915:
816:
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979:(HPA) is that “...radio frequency (RF) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones". It also saw “...no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment". In October 2007, the HPA launched a new "systematic" study into the effects of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government, in order to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent period up to that time". Dr Michael Clark, of the HPA, says published research on mobile phones and
3052:
501:
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553:(GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.
3041:
761:(BS) cabinet. The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated closures and cables are required to have adequate strength, robustness, corrosion resistance, and resistance against wind, storms, icing, and other weather conditions. Requirements for individual components, such as hardware, cables, connectors, and closures, shall take into consideration the structure to which they are attached.
3072:
233:
422:(MANET), is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes and each node performs routing. Ad hoc networks can "self-heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power. Various network layer protocols are needed to realize ad hoc mobile networks, such as Distance Sequenced Distance Vector routing,
1698:
comparison, a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 percent of guideline levels. So a year sitting in a classroom near a wireless network is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a mobile. If WiFi should be taken out of schools, then the mobile phone network should be shut down, too—and FM radio and TV, as the strength of their signals is similar to that from WiFi in classrooms....
29:
344:
598:(GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial
687:
Space is another characteristic of wireless networking. Wireless networks offer many advantages when it comes to difficult-to-wire areas trying to communicate such as across a street or river, a warehouse on the other side of the premises or buildings that are physically separated but operate as one.
678:
technologies, which stand for the fourth and fifth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. As wireless networking has become commonplace, sophistication increases through configuration of network hardware and software, and greater capacity to send and receive larger amounts of data,
661:
Each standard varies in geographical range, thus making one standard more ideal than the next depending on what it is one is trying to accomplish with a wireless network. The performance of wireless networks satisfies a variety of applications such as voice and video. The use of this technology also
948:
The total network bandwidth depends on how dispersive the medium is (more dispersive medium generally has better total bandwidth because it minimises interference), how many frequencies are available, how noisy those frequencies are, how many aerials are used and whether a directional antenna is in
485:
used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic solar panels or wind systems
790:
of electromagnetic waves, preventing it from reaching the receiver, in other cases, particularly with metallic or conductive materials reflection occurs. This can cause dead zones where no reception is available. Aluminium foiled thermal isolation in modern homes can easily reduce indoor mobile
952:
Cellular wireless networks generally have good capacity, due to their use of directional aerials, and their ability to reuse radio channels in non-adjacent cells. Additionally, cells can be made very small using low power transmitters this is used in cities to give network capacity that scales
1697:
All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks. … When we have conducted measurements in schools, typical exposures from WiFi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation. As a
715:
for sharing printers, scanners, and high-speed
Internet connections. WLANs help save the cost of installation of cable mediums, save time from physical installation, and also creates mobility for devices connected to the network. Wireless networks are simple and require as few as one single
574:
Private LTE/5G networks use licensed, shared or unlicensed wireless spectrum thanks to LTE or 5G cellular network base stations, small cells and other radio access network (RAN) infrastructure to transmit voice and data to edge devices (smartphones, embedded modules, routers and gateways.
469:
are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighbouring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public
Internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually
244:– Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart.
652:. These standards differ in their specified signaling methods, geographic ranges, and frequency usages, among other things. Such differences can make certain technologies better suited to home networks and others better suited to network larger organizations."
277:– Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area.
56:
and business installations to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using
778:. This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio waves that are within, or close, to the radio bands used for communication. Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail.
266:
use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next
736:(NEs). These NEs can be stand-alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single manufacturer or are assembled by the service provider (user) or system integrator with parts from several different manufacturers.
630:
such as the police utilize wireless networks to communicate effectively as well. Individuals and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data rapidly, whether it be in a small office building or across the world.
535:, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
936:
techniques, where multiple aerials or multiple frequencies can exploit multiple paths to the receiver to achieve much higher throughput – by a factor of the product of the frequency and aerial diversity at each end.
819:
In a hidden node problem
Station A can communicate with Station B. Station C can also communicate with Station B. However, Stations A and C cannot communicate with each other, but their signals can interfere at
648:"Now, the industry accepts a handful of different wireless technologies. Each wireless technology is defined by a standard that describes unique functions at both the Physical and the Data Link layers of the
679:
faster, is achieved. Now the wireless network has been running on LTE, which is a 4G mobile communication standard. Users of an LTE network should have data speeds that are 10x faster than a 3G network.
