Management - Knowledge

2620:, section leaders, forepersons, and team leaders. They focus on controlling and directing regular employees. They are usually responsible for assigning employees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring the quality and quantity of production and/or service, making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work, and channeling employee concerns that they cannot resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators. Low-level or "front-line" managers also act as role models for their employees. In some types of work, front-line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do, at least some of the time. For example, in some restaurants, the front-line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day. In general, line managers are considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's proper management despite performing traditional management functions. 2443:

managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the low level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of low-level managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or board chairman.

2953:. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available evidence. As with other evidence-based practice, this is based on the three principles of published peer-reviewed (often in management or social science journals) research evidence that bears on whether and why a particular management practice works; judgment and experience from contextual management practice, to understand the organization and interpersonal dynamics in a situation and determine the risks and benefits of available actions; and the preferences and values of those affected. 2587:, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the top management's objectives, defining and discussing information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly, inspiring and providing guidance to lower-level managers towards better performance. 7077: 1997: 2518:, and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources. Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders, the general public, and public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations. Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization, and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in 51: 7041: 6384: 2916:

working hours, better retraining, and innovative (and usually industry-specific) performance markers. Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques, better worker support, and more charismatic leadership styles. Human resources finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success (or failure) of management actions with employees.

7066: 5556: 3862: 1342: 2427: 7053: 5544: 1430:, who oversee the work of regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and provide direction on their work. Line managers often perform the managerial functions that are traditionally considered the core of management. Despite the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's management class. 3267:

grown to over one-third. Formal management education became standardized at colleges and universities. Colleges and universities capitalized on the needs of corporations by forming business schools and corporate placement departments. This shift toward formal business education marked the creation of a corporate elite in the US.

3652:. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In case of nonprofit management, one of the main functions is, keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and 2915:

While management trends can change fast, the long-term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry. Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater equality for minorities and women in the workplace, by offering increased flexibility in

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Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization, being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members. An operational manager may be well-thought-out by middle management or may be categorized as a non-management operator, liable to the

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is the guardian of roles, rules, and relationships; his or her style of management relies heavily on working according to the book. In the Weberian tradition, managers are necessary to coordinate the different roles that contribute to the production process and to mediate communication from the head

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of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This

2261:. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue). Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge. 2298:

outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment. From an individual's perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise

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At the turn of the twentieth century, the need for skilled and trained managers had become increasingly apparent. The demand occurred as personnel departments began to expand rapidly. In 1915, less than one in twenty manufacturing firms had a dedicated personnel department. By 1929 that number had

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duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day-to-day activities of the organization. However, this varies depending on the type (e.g., public versus private), size, and culture of the organization. These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and are typically

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Helpful skills of top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition, world economies, and politics. In addition, the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining (within the board's framework) the broad policies of the organization.

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Lupton's (1983: 17) notion that management is 'what managers do during their working hours', if valid, could only apply to descriptive conceptualizations of management, where 'management' is effectively synonymous with 'managing', and where 'managing' refers to an activity, or set of activities

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There is a difference between management and manipulation. The difference is thin If management is handling, then manipulation is skillful handling. In short, manipulation is skillful management. Manipulation is in essence leveraged management. It is an alive thing while management is a dead

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in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis, and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants, and/or professors in

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A common management structure of organizations includes three management levels: low-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Low-level managers manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products. Low-level

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Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century. As large corporations began to overshadow small family businesses the need for personnel management positions became more necessary. Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks,

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Executive management accomplishes the day-to-day details, including instructions for the preparation of department budgets, procedures, and schedules; appointment of middle-level executives such as department managers; coordination of departments; media and governmental relations; and

2851:(MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include 2740:(B.Com.). These typically comprise a four-year program designed to give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas. 4028:"Oikonomikos. Oder Xenophon vom Haus-Wesen, aus der Griechischen- in die Teutsche Sprache übersetzet von Barthold Henrich Brockes, dem jüngern. Mit einer Vorrede S.T. Herrn Jo. Alb. Fabricii ... Nebst den wenigen Stücken, die aus der Lateinischen Uebersetzung Ciceronis noch übrig" 4831:

In the army barracks, and in the mass co-ordination of men on the battlefield (epitomized by the military innovations of Prince Maurice of Orange and Nassau in the sixteenth century) are to be found the prototype of the regimentation of the factory – as both Marx and Weber

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office to the shop floor and back. This style of management assumes a world view in which the bureaucratic role is seen as separate from, and taking precedence over, other constructions of self (including the obligations of citizenship), at least for the working day.

3636:) has become both more common and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue and may occur more naturally than does a 3113:

advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.

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Good practices identified for managers include "walking the shop floor", and, especially for managers who are new in post, identifying and achieving some "quick wins" which demonstrate visible success in establishing appropriate objectives. Leadership writer

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Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in management; generally within their colleges of business, business schools, or faculty of management but also in other related departments.

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directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties, and median compensation was $ 212,512 in 2010. The board sets corporate strategy, makes major decisions such as major acquisitions, and hires, evaluates, and fires the top-level manager

3088:(1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution 2906:

in business administration, the Ph.D. in management, and the Ph.D. in political science with a concentration in public administration. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management were available with many specializations.

