output in the megawatt range to transmit 1425:

To prevent interference between different users, the emission of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the

2157:, the original television technology, required 6 MHz, so the television frequency bands are divided into 6 MHz channels, now called "RF channels". 1061:

chips have more power and flexibility than analog circuits, and a wide variety of types of information can be transmitted using the same digital modulation.

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prefix was later used to form additional descriptive compound and hyphenated words, especially in Europe. For example, in early 1898 the British publication

10042: 3169:. In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 1 milliwatt, giving it a very short range of up to 10 m (30 feet). The system uses 1447:

Exceptions to the above rules allow the unlicensed operation by the public of low power short-range transmitters in consumer products such as cell phones,

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bands, because these frequencies create strong reflections from objects the size of vehicles and can be focused into narrow beams with compact antennas.

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During wartime, militaries use jamming to interfere with enemies' tactical radio communication. Since radio waves can pass beyond national borders, some

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and watches, which include an automated receiver that periodically (usually weekly) receives and decodes the time signal and resets the watch's internal

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and the reflected waves reveal the object's location to a receiver that is typically colocated with the transmitter. In radio navigation systems such as

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bands have a greater potential range but are more subject to interference by distant stations and varying atmospheric conditions that affect reception.

450:, and traveled at the same speed as light, confirming that both light and radio waves were electromagnetic waves, differing only in frequency. In 1895, 560:), so radio transmissions can only be received within a limited range of the transmitter, the distance depending on the transmitter power, the antenna 340:

helped popularize the new word in the United States—in early 1907, he founded the DeForest Radio Telephone Company, and his letter in the 22 June 1907

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whose position is known, and by precisely measuring the arrival time of the radio waves the receiver can calculate its position on Earth. In wireless

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needed to focus the radio energy into a narrow beam pointed at the receiver are small and take up a minimum of space in a satellite. Portions of the

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and have a short range. Active tags, powered by a battery, are larger but can transmit a stronger signal, giving them a range of hundreds of meters.

3675:. Since radar cannot measure an aircraft's altitude with any accuracy, the transponder also transmits back the aircraft's altitude measured by its 6680: 5444: 5038: 3937:

transmits a beam of radio waves that rotates like a lighthouse at a fixed rate, 30 times per second. When the directional beam is facing north, an

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connecting them to the Internet with a wire or cable connection. Wireless routers in public places like libraries, hotels and coffee shops create

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radio signal to a receiver in the opener, raising or lowering the door. Modern openers use 310, 315 or 390 MHz. To prevent a thief using a

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of the radio waves due to the relative motion of the transmitter and the satellite, and quickly transmit the information to the appropriate local

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system on an automobile or vehicle that detects if the vehicle is about to collide with an object and applies the brakes to prevent the collision.

3539:– a geostationary communication satellite that transmits retail programming directly to receivers in subscriber's homes and vehicles on Earth, in 1068:

has become increasingly congested in recent decades, and the need to use it more effectively is driving many additional radio innovations such as

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from outside, so the owner can open the door upon arrival, and close it after departure. When a button is pressed the control transmits a coded

4244:, in which an unauthorized person transmits an imitation of the control signal to take control of the device. Examples of radio remote control: 1873:, operate in the same wavebands as analog broadcasts, either as a replacement for analog stations or as a complementary service. Others, such as 5514: 4000:

to the beacon. By taking bearings on two beacons they can determine their position. NDBs use frequencies between 190 and 1750 kHz in the

610:, can also carry information and be used for communication. The wide use of radio waves for telecommunication is mainly due to their desirable 3984:(NDB) – Legacy fixed radio beacons used before the VOR system that transmit a simple signal in all directions for aircraft or ships to use for 9510: 6929: 5252: 5863: 220:, meaning "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray". It was first applied to communications in 1881 when, at the suggestion of French scientist 8442: 10834: 10750: 10722: 10717: 9742: 8017: 6695: 2749: 4438:(VLBI) radio telescopes on different continents are linked, which can achieve the resolution of an antenna thousands of miles in diameter. 3790:

Radiolocation is a generic term covering a variety of techniques that use radio waves to find the location of objects, or for navigation.

11136: 8734: 5546: 4749: 4052: 3869:(GPS) – The most widely used satellite navigation system, maintained by the US Air Force, which uses a constellation of 31 satellites in 9147: 8476: 8359: 6725: 4115:

of a radio signal, to determine the location of the transmitter. The location of a terrestrial transmitter can be determined by simple

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the carrier, varying some aspect of the carrier wave, impressing the information on the carrier. Different radio systems use different

254:

was initially used for this radiation. The first practical radio communication systems, developed by Marconi in 1894–1895, transmitted

469:

era, the primitive radio transmitters could only transmit pulses of radio waves, not the continuous waves which were needed for audio

7073: 6758: 3637:

ASR-8 airport surveillance radar antenna. It rotates once every 4.8 seconds. The rectangular antenna on top is the secondary radar.

1542:

Broadcasting uses several parts of the radio spectrum, depending on the type of signals transmitted and the desired target audience.

1005:. The bandwidth required by a radio transmission depends on the data rate of the information (modulation signal) being sent, and the 5645:"Theoretical Applications of Magnetic Fields at Tremendously Low Frequency in Remote Sensing and Electronic Activity Classification" 3243:– a long-distance high bandwidth point-to-point digital data transmission link consisting of a microwave transmitter connected to a 11418: 8044: 6896: 5651:. Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 235–247. 3775:

which uses a radar altimeter to measure the height of the bomb above the ground as it falls and detonates it at a certain altitude.

2813: 1539:

and can only be decrypted by the receiver, which is controlled by the company and can be deactivated if the customer does not pay.

9505: 9204: 9045: 4925:

message starting from the sending instrument and travel in all directions like rays of light from a lamp, only they are invisible.

4047:

sinking, or a hiker becoming lost, the transmitter is deployed and begins to transmit a continuous radio signal, which is used by

2676:. The higher data rates are achieved partly by using higher frequency radio waves, in the higher microwave band 3–6 GHz, and 2542:, using a single radio channel in which only one radio can transmit at a time, so different users take turns talking, pressing a " 1969:

technology, HD Radio broadcasts a digital signal in a subcarrier of a station's analog FM or AM signal. Stations are able to

11669: 7575: 6697:

Understanding Digital Television: An Introduction to DVB Systems with Satellite, Cable, Broadband and Terrestrial TV Distribution

1441: 9682: 9079: 7862: 5167:

Zainah Md Zain; Hamzah Ahmad; Dwi Pebrianti; Mahfuzah Mustafa; Nor Rul Hasma Abdullah; Rosdiyana Samad; Maziyah Mat Noh (2020).

4527: 3966:

is a similar military radio beacon system which transmits in 962–1213 MHz, and a combined VOR and TACAN beacon is called a

3400: 2809:, have a digital channel management system using a control channel that automatically assigns frequency channels to user groups. 2137:

is the transmission of moving images by radio, which consist of sequences of still images, which are displayed on a screen on a

11175: 10744: 7805: 4988: 4434:. Multiple antennas are often linked together in arrays which function as a single antenna, to increase collecting power. In 4132:, the antenna is rotated until the radio signal strength is weakest, indicating the transmitter is in one of the antenna's two 3529: 3477:

are allocated for space communication. A radio link that transmits data from the Earth's surface to a spacecraft is called an

793:

Many other types of modulation are also used. In some types, a carrier wave is not transmitted but just one or both modulation

9699: 9694: 6482: 5996: 4632: 2025:

mode uses the commercial broadcast bands below 30 MHz, and is intended as a replacement for standard AM broadcast on the

1953:(1.452–1.492 GHz) in the UHF range, so like FM reception is limited by the visual horizon to about 40 miles (64 km). 812:

in the receiving antenna which is a weaker replica of the current in the transmitting antenna. This voltage is applied to the

11146: 10739: 10729: 10709: 10511: 9677: 6630: 6358: 4062: 3112: 2362: 1726:

bands by legacy radio stations. Since radio waves in these bands can travel intercontinental distances by reflecting off the

1426: 1097: 197: 8883: 3391:(Earth) connections 23–60 km (14–37 mi) apart, linked by overhead transmission lines to a power plant transmitter. 1865:

involves a variety of standards and technologies for broadcasting digital radio signals over the air. Some systems, such as

9558: 8857: 7016: 6451: 4865: 4486: 9876: 9393: 8632: 6952: 3907:– a fixed location terrestrial radio transmitter which transmits a continuous radio signal used by aircraft and ships for 3503:

used as a telecommunications relay to transmit data between widely separated points on Earth. These are used because the

3210:

network protocol. Packet radio systems are used to a limited degree by commercial telecommunications companies and by the

2729:

in which only a few satellites are needed, but these cannot be used at high latitudes because of terrestrial interference.

583:

Radio waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum; and at close to the speed of light but slightly lower velocity in air

12170: 11195: 10801: 10734: 10580: 8756: 7601: 7336: 6103: 4240:

rather than radio waves, so are not examples of radio remote control. A security concern with remote control systems is

2638: 2054:

in which, up to 4 carriers are transmitted on a channel formerly occupied by a single AM or FM signal, modulated by

1831:

to about 30–40 mi (48–64 km), and can be blocked by hills. However it is less susceptible to interference from

1712:

broadcast standards exist in most countries, but the radio industry has failed to upgrade to them, due to lack of demand.

136:, among numerous other uses, radio waves are used to carry information across space from a transmitter to a receiver, by 8168: 4128:, and governments use it to locate unlicensed transmitters or interference sources. Older RDF receivers used rotatable 3177:

are transmitted in a pseudorandom order on one of 79 1 MHz Bluetooth channels between 2.4 and 2.83 GHz in the

824:

it, extracting the original modulation signal from the modulated carrier wave. The modulation signal is converted by a

357:

instead. The term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting.

10506: 9662: 9430: 9403: 9369: 9266:. FM 24-33 — Communications Techniques: Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (Report). Department of the Army. July 1990. 9214: 9157: 9123: 9089: 9055: 9021: 8942: 8710: 8676: 8642: 8608: 8486: 8452: 8418: 8335: 8302: 8118: 7967: 7906: 7872: 7815: 7781: 7747: 7708: 7674: 7637: 7558: 7505: 7443: 7303: 7137: 7057: 6962: 6906: 6873: 6829: 6795: 6735: 6705: 6640: 6606: 6572: 6463: 6266: 6186: 6152: 6113: 6040: 6006: 5972: 5938: 5877: 5846: 5732: 5664: 5490: 5380: 5340: 5178: 5144: 5113: 5079: 5048: 4601: 3830: 1994: 1527:

can generally be received over an entire country or continent. Older terrestrial radio and television are paid for by

981:

of the frequency range that the radio signal occupies, the highest frequency minus the lowest frequency, is called its

9181: 7957: 12200: 10600: 8564: 7737: 6768: 6142: 5071: 4745: 4628: 3170: 2706: 2555: 2254:– the oldest television technology, is the transmission of television signals from land-based television stations to 1700:

can be received beyond the horizon at hundreds of miles distance, but AM has lower fidelity than FM. Radiated power (

1480: 514: 186: 8292: 6318: 5696:

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency SAFECOM/National Council of Statewide Interoperability Coordinators

176:

on 11 November 1886. In the mid-1890s, building on techniques physicists were using to study electromagnetic waves,

12165: 10827: 10385: 9933: 9735: 9011: 6030: 2546:" button on their radio which switches off the receiver and switches on the transmitter. Or the radio link may be 2285:; carrying RF channels 14 and up). The exact frequency boundaries vary in different countries. Propagation is by 1945:, so different channels can have different audio quality. In different countries DAB stations broadcast in either 1444:

in the US, obtained by taking a test demonstrating adequate technical and legal knowledge of safe radio operation.