622:
Some examples of usage include cellular phones which are part of everyday wireless networks, allowing easy personal communications. Another example, Intercontinental network systems, use radio
578:
3GPP defines 5G private networks as non-public networks that typically employ a smaller-scale deployment to meet an organization's needs for reliability, accessibility, and maintainability.
1552:
Testbeds and
Research Infrastructures, Development of Networks and Communities: 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010, Revised Selected Papers
355:(WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for internet access. The use of
176:(lateral diffused MOS) devices led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks by the 1990s, with further advances in MOSFET technology leading to increasing
1980:
565:: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.
803:
two or more different routes taken by the signal, due to reflections, can cause the signal to cancel out each other at certain locations, and to be stronger in other places (
327:
also supports WPAN applications. Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices.
1784:
Lenzini, L.; Luise, M.; Reggiannini, R. (June 2001). "CRDA: A Collision
Resolution and Dynamic Allocation MAC Protocol to Integrate Date and Voice in Wireless Networks".
586:
Open source private networks are based on a collaborative, community-driven software that relies on peer review and production to use, modify and share the source code.
691:
Space is also created in homes as a result of eliminating clutters of wiring. This technology allows for an alternative to installing physical network mediums such as
528:. In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference.
750:
Reliable wireless service depends on the network elements at the physical layer to be protected against all operational environments and applications (see GR-3171,
1301:
2316:
1554:. 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010. Vol. 46. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 302.
531:
When joined these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones,
688:
Wireless networks allow for users to designate a certain space which the network will be able to communicate with other devices through that network.
559:(PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
1786:
1393:
260:
35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
1327:
883:
networks) are not their capacity, but shared with all other users and thus the individual user rate is far lower. With increasing demand, the
3024:
2996:
2991:
2016:
922:. Using multiple antennas and transmitting in different frequency channels can reduce fading, and can greatly increase the system capacity.
610:
Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft, usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA's
929:
can describe the maximum data rate of any single wireless link, which relates to the bandwidth in hertz and to the noise on the channel.
1528:
1716:
Wireless
Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure
550:
1573:
Central
Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) controls the channels to be set on the system, based on the regulations of each country.
3018:
962:
909:
787:
1654:
394:
paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link. To connect to
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379:
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97:
in 1969 at the
University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network was the
1305:
967:
Wireless access points are also often close to humans, but the drop off in power over distance is fast, following the
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1908:
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1851:
1832:
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1755:
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technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.
315:(WPANs) connect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach. For example, both
1680:
1071:
791:
signals by 10 dB frequently leading to complaints about the bad reception of long-distance rural cell signals.
2659:
2207:
2009:
1628:
289:
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556:
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becomes complex with multiple participating users. Often users are not aware that advertised numbers (e.g., for
2765:
1012:
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740:
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3065:
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2723:
2266:
2061:
2033:
1037:
775:
3055:
2562:
2002:
1795:
1585:
Foster, Kenneth R (March 2007). "Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi-Fi technology".
423:
352:
516:
is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location
2914:
2836:
2775:
2482:
1397:
1263:
1002:
884:
53:
871:
The wireless spectrum is a limited resource and shared by all nodes in the range of its transmitters.
2686:
2647:
2492:
2392:
2321:
2254:
2081:
443:
391:
294:
248:
201:
1503:
914:
644:
In a general sense, wireless networks offer a vast variety of uses by both business and home users.
184:). Most of the essential elements of wireless networks are built from MOSFETs, including the mobile
61:. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.
3045:
2287:
2222:
2175:
2135:
1658:
1632:
1475:
976:
856:
732:
The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many interconnected wireline
1287:
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2487:
2165:
2051:
2046:
1349:
880:
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482:
427:
1093:
739:
Wireless NEs are the products and devices used by a wireless carrier to provide support for the
2806:
2592:
2407:
2352:
2347:
2160:
2125:
1529:"Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria"
980:
474:
431:
1188:
335:"virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.
2708:
2512:
2477:
2397:
2377:
2299:
2187:
2108:
1985:
1032:
997:
837:
833:
752:
Generic
Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria
717:
419:
415:
312:
177:
2041:
1257:
2622:
2582:
2552:
2309:
2244:
2066:
1350:"Connected dominating sets in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks – A comprehensive survey"
1027:
1017:
926:
872:
257:
252:– Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's
940:
Under Linux, the
Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) controls the setting of channels.