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Mary Parker Follett, the 'prophet of management' reputedly defined management as the 'art of getting things done through people.' Whether or not she said it, Follett describes the attributes of dynamic management as being coactive rather than

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of an organization. They set the strategic goals and policy of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who provide direction to middle

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of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with the growing size and complexity of organizations, a distinction between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties, or groups of

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bookkeepers, secretaries and managers expanded. The demand for trained managers led college and university administrators to consider and move forward with plans to create the first schools of business on their campuses.

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roles include branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and section managers. They provide direction to front-line managers and communicate the strategic goals and policies of senior management to

2307:. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application. Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or through independent pursuit. Plans, 2393:. More broadly, every organization must "manage" its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as " 3246:. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi- 3515:

As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for

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When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century, it was not obvious who they were, what they did, or why they should be entrusted with the task of running

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To staff these institutions, they created the oldest meritocracy in the world, in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics

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tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting

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degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include

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Lilienfeld SO, Ritschel LA, Lynn SJ, Cautin RL, Latzman RD (November 2013). "Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: root causes and constructive remedies".

3660:, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare. 2358:

Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management without

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to contribute to the success of the enterprise. Scholars have focused on the management of individual, organizational, and inter-organizational relationships. This implies effective

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recommends (when re-phrased in modern terminology) being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's. The writings of influential

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defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation, and imagination, operating on subjective,

3190:. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in the manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled the production of 48,000 pins per day. 2454:

and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers at every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different

2973:. Slave owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting and motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial 6229: 2779:. Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study. 2706:

degree. Some major organizations, including companies, non-profit organizations, and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum

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Deslandes G., (2014), “Management in Xenophon's Philosophy: a Retrospective Analysis”, 38th Annual Research Conference, Philosophy of Management, 2014, July 14–16, Chicago

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policy of the specific organization. The efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization since it bridges the gap between top-level and bottom-level staff.

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At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as

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A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives.

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Behavioural: perception towards others, conflict resolution, time management, self-improvement, stress management and resilience, patience, clear communication.

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Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the Industrial Revolution, it made sense for most

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While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, and engineering, which require, respectively the

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English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a

3367:(1866–1936) described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973), 3105:

as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system.

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The missions, objectives, strengths, and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission.

2990: 1372: 3997: 2547:(CFO) has increased. In 2013, a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were " 5243:

From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession

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Designing and implementing reward systems that support cooperative behavior, as well as making decisions and sharing ideas with top managers

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and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in

2355:(1868–1933), allegedly defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She described management as a philosophy. 2531: 2025: 4547:

Kleiman, Lawrence S. "Management and Executive Development."Reference for Business: Encyclopedia of Business(2010): n.p. 25 Mar 2011.

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Management is taught across different disciplines at colleges and universities. Prominent major degree programs in management include

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While one person can begin an organization, "it is lasting when it is left in the care of many and when many desire to maintain it".

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in public administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the

2859:(M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors. 3288: 2710:

in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.

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Jacoby, S.M. (1985). "Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945".

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Griffin, Ricky W. CUSTOM Management: Principles and Practices, International Edition, 11th Edition. Cengage Learning UK, 08/2014

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skills" and "board engagement", and 10% of companies never evaluated the CEO. The board may also have certain employees (e.g.,

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Management, Labour, and Industrial Politics in Modern Europe: The Quest for Productivity Growth During the Twentieth Century

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By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see

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Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration, Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1.

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Spring B (July 2007). "Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know".

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approach to solving decision problems and can apply directly to multiple management problems, particularly in the areas of

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An organization is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it.

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or CEO). The CEO typically hires other positions. However, board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the

6265: 5080: 2733: 2043: 2506:, and so on. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization. They set a " 6366: 1069: 339: 4975: 4027: 2969:). Others, however, detect management-like thought among ancient Sumerian traders and the builders of the pyramids of 6280: 6270: 6009: 5989: 5475: 5404:

The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste

5214: 4892: 3875: 3550: 3356: 2895: 2848: 2703: 1893: 926: 3677:, management operates through five basic functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. 7057: 5920: 5853: 2224:(1841–1925) stated: "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control". 1499: 1358: 975: 285: 253: 5560: 4499: 7108: 6993: 3439: 3055: 3006:

A manager seeking to change an established organization "should retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs".

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Some front-line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization.

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may be considered to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration. American philosopher

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Higher education has been characterized as a necessary factor in the managerial revolution in the 20th century.

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respectively. It is the process of managing the resources of businesses, governments, and other organizations.

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One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed' in the imperial bureaucracy of China.

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They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization.

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There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of

2657: 1652: 1484: 1455: 1209: 995: 823: 3438:(1890–1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management studies. In the 1940s, 3034:) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common. 6450: 6249: 6112: 5746: 5548: 4813:. Social and Politic Theory from Polity Press. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 125. 4444: 3633: 3618: 3341: 2483: 2244: 1956: 1405: 1199: 1086: 1036: 24: 4337:

Administration industrielle et générale – prévoyance organization – commandment, coordination – contrôle

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Langfred, Claus (2000). "The paradox of self-management: individual and group autonomy in work groups".

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or the Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as

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concept. It requires a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach. People cannot be managed.