8325: 7896: 4813:", proposed by M. Mercadier, as a general term signifying the production of sound by any form of radiant energy... 3603:

can measure a moving object's velocity, by measuring the change in frequency of the return radio waves due to the

268:

also included a variety of other experimental systems for transmitting telegraph signals without wires, including

10496: 9454: 7839: 7319: 5718: 5476: 5326: 3654: 3618:

are widely used. In most radars the transmitting antenna also serves as the receiving antenna; this is called a

3525: 3270: 2055: 7771: 6422: 5197: 2914:

that must be used as an identifier in transmissions. Amateur radio is restricted to small frequency bands, the

2896:, to be compatible with the telephone network, to allow users to make telephone calls through a marine operator. 11308: 10491: 9464: 8932: 8574: 8249: 8108: 7627: 7409: 5607: 5021: 4065:– an international humanitarian consortium of governmental and private agencies which acts as a dispatcher for 3838: 3721:

which maps weather precipitation intensities and wind speeds with the echoes returned from raindrops and their

3653:. In large airports the radar image is displayed on multiple screens in an operations room called the TRACON ( 3325: 2880:– medium-range transceivers on ships, used for ship-to-ship, ship-to-air, and ship-to-shore communication with 2034: 8831: 8700: 8239: 7991: 7837: 6209: 5647:. In Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas; Shouno, Hayaru; Tinetti, Fernando G.; Tran, Quoc-Nam (eds.). 4460:

to determine temperature of the atmosphere and earth surface, as well as chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

2550:, a bidirectional link using two radio channels so both people can talk at the same time, as in a cell phone. 11826: 11156: 10516: 7698: 5551: 4293: 3851: 3355: 2173: 2146: 1389: 982: 870:

to select the radio signal desired out of all the signals picked up by the antenna and reject the others. A

6819: 6785: 6078: 5130: 5065: 3933:

to a nearby VOR transmitter. A VOR beacon transmits two signals simultaneously on different frequencies. A

2629: 1001:

per second) regardless of where in the radio frequency spectrum it is located, so bandwidth is a measure of

864:(GHz). The receiving antenna typically picks up the radio signals of many transmitters. The receiver uses 462:

shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".

97:, this is the fundamental principle of radio communication. In addition to communication, radio is used for 11411: 11083: 10791: 10552: 10449: 9992: 9787: 9759: 7664: 7161: 6853: 4107:(RDF) – this is a general technique, used since the early 1900s, of using specialized radio receivers with 3950: 3672: 3664: 2798: 2400:

connected to the subscriber's TV, where it is demodulated and displayed. The subscriber pays a monthly fee.

1836: 1566:

band, greater than 30 megahertz, the Earth's atmosphere has less of an effect on the range of signals, and

1415: 565: 8408: 7521: 5962: 4677: 3348:

the reader before responding. Passive tags use 125–134 kHz, 13, 900 MHz and 2.4 and 5 GHz

2664:– next-generation cellular networks which began deployment in 2019. Their major advantage is much higher 406:

could travel through space as a wave, and proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of short

12272: 12267: 12241: 11662: 11489: 11381: 10820: 10781: 10288: 9728: 4657: 3552:

transmitted at 100 to 250 watts, which can be received by relatively small 43–80 cm (17–31 in)

2744: 1408: 1364: 1081: 9490: 6256: 5437: 3005:. Computer networks can transmit any form of data: in addition to email and web pages, they also carry 11354: 11323: 11068: 10978: 10640: 10562: 10501: 10208: 7187: 7049: 6488:(vers. 4.2.1). Geneva, CH: European Broadcasting Union. January 2021. p. 178. ETSI ES 201 980 3989: 3754: 3684: 3642: 3536: 3419: 3337: 3299: 3274: 2864:

satphone satellites. Military aircraft also use a dedicated UHF-AM band from 225.0 to 399.95 MHz.

2366: 2161: 1896: 1874: 840:, while a digital signal is applied to a computer or microprocessor, which interacts with human users. 770: 9500: 8779: 8141: 4805:

e have named the apparatus for the production and reproduction of sound in this way the "photophone",

3953:(DME); these are called VOR/DME's. The aircraft transmits a radio signal to the VOR/DME beacon and a 2888:

band with up to 25 watts power, giving them a range of about 60 miles (97 km). Some channels are

2323: 2070: 580:

transmits radio waves in a beam in a particular direction, or receives waves from only one direction.

11912: 10412: 10373: 10218: 10118: 10047: 9980: 9807: 9596: 8666: 6564: 4711: 4415: 4183: 4147: 3975: 3914: 3866: 3822: 3691: 3668: 3508: 2458: 2413:

operate time radio stations which continuously broadcast extremely accurate time signals produced by

2286: 2013:(DRM) is a competing digital terrestrial radio standard developed mainly by broadcasters as a higher 1885: 1824: 1567: 1058: 569: 273: 189:

were broadcast by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in Pittsburgh, under the call sign

146: 142: 7127: 5578: 5011: 3430:

up to 25 metres (82 ft) in diameter and extremely sensitive receivers. High frequencies in the

1734:

or "skip" propagation, shortwave is used by international stations, broadcasting to other countries.

414:, attempting to confirm Maxwell's theory, first observed radio waves he generated using a primitive 11474: 10771: 10013: 9948: 9901: 9861: 9642: 9551: 8085: 6176: 4900: 4225: 4074: 4039: 3748: 3742: 3520: 3423: 2827:– a battery-powered portable handheld half-duplex two-way radio, used in land mobile radio systems. 2765: 2710: 2290: 2098: 1982: 1916: 1856: 1701: 1346: 458:

over long distances. By December 1901, he had transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. Marconi and

8039: 7233: 4847: 4343:– a popular hobby is playing with radio-controlled model boats, cars, airplanes, and helicopters ( 3119:

transmitter and receiver with an omnidirectional antenna that works in the background, exchanging

280:, so there was a need for a more precise term referring exclusively to electromagnetic radiation. 12287: 12122: 12071: 11932: 11927: 11444: 11404: 11333: 11232: 11185: 11093: 10610: 10595: 10439: 10390: 10313: 10213: 9891: 9777: 9772: 9637: 8059: 4248: 4167: 4104: 3985: 3938: 3884: 3496: 3367: 3280: 3195: 2802: 2718: 2262:

or TVs) in viewer's homes. Terrestrial television broadcasting uses the bands 41 – 88 MHz (

2134: 2129: 1624: 1524: 1128: 708:

because it serves to "carry" the information through the air. The information signal is used to

573: 378: 269: 133: 121: 43: 5928: 4422:

up to 500 meters (2,000 ft) in diameter to collect enough radio wave energy to study. The

4306:– a short-range handheld transmitter which can open or close a building's electrically operated 2026: 1941:

from which the listener can choose. Broadcasters can transmit a channel at a range of different

12292: 12277: 11783: 11655: 11227: 11141: 10983: 10532: 10318: 10133: 10078: 10073: 9886: 9851: 9709: 5256: 5170:

Proceedings of the 11th National Technical Seminar on Unmanned System Technology 2019: NUSYS'19

4410:

is the scientific study of radio waves emitted by astronomical objects. Radio astronomers use

4356: 4340: 4311: 3981: 3658: 3576: 3092: 3022: 2836: 2393: 2243: 2075: 2010: 1998: 1978: 1870: 1705: 1528: 1523:

can only be received within a limited distance of its transmitter. Systems that broadcast from

743: 395: 20: 9263: 7293: 6445: 5185: 4741: 4267: 2835:– Half-duplex radio system used by aircraft pilots to talk to other aircraft and ground-based 2685:

and antenna tower, they will have many small antennas attached to utility poles and buildings.

2188:

to transmit HDTV video within a smaller bandwidth than the old analog channels, saving scarce

1041:

radio transmission technologies began in the late 1990s. Part of the reason for this is that

12132: 11328: 11151: 11131: 10434: 10238: 10203: 10123: 10103: 10025: 9913: 9834: 8905: 7100: 4940:(London), 20 January 1905, page 108, quoting from the British Post Office's 30 December 1904 4809:

To avoid in future any misunderstandings upon this point, we have decided to adopt the term "

4796: 3221: 2944: 2907: 2559: 2462: 990: 691: 419: 415: 232: 169:, radio signals transmitted from a controller device control the actions of a remote device. 9767: 9206:

Internet of Things and Machine Learning in Agriculture: Technological Impacts and Challenges

8988: 5901: 4658:

Guglielmo Marconi – The father of long distance radio communication – An engineer's tribute"

4591: 1500: 899: 12081: 11609: 11459: 10956: 10896: 10881: 10876: 10348: 10308: 10278: 10035: 9970: 9792: 9632: 9581: 8522: 6530: 4449: 4276: 4233: 4155: 4112: 3997: 3946: 3930: 3878:

the receiver from the satellite. By receiving the signals from at least four satellites a

3500: 3481:, while a link that transmits data from the spacecraft to the ground is called a downlink. 3388: 2919: 2806: 2794: 2782: 1804: 1669: 1572: 1520: 1328: 1308: 1069: 917: 732: 721: 587: 494: 459: 443: 383: 277: 166: 62: 7077: 4980: 2160:

The current television standard, introduced beginning in 2006, is a digital format called

1704:) of AM stations in the US is usually limited to a maximum of 10 kW, although a few ( 8: 12216: 11902: 11816: 11594: 11519: 11504: 11063: 10934: 10358: 10298: 10057: 10019: 9817: 9802: 9672: 9544: 8805: 6455: 5644: 5332: 4263:

systems that maintain stable flight and only require manual control to change directions.

4171: 4159: 4121: 4108: 3993: 3934: 3926: 3911:. The locations of beacons are plotted on navigational maps used by aircraft and ships. 3646: 3447: 2998: 2962: 2958: 2885: 2848: 2840: 2726: 2665: 2600: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2305:

areas typically require an outdoor antenna mounted on the roof to get adequate reception.

2255: 2138: 2042: 2014: 1820: 1719: 1563: 1464: 1460: 1419: 1290: 1168: 1148: 1006: 994: 778: 695: 577: 553: 477:

traffic between continents and communicate with their colonies and naval fleets. During

387: 260: 226: 12028: 10812: 9238:"What jamming of a wireless security system is and how to resist it | Ajax Systems Blog" 8526: 4841: 2484: 1064:

Because it is a fixed resource which is in demand by an increasing number of users, the

180:

developed the first apparatus for long-distance radio communication, sending a wireless

26: 12195: 12137: 12061: 11973: 11963: 11886: 11800: 11778: 11692: 11534: 11200: 10585: 10542: 10473: 10343: 10273: 10248: 10183: 10030: 9751: 9687: 9314: 9306: 8538: 7838:

Radio-Electronics-Television Manufacturers Association. Engineering Department (1955).

6989: 6674: 5670: 5166: 4303: 4252: 3732: 3376: 3363: 3076: 3072: 2915: 2736: 2169: 1966: 1848: 1761: 1600:

belonging to a public audience. Analog audio is the earliest form of radio broadcast.

1589: 1584: 1468: 1190: 1042: 883: 766: 758: 626:

Radio communication. Information such as sound is converted by a transducer such as a

557: 502: 370: 293: 162: 8965: 7468: 4557: 548:

As they travel farther from the transmitting antenna, radio waves spread out so their

454:

developed the first radio communication system, using a spark-gap transmitter to send

12175: 11993: 11968: 11881: 11788: 11768: 11732: 11712: 11697: 11313: 11272: 11190: 10625: 10547: 10461: 10444: 10407: 10253: 10083: 10052: 9918: 9812: 9586: 9460: 9426: 9399: 9365: 9318: 9298: 9210: 9203:

Chatterjee, Jyotir Moy; Kumar, Abhishek; Jain, Vishal; Rathore, Pramod Singh (2021).

9153: 9119: 9085: 9051: 9017: 8938: 8706: 8672: 8638: 8604: 8570: 8542: 8482: 8448: 8414: 8331: 8298: 8265: 8245: 8114: 7963: 7902: 7868: 7811: 7777: 7743: 7704: 7670: 7633: 7554: 7501: 7449: 7439: 7415: 7405: 7299: 7241: 7133: 7053: 6958: 6902: 6869: 6825: 6791: 6764: 6731: 6701: 6636: 6602: 6568: 6459: 6262: 6182: 6148: 6109: 6036: 6002: 5968: 5934: 5873: 5842: 5728: 5724: 5674: 5660: 5486: 5482: 5376: 5336: 5174: 5140: 5136: 5109: 5075: 5044: 5017: 4597: 4535: 4419: 4086: 4066: 4048: 4043: 3958: 3899:

to their target, and handheld GPS receivers are produced for hikers and the military.

3615: 3443: 3427: 3284: 3244: 3232: 2984: 2693:

Satellite phones, showing the large antennas needed to communicate with the satellite

2418: 2392:

antenna on the subscriber's residence. The microwave signal is converted to a lower

2177: 2154: 1816: 1681: 1046: 687: 659: 611: 561: 451: 374: 177: 78: 54: 11267: 10293: 7380: 4843:

American Telegraphy and Encyclopedia of the Telegraph: Systems, Apparatus, Operation

4224:

are an example of remote-controlled machines, controlled by commands transmitted by

3679:, and an ID number identifying the aircraft, which is displayed on the radar screen. 2141:(a "television" or TV) along with a synchronized audio (sound) channel. Television ( 1937:

bandwidth signal that carries from 9–12 channels of digital audio modulated by

1045:

can often transmit more information (a greater data rate) in a given bandwidth than

284: 12221: 12190: 12143: 12086: 12051: 12023: 11998: 11942: 11876: 11722: 11707: 11564: 11349: 11293: 11262: 11107: 10918: 10843: 10630: 10590: 10570: 10537: 10466: 10424: 10338: 10193: 10178: 10153: 10128: 10088: 9938: 9797: 9782: 9523: 9290: 8530: 6861: 5652: 5368: 4624: 4507: 4502: 4151: 4005: 3918: 3620: 3380: 3084: 3002: 2302: 1881:

_Tsb, operate in wavebands traditionally used for television or satellite services.