8:
2632:
2572:
2331:
2293:
2091:
2076:
836:(AP), but not from other nodes communicating with that AP. This leads to difficulties in
825:
595:
144:
58:
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2547:
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2025:
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65:
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1948:
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1125:
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892:
829:
627:
209:
154:
2567:
1614:
1550:. In Thomas Magedanz; Athanasius Gavras; Huu Thanh Nguyen; Jeffrey S. Chase (eds.).
757:
What are especially important are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the
382:
links between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated
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2844:
2811:
2740:
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2612:
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992:
888:
800:
543:
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41:
347:
Wireless LANs are often used for connecting to local resources and to the Internet
281:
defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as
2532:
2387:
2155:
2130:
2118:
1975:
1547:
1365:
1152:
891:(UIL) may be an alternative solution to ever upgrading to newer technologies for
733:
403:
356:
272:
181:
162:
102:
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2537:
2507:
2382:
2217:
2170:
2145:
2103:
1714:
1234:
972:
478:
375:
236:
Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links, e.g. WLANs
815:
3090:
2879:
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2557:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2417:
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2098:
1970:
1811:
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1007:
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611:
22:
1379:
2757:
2597:
2542:
2472:
2437:
2372:
2271:
2261:
2113:
1606:
1328:"Wi-Fi Personal Area Networks get a boost with Windows 7 and Intel My WiFi"
848:
758:
700:
692:
599:
525:
466:
189:
169:
49:
1419:
504:
Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, for four frequencies (F1-F4)
2957:
2607:
2517:
2502:
2462:
2422:
2281:
876:
517:
454:
387:
367:
278:
185:
1548:"Towards Maximising Wireless Testbed Utilization Using Spectrum Slicing"
1348:
Yu, Jiguo; Wang, Nannan; Wang, Guanghui; Yu, Dongxiao (1 January 2013).
297:
is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.
153:(MOS transistor) wireless technology enabled the development of digital
2962:
2669:
2367:
2276:
2232:
2202:
2180:
1259:
Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension
774:
Compared to wired systems, wireless networks are frequently subject to
711:
For homeowners, wireless technology is an effective option compared to
539:
253:
205:
1945:
Networking Fundamentals – Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications
1803:
1655:"Health Protection Agency announces further research into use of WiFi"
538:
Although originally intended for cell phones, with the development of
93:
The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand
2947:
2412:
2227:
1994:
1194:
649:
623:
521:
383:
332:
316:
77:
1380:"Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Future of Wireless Broadband""
446:
are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs.
2942:
2932:
2849:
2674:
2497:
712:
320:
293:
uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases,
232:
94:
45:
500:
2937:
2922:
2140:
1221:
O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS".
323:
light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop.
158:
98:
1120:
Miao, Guowang; Zander, Jens; Sung, Ki Won; Slimane, Ben (2016).
21:
For radio broadcast affiliations and two-way radio systems, see
2967:
2927:
2249:
1989:
804:
562:
324:
150:
120:
73:
2952:
2889:
2197:
546:
routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:
532:
450:
395:
371:
328:
282:
173:
124:
76:
networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial
2894:
1545:
933:
919:
859:
is when a node on one network is unable to send because of
360:
165:
131:
69:
1058:"A New Clusterings Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks"
1783:
1722:(2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425.
675:
671:
667:
663:
481:
on the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz band, rather than
221:
217:
213:
113:
28:
343:
256:. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in
1942:
1841:
1119:
1844:
Principles of Wireless Networks – a Unified Approach
1190:
5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies
949:use, whether nodes employ power control and so on.
932:One can greatly increase channel capacity by using
398:using a mobile device, one can use a device like a
1917:
1820:
1094:"Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"
453:is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the
1943:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2009).
1842:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002).
1546:Anadiotis, Angelos-Christos; et al. (2010).
3088:
1863:Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
1787:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
1726:
843:
1420:"Mobile Broadband Wireless connections (MBWA)"
1256:Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016).
16:Computer network not fully connected by cables
2010:
1216:
1214:
301:
1898:
1647:
1347:
1255:
1223:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
863:from a node that is on a different network.
781:
727:
3025:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1727:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Levesque, Allen H (1995).
1446:
1220:
910:Channel capacity in wireless communications
414:A wireless ad hoc network, also known as a
3061:
2017:
2003:
1578:
1451:(5th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
1249:
1211:
983:does not add up to an indictment of WiFi.