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The field of management originated in ancient China, including possibly the first highly centralized

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uses the phrase "Short-Term Wins" to express the same idea. As in all work, achieving an appropriate

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Waring, S.P., 2016, Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

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Manager l'essentiel : ce que font vraiment les managers ... et ce qu'ils pourraient faire mieux

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Waring, S.P., 2016. Taylorism Transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

7045: 6893: 6883: 6680: 6406: 6361: 6117: 5581: 5047: 3477: 3283: 2965:) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history – only harbingers (such as 2950: 2503: 1731: 1621: 1249: 1224: 960: 670: 604: 574: 20: 5528: 4561:"Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States: Evidence from General Electric" 7076: 6855: 6743: 6638: 6296: 6142: 6102: 5940: 5804: 5668: 5641: 5631: 4869:

China not only produced the world's first "bureaucracy", but also the world's first "meritocracy"

3649: 3622: 3607: 3587: 3352: 3305: 3293: 2813: 2752: 2683: 2544: 2540: 2499: 2398: 2386: 2378: 2323:, but this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, 1661: 1401: 1239: 1219: 1204: 1159: 985: 730: 710: 661: 647: 642: 638: 599: 393: 372: 280: 4653: 4287: 3684:: Deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating action plans (deciding in advance). 6965: 6685: 6513: 6388: 6331: 6326: 6311: 6147: 6097: 6004: 5925: 5751: 5636: 4724: 3880: 3599: 3545: 3497: 3211: 2882:, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector. 2809: 2498:

executives. Different organizations have various members in their C-suite, which may include a

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Tucker, Mary Evelyn (2009). "Touching the Depths of Things: Cultivating Nature in East Asia".

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Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths And Total Nonsense: Profiting From Evidence-Based Management

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Wood, Robert; Bandura, Albert (1989). "Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management".

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business administration or management. There are several types of management doctorates: the

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Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933-1953

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In profitable organizations, management's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of

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Creel, 1974 p.4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.

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Creel, 1974 pp. 4–5 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.

4407:. Voices in Development Management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (published 2012). p. 20. 3575: 3560: 3093: 3051: 2891: 2852: 2821: 2737: 2707: 2699: 2653: 2479: 2414: 2275: 2039: 1828: 1699: 1689: 1674: 1601: 1519: 1244: 1169: 1154: 1041: 1031: 1008: 948: 916: 818: 760: 522: 419: 303: 118: 69: 50: 4351:"Chapter Two: Of Poetry and Politics: The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth-Century England" 3186:. Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of 8: 7103: 7015: 7009: 6935: 6850: 6795: 6670: 6535: 6481: 6208: 5981: 5961: 5777: 5574: 4101:

Prabbal Frank attempts to make a subtle distinction between management and manipulation:

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A weak manager can follow a strong one, but not another weak one, and maintain authority.

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The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment.

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Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies.

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Cruikshank, L (1987). "A Delicate Experiment: The Harvard Business School, 1908-1945".

5306: 4233: 3991: 3696:(or leading): Determining what must be done in a situation and getting people to do it. 3657: 3454: 3183: 2679: 2598:

Designing and implementing effective group and inter-group work and information systems

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Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. "Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration",

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All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff.

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Heavy Vetting: Boards of directors now want to talk to would-be CFOs — and vice versa

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Mid and lower-level management may add their own plans to the business's strategies.

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https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_

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The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a

2367: 2111: 2101: 1923: 1679: 1533: 1321: 1139: 1081: 906: 901: 863: 700: 695: 454: 172: 141: 6955: 6722: 6717: 6530: 6234: 6175: 6132: 6127: 6039: 6019: 5836: 5756: 5532: 5465: 5419: 5241: 5204: 5131: 5067: 4808: 4679: 4506: 4468: 4402: 4357:. Jepson Studies in Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2013). p. 17. 4350: 4104: 3702:: Creating a structure through which an organization's goals can be accomplished. 3614: 3505: 3384: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 2946: 2886: 2805: 2695: 2675: 2649: 2584: 2560: 2507: 2495: 2394: 2087: 2001: 1983: 1808: 1793: 1419: 1274: 1126: 1019: 883: 813: 803: 720: 617: 584: 549: 469: 449: 222: 186: 132: 123: 92: 7070: 6918: 6830: 6825: 6582: 6503: 6498: 6429: 6336: 5237: 3690:(or staffing): Making sure the human and nonhuman resources are put into place. 3525: 3521: 3313: 3275: 3064: 2871: 2487: 2227: 2180: 2051: 1879: 1798: 1752: 1694: 1304: 833: 828: 755: 750: 740: 594: 569: 544: 298: 289: 204: 159: 136: 114: 4773: 4439: 3453:, initially for military operations. Operations research, sometimes known as " 3129:

listed several leadership traits in AD 900. Other examples include the Indian

2299:

point of view, because management is an essential function in improving one's

2230:(1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of resources into utility". 2164: 7097: 7021: 6977: 6940: 6870: 6845: 6755: 6653: 6599: 6594: 6356: 6301: 6203: 6152: 5379: 5302: 4580: 4229: 4167: 3929: 3785:: ability to communicate a vision and inspire people to embrace that vision. 3765: 3603: 3569: 3435: 3410: 3400: 3396: 2970: 2466:

The top or senior layer of management is a small group which consists of the

2390: 2363: 2300: 2287: 2279: 2250: 2097: 1803: 1781: 1756: 1586: 1279: 715: 562: 276: 262: 249: 4865:

India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations

2945:

is an emerging movement to use the current, best evidence in management and

2782:

To manage technological areas, one often needs an undergraduate degree in a

6820: 6760: 6508: 6466: 4781: 4746: 3953:"What Is Evidence-Based Management? – Center for Evidence-Based Management" 3776: 3428: 3420: 3380: 3251: 3187: 3131: 3089: 2371: 2308: 2140: 1566: 858: 735: 725: 437: 307: 177: 4560: 2743:

Many other undergraduate degrees include the study of management, such as

6972: 6860: 6785: 6702: 6621: 6614: 6471: 6180: 5176: 5170: 4930: 4924: 4572: 4519: 3674: 3360: 3351:

The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The

3325: 3219: 3058:

as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general

3047: 3043: 3031: 3018:

theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly popular

2921: 2841: 2572: 2535: 2409: 2324: 2221: 2175: 1870: 1835: 1738: 1726: 1591: 1427: 1314: 853: 494: 479: 474: 213: 96: 5371: 5294: 2120:

can also mean to rule the horses. These three terms derive from the two

1996: 7026: 6707: 6665: 6609: 6185: 5461: 4974:

Paul R. Goldin, p.16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism.