1852: 1689: 1404: 1226: 1050: 1002: 906:

spectrum of a typical modulated AM or FM radio signal. It consists of a component

534: 490: 391: 366: 158: 129: 102: 39: 11836: 11252: 8241:

Fundamentals of multisite radar systems: multistatic radars and multiradar systems

5288: 4203: 1745: 1708:) are allowed to transmit at 50 kW. AM stations broadcast in monaural audio; 12231: 12096: 12066: 12018: 11795: 11318: 11288: 10924: 10258: 10113: 9881: 9856: 9844: 9591: 9528: 9332: 8600:

Wireless Positioning: Principles and Practice, Navigation: Science and Technology

7548: 7214: 6664: 6596: 5836: 5656: 5168: 4681: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4260: 4241: 4082: 3896: 3870: 3722: 3540: 3259: 3240: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3038: 3014: 2930: 2777: 2722: 2698: 2677: 2669: 2571: 2438: 2083: 2030: 1965:

is an alternative digital radio standard widely implemented in North America. An

1812: 1785: 1677: 1605: 1601: 1532: 1452: 1085: 1077: 1073: 805: 699: 686:

representing binary data from a computer. The modulation signal is applied to a

549: 542: 526: 482: 466: 86: 35: 6865: 4414:, large radio antennas and receivers, to receive and study the radio waves from 4259:

giving the real-time position of the aircraft. UAVs have sophisticated onboard

12262: 12056: 12038: 12003: 11958: 11937: 11821: 11579: 11427: 10928: 10456: 10328: 10303: 10263: 10233: 10108: 9943: 9896: 9871: 9829: 9294: 7273:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. pp. 33–34 4984: 4496: 4491: 4441: 4237: 4229: 4216: 3892: 3834: 3626: 3624:. A radar which uses separate transmitting and receiving antennas is called a 3604: 3592: 3553: 3345: 3329: 3152: 3071:

standards, these are the most widely used computer networks, used to implement

2926:(RTTY). Additionally, amateurs are among the only radio operators still using 2853: 2732: 2609: 2530: 2521: 2389: 2298: 2217: 2189: 2105:

orbit 22,000 miles (35,000 km) above the Earth. It is mostly intended for

1912: 1900: 1597: 1448: 1430: 1272: 1101: 1065: 1054: 1038: 1022: 837: 813: 774: 747: 679: 498: 411: 403: 399: 201: 173: 110: 94: 8194: 7340: 6507: 5755: 5372: 3484: 2297:. Viewers closer to the television transmitter can use a simple "rabbit ears" 12256: 12127: 12106: 11702: 11678: 11549: 11303: 11028: 10908: 10847: 10605: 10378: 10368: 10283: 10173: 10168: 10158: 10143: 9965: 9824: 9456:

Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Earth's Surface and Atmosphere

9302: 9237: 7930: 7453: 7245: 7040: 6535: 6295: 6227: 5613:(Report). Geneva: International Telecommunications Union. 2015. ITU-R V.431-8 5608:

Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications

4457: 4431: 4383: 4315: 4285: 4208: 4198: 4116: 4078: 4001: 3942: 3929:(VHF) band. An automated navigational instrument on the aircraft displays a 3785: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3600: 3587: 3512: 3455: 3404: 3384: 3211: 3045: 2923: 2903: 2899: 2824: 2790: 2539: 2510: 2474: 2370: 2194: 2102: 2087: 1904: 1862: 1692:(MF) band for medium-wave broadcasts. Because waves in these bands travel as 1685: 1642: 1488: 1456: 1208: 1034: 1026: 965:) in a radio signal is usually concentrated in narrow frequency bands called 871: 866: 595: 447: 431: 427: 337: 154: 125: 106: 7438:(94th ed.). Newington, Connecticut: American Radio Relay League. 2016. 7419: 2705:) – a portable wireless telephone similar to a cell phone, connected to the 2689: 2229: 957:

A modulated radio wave, carrying an information signal, occupies a range of

434:, among others, showed that radio waves like light demonstrated reflection, 12236: 12226: 12008: 11917: 11907: 11773: 11747: 11637: 11375: 10850: 10483: 10323: 10268: 10198: 10163: 10098: 9997: 9987: 9839: 9536: 7773:

Short Message Service (SMS): The Creation of Personal Global Text Messaging

7041: 4478: 4423: 4391: 4319: 4289: 4256: 4175: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4056: 4051:

teams to quickly find the emergency and render aid. The latest generation

3922: 3904: 3879: 3874: 3736: 3700: 3340:) and even people. Privacy concerns have been addressed with tags that use 3306:, an alternative to manual collection of tolls at a toll booth, in which a 3266: 3192: 3188: 3148: 3054: 2966: 2952: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2844: 2773: 2617: 2543: 2514: 2454: 2414: 2150: 2142: 1688:(LF) band for longwave broadcasts and between 526 and 1706 kHz in the 1636: 1593: 1514: 1505:

Below are some of the most important uses of radio, organized by function.

1472: 1015: 998: 974: 911: 833: 704: 683: 675: 671: 663: 622: 530: 506: 423: 150: 31: 8381: 7433: 6954:

Electronics Explained: Fundamentals for Engineers, Technicians, and Makers

6860:. Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer. p. 1649. 5689:"Radio Frequency Interference Best Practices Guidebook - CISA - Feb. 2020" 5443:. US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 2016. 4887: 4095: 3793: 3764: 2502:

Cellular phone tower shared by antennas belonging to 3 different networks.

2205: 12101: 11922: 11859: 11831: 11752: 11298: 11123: 10914: 10683: 10333: 10243: 10228: 10188: 10148: 10007: 9606: 7399: 6108:. Audio Visual Media in Physical Education. India: Friends Publications. 4453: 4307: 4179: 4163: 4009: 3954: 3845: 3772: 3333: 3307: 3288: 3203: 3199: 3182: 3174: 3123:

with the router. Wi-Fi uses channels in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

3120: 3068: 2893: 2889: 2769: 2743:

is portable and communicates with the rest of the phone by a short-range

2579: 2575: 2567: 2547: 2535: 2525: 2517: 2450: 2397: 2377:

transmits many channels (up to 900) modulated on a 12.2 to 12.7 GHz

2358: 2347: 1908: 1832: 1693: 1552: 1547: 879: 639: 635: 599: 478: 439: 247: 82: 9310: 9278: 6898:

Radio Aids to Navigation, Publication 117, Chapter 2, Radio Time Signals

6258:

Digital Audio Broadcasting: Principles and applications of digital radio

4807:

because an ordinary beam of light contains the rays which are operative.

4771: 3099:) to allow the public to access the Internet with portable devices like 2756: 2172:(DTV) transmission systems, which replaced older analog television in a 2113:

in North America, in other parts of the world, it uses the 1.4 GHz

728:(strength) of the radio carrier wave is varied by the modulation signal; 12180: 12013: 11864: 11737: 11717: 11396: 11180: 11166: 10868: 10688: 10395: 10093: 10002: 9958: 9928: 9906: 9704: 9601: 9567: 8060:"State-of-the-Art of Small Spacecraft Technology, 9.0 - Communications" 5519: 4347:) which are controlled by radio signals from a handheld console with a 4344: 4332: 4297: 4221: 4059:, and broadcast to rescue teams their exact location within 20 meters. 4021: 3908: 3489: 3439: 3435: 3415: 3371: 3341: 3262: 3248: 3156: 3100: 3018: 3006: 2927: 2714: 2605: 2563: 1727: 1697: 1536: 1535:

the customer pays a monthly fee. In these systems, the radio signal is

1531:

or governments. In subscription systems like satellite television and

1010: 962: 942: 829: 825: 821: 713: 709: 667: 655: 631: 627: 607: 486: 470: 455: 435: 407: 240: 181: 137: 89:

which radiates oscillating electrical energy, often characterized as a

58: 9112:

Biffl, Stefan; Eckhart, Matthias; Lüder, Arndt; Weippl, Edgar (2019).

8534: 8294:

Aircraft Systems: Instruments, Communications, Navigation, and Control

3813:– A system of satellites which allows geographical location on Earth ( 3633: 2164:(HDTV), which transmits pictures at higher resolution, typically 1080 149:, a mobile navigation instrument receives radio signals from multiple 12160: 11869: 11742: 11727: 11243: 11102: 10673: 10138: 9953: 9720: 9422:

Remote Sensing Physics: An Introduction to Observing Earth from Space

6669:. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Broadcasters. p. 21. 6414: 5869: 4445: 4137: 4125: 4070: 3970:. The number of VOR beacons is declining as aviation switches to the 3818: 3768: 3676: 3611: 3504: 3431: 3359: 3303: 3292: 3277:. Telemetry is starting to be used in consumer applications such as: 3255: 3228: 3166: 3162: 3116: 2988: 2971: 2682: 2613: 2385: 2337: 2106: 2091: 1970: 1808: 1792: 1723: 1709: 1673: 1657: 1556: 1436: 958: 903: 888: 875: 861: 857: 853: 845: 817: 801: 786: 736: 725: 510: 255: 190: 74: 66: 6930:"What Closing A Government Radio Station Would Mean For Your Clocks" 2554:

Cell phone – a portable wireless telephone that is connected to the

2396:

at the dish and conducted into the building by a coaxial cable to a

1811:

of the radio carrier signal is varied slightly by the audio signal.

1676:(strength) of the radio carrier wave is varied by the audio signal. 196:

The emission of radio waves is regulated by law, coordinated by the

12076: 10993: 10946: 10904: 10668: 10658: 10575: 10400: 10223: 8968:. Migratory Connectivity Project, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center 7547:

Eargle, John (2005). "Overview of Wireless Microphone Technology".

4370: 4366: 4352: 4348: 4186:

receivers which record and transmit a log of the animal's location.

4017: 3814: 3661:

direct the aircraft by radio to maintain safe aircraft separation.

3349: 3178: 3124: 3080: 3029: 2992: 2911: 2857: 2847:

a VHF-AM system using channels between 108 and 137 MHz in the

2786: 2271: 2270:, carrying RF channels 1–6), 174 – 240 MHz, (VHF high band or 2168:

high by 1920 pixels wide, at a rate of 25 or 30 frames per second.

2094: 1962: 1946: 1942: 1866: 1844: 1609: 1543: 1484: 993:, an amount of bandwidth can carry the same amount of information ( 966: 946: 794: 750:, the frequency of the carrier wave is shifted between frequencies. 591: 538: 474: 7804:

McGregor, Michael A.; Driscoll, Paul D.; Mcdowell, Walter (2016).

6291:"Norway is first country to turn off FM radio and go digital-only" 4162:

in which small battery-powered radio transmitters are attached to

3328:(RFID) – identification tags containing a tiny radio transponder ( 172:

The existence of radio waves was first proven by German physicist

12185: 12091: 12046: 11033: 10988: 10942: 10663: 10648: 9866: 9511:

Analog Electronics, Analog Circuitry Explained – Elsevier Science

8884:"Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports, Volume 23, Issue 20" 8220: 7368:(Report). ICAO European and North Atlantic Office. 28 March 2019. 7020: 6444:

Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2013).

4280: 4013: 3888: 3826: 3545: 3516: 3470: 3463: 3422:. In order to receive the weak signals from distant spacecraft, 2861: 2832: 2740: 2378: 2374: 2289:, so reception is limited by the visual horizon. In the US, the 2278: 1899:(DAB) debuted in some countries in 1998. It transmits audio as a 1840: 1828: 1731: 1476: 809: 288: 11647: 9149:

Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

8410:

Adaptive Antennas and Phased Arrays for Radar and Communications

8066:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 16 October 2021 4136:. The nulls are used since they are sharper than the antenna's 3316: 258:

signals by radio waves, so radio communication was first called

11257: 11073: 11047: 11042: 11001: 10952: 10938: 10693: 10653: 9975: 9652: 9647: 9506:

Radio-Electronic Transmission Fundamentals – SciTech Publishing

8699:

Kiland, Taylor Baldwin; Silverstein Gray, Judy (15 July 2016).