866:
569:
409:
1860:
1764:
1498:
1496:
720:connected directly to the Internet via a
1979:) is being considered for deletion. See
1521:
1470:
1468:
1143:
1141:
1115:
1113:
1111:
913:
847:
814:
662:gives room for expansions, such as from
499:
342:
231:
138:
27:
1818:
1678:
1621:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1396:. GSM Association. 2010. Archived from
828:occurs in some types of network when a
551:Global System for Mobile Communications
3089:
2024:
1901:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication
1899:Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005).
1879:
1584:
1493:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1147:
963:Wireless electronic devices and health
918:Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and
810:
589:
370:WLAN standards are marketed under the
64:Examples of wireless networks include
1998:
1745:
1465:
1138:
1108:
1072:"Overview of Wireless Communications"
406:capability of another mobile device.
3071:
1433:
1186:
1122:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks
88:
70:wireless local area networks (WLANs)
52:. Wireless networking allows homes,
1679:Daniels, Nicki (11 December 2006).
1508:Wireless Center commercial web site
1175:
887:is more and more likely to happen.
794:
489:
13:
1707:
1302:"Wireless Network Industry Report"
953:linearly with population density.
626:to communicate across the world.
14:
3108:
1983:to help reach a consensus. ›
1962:
1918:Kostas Pentikousis (March 2005).
1599:10.1097/01.HP.0000248117.74843.34
486:they can be stand alone systems.
227:
3070:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3039:
2660:Free-space optical communication
605:
290:Free-space optical communication
1882:The Wireless Internet Explained
1672:
1539:
1412:
1386:
1372:
1341:
1320:
1294:
769:
764:
703:, which can also be expensive.
557:Personal Communications Service
461:
437:
338:
306:
1903:. Cambridge University Press.
1769:. Cambridge University Press.
1681:"Wi-fi: should we be worried?"
1280:
1124:. Cambridge University Press.
1086:
1064:
1050:
1013:Wireless LAN client comparison
656:
581:
1:
1968:
1729:Wireless Information Networks
1043:
844:Exposed terminal node problem
634:
101:product family, developed by
3046:Telecommunication portal
2827:Telecommunications equipment
1861:Rappaport, Theodore (2002).
1366:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.10.005
1038:Wireless mobility management
776:electromagnetic interference
7:
2563:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1796:IEEE Communications Society
1476:"Wireless LAN Technologies"
986:
898:
544:cellular telephone networks
467:Wireless wide area networks
424:Associativity-Based Routing
353:wireless local area network
54:telecommunications networks
10:
3113:
2267:Telecommunications history
1765:Goldsmith, Andrea (2005).
1449:Network+ Guide to Networks
1264:Cambridge University Press
1235:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694
1003:Wireless community network
960:
943:
907:
903:
639:
493:
444:metropolitan area networks
302:Types of wireless networks
202:telecommunication circuits
142:
83:
20:
3034:
2976:
2913:
2875:Public Switched Telephone
2835:
2799:
2756:
2697:
2687:telecommunication circuit
2648:Fiber-optic communication
2631:
2393:Francis Blake (telephone)
2340:
2188:Optical telecommunication
2032:
1924:Internet Protocol Journal
1819:Molisch, Andreas (2005).
1731:. John Wiley & Sons.
956:
782:Absorption and reflection
728:Wireless network elements
295:line-of-sight propagation
249:Communications satellites
48:data connections between
2786:Orbital angular-momentum
2223:Satellite communications
2062:Communications satellite
1981:templates for discussion
1920:"Wireless Data Networks"
1659:Health Protection Agency
1633:Health Protection Agency
1154:Silicon RF Power MOSFETS
977:Health Protection Agency
857:exposed terminal problem
682:
483:omnidirectional antennas
264:Cellular and PCS systems
127:" protocol first release
2665:Molecular communication
2488:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2317:Undersea telegraph line
2052:Cable protection system
1823:Wireless Communications
1767:Wireless Communications
1354:Computer Communications
867:Shared resource problem
861:co-channel interference
745:mobile switching center
706:
617:
570:Private LTE/5G networks
428:distance-vector routing
410:Wireless ad hoc network
157:. The wide adoption of
2807:Communication protocol
2593:Charles Sumner Tainter
2408:Walter Houser Brattain
2353:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2161:Information revolution
1394:"GSM World statistics"
971:. The position of the
923:
852:
821:
654:
505:
432:Dynamic Source Routing
378:technology implements
348:
313:personal area networks
237:
212:, in networks such as
33:
2781:Polarization-division
2513:Narinder Singh Kapany
2478:Erna Schneider Hoover
2398:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2378:Alexander Graham Bell
2109:online video platform
1880:Rhoton, John (2001).