4738: 3791:: the ability to understand the effects of culture on leadership style. 3782: 3653: 3613:

Many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from

3509: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3223: 3199: 3166: 3141: 3073: 2978: 2825: 2772: 2691: 2687: 2617: 2312: 2291: 2258: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1684: 1546: 1423: 407: 181: 168: 127: 5426:. Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia (published 2006). p. 13. 5356:"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940" 5279:"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940" 4237: 2732:

At the undergraduate level, the most common business programs are the

6800: 6697: 6626: 6520: 6493: 6087: 5930: 3606:

organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and

3485: 3466: 3404: 3388: 3329: 3271: 3081: 3026: 2962: 2548: 2526: 2519: 2447: 2254: 2190: 1845: 1743: 1626: 1581: 1561: 1386: 788: 690: 683: 4456:– "Meaning 'governing body' (originally of a theater) is from 1739." 4158: 4141: 2161:

for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals.

4221: 4195:

10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5<563::AID-JOB31>3.0.CO;2-H

4058:

Management Principles and Practices by Lallan Prasad and SS Gulshan

3769: 3504:(so-named from 2001), as well as group-management theories such as 3413:(1909–2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: 3321: 3170: 3136: 3126: 3106: 3015: 2974: 2863: 2412:. Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term 2382: 2283: 2170: 1968: 1928: 1611: 1596: 1576: 1445: 624: 579: 360: 65: 42: 7065: 6398: 5104: 3837: 3818:

Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes.

3732:: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information. 6547: 5555: 4142:"Competitive advantage: logical and philosophical considerations" 3821:

Top-level managers should carry out regular progress assessments.

3721:: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees. 3535: 3462: 3446: 3317: 3215: 3059: 3046:

state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an

3019: 2564: 2426: 1883: 1541: 459: 154: 5543: 5171:

Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008).

5107:

The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform

4925:

Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008).

4694:(first ed.). Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Review Press. 4388:

Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People

3861: 3230:(1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as 3173: 2515: 2295: 1933: 1875: 1773: 1341: 6230:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

4988:

Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt 2005 p.30,

4288:"Managerial Skills - 3 Types of Skills Each Manager Will Need" 3121:" books, which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern. 5566: 5166: 5164: 5162: 4907:

Ecology and the Environment: Perspectives from the Humanities

4012: 3914:(8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Business & Economics. 3333: 3122: 2903: 2604:

Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among workgroups

2438:

shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization.

2184: 2121: 1262: 424: 359:) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a 5418:

Legge, David; Stanton, Pauline; Smyth, Anne (October 2005).

4759: 4390:

by Richard Barrett – Business & Economics – 2003. p. 51.

4313:"Management is Universal Process and Phenomenon (Explained)" 3846:

A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made.

3800: 3431:. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same vein. 3274:

for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include

4011:

Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española.

3403:(born 1923) approached the phenomenon of management from a 3391:(1864–1920), who saw what he called the "administrator" as 3243: 3109:

claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and

2961:

Some see management as a late-modern (in the sense of late

2455: 2362:, the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of 2320: 2316: 311: 267: 5159: 4918: 4843:

Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt (2005)

2601:

Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators

2377:

One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "

2205:) influenced the semantic development of the English word 2100:

language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse". Also the

6589: 3824:

The business requires team spirit and a good environment.

3747:

Entrepreneur, negotiator, allocator, disturbance handler

2928:

for self and others is an important management practice.

2491: 2253:(1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold: 2217:

Views on the definition and scope of management include:

2110:(to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In 868: 3472:

Some of the later 20th-century developments include the

5467:

Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution

3759:

Political: used to build a power base and to establish

5420:"Learning management (and managing your own learning)" 4404:

The Dominance of Management: A Participatory Critique

4253:"Chapter 1: Introducing Organizational Communication" 3586:

Branches of management theory also exist relating to

3531:

Business management includes the following branches:

3117:

Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced "

3086:

Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China

5497: 5136:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, 200–201. 4927:

Management: People, Performance, Change, 3rd edition

3857: 3371:(1869–1955) and J. Mooney applied the principles of 2327:(1841–1925) considers management to consist of five 3815:

Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly.

3812:

An action plan must be devised for each department.