8521:. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers: 239–247. 7295:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

7188:"Satellite Phone : Functioning/Working Of Satellite Phone" 6787:

Satellite Television: Analogue and Digital Reception Techniques

6388: 5720:

Radio Spectrum Management: Policies, Regulations and Techniques

4870:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census. pp. 118–119. 4448:

and the spectrum emitted can be used to determine temperature.

3967: 3856: 3798: 3708: 3704: 3650: 3478: 3459: 3451: 3181:. This allows Bluetooth networks to operate in the presence of 2673: 2314: 2282: 2267: 2115: 2110: 1990: 1986: 1950: 782: 9196: 8511:"Radar sensors for automotive collision warning and avoidance" 6389:

Transmitter & programming considerations for HD Radio

6228:"DAB vs. FM: The differences between analog and digital radio" 5930:

Radio Antennas and Propagation: Radio Engineering Fundamentals

5198:"Omnidirectional Antenna - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 4890:

Thomas H. White, United States Early Radio History, Section 22

1773: 662:

called the modulation signal. The modulation signal may be an

646: 336:

took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world.

11078: 10973: 10678: 10615: 9923: 9361:

Analyzing the Physics of Radio Telescopes and Radio Astronomy

9047:

The Car Hacker's Handbook: A Guide for the Penetration Tester

8509:

Grosch, Theodore O. (30 June 1995). Verly, Jacques G. (ed.).

7495:

Radiofrequency Toolkit for Environmental Health Practitioners

6344:

Trends in Radio Research: Diversity, innovation, and policies

6085: 4736: 4734: 4236:

products like televisions or DVD players actually operate by

4073:

carrying radio receivers, which detect distress signals from

3963: 3859:, which uses GPS to give driving directions to a destination. 3758: 3583: 3579:

on US Navy aircraft carrier monitors aircraft on radar screen

3566: 3407: 3137: 3063: 3034: 2496: 2422: 2165: 2051: 978: 849: 828:

back to a human-usable form: an audio signal is converted to

762: 739:

of the radio carrier wave is varied by the modulation signal;

603: 576:

transmits or receives radio waves in all directions, while a

98: 70: 8886:. NASA, Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 1985 7895:

Arafath, Yeasin; Mazumder, Debabrata; Hassan, Rakib (2012).

7807:

Head's Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media

7126:

Osseiran, Afif; Monserrat, Jose F.; Marsch, Patrick (2016).

7076:. Privateline.com. 1 January 2006. p. 2. Archived from 5841:. National Association of Broadcasters, Taylor and Francis. 5643:

Duncan, Christopher; Gkountouna, Olga; Mahabir, Ron (2021).

5253:"How far can radio waves travel in vacuum? and light waves?" 4030: 2417:, as a reference to synchronize other clocks. Examples are 10620: 9105: 7797: 6363: 6065:

The Theory and Servicing of AM, FM, and FM Stereo Receivers

5420:, United States. Department of the Army – 1952, pp. 167–168 5226: 4435: 4124:

services use it to locate clandestine transmitters used by

3971: 3806: 3207: 3010: 2446: 2294: 2293:(ERP) of television transmitters is regulated according to 2185: 2086:

is a subscription radio service that broadcasts CD quality

1974: 1878: 1752: 874:(also called resonant circuit or tank circuit) acts like a 90: 9202: 9115:

Security and Quality in Cyber-Physical Systems Engineering

7576:"Avoiding Audio Problems with Wireless Microphone Systems" 5838:

A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers, 4th Ed

5408:

John Avison, The World of Physics, Nelson · 2014, page 367

4731: 4328: 2839:. This vital system is the main communication channel for 2672:; 100 times faster than the previous cellular technology, 19:

This article is about the technology. For other uses, see

10842: 9627: 9622: 7119: 6359:

The state of HD Radio in Jacksonville and nationwide

6178:

Sounds of Change: A history of FM broadcasting in America

5547:"Analogue To Digital: Radio Slow To Tune Into Transition" 4360: 3075:

without cables, linking computers, laptops, cell phones,

2884:

They use FM channels between 156 and 174 MHz in the

2426: 2275: 2263: 9491:

Basic Radio Principles and Technology – Elsevier Science

9279:"The Control of Information by Jamming Radio Broadcasts" 9264:"Remedial Electronic Counter-Countermeasures Techniques" 8702:

The Military GPS: Cutting Edge Global Positioning System

8692: 8634:

Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

8142:"Satellite TV-Direct Broadcast Satellite System, DBS TV" 7888: 7803: 7265: 7215:"Never Miss a Call: PS Buyer's Guide to Cordless Phones" 5584:. International Telecommunication Union. 3 November 2016 3269:. Multiple channels of data are often transmitted using 2776:. Special systems with reserved frequencies are used by 1755:, Las Vegas, with a power of 35 kW on 95.5 MHz 1680:, the oldest broadcasting technology, is allowed in the 239:(meaning "radiated sound") as an alternate name for his 93:. They can be received by other antennas connected to a 9111: 8934:

Transmitter Hunting: Radio Direction Finding Simplified

7992:"How do submarines communicate with the outside world?" 7553:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. pp. 142–151. 7125: 6215:(Report). Switzerland: World Broadcasting Unions. 2017. 5642: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4144:

antennas which have a much greater angular resolution.

3925:

transmitting between 108.00 and 117.95 MHz in the

2661: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2211:

Television studio control room, Celebro Studios, London

1434:

consisting of a string of letters and numbers called a

9501:

Radio Systems Engineering – Cambridge University Press

8698: 8624: 8360:"Marine Radars and Their Use in the Shipping Industry" 7956:

Hunt, V. Daniel; Puglia, Albert; Puglia, Mike (2007).

7864:

Practical Radio Engineering and Telemetry for Industry

6598:

The Digital Television Revolution: Origins to Outcomes

5037:

Serway, Raymond; Faughn, Jerry; Vuille, Chris (2008).

4799:(July 1881). "Production of Sound by Radiant Energy". 4672: 4670: 3115:(wireless network interface controller), an automated 2490:

Cellphones typical of Japan in the early 21st century.

2373:

orbit 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the Earth's

2274:; carrying RF channels 7–13), and 470 – 614 MHz ( 1915:

bandwidth and provides advanced user features such as

945:) contained in two narrow bands of frequencies called 761:

methods widely used in high bandwidth systems such as

541:

flowing back and forth in a metal conductor called an

9496:

The Electronics of Radio – Cambridge University Press

8318: 7898:

Automatic Meter Reading by Radio Frequency Technology

7894: 7268:

Voice Radio Communications Guide for the Fire Service

6105:

Education Technology in Physical Education and Sports

6084:. Radio – Preparing for the Future (Report). London: 5649:

Advances in Computer Vision and Computational Biology

4903:(10 May 1902). "The Genesis of Wireless Telegraphy". 4652: 4650: 4166:

so their movements can be tracked with a directional

2942:

One way, unidirectional radio transmission is called

2558:

by radio signals exchanged with a local antenna at a

920: 8630: 6988:

Brain, Marshall; Tyson, Jeff; Layton, Julia (2018).

6983: 6981: 6443: 6175:

Sterling, Christopher H.; Kieth, Michael C. (2009).

5515:"Digital Radio Is Coming, But Analog Isn't Dead Yet" 4874: 4468: 4099:

Wildlife officer tracking radio-tagged mountain lion

3945:

of these two signals, an aircraft can determine its

9446: 9412: 7949: 7404:. Camden, Maine: International Marine/McGraw-Hill. 6346:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2018. p. 263. 4667: 8668:Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System 8272:. US Federal Aviation Administration website. 2020 6250: 6248: 5998:A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers 5036: 4647: 3941:transmits a pulse. By measuring the difference in 3252:phone calls and television signals between cities. 3141:Neighborhood wireless WAN router on telephone pole 2760:Motorola SCR-536 from WW2, the first walkie-talkie 1483:(FCC) regulations. Many of these devices use the 933: 773:(DAB) to transmit digital data using a minimum of 533:. They are generated artificially by time-varying 9452: 9418: 8515:Synthetic Vision for Vehicle Guidance and Control 8327:International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook 7739:The ARRL Extra Class License Manual for Ham Radio 6978: 6760:Federal Communications Commission (Parts 20 - 39) 6560:Moving Image Technology: From Zoetrope to Digital 6319:"Swiss FM shutdown reverts to original 2024 date" 5478:The Radio Spectrum: Managing a Strategic Resource 5470: 5468: 5466: 5397:The Radio Amateur's Handbook, Fifty-Fifth Edition 4717:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4351:. Most recent transmitters use the 2.4 GHz 3434:band are used, since microwaves pass through the 2123: 804:in the transmitter and applied to a transmitting 746:) – used in wireless digital devices to transmit 614:properties stemming from their large wavelength. 287:, who in 1890 developed the radio wave detecting 12254: 9385: 8478:Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications 8134: 7955: 7325:(Report). Aviation Spectrum Resources Inc. 2012. 7129:5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology 7044:; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016). 6987: 5282: 5280: 5278: 4968:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion 4712:"Radio's First Message -- Fessenden and Marconi" 4016:much farther than VOR beacons. They transmit a 2843:. For most communication in overland flights in 1985:. HDC is based on, but not compatible with, the 1823:(VHF) range. Radio waves in this band travel by 246:Following Hertz's discovery of the existence of 9391: 8088:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 1 January 2021 7959:RFID: A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification 7602:"Wireless Mic Industry Debates WMAS Technology" 7435:The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2017 6477: 6475: 6245: 6063:Green, Clarence R.; Bourque, Robert M. (1980). 5602: 5600: 4867:Special Reports: Telephones and Telegraphs 1902 4534:. Oxford University Press. 2019. Archived from 4426:electronics of the receiver is often cooled by 4069:operations. It operates a network of about 47 3379:transmitters use miles long wire antennas like 2668:than previous cellular networks, up to 10 2465:(NTP) provide equally accurate time standards. 2365:, and displays it on an ordinary television. A 2180:and high-efficiency digital modulation such as 2017:replacement for legacy AM and FM broadcasting. 1608:was introduced in the late 1930s with improved 9351: 8850: 8631:Teunissen, Peter; Montenbruck, Oliver (2017). 8556: 8444:Mapping Hazardous Terrain Using Remote Sensing 8351: 8160: 8020:. Superintendent of Government Documents. 1974 7017:"Ten Ways Your Smartphone Knows Where You Are" 6858:Computer Science and Communications Dictionary 6500: 6254: 6168: 6144:Broadcasting on the Short Waves: 1945 to today 5716: 5463: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5108:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. 5016:(2nd ed.). Tata-McGraw Hill. p. 50. 4705: 4703: 4625:"125 Years Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves" 4355:with multiple control channels modulated with 4215:Radio remote control is the use of electronic 3610:Radar sets mainly use high frequencies in the 3515:orbit 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the 3235:of microwave relay links on tower in Australia 2937: 2604:50 W. Current generation phones, called 2468: 2350:with TV satellite dishes used by various users 820:the weak radio signal so it is stronger, then 200:(ITU), which allocates frequency bands in the 11663: 11412: 10828: 9736: 9552: 8924: 8357: 7363:North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual 6174: 5781:"Commercial Radio Operator Types of Licenses" 5474: 5362: 5275: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 4211:drone flown remotely by a pilot on the ground 2721:, first-generation systems use satellites in 1911:and interference, makes better use of scarce 953:) just above and below the carrier frequency. 650:Comparison of AM and FM modulated radio waves 570:obstructions between transmitter and receiver 465:During radio's first two decades, called the 9566: 9392:Joardar, Shubhendu; Claycomb, J. R. (2015). 9357: 8958: 8931:Moell, Joseph D.; Curlee, Thomas N. (1987). 8906:"An Introduction to Radio Direction Finding" 8563:Brodie, Bernard; Brodie, Fawn McKay (1973). 8562: 8078: 7840:"Microwave Relay Systems for Communications" 7703:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 45–47. 7619: 6889: 6679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6472: 6062: 5597: 5512: 5418:C-W and A-M Radio Transmitters and Receivers 4662:25th European Microwave Conference: Volume 2 4596:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4. 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4053:Emergency Position Indicating Rescue Beacons 4008:bands which propagate beyond the horizon as 3155:, that exchange computer data by radio with 1578: 10751:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 9419:Chapman, Rick; Gasparovic, Richard (2022). 8930: 8898: 8658: 8188: 8186: 7901:. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. 7763: 6255:Hoeg, Wolfgang; Lauterbach, Thomas (2004). 5988: 5475:Pogorel, Girard; Chaduc, Jean-Marc (2010). 5423: 5399:, American Radio Relay League, 1977, p. 368 5067:Antenna theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed 4864:Steuart, William Mott; et al. (1906). 4700: 2411:standard frequency and time signal services 1859:) of FM stations varies from 6–100 kW. 1616:. Most radios can receive both AM and FM. 630:to an electrical signal, which modulates a 11670: 11656: 11419: 11405: 10835: 10821: 10787: 9743: 9729: 9559: 9545: 9139: 9071: 8664: 8110:Communication Satellite Systems Technology 7769: 7625: 7221:. pp. 84–85 – via Google Books. 6356: 5994: 5964:Radio-electronic Transmission Fundamentals 5834: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5088: 3202:are exchanged between computer-controlled 3129:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 3044:connecting it to the Internet. The laptop 1751:FM broadcast transmitter of radio station 1612:. A broadcast radio receiver is called a 1555:from natural and artificial sources. The 755:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 556:in watts per square meter) decreases (see 398:, who proposed that a coupled oscillating 9358:Yeap, Kim Ho; Hirasawa, Kazuhiro (2020). 9145: 9077: 8876: 8590: 8388:. US National Weather Service, NOAA. 2020 8231: 7626:Lewis, Barry D.; Davis, Peter T. (2004). 6719: 6717: 6693: 6687: 6556: 6550: 6032:Handbook of Electromagnetic Compatibility 5365:Mobile Broadband: including WiMAX and LTE 5101: 4846:. New York: Maver Publishing Co. p. 4827:Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide 4589: 4576: 4499: – List of specific models of radios 4279:– a short-range handheld battery powered 3645:– In aviation, radar is the main tool of 2090:direct to subscribers' receivers using a 1827:so FM reception is limited by the visual 1819:between about 65 and 108 MHz in the 1722:– AM broadcasting is also allowed in the 410:. On 11 November 1886, German physicist 353:, by 1912 it began to promote the use of 11426: 9173: 9003: 8726: 8237: 8183: 8100: 8045:Russian Satellite Communications Company 7922: 7658: 7656: 7397: 7291: 7159: 7153: 6932:. National Public Radio, Weekend Edition 6386: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6097: 6095: 5920: 4327: 4266: 4202: 4094: 4034:EPIRB emergency locator beacon on a ship 4029: 3844: 3792: 3690: 3632: 3570: 3483: 3399: 3315: 3227: 3136: 3028: 2867: 2812: 2755: 2688: 2109:. Satellite radio uses the 2.3 GHz 2099:direct broadcast communication satellite 2069: 1884: 1779:AM/FM boombox radio with FM whip antenna 898: 645: 621: 25: 9453:Pampaloni, Paulo; Paloscia, S. (2000). 9179: 9009: 8980: 8864:. International Cospas-Sarsat Programme 8771: 8732: 8596: 8502: 8382:"Using and Understanding Doppler Radar" 8192: 8106: 7854: 7729: 7690: 7320:Aeronautical Frequency Committee Manual 7092: 6950: 6944: 6751: 6662: 6522: 5960: 5954: 5926: 5808:"FCC Basics of Unlicensed Transmitters" 5805: 5761:. International Telecommunication Union 5756:"ARTICLE 19 Identification of stations" 5571: 5324: 5303: 5063: 5057: 4953:"Interference with Wireless Messages", 4899: 4888:https://earlyradiohistory.us/sec022.htm 4863: 4857: 4824: 4710:Belrose, John S. (5–7 September 1995). 4709: 4111:(RDF receivers) to determine the exact 3695:Rotating marine radar antenna on a ship 3087:in a home or office together, and to a 2235:A modern flatscreen television receiver 2074:Volkswagen's RNS-510 receiver supports 1442:general radiotelephone operator license 16:Use of radio waves to carry information 12283:Promotion and marketing communications 12255: 9750: 9209:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 9037: 8986: 8786:. Boldmethod -Digital Aviation Content 8749: 8508: 8434: 8284: 8052: 7983: 7928: 7860: 7735: 7696: 7599: 7546: 7337:"Aviation Radio Bands and Frequencies" 7266:U.S. Fire Administration (June 2016). 7212: 7034: 7008: 6783: 6777: 6723: 6714: 6594: 6588: 6557:Enticknap, Leo Douglas Graham (2005). 6528: 6508:Satellite S‑band radio frequency table 6316: 6181:. University of North Carolina Press. 5899: 5893: 5865:Handbook of Geophysics and Archaeology 5861: 5855: 5128: 5122: 5030: 4564:. PCMagazine website, Ziff-Davis. 2018 4401: 3507:used for telecommunications travel by 3488:Communications satellite belonging to 3414:This is radio communication between a 3395: 3111:. Each device exchanges data using a 2817:Firefighter using modern walkie-talkie 1684:, between 148 and 283 kHz in the 1091: 617: 418:. Experiments by Hertz and physicists 11651: 11400: 11213: 10816: 9724: 9540: 9484: 9276: 9182:"A Guide to the Home Electric System" 9043: 8440: 8400: 8290: 8166: 7989: 7653: 7466: 7460: 7339:. Smeter network 2011. Archived from 7329: 7234:"Wirecutter: The Best Cordless Phone" 7160:Chandler, Nathan (13 February 2013). 6628: 6622: 6357:Bortzfield, Bill (27 November 2017). 6288: 6225: 6219: 6129: 6101: 6092: 6028: 6022: 5828: 5710: 5559:from the original on 3 September 2022 5527:from the original on 3 September 2022 5450:from the original on 11 February 2017 5356: 5286: 5009: 5003: 4839: 4833: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4140:(maxima). More modern receivers use 3957:transmits a return signal. From the 2978: 2650:5G millimeter wave antenna, Germany 2404: 2363:direct-broadcast satellite television 1427:International Telecommunication Union 198:International Telecommunication Union 10797: 9398:. Mercury Learning and Information. 9078:Pinkerton, Alasdair (15 June 2019). 8832:"How does an emergency beacon work?" 8824: 8468: 8406: 8374: 8258: 8010: 7831: 7662: 7573: 7467:Brain, Marshall (11 February 2021). 7378: 7046:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks 6854:"standard frequency and time signal" 6851: 6845: 6817: 6811: 6656: 6452:National Association of Broadcasters 6140: 5799: 5773: 5748: 5681: 5328:Radio Frequency Modulation Made Easy 4795: 4550: 4487:Electromagnetic radiation and health 3556:mounted on the outside of buildings. 3013:), audio, and video content (called 2709:through a radio link to an orbiting 1855:than AM. In the US, radiated power ( 1429:(ITU), which allocates bands in the 8798: 8757:"2008 Federal Radionavigation Plan" 8474: 8386:US National Weather Service website 7842:. Electronic Industries Association 7231: 6922: 6529:Bonsor, Kevin (26 September 2001). 6425:from the original on 20 August 2017 5995:Pizzi, Skip; Jones, Graham (2014). 5900:Bonsor, Kevin (26 September 2001). 5835:Pizzi, Skip; Jones, Graham (2014). 5698:. USDepartment of Homeland Security 5367:. Springer Science+Business Media. 5287:Brain, Marshall (7 December 2000). 5263:from the original on 18 August 2022 4752:from the original on 1 January 2022 3801:with its GPS navigation app in use. 3442:, and at microwave frequencies the 13: 11214: 8987:Layton, Julia (10 November 2005). 8777: 8759:. U.S. Department of Defense. 2009 8358:Bhattacharjee, Shilavadra (2021). 7469:"Radio basics: Real life examples" 7180: 7014: 6387:Hadfield, Marty (15 August 2016). 6289:Revel, Timothy (10 January 2017). 4656:Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K. (1995) " 4610: 4520: 4271:Remote keyless entry fob for a car 3921:system consisting of fixed ground 3831:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System 3807:Global Navigation Satellite System 3173:transmission, in which successive 2805:. Modern digital systems, called 1995:modified discrete cosine transform 1630:1100 W AM broadcasting transmitter 1501:Radio spectrum § Applications 674:representing moving images from a 14: 12304: 11677: 9516: 9337:Federal Communications Commission 9013:Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems 8858:"What is a Cospas-Sarsat Beacon?" 8018:"Naval Research Reviews, Vol. 27" 7717:from the original on 24 June 2021 7574:Bell, Dee Ana (1 November 2012). 7401:A Boater's Guide to VHF and GMDSS 7292:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). 7098: 6821:The Digital Satellite TV Handbook 5815:Federal Communications Commission 5785:Federal Communications Commission 5579:"Radio Regulations, 2016 Edition" 5513:Norberg, Bob (27 November 2022). 5043:. Cengage Learning. p. 714. 4991:from the original on 31 July 2023 4981:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909" 4922:. 25 February 1898. p. 174. 4746:Federal Communications Commission 4635:from the original on 14 July 2022 4629:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 4436:Very Long Baseline Interferometry 4335:, a popular remote-controlled toy 4192: 4085:organizations, which perform the 3171:frequency-hopping spread spectrum 2768:– short-range mobile or portable 2301:on top of the TV, but viewers in 2223:A television broadcasting antenna 1928:A single DAB station transmits a 1481:Federal Communications Commission 832:by a loudspeaker or earphones, a 515:Harding-Cox presidential election 187:Harding-Cox presidential election 12166:Concentration of media ownership 11631: 11369: 10796: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10765: 10386:Free-space optical communication 9395:Radio Astronomy: An Introduction 9325: 9270: 9256: 9230: 9180:Wonning, Paul R. (12 May 2021). 8447:. Geological Society of London. 8213: 8032: 7990:White, Ryan (17 December 2021). 7929:Bonsor, Kevin (28 August 2001). 7593: 7567: 7540: 7522:"Best Baby Monitor Buying Guide" 7514: 7487: 7426: 7391: 7372: 7355: 7107:. MIT Sloan School of Management 6790:. Butterworth-Heinemann/Arnold. 6694:Lundstrom, Lars-Ingemar (2012). 6666:NAB Engineering Handbook, 6th Ed 6663:Bartlet, George W., Ed. (1975). 5806:Dichoso, Joe (October 9, 2007). 5233:from the original on 23 May 2016 5173:. Springer Nature. p. 535. 5064:Balanis, Constantine A. (2005). 