1033:Wireless mesh network
998:Wireless access point
917:
851:
838:medium access control
834:wireless access point
818:
786:Some materials cause
743:network as well as a
718:wireless access point
646:
503:
420:mobile ad hoc network
416:wireless mesh network
346:
242:Terrestrial microwave
235:
139:Underlying technology
109:1973 – Ethernet 802.3
31:
2623:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2583:Almon Brown Strowger
2553:Charles Grafton Page
2208:Prepaid mobile phone
2136:Electrical telegraph
1827:. Wiley-IEEE Press.
1480:Source Daddy website
1447:Dean Tamara (2010).
1288:"Will 5G kill human"
1197:. pp. 128–134.
1028:Optical mesh network
1018:Wireless site survey
873:Bandwidth allocation
319:radio and invisible
258:geosynchronous orbit
3097:Wireless networking
2573:Johann Philipp Reis
2332:Wireless revolution
2294:The Telephone Cases
2151:Hydraulic telegraph
1746:Geier, Jim (2001).
1187:Asif, Saad (2018).
826:hidden node problem
811:Hidden node problem
596:global area network
590:Global area network
426:, Ad hoc on-demand
366:Products using the
198:RF power amplifiers
145:Wireless revolution
66:cell phone networks
59:radio communication
2771:Frequency-division
2748:Telephone exchange
2618:Charles Wheatstone
2548:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2523:Innocenzo Manzetti
2458:Reginald Fessenden
2193:Optical telegraphy
2026:Telecommunications
1308:on 29 October 2008
1023:Network simulation
969:inverse-square law
924:
853:
832:is visible from a
822:
628:Emergency services
506:
349:
238:
210:radio transceivers
116:cell phone network
34:
3084:
3083:
2822:Store and forward
2817:Data transmission
2731:Network switching
2682:Transmission line
2528:Guglielmo Marconi
2493:Internet pioneers
2358:Mohamed M. Atalla
2327:Whistled language
1954:978-0-470-99290-6
1884:. Digital Press.
1865:. Prentice Hall.
1846:. Prentice Hall.
1804:10.1109/49.926371
1635:. 26 October 2009
1458:978-1-4239-0245-4
1149:Baliga, B. Jayant
927:Shannon's theorem
893:over-provisioning
155:wireless networks
89:Wireless networks
3104:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3042:
2915:Notable networks
2905:Wireless network
2845:Cellular network
2837:Types of network
2812:Computer network
2699:Network topology
2613:Thomas A. Watson
2468:Oliver Heaviside
2453:Philo Farnsworth
2428:Daniel Davis Jr.
2403:Charles Bourseul
2363:John Logie Baird
2072:Data compression
2067:Computer network
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1958:
1939:
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1369:
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1334:
1324:
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1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1159:World Scientific
1145:
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1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1054:
993:Rendezvous delay
889:User-in-the-loop
801:multipath fading
795:Multipath fading
734:network elements
510:cellular network
496:cellular network
490:Cellular network
479:parabolic dishes
42:computer network
38:wireless network
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3040:
3038:
3030:
2972:
2909:
2831:
2795:
2752:
2701:
2693:
2634:
2627:
2533:Robert Metcalfe
2388:Tim Berners-Lee
2336:
2156:Information Age
2028:
2023:
1984:
1965:
1955:
1933:
1931:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1854:
1835:
1777:
1758:
1739:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:Further reading
1705:
1704:
1690:
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1661:
1653:
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1648:
1638:
1636:
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1583:
1579:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1544:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1504:"WLAN Benefits"
1502:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1445:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1400:on 19 July 2011
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:. 20 June 2009.
1378:
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1118:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1074:. cambridge.org
1070:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1046:
989:
965:
959:
946:
912:
906:
901:
885:capacity crunch
869:
846:
813:
797:
784:
772:
767:
730:
709:
685:
659:
642:
637:
620:
608:
592:
584:
572:
498:
492:
475:microwave links
464:
440:
412:
404:private hotspot
400:wireless router
357:spread-spectrum
341:
309:
304:
273:spread spectrum
230:
163:radio frequency
147:
141:
91:
86:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3110:
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2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Space-division
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
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2678:
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2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:Camille Tissot
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Claude Shannon
2575:
2570:
2568:Tivadar Puskás
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Antonio Meucci
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Charles K. Kao
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Harold Hopkins
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Emile Berliner
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Videotelephony
2319:
2314:
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2290:
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2264:
2259:
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2247:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2218:Radiotelephone
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
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2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Internet video
2096:
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2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1964:
1963:External links
1961:
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1646:
1620:
1593:(3): 280–289.