2070:. In recent decades, there has been a movement for 4876: 4687: 4010: 5417: 4810:A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism 3909: 3206:(1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to 3182:discussed efficient organization of work through 2993:for management assessment, planning and control. 2720:Business education § Undergraduate education 2381:" and thus excludes management in places outside 7095: 5026:Otto B. Van der Sprenkel, "Max Weber on China", 5013:Creel, "The Origins of Statecraft in China, I", 4837: 2985:(5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of 2796:Business education § Postgraduate education 2294:and implies some sort of successful progress or 5424:Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice 4466: 3838:Policies and strategies in the planning process 5206:Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management 4467:Melling, Joseph; McKinlay, Alan, eds. (1996). 4250: 2555:) report to them or directly hire independent 19:"Manager" redirects here. For other uses, see 6414: 5582: 5491: 5105:Mark W. Huddleston; William W. Boyer (1996). 4867:. University of Michigan Press. p. 128. 4678: 4013:"manejar | Diccionario de la lengua española" 3528:than with scientific theories of management. 3520:to peddle their wares. In this context, many 3316:'s charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first 3218:issues. About the same time, innovators like 2115: 2105: 2019: 1366: 333: 5470:. Perennial Library. Vol. 7184. Knopf. 5109:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15. 4672: 4500:Board of Directors: Duties & Liabilities 3996:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3125:described job specialization in 350 BC, and 2949:. It is part of the larger movement towards 2931: 2885:Management doctorates are the most advanced 2200: 2194: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2091: 1389:levels of managers, in a pyramid structure: 5061:Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report 4207: 2401:) use that name, while others (such as the 2237:– along with machines, materials and money. 2131: 2125: 6421: 6407: 5589: 5575: 5338: 3736:Nerve centre, disseminator, spokesperson 3602:. Further, management programs related to 3344:". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese 2532:directors and officers liability insurance 2247:, institutional and environmental levels". 2026: 2012: 1385:Larger organizations generally have three 1373: 1359: 340: 326: 5246:. Princeton University Press. p. 3. 5199: 4856:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142. 4728: 4637:Five benefits of walking the 'shop floor' 4157: 3971: 3801:Implementation of policies and strategies 3427:until 1956) commissioning a study of the 2643: 5041: 5039: 4990:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management 4845:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management 4558: 4180: 4106:People Manipulation: A Positive Approach 4025: 2425: 2405:) employ the broader term "management". 5353: 5276: 5236: 5173:Management: People, Performance, Change 4899:China is the world's oldest meritocracy 4862: 4803: 4538:. Stanford Graduate School of Business. 4509:. Stanford Graduate School of Business. 4251:Julie Zink, Ph D.; Zink, Julie (2017). 4042:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary" 3518:popularised systems of management ideas 3289:The Principles of Scientific Management 2623:Front-line managers typically provide: 2397:". Some such institutions (such as the 2086:has its roots in the fifteenth-century 7096: 5460: 5354:Groeger, Cristina V. (February 2018). 5323: 5277:Groeger, Cristina V. (February 2018). 5078: 4904: 4879:Unsettled: an anthropology of the Jews 4874: 4714: 4536:2013 CEO Performance Evaluation Survey 4400: 4139: 4054: 4048: 3419:(published in 1946). It resulted from 3375:to management. Other writers, such as 2559:; for example, the board (through the 6402: 5570: 5036: 4654:The 8-Step Process for Leading Change 4348: 4102: 3779:appropriate responses to a situation. 3743:: roles that require decision-making. 2233:Management is included as one of the 7052: 5400: 5129: 5123: 4850: 4667:14 Ways To Improve Work-Life Balance 3092:. Influenced by the ancient Chinese 3010:With the changing workplaces of the 2832:, entertainment, global management, 2578: 2418:– referring to those being managed. 2270:Management involves identifying the 2265: 6428: 6266:Bachelor of Business Administration 4863:Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzheng (2005). 4609:"The Role of HR in Uncertain Times" 3242:, interchangeability of parts, and 2734:Bachelor of Business Administration 2446:These managers are classified in a 16:Coordinating the efforts of persons 13: 6367:Organizational behavior management 4565:Review of Economics and Statistics 4437: 4355:Leadership and Elizabethan Culture 4183:Journal of Organizational Behavior 4061:. Excel Books India. pp. 6–. 3708:: Checking progress against plans. 3359:degree (MBA) in 1921. People like 2767:(PoliSci) with a concentration in 2611: 14: 7125: 6281:Doctor of Business Administration 6271:Master of Business Administration 5522: 5045: 3876:Certificate in Management Studies 3643: 3551:information technology management 3442:worked in the development of the 3357:Master of Business Administration 2910: 2896:Doctor of Business Administration 2849:Master of Business Administration 2704:Master of Business Administration 2636:Performance feedback and guidance 2461: 1894:Biology and political orientation 1347:Business and economics portal 7075: 7064: 7051: 7040: 7039: 6382: 5554: 5542: 4353:. In Kaufman, Peter Iver (ed.). 4210:The Academy of Management Review 3860: 3037: 3014:in the 18th and 19th centuries, 2870:(MPA) degree (also offered as a 2713: 2278:, rules and manipulation of the 2209:in the 17th and 18th centuries. 