4688:from the original on 8 June 2022 4471: 3779: 2637: 2628: 2599:networks use frequencies in the 2495: 2483: 2322: 2313: 2228: 2216: 2204: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1744: 1650: 1635: 1623: 77:(GHz). They are generated by an 8270:Air traffic control, technology 7742:. American Radio Relay League. 7381:"The Military VHF/UHF Spectrum" 7312: 7285: 7259: 7225: 7213:McComb, Gordon (October 1982). 7206: 7066: 6437: 6407: 6380: 6350: 6336: 6317:McLane, Paul (30 August 2021). 6310: 6282: 6202: 6071: 6056: 5636: 5625: 5539: 5506: 5411: 5402: 5389: 5245: 5215: 5190: 5160: 5132:Antenna Theory and Applications 5070:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 4973: 4960: 4947: 4930: 4911: 4893: 4818: 4789: 3655:Terminal Radar Approach Control 3526:frequency-division multiplexing 3405:Satellite Communications Center 3271:frequency-division multiplexing 2056:quadrature amplitude modulation 1508: 1494: 1076:(ultra-wideband) transmission, 513:featuring live coverage of the 264:. Up until about 1910 the term 216:is derived from the Latin word 11309:Error detection and correction 9529:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 8806:"Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)" 8735:"A Guide To Nav-Com Equipment" 8597:Sharp, Ian; Yu, Kegen (2018). 8330:. Artech/Horizon House. 2004. 8244:. CRC Press. pp. 3, 149. 8199:Encyclopædia Britannica online 7770:Hillebrand, Friedhelm (2010). 7600:Vernon, Tom (28 August 2021). 7298:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 503–504. 7132:. Cambridge University Press. 6232:Radio Fidelity online magazine 5961:Griffin, B. Whitfield (2000). 4764: 3326:Radio Frequency Identification 2124:Video: Television broadcasting 1475:. In the US, these fall under 735:) – in an FM transmitter, the 724:) – in an AM transmitter, the 1: 9010:Sadraey, Mohammad H. (2020). 8733:Deltour, B.V. (August 1960). 8201:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 7629:Wireless Networks For Dummies 5717:Mazar (Madjar), Haim (2016). 5102:Ellingson, Steven W. (2016). 4905:Electrical World and Engineer 4742:"History of Commercial Radio" 4590:Ellingson, Steven W. (2016). 4513: 4294:pseudorandom number generator 4150:– a widely used technique in 4042:– a portable battery powered 3917:(VOR) – a worldwide aircraft 3852:personal navigation assistant 2388:downlink signal to a rooftop 2248:over-the-air (OTA) television 1398: 1003:information-carrying capacity 520: 243:optical transmission system. 10772:Telecommunication portal 10553:Telecommunications equipment 9146:Boukerche, Azzedine (2008). 9081:Radio: Making Waves in Sound 8937:. McGraw Hill Professional. 8912:. defenceWeb. 8 January 2021 8569:. Indiana University Press. 8266:"Airport Surveillance Radar" 8238:Chernyak, Victor S. (1998). 8107:Marsten, Richard B. (2014). 6727:Video Electronics Technology 5967:. SciTech Publishing/Noble. 5657:10.1007/978-3-030-71051-4_18 3992:(ADF) receivers which use a 3951:distance measuring equipment 3673:secondary surveillance radar 3665:Secondary surveillance radar 3528:(FDM). On the satellite, a 2461:satellites and the Internet 2361:which receives subscription 2295:height above average terrain 894: 836:is converted to images by a 682:consisting of a sequence of 525:Radio waves are radiated by 278:aquatic and earth conduction 207: 7: 11382:Comparison of radio systems 10289:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 7162:"How Satellite Phones Work" 7074:"Cellular Telephone Basics" 6866:10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_18062 6531:"How satellite radio works" 6079:"Appendix C: Glossary" 6067:. Prentice-Hall. p. 6. 5902:"How Satellite Radio Works" 5223:"Electromagnetic Radiation" 5129:Visser, Hubregt J. (2012). 4840:Maver, William Jr. (1903). 4776:Online Etymology Dictionary 4464: 3059:wireless local area network 3037:module) and a typical home 2938:One-way voice communication 2469:Two-way voice communication 1645:antenna of AM radio station 1409:Radio communication service 1082:dynamic spectrum management 973:) just above and below the 10: 12309: 11355:International broadcasting 11324:FM extended band in Brazil 9993:Telecommunications history 9295:10.1177/001083677000500303 8989:"How Remote Controls Work" 8737:. Flying Magazine Aug 1960 8665:El-Rabbany, Ahmed (2002). 7697:Muller, Nathan J. (2002). 7232:Guy, Nick (13 July 2022). 7050:Cambridge University Press 6901:. Lighthouse Press. 2005. 6632:Newnes Guide to Digital TV 6088:. October 2005. p. 2. 5862:Witten, Alan Joel (2017). 5594:Article 2, Section 1, p.27 4957:, 22 June 1907, page 1270. 4829:. Artech House. p. 2. 4532:Oxford Living Dictionaries 4416:astronomical radio sources 4378: 4196: 3990:automatic direction finder 3783: 3755:Collision avoidance system 3735:– a radar set that uses a 3685:Electronic countermeasures 3643:Airport surveillance radar 3564: 3537:Direct broadcast satellite 3300:Electronic toll collection 3275:time-division multiplexing 2982: 2872:VHF marine radio on a ship 2472: 2367:direct broadcast satellite 2162:high-definition television 2127: 1897:Digital Audio Broadcasting 1843:, static), and has higher 1582: 1512: 1498: 1402: 777:bandwidth. It has higher 771:digital audio broadcasting 690:. In the transmitter, an 666:representing sound from a 489:electrolytic, and crystal 364: 360: 151:navigational radio beacons 113:, and other applications. 18: 12209: 12153: 12115: 12037: 11986: 11951: 11895: 11852: 11845: 11809: 11761: 11685: 11627: 11435: 11363: 11342: 11281: 11241: 11220: 11209: 11165: 11122: 11092: 11056: 11021: 11014: 10966: 10895: 10864: 10857: 10760: 10702: 10639: 10601:Public Switched Telephone 10561: 10525: 10482: 10423: 10413:telecommunication circuit 10374:Fiber-optic communication 10357: 10119:Francis Blake (telephone) 10066: 9914:Optical telecommunication 9758: 9661: 9615: 9597:Modulated continuous wave 9574: 8193:Skolnik, Merrill (2021). 7962:. John Wiley & Sons. 7776:. John Wiley & Sons. 7669:. John Wiley & Sons. 7632:. John Wiley & Sons. 7563:– via Google Books. 7475:. How Stuff Works website 6565:Columbia University Press 6261:. John Wiley & Sons. 6001:. CRC Press/Focal Press. 5927:Gosling, William (1998). 5373:10.1007/978-0-387-68192-4 5105:Radio Systems Engineering 4593:Radio Systems Engineering 4420:parabolic (dish) antennas 4226:satellite ground stations 4148:Animal migration tracking 4075:emergency locator beacons 4024:letters as an identifier. 3976:Global Positioning System 3915:VHF omnidirectional range 3867:Global Positioning System 3823:Global Positioning System 3757:– a short range radar or 3616:Parabolic (dish) antennas 3428:parabolic "dish" antennas 3424:satellite ground stations 3420:interplanetary spacecraft 3247:that transmits a beam of 2534:. The radio link may be 2357:Satellite television – a 2145:) signals occupy a wider 1917:electronic program guides 1579:Audio: Radio broadcasting 1568:line-of-sight propagation 1084:, frequency pooling, and 1059:digital signal processing 800:The modulated carrier is 274:electromagnetic induction 12242:Society of the Spectacle 10512:Orbital angular-momentum 9949:Satellite communications 9788:Communications satellite 9643:Morse code abbreviations 9568:International Morse code 9283:Cooperation and Conflict 8362:. Marine Insight website 8167:Brain, Marshall (2020). 8086:"UCS Satellite Database" 7736:Silver, H. Ward (2008). 6996:. InfoSpace Holdings LLC 6852:Weik, Martin H. (2000). 6763:. ProStar Publications. 6518:– via CSG Network. 6510:(Report). 15 August 2011 6483:DRM System Specification 6447:NAB Engineering Handbook 6141:Berg, Jerome S. (2008). 6029:Perez, Reinaldo (2013). 4825:Manning, Trevor (2009). 4040:Emergency locator beacon 3749:Ground-penetrating radar 3743:Synthetic aperture radar 3560: 3521:satellite ground station 2856:band or channels on the 2766:Land mobile radio system 2711:communications satellite 2291:effective radiated power 1983:audio compression format 1388:It can be seen that the 1100:arbitrarily divides the 977:frequency. The width in 564:, receiver sensitivity, 491:radio receiver detectors 305:included a reference to 291:, called it in French a 12123:Influence of mass media 11928:Narcotizing dysfunction 11334:Shortwave relay station 11233:Audio signal processing 10391:Molecular communication 10214:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 10043:Undersea telegraph line 9778:Cable protection system 9638:Prosigns for Morse code 8566:From Crossbow to H-bomb 8040:"Ground infrastructure" 6951:Frenzel, Louis (2017). 6629:Brice, Richard (2002). 6226:Baker, William (2020). 5325:Faruque, Saleh (2016). 5040:College Physics, 8th Ed 5010:Kraus, John D. (1988). 4936:"Wireless Telegraphy", 4918:"Wireless Telegraphy". 4801:Popular Science Monthly 4341:Radio-controlled models 4318:, modern openers use a 4249:Unmanned aerial vehicle 4105:Radio direction finding 4079:Doppler frequency shift 4020:consisting of one to 3 3986:radio direction finding 3939:omnidirectional antenna 3659:air traffic controllers 3497:Communication satellite 3366:(30 to 3 kHz) and 3356:Submarine communication 3281:Automated meter reading 3196:wireless ad-hoc network 2910:and are given a unique 2837:air traffic controllers 2719:omnidirectional antenna 2176:beginning in 2006, use 2135:Television broadcasting 2130:Television broadcasting 1889:"Roberts" radio for DAB 1767:FM broadcasting antenna 1696:following the terrain, 1033:A slow transition from 781:and more resistance to 574:omnidirectional antenna 568:level, and presence of 379:History of broadcasting 270:electrostatic induction 134:satellite communication 122:television broadcasting 44:Albuquerque, New Mexico 11784:Freedom of information 11228:Audio data compression 10533:Communication protocol 10319:Charles Sumner Tainter 10134:Walter Houser Brattain 10079:Edwin Howard Armstrong 9887:Information revolution 9710:Chinese telegraph code 8475:Jol, Harry M. (2008). 8407:Fenn, Alan J. (2007). 7861:Bailey, David (2003). 7666:Networking For Dummies 7398:Fletcher, Sue (2002). 6990:"How Cell Phones Work" 6784:Benoit, Herve (1999). 6102:Gupta, Rakesh (2021). 5363:Mustafa Ergen (2009). 5257:Physics Stack Exchange 5186:Extract of pp. 535–536 4920:The Practical Engineer 4797:Bell, Alexander Graham 4678:"1890s – 1930s: Radio" 4336: 4272: 4212: 4100: 4035: 3982:Non-directional beacon 3974:system that relies on 3860: 3802: 3696: 3638: 3580: 3577:air traffic controller 3492: 3411: 3321: 3236: 3142: 3093:wireless access points 3048: 2873: 2818: 2761: 2752:transmission standard. 2694: 2394:intermediate frequency 2342:mounted on a rooftop. 2244:Terrestrial television 2149:than broadcast radio ( 2079: 2076:Sirius Satellite Radio 2011:Digital Radio Mondiale 1999:audio data compression 1979:High-Definition Coding 1949:(174–240 MHz) or 1890: 1720:Shortwave broadcasting 1706:clear-channel stations 1592:means transmission of 1529:commercial advertising 954: 941:with the information ( 935: 765:networks, cellphones, 744:frequency-shift keying 651: 643: 390:in his 1873 theory of 303:The Practical Engineer 47: 21:Radio (disambiguation) 12171:Exploitation of women 11329:Multipath propagation 11152:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 11022:Frequency allocations 10897:Frequency allocations 10507:Polarization-division 10239:Narinder Singh Kapany 10204:Erna Schneider Hoover 10124:Jagadish Chandra Bose 10104:Alexander Graham Bell 9835:online video platform 9663:Other writing systems 9277:Varis, Tapio (1970). 9044:Smith, Craig (2016). 8705:. Enslow Publishing. 8291:Binns, Chris (2018). 6724:Ingram, Dave (1983). 6496:– via ETSI.org. 5202:www.sciencedirect.com 5137:John Wiley & Sons 4970:, MIT Press, pp. 5–10 4966:Sungook Hong (2001), 4938:The Electrical Review 4901:Collins, A. Frederick 4558:"Definition of radio" 4450:Microwave radiometers 4331: 4270: 4206: 4098: 4033: 3978:satellite navigation. 3848: 3796: 3694: 3636: 3574: 3487: 3403: 3319: 3285:electric power meters 3231: 3222:Short Message Service 3140: 3032: 2983:Further information: 2908:amateur radio license 2871: 2816: 2807:trunked radio systems 2759: 2692: 2654:Polish 5G smartphones 2560:cellular base station 2463:Network Time Protocol 2073: 1888: 1513:Further information: 1403:Further information: 1070:trunked radio systems 991:signal-to-noise ratio 936: 934:{\displaystyle f_{c}} 902: 692:electronic oscillator 649: 625: 590:besides radio waves, 588:electromagnetic waves 505:and others, allowing 420:Jagadish Chandra Bose 416:spark-gap transmitter 384:Electromagnetic waves 283:The French physicist 233:Alexander Graham Bell 167:keyless entry systems 63:electromagnetic waves 53:is the technology of 29: 11282:Technical (emission) 10349:Vladimir K. Zworykin 10309:Almon Brown Strowger 10279:Charles Grafton Page 9934:Prepaid mobile phone 9862:Electrical telegraph 9633:Morse code mnemonics 9582:Electrical telegraph 9575:Transmission methods 9333:"Jammer Enforcement" 8810:systemsinterface.com 8441:Teeuw, R.M. (2007). 8146:rfwireless-world.com 6563:. Wallflower Press ( 6458:. pp. 558–559. 6456:Taylor & Francis 6393:RBR + TVBR (rbr.com) 5395:Tony Dorbuck (ed.), 4942:Post Office Circular 4852:wireless telegraphy. 4803:. pp. 329–330. 4277:Keyless entry system 4234:consumer electronics 4156:conservation biology 4109:directional antennas 3501:artificial satellite 3387:, consisting of two 2920:slow-scan television 2256:television receivers 2252:broadcast television 1815:is permitted in the 1805:frequency modulation 1795:'s interface display 1670:amplitude modulation 1573:frequency modulation 1521:broadcasting station 1465:wireless microphones 1461:citizens band radios 918: 733:frequency modulation 722:amplitude modulation 495:amplitude modulation 485:radio transmitters, 460:Karl Ferdinand Braun 155:radio remote control 120:, used in radio and 12217:Advanced capitalism 11903:Cult of personality 11817:Advanced capitalism 10299:Johann Philipp Reis 10058:Wireless revolution 10020:The Telephone Cases 9877:Hydraulic telegraph 9673:American Morse code 9118:. Springer Nature. 9050:. No Starch Press. 8812:. Systems Interface 8527:1995SPIE.2463..239G 8148:. RF Wireless World 7931:"How E-ZPass Works" 7663:Lowe, Doug (2020). 7550:The Microphone Book 7343:on 12 February 2004 6818:Long, Mark (1999). 6595:Starks, M. (2013). 6210:Digital Radio Guide 5555:. 13 October 2005. 5333:Springer Publishing 5291:. HowStuffWorks.com 4748:. 23 October 2020. 4402:Scientific research 4174:(typically a small 4172:directional antenna 4160:wildlife management 4122:counterintelligence 4055:(EPIRBs) contain a 3994:directional antenna 3935:directional antenna 3927:very high frequency 3647:air traffic control 3396:Space communication 3320:RFID tag from a DVD 3077:video game consoles 3073:local area networks 3046:shows its own photo 2999:Wireless networking 2963:diversity reception 2959:Wireless microphone 2916:amateur radio bands 2841:air traffic control 2727:geostationary orbit 2713:instead of through 2662:5G cellular network 2139:television receiver 2015:spectral efficiency 1821:very high frequency 1604:began around 1920. 1564:very high frequency 1469:garage door openers 1420:air traffic control 1092:ITU frequency bands 1007:spectral efficiency 961:. The information ( 882:. It has a natural 779:spectral efficiency 696:alternating current 618:Radio communication 586:The other types of 578:directional antenna 481:the development of 396:Maxwell's equations 388:James Clerk Maxwell 266:wireless telegraphy 261:wireless telegraphy 163:garage door openers 130:wireless networking 118:radio communication 12273:Italian inventions 12268:British inventions 12138:Semiotic democracy 12062:Civil disobedience 11974:Media manipulation 11964:Crowd manipulation 11887:Tabloid journalism 11801:Media transparency 11779:Media independence 11693:24-hour news cycle 10497:Frequency-division 10474:Telephone exchange 10344:Charles Wheatstone 10274:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 10249:Innocenzo Manzetti 10184:Reginald Fessenden 9919:Optical telegraphy 9752:Telecommunications 9532:. Merriam-Webster. 