1587:Health Physics
1577:
1560:
1538:
1520:
1492:
1464:
1457:
1432:
1411:
1385:
1371:
1360:(2): 121–134.
1340:
1319:
1293:
1279:
1272:
1248:
1210:
1203:
1174:
1167:
1137:
1131:978-1107143210
1130:
1107:
1096:. informit.com
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1005:
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973:United Kingdom
958:
955:
945:
942:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
900:
897:
868:
865:
845:
842:
840:(collisions).
812:
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514:mobile network
494:Main article:
491:
488:
472:point to point
463:
460:
459:
458:
439:
436:
411:
408:
380:point-to-point
376:Fixed wireless
340:
337:
331:"My WiFi" and
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
286:
268:
261:
245:
229:
228:Wireless links
226:
180:in the 2000s (
143:Main article:
140:
137:
136:
135:
130:1999 – 803.11
128:
117:
110:
90:
87:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3109:
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2810:
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2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2791:Code-division
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Time-division
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:and switching
2700:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:optical fiber
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Coaxial cable
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2624:
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2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
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2596:
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2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Radia Perlman
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
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2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
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2514:
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2504:
2501:
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2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Lee de Forest
2446:
2444:
2443:Thomas Edison
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Donald Davies
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Claude Chappe
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
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2374:
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2301:
2298:
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2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Smoke signals
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:Semiconductor
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
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2201:
2199:
2196:
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2191:
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2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
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2174:
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2159:
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2142:
2139:
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2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:Digital media
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
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2075:
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2073:
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2068:
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2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1910:0-521-84527-0
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1891:1-55558-257-5
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1872:0-13-042232-0
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:0-13-093003-2
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1834:0-470-84888-X
1830:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:: 1153–1163.
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1776:0-521-83716-2
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1757:0-672-32058-4
1753:
1749:
1748:Wireless LANs
1744:
1740:
1738:0-471-10607-0
1734:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1717:
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1711:
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1561:9783642178504
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1329:
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1307:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1273:9781107052406
1269:
1266:. p. 2.
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1204:9780429881343
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1168:9789812561213
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1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Wireless grid
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
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879:equipment or
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653:
651:
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632:
629:
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612:Space Network
606:Space network
603:
601:
600:wireless LANs
597:
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579:
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397:
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392:line of sight
389:
386:or modulated
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51:
50:network nodes
47:
43:
39:
32:Wireless icon
30:
24:
23:radio network
19:
2904:
2758:Multiplexing
2633:Transmission
2598:Nikola Tesla
2588:Henry Sutton
2543:Samuel Morse
2473:Robert Hooke
2438:Amos Dolbear
2373:John Bardeen
2292:
2272:Telautograph
2176:Mobile phone
2131:Edholm's law
2114:social media
2047:Broadcasting
1974:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1927:
1923:
1900:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1822:
1791:
1785:
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1696:
1691:16 September
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1684:
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1649:
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1623:
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1551:
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1511:. Retrieved
1507:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1448:
1423:. Retrieved
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1388:
1374:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1296:
1282:
1258:
1251:
1229:(1): 57–58.
1226:
1222:
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1153:
1121:
1098:. Retrieved
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1066:
1052:
966:
951:
947:
939:
931:
925:
870:
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823:
798:
785:
773:
770:Interference
765:Difficulties
759:base station
756:
751:
749:
738:
731:
710:
701:fiber-optics
690:
686:
660:
647:
643:
621:
609:
593:
585:
577:
573:
537:
530:
526:base station
513:
509:
507:
465:
462:Wireless WAN
441:
438:Wireless MAN
413:
374:brand name.