1995: 1340: 49: 6994:List of social science journals 5454: 5411: 5394: 5347: 5332: 5317: 5270: 5230: 5193: 5150: 5098: 5072: 5054: 5020: 5007: 4994: 4982: 4956: 4947: 4797: 4788: 4753: 4708: 4659: 4646: 4629: 4601: 4587: 4552: 4541: 4529: 4512: 4493: 4459: 4431: 4393: 4381: 4349:Jones, Norman L. (2013-10-02). 4342: 4330: 4305: 4280: 4244: 4201: 4174: 4133: 4095: 4086: 3581: 3261: 3193: 2900:Doctor of Public Administration 2880:Master of Health Administration 2868:Master of Public Administration 6951:Science and technology studies 6245:Chartered Management Institute 5596: 5360:History of Education Quarterly 5283:History of Education Quarterly 4717:Journal of Clinical Psychology 4401:Holmes, Leonard (2012-11-28). 4075: 4034: 4019: 4004: 3965: 3945: 3936: 3903: 3891:Outline of business management 3712: 3555:management information systems 3457:" (but distinct from Taylor's 2669: 2212: 2058:, investigating areas such as 1889:Theories of political behavior 1515:Political history of the world 1: 5498:Jean-Louis Peaucelle (2015). 5407:– via Internet Archive. 5341:Harvard Business School Press 5002:Journal of Chinese Philosophy 4595:"AOM Placement Presentations" 3896: 3868:Business and economics portal 3725:Figurehead, leader, liaison 3524:may have had more to do with 3198:Classical economists such as 3150: 3139:(written around 300 BC), and 3048:administration based on merit 2169:is the French translation of 1904:Critique of political economy 1002:management information system 653:Chief human resources officer 5614:Index of management articles 5422:. In Harris, Mary G. (ed.). 5209:. Harvard University Press. 5079:Walker, David (2003-07-09). 5048:"China: A Teaching Workbook" 4146:Strategic Management Journal 3656:, shareholders vote for the 3490:management by walking around 3054:. Some theorists have cited 2658:College of Arts and Sciences 2351:In another way of thinking, 2077: 1485:Outline of political science 996:Enterprise resource planning 824:Financial statement analysis 7: 7114:Majority–minority relations 6250:Critical management studies 6113:Full range leadership model 5504:. Routledge. pp. 55–. 4962:Creel, What Is Taoism?, 94 4616:Economist Intelligence Unit 4445:Online Etymology Dictionary 3972:Mintzberg, Henry,. (2014). 3853: 3755:Management skills include: 3619:critical management studies 3590:and to government: such as 3103:Her Majesty's Civil Service 3062:in his 6th-century BC work 2789: 2189:) on household matters and 25:Management (disambiguation) 10: 7130: 6240:Certified Business Manager 5401:Gilbreth, Lillian Moller. 5130:Rung, Margaret C. (2002). 4883:. Viking Compass. p. 4762:Clinical Psychology Review 4140:Powell, Thomas C. (2001). 3910:DuBrin, Andrew J. (2009). 3632:(sometimes referred to as 3502:agile software development 3416:Concept of the Corporation 3254:eclipsed chattel slavery. 3158: 3098:Northcote–Trevelyan Report 2956: 2935: 2793: 2717: 2647: 2627:Training for new employees 2185: 2155:("to keep house"; compare 2096:, which often referred in 1490:Index of politics articles 18: 7035: 7002: 6986: 6733: 6459: 6436: 6380: 6289: 6258: 6222: 6194: 6166: 6108:Evidence-based management 6078: 6052: 5980: 5954: 5911: 5879: 5835: 5824: 5770: 5705: 5698: 5687: 5622: 5604: 5326:Columbia University Press 4774:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008 3789:cross-cultural leadership 3750: 3668: 3663: 3541:human resource management 3508:(1972) and the notion of 3500:-driven theories such as 3342:Japanese management style 3101:led to implementation of 2987:double-entry book-keeping 2943:Evidence-based management 2938:Evidence-based management 2932:Evidence-based management 2594:Their functions include: 2494:and other members of the 2436:United States Coast Guard 2421: 2403:Yale School of Management 2072:evidence-based management 2068:organizational leadership 2064:organizational adaptation 658:Chief information officer 490:Limited liability company 6362:Organization development 6118:Management by objectives 5531:, and library resources 5501:Henri Fayol, the Manager 5175:(3 ed.). New York: 5066:22 December 2014 at the 4669:, accessed 11 March 2023 4656:, accessed 11 March 2023 4643:, accessed 11 March 2023 4426:carried out by managers. 3912:Essentials of management 3634:Workers' self-management 3480:(systematized in 1954), 3478:management by objectives 3298:Psychology of Management 3284:Frederick Winslow Taylor 2951:evidence-based practices 2751:degrees with a major in 2563:) typically selects the 2504:chief technology officer 2366:with the existence of a 671:Chief technology officer 605:Mergers and acquisitions 575:Constitutional documents 400:Management of a business 21:Manager (disambiguation) 6639:international relations 6143:Social entrepreneurship 6103:Earned value management 5015:The Western Chou Empire 4875:Konner, Melvin (2003). 4103:Frank, Prabbal (2007). 3775:Diagnostic: ability to 3768:: used to communicate, 3623:anti-corporate activism 3608:social entrepreneurship 3353:Harvard Business School 2814:organizational behavior 2753:business administration 2684:Bachelor of Engineering 2545:chief financial officer 2541:chief executive officer 2500:chief financial officer 2472:non-executive directors 2458:and likely job titles. 2399:Harvard Business School 2379:business administration 2054:study management as an 2044:Business Administration 1899:Political organisations 1662:International relations 1500:Politics by subdivision 1402:chief executive officer 731:Environmental economics 711:International economics 662:Chief marketing officer 648:Chief financial officer 643:Chief operating officer 639:Chief executive officer 600:International trade law 394:Business administration 373:business administration 7109:Management occupations 6966:Quantum social science 6389:Systems science portal 6332:Management development 6327:Management cybernetics 6312:Executive compensation 6148:Sustainable management 6010:Information technology 5990:Environmental resource 5559:Quotations related to 5050:. Columbia University. 