9485:General references 9184:. Mossy Feet Books 9084:. Reaktion Books. 8113:. Academic Press. 7238:The New York Times 6415:"Receiving NRSC‑5" 6035:. Academic Press. 4337: 4304:Garage door opener 4292:system in which a 4273: 4253:aerial photography 4213: 4101: 4036: 3861: 3803: 3733:Phased-array radar 3697: 3669:radar transponders 3639: 3581: 3493: 3444:high-gain antennas 3412: 3358:– When submerged, 3322: 3237: 3233:Parabolic antennas 3191:– a long-distance 3143: 3049: 2979:Data communication 2874: 2819: 2762: 2737:landline telephone 2695: 2405:Time and frequency 2170:Digital television 2119:allocated for DAB. 2107:radios in vehicles 2080: 1967:in-band on-channel 1891: 1849:frequency response 1817:FM broadcast bands 1682:AM broadcast bands 1660:AM radio from 1964 1590:Radio broadcasting 1585:Radio broadcasting 1376:(0.3–3.0 THz) 1374:300–3,000 GHz 1043:digital modulation 955: 931: 884:resonant frequency 769:broadcasting, and 767:digital television 759:digital modulation 658:to a time-varying 652: 644: 558:Inverse-square law 503:Reginald Fessenden 501:to be achieved by 386:were predicted by 371:Invention of radio 347:wireless telegraph 307:the radiotelegraph 250:in 1886, the term 204:for various uses. 73:(Hz) and 300 61:. Radio waves are 48: 12250: 12249: 12176:Freedom of speech 11994:Theodor W. Adorno 11982: 11981: 11969:Managing the news 11789:Freedom of speech 11769:Media development 11733:News broadcasting 11713:Independent media 11698:Alternative media 11645: 11644: 11622: 11621: 11394: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11314:FM broadcast band 11221:Technical (audio) 11118: 11117: 11010: 11009: 10810: 10809: 10548:Store and forward 10543:Data transmission 10457:Network switching 10408:Transmission line 10254:Guglielmo Marconi 10219:Internet pioneers 10084:Mohamed M. Atalla 10053:Whistled language 9718: 9717: 8966:"Radio telemetry" 8862:cospas-sarsat.int 8780:"How A VOR Works" 8535:10.1117/12.212749 8171:. How Stuff Works 8169:"How radar works" 7935:howstuffworks.com 7700:Networking A to Z 7379:Van Horn, Larry. 7166:howstuffworks.com 7015:Lawson, Stephen. 5906:howstuffworks.com 5552:Financial Express 5289:"How Radio Works" 4367:Wireless doorbell 4228:. Most handheld 4087:search and rescue 4067:search and rescue 4049:search and rescue 4044:radio transmitter 3996:to determine the 3959:propagation delay 3667:– Aircraft carry 3381:umbrella antennas 3338:microchip implant 3067:) – based on the 2985:Data transmission 2707:telephone network 2683:cell base station 2556:telephone network 2449:. One use is in 2178:image compression 2155:Analog television 1698:AM radio stations 1491:before the sale. 1383: 1382: 1247: 1246: 1047:analog modulation 989:). For any given 698:oscillating at a 688:radio transmitter 660:electrical signal 562:radiation pattern 535:electric currents 452:Guglielmo Marconi 375:Timeline of radio 351:wireless telegram 178:Guglielmo Marconi 79:electronic device 12300: 12222:Culture industry 12191:Social influence 12144:The Lonely Crowd 12087:Political satire 12052:Call-out culture 12029:Jacques Rancière 12024:Marshall McLuhan 11999:Jean Baudrillard 11943:Viral phenomenon 11877:Public relations 11850: 11849: 11723:Mainstream media 11708:Electronic media 11672: 11665: 11658: 11649: 11648: 11638:Radio portal 11636: 11635: 11634: 11438: 11437: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11398: 11397: 11376:Radio portal 11374: 11373: 11372: 11350:History of radio 11294:AM expanded band 11211: 11210: 11094:Commercial radio 11019: 11018: 10862: 10861: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10814: 10813: 10800: 10799: 10790: 10789: 10780: 10779: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10641:Notable networks 10631:Wireless network 10571:Cellular network 10563:Types of network 10538:Computer network 10425:Network topology 10339:Thomas A. Watson 10194:Oliver Heaviside 10179:Philo Farnsworth 10154:Daniel Davis Jr. 10129:Charles Bourseul 10089:John Logie Baird 9798:Data compression 9793:Computer network 9745: 9738: 9731: 9722: 9721: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8991:. HowStuff Works 8984: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8910:defenceweb.co.za 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8778:Martin, Swayne. 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8671:. Artech House. 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8413:. Artech House. 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7937:. HowStuff Works 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7526:Consumer Reports 7518: 7512: 7511: 7499: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7385:Monitoring Times 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7192:tutorialsweb.com 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7105:mitsloan.mit.edu 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7080:on 17 April 2012 7070: 7064: 7063: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6678: 6670: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6138: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5604: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5472: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5322: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5099: 5086: 5085: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4955:Electrical World 4951: 4945: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4674: 4665: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4587: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4538:on 24 March 2019 4524: 4508:Radio quiet zone 4503:Outline of radio 4481: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4412:radio telescopes 4369:– A residential 4232:used to control 4152:wildlife biology 4126:espionage agents 3988:. Aircraft use 3919:radio navigation 3897:artillery shells 3825:(GPS), Russia's 3621:monostatic radar 3554:satellite dishes 3003:computer network 2641: 2632: 2499: 2487: 2326: 2317: 2303:fringe reception 2232: 2220: 2208: 2118: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1853:audio distortion 1788: 1776: 1764: 1748: 1690:medium frequency 1654: 1639: 1627: 1453:wireless devices 1405:Radio regulation 1379:1.0–0.1 mm 1255: 1254: 1111: 1110: 1051:data compression 940: 938: 937: 932: 930: 929: 757:) – a family of 634:produced by the 566:background noise 537:, consisting of 527:electric charges 392:electromagnetism 367:History of radio 342:Electrical World 324: 294:radio-conducteur 230: 222:Ernest Mercadier 103:radio navigation 85:connected to an 34:hosting various 12308: 12307: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12232:Media franchise 12205: 12149: 12111: 12067:Culture jamming 12033: 12019:Walter Lippmann 11978: 11947: 11891: 11841: 11805: 11796:Media pluralism 11757: 11681: 11676: 11646: 11641: 11632: 11630: 11623: 11618: 11615: 11614:300 MHz/1 m 11613: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11573: 11570: 11569:300 kHz/1 km 11568: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11528: 11525: 11524:300 Hz/1 Mm 11523: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11498: 11495: 11494:300 GHz/1 mm 11493: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11431: 11425: 11395: 11386: 11370: 11368: 11359: 11338: 11319:FM broadcasting 11289:AM broadcasting 11277: 11237: 11216: 11205: 11161: 11114: 11088: 11057:Digital systems 11052: 11037: 11006: 10967:Digital systems 10962: 10891: 10853: 10841: 10811: 10806: 10766: 10764: 10756: 10698: 10635: 10557: 10521: 10478: 10427: 10419: 10360: 10353: 10259:Robert Metcalfe 10114:Tim Berners-Lee 10062: 9882:Information Age 9754: 9749: 9719: 9714: 9683:Cyrillic script 9664: 9657: 9616:Notable signals 9611: 9592:Continuous wave 9570: 9565: 9522: 9519: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9275: 9271: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9187: 9185: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9144: 9140: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9110: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8985: 8981: 8971: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8889: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8789: 8787: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8731: 8727: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8663: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8595: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8507: 8503: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8191: 8184: 8174: 8172: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7988: 7984: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7711: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7661: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7528:. 24 April 2016 7520: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7473:How radio works 7465: 7461: 7446: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7412: 7396: 7392: 7377: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7230: 7226: 7219:Popular Science 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7194:. Tutorials Web 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7168:. HowStuffWorks 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7101:"5G, explained" 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6994:How Stuff Works 6986: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6421:. 9 June 2017. 6413: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6355: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6253: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6139: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6100: 6093: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5908:. HowStuffWorks 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5667: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5473: 5464: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5323: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5285: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5100: 5089: 5082: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4935: 4931: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4875: 4862: 4858: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4819: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4708: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4682:Elon University 4676: 4675: 4668: 4655: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4631:. 16 May 2022. 4623: 4622: 4611: 4604: 4588: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4428:liquid nitrogen 4408:Radio astronomy 4404: 4381: 4261:automatic pilot 4230:remote controls 4217:control signals 4201: 4195: 4083:first responder 3893:cruise missiles 3871:low Earth orbit 3788: 3782: 3723:radial velocity 3569: 3563: 3549: 3541:satellite radio 3474: 3467: 3398: 3260:weather balloon 3241:Microwave relay 3153:cellular modems 3089:wireless router 3039:wireless router 3033:A laptop (with 3015:streaming media 2995: 2981: 2940: 2931:radiotelegraphy 2778:first responder 2723:low Earth orbit 2699:Satellite phone 2678:millimeter wave 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2572:frequency reuse 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2477: 2471: 2407: 2382: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2335:DISH Network's 2329: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2132: 2126: 2114: 2084:Satellite radio 1933: 1930: 1929: 1903:rather than an 1813:FM broadcasting 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1678:AM broadcasting 1672:) – in AM, the 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1606:FM broadcasting 1602:AM broadcasting 1598:radio receivers 1587: 1581: 1533:satellite radio 1517: 1511: 1503: 1497: 1449:cordless phones 1411: 1401: 1386: 1375: 1366: 1356:30–300 GHz 1348: 1330: 1323:100–10 cm 1319: 1310: 1300:30–300 MHz 1292: 1274: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1228: 1218:30–300 kHz 1210: 1203:100–10 km 1192: 1184: 1179: 1170: 1162: 1150: 1143:10,000 km 1142: 1130: 1094: 1086:cognitive radio 1078:frequency reuse 1074:spread spectrum 925: 921: 919: 916: 915: 897: 878:, similar to a 748:digital signals 700:radio frequency 620: 550:signal strength 523: 483:continuous wave 467:radiotelegraphy 381: 363: 322: 311:radiotelegraphy 224: 210: 124:, cell phones, 69:between 3 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12306: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12288:Infrastructure 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12157: 12155: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12147: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12119: 12117: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12057:Cancel culture 12054: 12049: 12043: 12041: 12039:Counterculture 12035: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12004:Edward Bernays 12001: 11996: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11959:Catch and kill 11955: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11938:Sensationalism 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11862: 11856: 11854: 11847: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11827:Bipartisanship 11824: 11822:American Dream 11819: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11776: 11771: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11675: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11652: 11643: 11642: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11606: 11604: 11599:30 MHz/10 m 11591: 11589: 11576: 11574: 11561: 11559: 11554:30 kHz/10 km 11546: 11544: 11531: 11529: 11516: 11514: 11509:30 Hz/10 Mm 11501: 11499: 11486: 11484: 11479:30 GHz/10 mm 11471: 11469: 11456: 11454: 11441: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11428:Radio spectrum 11424: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11401: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11268:Kahn-Hazeltine 11265: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11215:Related topics 11207: 11206: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11172: 11170: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11099: 11097: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10950: 10932: 10922: 10912: 10901: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10873: 10871: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10794: 10784: 10774: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10712: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10645: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10567: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:Space-division 10488: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10429: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10329:Camille Tissot 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10304:Claude Shannon 10301: 10296: 10294:Tivadar Puskás 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10264:Antonio Meucci 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10234:Charles K. Kao 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10209:Harold Hopkins 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10109:Emile Berliner 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10048:Videotelephony 10045: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10023: 10016: 10011: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9951: 9946: 9944:Radiotelephone 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9830:Internet video 9822: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9748: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9725: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9680: 9678:Greek alphabet 9675: 9669: 9667: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9564: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9518: 9517:External links 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9465: 9445: 9432:978-1119669074 9431: 9411: 9405:978-1937585624 9404: 9384: 9371:978-1799823834 9370: 9350: 9339:. 