365:
350:
339:Wireless LAN
310:
307:Wireless PAN
288:
275:technologies
270:
263:
247:
241:
190:base station
186:transceivers
182:Edholm's law
170:power MOSFET
149:Advances in
148:
119:June 1997 –
92:
63:
37:
35:
18:
2958:NPL network
2670:Radio waves
2608:Alfred Vail
2518:Hedy Lamarr
2503:Dawon Kahng
2463:Elisha Gray
2423:Yogen Dalal
2348:Nasir Ahmed
2282:Teleprinter
2146:Heliographs
1969:‹ The
1639:27 December
1425:12 November
877:IEEE 802.11
657:Performance
582:Open Source
540:smartphones
518:transceiver
455:IEEE 802.16
390:beams over
388:laser light
368:IEEE 802.11
279:IEEE 802.11
206:RF circuits
134:integration
72:, wireless
3004:Antarctica
2963:Toasternet
2885:Television
2368:Paul Baran
2300:Television
2284:(teletype)
2277:Telegraphy
2255:transistor
2233:Phryctoria
2203:Photophone
2181:Smartphone
2171:Mass media
1100:8 February
1078:8 February
1044:References
961:See also:
788:absorption
635:Properties
624:satellites
271:Radio and
254:atmosphere
80:networks.
44:that uses
2988:Americas
2977:Locations
2948:Internet2
2709:Bandwidth
2413:Vint Cerf
2310:streaming
2288:Telephone
2228:Semaphore
2119:streaming
1947:. Wiley.
1934:29 August
1812:0733-8716
1685:The Times
1664:28 August
1513:29 August
1485:29 August
1243:1098-4232
1195:CRC Press
650:OSI model
522:cell site
457:standard.
442:Wireless
384:microwave
333:Windows 7
317:Bluetooth
311:Wireless
192:modules,
178:bandwidth
105:in 1986.
78:microwave
3091:Category
3056:Category
2943:Internet
2933:CYCLADES
2850:Ethernet
2800:Concepts
2724:terminal
2675:wireless
2498:Bob Kahn
2341:Pioneers
2166:Internet
2057:Cable TV
1986:Wireless
1971:template
1750:. Sams.
1687:. London
1615:22839684
1607:17293700
1533:Ericsson
1404:16 March
1333:27 April
1151:(2005).
987:See also
899:Capacity
741:backhaul
713:Ethernet
321:infrared
95:ALOHAnet
46:wireless
3076:Commons
3066:Outline
3019:Oceania
2938:FidoNet
2923:ARPANET
2736:circuit
2305:digital
2034:History
1973:below (
1567:19 July
944:Network
904:Channel
747:(MSC).
640:General
402:or the
194:routers
159:RF CMOS
112:1991 –
99:WaveLAN
84:History
3014:Europe
2984:Africa
2968:Usenet
2928:BITNET
2865:Mobile
2741:packet
2250:MOSFET
2245:device
2042:Beacon
1990:Curlie
1976:Curlie
1951:
1907:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1831:
1810:
1773:
1754:
1735:
1629:"WiFi"
1613:
1605:
1558:
1455:
1312:8 July
1270:
1241:
1201:
1165:
1128:
957:Safety
805:upfade
722:router
697:coaxes
563:D-AMPS
533:pagers
477:using
430:, and
325:Zigbee
220:, and
208:, and
151:MOSFET
121:802.11
74:sensor
2997:South
2992:North
2953:JANET
2890:Telex
2880:Radio
2719:Nodes
2714:Links
2635:media
2213:Radio
2198:Pager
2126:Drums
2092:video
2087:image
2077:audio
1794:(6).
1720:(PDF)
1611:S2CID
981:masts
699:, or
683:Space
670:and,
451:WiMAX
396:Wi-Fi
372:Wi-Fi
329:Intel
283:Wi-Fi
267:area.
174:LDMOS
125:Wi-Fi
40:is a
3009:Asia
2895:UUCP
2855:ISDN
1949:ISBN
1936:2011
1905:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1808:ISSN
1771:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1693:2007
1666:2008
1641:2009
1603:PMID
1569:2015
1556:ISBN
1515:2011
1487:2011
1453:ISBN
1427:2011
1406:2011
1335:2010
1314:2008
1268:ISBN
1239:ISSN
1199:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1102:2008
1080:2008
934:MIMO
920:MIMO
855:The
830:node
824:The
707:Home
674:and
618:Uses
361:OFDM
172:and
166:CMOS
132:VoIP
2900:WAN
2870:NGN
2860:LAN
2141:Fax
2082:DCT
1988:at
1930:(1)
1800:doi
1595:doi
1362:doi
1231:doi
975:'s
881:LTE
807:).
799:In
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693:TPs
666:to
524:or
512:or
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664:2G
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