4559:Nicholas, Tom (2024). 4268:Cite journal requires 3881:Engineering management 3772:, mentor and delegate. 3600:educational management 3546:Management cybernetics 3498:information-technology 3476:(introduced in 1984), 3461:), attempts to take a 3212:production (economics) 3056:ancient military texts 2981:such as the spread of 2810:international business 2755:or management and the 2644:Training and education 2616:Line managers include 2439: 2335:planning (forecasting) 2201: 2195: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2106: 2092: 1300:International business 1285:Business judgment rule 630:Chief business officer 530:Annual general meeting 510:State-owned enterprise 500:Privately held company 365:nonprofit organization 7003:Other categorizations 6856:International studies 6841:History of technology 6776:Communication studies 6659:public administration 6352:Managerial psychology 6317:Management consulting 6138:Scientific management 5921:Customer relationship 5609:Outline of management 5446:manager as bureaucrat 3886:Outline of management 3592:public administration 3566:operations management 3474:theory of constraints 3459:scientific management 3338:management consultant 3336:and became the first 3280:Science of management 3179:The Wealth of Nations 3159:Further information: 3012:Industrial Revolution 2840:, sustainability and 2838:investment management 2834:healthcare management 2818:organizational theory 2794:Further information: 2769:public administration 2728:Public administration 2718:Further information: 2648:Further information: 2480:independent directors 2429: 2235:factors of production 2048:Public Administration 1979:Political campaigning 1719:Public administration 1552:Collective leadership 976:Customer relationship 912:Business intelligence 874:Financial institution 849:International finance 799:Cash conversion cycle 706:Development economics 667:Chief product officer 415:Management accounting 385:public administration 295:Business Model Canvas 272:Managerial grid model 209:Competitive advantage 6836:Historical sociology 6347:Managerial economics 6307:Corporate governance 6214:Oliver E. Williamson 6093:Collaborative method 5551:at Wikimedia Commons 4573:10.1162/rest_a_01400 4339:, Paris: Dunod, 1966 3628:As one consequence, 3576:strategic management 3561:marketing management 3536:financial management 3496:(1972), and various 3310:Applied motion study 3094:imperial examination 2892:Doctor of Management 2853:Master of Management 2822:strategic management 2738:Bachelor of Commerce 2700:Bachelor of Commerce 2654:Public policy school 2364:managerial practices 2139:The French word for 1829:Separation of powers 1700:Political psychology 1675:Comparative politics 1653:political scientists 1640:Academic disciplines 1520:Political philosophy 917:Business development 761:Economic development 523:Corporate governance 420:Financial accounting 377:nonprofit management 304:Strategic Grid Model 244:Frameworks and tools 119:Rita Gunther McGrath 70:Strategic management 7016:Geisteswissenschaft 7010:Behavioral sciences 6936:Political sociology 6851:Information science 6796:Development studies 6209:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 5372:10.1017/heq.2017.48 5295:10.1017/heq.2017.48 3630:workplace democracy 3510:"thriving on chaos" 3494:Viable system model 3484:(the early 1990s), 3451:operations research 3444:applied-mathematics 3381:Mary Parker Follett 3208:resource allocation 3165:Written in 1776 by 3161:Mirrors for princes 3147:Niccolò Machiavelli 3119:mirrors for princes 2761:Bachelor of Science 2749:Bachelor of Science 2476:executive directors 2353:Mary Parker Follett 2060:social organization 2056:academic discipline 2002:Politics portal 1851:Election commission 1822:Government branches 1705:Political sociology 1557:Confessional system 1495:Politics by country 1327:Business statistics 1310:International trade 1295:Business operations 991:Electronic business 896:Types of management 784:Financial statement 766:Economic statistics 634:Chief brand officer 590:Corporate liability 505:Sole proprietorship 485:Joint-stock company 281:Growth–share matrix 225: • 218:Performance effects 216: • 207: • 180: • 171: • 164:Alfred Thayer Mahan 162: • 153: • 151:Carl von Clausewitz 144: • 135: • 126: • 117: • 95: • 86: • 77: • 68: • 7071:Society portal 6558:auxiliary sciences 6372:Pointy-haired Boss 6322:Management control 6158:Virtual management 5537:in other libraries 5201:Rosenthal, Caitlin 5028:History and Theory 5017:, Chicago, pp.9–27 4739:10.1002/jclp.20373 4518:DeMars L. (2006). 4505:2014-03-24 at the 3976:. Paris: Vuibert. 3658:board of directors 3455:management science 3355:offered the first 3184:division of labour 3145:by Italian author 2680:Doctor of Medicine 2468:board of directors 2440: 2432:organization chart 2241:Ghislain Deslandes 2193:. The French word 1685:Political analysis 1617:Semi-parliamentary 1398:board of directors 1396:roles include the 1290:Consumer behaviour 1092:Product life-cycle 879:Capital management 844:Managerial finance 535:Board of directors 310: • 306: • 297: • 288: • 279: • 270: • 261: • 259:Balanced scorecard 252: • 227:Generic strategies 88:Strategic thinking 84:Strategic planning 7091: 7090: 6931:Political economy 6926:Political ecology 6781:Community studies 6771:Cognitive science 6734:Interdisciplinary 6634:Political science 6396: 6395: 6342:Management system 6276:PhD in management 6048: 6047: 5907: 5906: 5820: 5819: 5788:Product lifecycle 5547:Media related to 5511:978-1-317-31939-9 5462:Peters, Thomas J. 5433:978-0-7295-3759-9 5253:978-1-4008-3086-2 5186:978-0-07-302743-2 4968:Creel 1964: 155–6 4940:978-0-07-302743-2 4820:978-0-520-04490-6 4701:978-1-59139-862-2 4480:978-1-85898-016-4 4465:See for examples 4438:Harper, Douglas. 