3 March 2011 9324: 9289:(3): 168–184. 9269: 9255: 9229: 9216:978-3110691283 9215: 9195: 9172: 9159:978-0470396377 9158: 9138: 9125:978-3030253127 9124: 9104: 9091:978-1789140996 9090: 9070: 9057:978-1593277703 9056: 9036: 9023:978-1119508694 9022: 9002: 8979: 8957: 8944:978-0830627011 8943: 8923: 8897: 8875: 8849: 8823: 8797: 8784:boldmethod.com 8770: 8748: 8725: 8712:978-0766075184 8711: 8691: 8678:978-1580531832 8677: 8657: 8644:978-3319429281 8643: 8623: 8610:978-9811087912 8609: 8589: 8575: 8555: 8501: 8488:978-0080951843 8487: 8467: 8454:978-1862392298 8453: 8433: 8420:978-1596932739 8419: 8399: 8373: 8350: 8337:978-1580538985 8336: 8317: 8304:978-1119259541 8303: 8283: 8257: 8250: 8230: 8212: 8182: 8159: 8133: 8120:978-1483276816 8119: 8099: 8077: 8051: 8031: 8009: 7982: 7969:978-0470112243 7968: 7948: 7921: 7908:978-3847372219 7907: 7887: 7874:978-0080473895 7873: 7853: 7830: 7817:978-1317347927 7816: 7796: 7783:978-0470689936 7782: 7762: 7749:978-0872591356 7748: 7728: 7710:978-0071429139 7709: 7689: 7676:978-1119748670 7675: 7652: 7639:978-0764579776 7638: 7618: 7592: 7566: 7560:978-1136118067 7559: 7539: 7513: 7507:978-1926933481 7506: 7486: 7459: 7445:978-1625950628 7444: 7425: 7410: 7390: 7371: 7354: 7328: 7311: 7305:978-1851097326 7304: 7284: 7258: 7224: 7205: 7179: 7152: 7139:978-1107130098 7138: 7118: 7091: 7065: 7059:978-1107143210 7058: 7033: 7007: 6977: 6964:978-0128118795 6963: 6943: 6921: 6908:978-1577855361 6907: 6888: 6875:978-0792384250 6874: 6844: 6831:978-0750671712 6830: 6810: 6797:978-0340741085 6796: 6776: 6769: 6750: 6737:978-0830614745 6736: 6713: 6707:978-1136032820 6706: 6686: 6655: 6642:978-0750657211 6641: 6621: 6608:978-1137273345 6607: 6587: 6574:978-1904764069 6573: 6549: 6521: 6499: 6471: 6465:978-1136034107 6464: 6436: 6406: 6379: 6349: 6335: 6309: 6281: 6268:978-0470871423 6267: 6244: 6218: 6201: 6188:978-0807877555 6187: 6167: 6154:978-0786451982 6153: 6128: 6115:978-9390649808 6114: 6091: 6070: 6055: 6042:978-1483288970 6041: 6021: 6008:978-1317906834 6007: 5987: 5974:978-1884932137 5973: 5953: 5940:978-0750637411 5939: 5919: 5892: 5879:978-1351564588 5878: 5854: 5848:978-0415733397 5847: 5827: 5798: 5772: 5747: 5734:978-1118511794 5733: 5709: 5680: 5666:978-3030710507 5665: 5635: 5624: 5596: 5570: 5538: 5505: 5492:978-0470393529 5491: 5462: 5438:"Spectrum 101" 5422: 5410: 5401: 5388: 5382:978-0387681894 5381: 5355: 5342:978-3319412023 5341: 5302: 5274: 5244: 5214: 5189: 5180:978-9811552816 5179: 5159: 5146:978-1119990253 5145: 5121: 5115:978-1316785164 5114: 5087: 5081:978-1118585733 5080: 5056: 5050:978-0495386933 5049: 5029: 5022: 5002: 4985:NobelPrize.org 4972: 4959: 4946: 4929: 4910: 4907:. p. 811. 4892: 4873: 4856: 4832: 4817: 4788: 4763: 4730: 4699: 4666: 4646: 4609: 4603:978-1316785164 4602: 4575: 4549: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4497:List of radios 4494: 4492:Internet radio 4489: 4483: 4482: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4458:earth sciences 4442:Remote sensing 4439: 4403: 4400: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4364: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4265: 4264: 4238:infrared light 4197:Main article: 4194: 4193:Remote control 4191: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4025: 3979: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3843: 3842: 3835:European Union 3833:(BDS) and the 3784:Main article: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3762: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3712: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3627:bistatic radar 3605:Doppler effect 3593:speed of light 3565:Main article: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3534: 3472: 3465: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3385:ground dipoles 3353: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3297: 3253: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3186: 3160: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3113:wireless modem 3042:(on the right) 3027: 3026: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2956: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2904:Radio amateurs 2897: 2866: 2865: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2811: 2810: 2754: 2753: 2733:Cordless phone 2730: 2687: 2686: 2646: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2531:radiotelephony 2501: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473:Main article: 2470: 2467: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2390:satellite dish 2380: 2346:A residential 2331: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2299:dipole antenna 2234: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2190:radio spectrum 2128:Main article: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2097:signal from a 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1981:) proprietary 1977:with the HDC ( 1957: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1913:radio spectrum 1901:digital signal 1883: 1882: 1860: 1807:) – in FM the 1790: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1714: 1713: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1510: 1507: 1496: 1493: 1457:walkie-talkies 1431:radio spectrum 1400: 1397: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1367:high frequency 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1349:high frequency 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331:high frequency 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320:3,000 MHz 1316: 1313: 1311:high frequency 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293:high frequency 1287: 1286: 1285:100–10 m 1283: 1280: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238:3,000 kHz 1234: 1231: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1163:1,000 km 1159: 1158:30–300 Hz 1156: 1153: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1107: 1102:radio spectrum 1093: 1090: 1066:radio spectrum 1055:noise immunity 1023:radio spectrum 928: 924: 896: 893: 867:tuned circuits 848:, measured in 814:radio receiver 791: 790: 775:radio spectrum 751: 740: 729: 680:digital signal 619: 616: 522: 519: 499:radiotelephony 448:standing waves 412:Heinrich Hertz 404:magnetic field 400:electric field 362: 359: 328:The switch to 285:Édouard Branly 252:Hertzian waves 209: 206: 202:radio spectrum 174:Heinrich Hertz 126:two-way radios 111:remote sensing 107:remote control 95:radio receiver 36:radio antennas 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12305: 12294: 12293:Communication 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12278:Media formats 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12133:Mediatization 12131: 12129: 12128:Media studies 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12108: 12107:Strike action 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12072:Demonstration 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12036: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11838: 11837:Pensée unique 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11808: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11703:Digital media 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11679:Media culture 11673: 11668: 11666: 11661: 11659: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11640: 11639: 11626: 11617: 11616:3 GHz/100 mm 11612: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11597: 11596: 11590: 11587: 11584:3 MHz/100 m 11582: 11581: 11575: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11560: 11557: 11556:300 kHz/1 km 11552: 11551: 11545: 11542: 11541:30 kHz/10 km 11539:3 kHz/100 km 11537: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11526:3 kHz/100 km 11522: 11521: 11515: 11512: 11507: 11506: 11500: 11497: 11496:3 THz/0.1 mm 11492: 11491: 11485: 11482: 11481:300 GHz/1 mm 11477: 11476: 11470: 11467: 11466:30 GHz/10 mm 11464:3 GHz/100 mm 11462: 11461: 11455: 11452: 11449:3 Hz/100 Mm 11447: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11422: 11417: 11415: 11410: 11408: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11304:Digital radio 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10926: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10848:digital audio 10845: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10826: 10824: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10803: 10795: 10793: 10785: 10783: 10775: 10773: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10752: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10517:Code-division 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10502:Time-division 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428:and switching 10426: 10422: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10379:optical fiber 10377: 10376: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10369:Coaxial cable 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10284:Radia Perlman 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10174:Lee de Forest 10172: 10170: 10169:Thomas Edison 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10159:Donald Davies 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10144:Claude Chappe 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9988:Smoke signals 9986: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9966:Semiconductor 9964: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9825:Digital media 9823: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9734: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9700:Arabic script 9698: 9696: 9695:Hebrew script 9693: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9665:in Morse code 9660: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587:On–off keying 9585: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9550: 9548: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9520: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9468: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9449: 9434: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9388: 9373: 9367: 9364:. IG Global. 9363: 9362: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9265: 9259: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9199: 9183: 9176: 9161: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9108: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9074: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9040: 9025: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9006: 8990: 8983: 8967: 8961: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8927: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8885: 8879: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8729: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8695: 8680: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8661: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8627: 8612: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8593: 8578: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8490: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8471: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8437: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8361: 8354: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8321: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8287: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8200: 8196: 8189: 8187: 8170: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8087: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8019: 8013: 7997: 7996:navalpost.com 7993: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7891: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7857: 7841: 7834: 7819: 7813: 7810:. Routledge. 7809: 7808: 7800: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7751: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7657: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7581: 7580:TV Technology 7577: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7543: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7509: 7503: 7496: 7490: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7321: 7315: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7288: 7269: 7262: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7099:Brown, Sara. 7095: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7022: 7018: 7011: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6982: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6931: 6925: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6780: 6772: 6770:9781577858461 6766: 6762: 6761: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6730:. TAB Books. 6729: 6728: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6700:. CRC Press. 6699: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6659: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6553: 6538: 6537: 6536:HowStuffWorks 6532: 6525: 6509: 6503: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6440: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6298: 6297: 6296:New Scientist 6292: 6285: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6251: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6211: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6156: 6150: 6147:. McFarland. 6146: 6145: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5991: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5628: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5580: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5414: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5262: 5259:. July 2019. 5258: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4469: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4432:thermal noise 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4384:Radio jamming 4372: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4316:replay attack 4313: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286:replay attack 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4210: 4209:MQ-1 Predator 4207:US Air Force 4205: 4200: 4199:Radio control 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130:loop antennas 4127: 4123: 4118: 4117:triangulation 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063:Cospas-Sarsat 4061: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923:radio beacons 3920: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3862: 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343: 339: 338:Lee de Forest 335: 331: 326: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 228: 223: 219: 215: 205: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 157:devices like 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 55:communicating 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 28: 22: 12237:Post-Fordism 12227:Mass society 12196:Transparency 12142: 12009:Noam Chomsky 11987:Philosophers 11933:Recuperation 11918:Media circus 11908:Dumbing down 11774:Media policy 11748:Social media 11629: 11608: 11607: 11601:300 MHz/1 m 11593: 11592: 11586:30 MHz/10 m 11578: 11577: 11571:3 MHz/100 m 11563: 11562: 11548: 11547: 11533: 11532: 11518: 11517: 11511:300 Hz/1 Mm 11503: 11502: 11488: 11487: 11473: 11472: 11458: 11457: 11451:30 Hz/10 Mm 11443: 11442: 11367: 10865: 10851:broadcasting 10484:Multiplexing 10359:Transmission 10324:Nikola Tesla 10314:Henry Sutton 10269:Samuel Morse 10199:Robert Hooke 10164:Amos Dolbear 10099:John Bardeen 10018: 9998:Telautograph 9902:Mobile phone 9857:Edholm's law 9840:social media 9773:Broadcasting 9527: 9470:. 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