4414:978-1-4094-8866-8 4364:978-1-137-34029-0 4292:Entrepreneurs Box 4116:978-81-207-4352-6 4068:978-93-5062-099-1 4026:Xenophon (1734). 3983:978-2-311-40094-6 3921:978-0-324-35389-1 3638:command hierarchy 3596:public management 3553:(responsible for 3399:(1903–1981), and 3346:quality assurance 3324:in 1911. In 1912 3226:(1736–1819), and 3174:moral philosopher 2926:work-life balance 2876:Master of Science 2857:Master of Science 2830:corporate finance 2765:political science 2724:Political science 2708:bachelor's degree 2630:Basic supervision 2579:Middle management 2553:internal auditors 2385:, for example in 2266:Theoretical scope 2082:The English verb 2052:Social scientists 2036: 2035: 1984:Political parties 1924:Electoral systems 1648:Political science 1622:Semi-presidential 1534:Political systems 1510:Political history 1505:Political economy 1413:Middle management 1394:Senior management 1383: 1382: 1270:Business analysis 839:Corporate finance 809:Capital budgeting 746:Knowledge economy 540:Supervisory board 381:political science 350: 349: 232:Mission statement 79:Strategic studies 75:Military strategy 7121: 7079: 7069: 7068: 7055: 7054: 7043: 7042: 6946:Regional science 6791:Cultural studies 6766:Business studies 6423: 6416: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6386: 6123:Management style 5833: 5832: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5558: 5546: 5539:about Management 5516: 5515: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5168: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5076: 5070: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5034: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4901: 4882: 4871: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4805:Giddens, Anthony 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4693: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4556: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4516: 4510: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4473:. Edward Elgar. 4463: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4317:www.iedunote.com 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3907: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3469:and operations. 3440:Patrick Blackett 3365:Alexander Church 3363:(1841–1925) and 3306:Lillian Gilbreth 3294:Lillian Gilbreth 3204:John Stuart Mill 3202:(1723–1790) and 3155: 3152: 3111:François Quesnay 3084:, argued in his 3078:Herrlee G. Creel 3070:Chinese Legalist 2989:(1494) provided 2887:terminal degrees 2802:entrepreneurship 2757:Bachelor of Arts 2745:Bachelor of Arts 2585:general managers 2516:company policies 2456:responsibilities 2395:business schools 2368:managerial cadre 2204: 2198: 2188: 2187: 2168: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2135: 2129: 2119: 2109: 2095: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2000: 1999: 1790: 1735: 1690:Political theory 1680:Election science 1670: 1656: 1434: 1433: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1345: 1344: 1322:Business process 864:Financial market 701:Labour economics 696:Public economics 455:Corporation sole 390: 389: 342: 335: 328: 173:Adrian Slywotzky 60:Analysis methods 53: 30: 29: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7063: 7031: 6998: 6982: 6956:Science studies 6740:Administration 6729: 6455: 6432: 6430:Social sciences 6427: 6397: 6392: 6376: 6285: 6254: 6235:Business school 6218: 6196: 6190: 6176:Decision-making 6168: 6162: 6133:Micromanagement 6128:Macromanagement 6080: 6074: 6044: 6000:Human resources 5995:Field inventory 5976: 5950: 5913: 5903: 5875: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5766: 5709: 5691: 5689: 5683: 5625:of organization 5624: 5618: 5600: 5595: 5533:in your library 5525: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5459: 5455: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5416: 5412: 5399: 5395: 5352: 5348: 5337: 5333: 5322: 5318: 5275: 5271: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5238:Khurana, Rakesh 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5169: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5088: 5077: 5073: 5068:Wayback Machine 5059: 5055: 5044: 5037: 5025: 5021: 5012: 5008: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4923: 4919: 4895: 4855: 4851: 4842: 4838: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4758: 4754: 4730:10.1.1.456.9970 4713: 4709: 4702: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4660: 4651: 4647: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4517: 4513: 4507:Wayback Machine 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4206: 4202: 4179: 4175: 4159:10.1002/smj.173 4138: 4134: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082:Ann Viola Ulvin 4080: 4076: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4024: 4020: 4009: 4005: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3922: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3840: 3803: 3753: 3715: 3671: 3666: 3646: 3615:business-ethics 3584: 3522:management fads 3385:Chester Barnard 3264: 3248:mass production 3240:cost-accounting 3236:quality-control 3232:standardization 3228:Matthew Boulton 3196: 3163: 3153: 3040: 2983:Arabic numerals 2959: 2947:decision-making 2940: 2934: 2913: 2806:human resources 2798: 2792: 2777:government jobs 2730: 2716: 2696:Mark Zuckerberg 2676:Bachelor of Law 2672: 2660: 2650:Business school 2646: 2614: 2612:Line management 2581: 2575:communication. 2561:audit committee 2512:strategic plans 2508:tone at the top 2464: 2424: 2311:, motivational 2268: 2215: 2173:'s famous book 2149:, derived from 2080: 2032: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1809:Public interest 1794:Domestic policy 1784: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1764: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1537: 1536: 1525: 1524: 1480: 1479: 1470: 1439:Politics series 1426:and front-line 1420:Line management 1379: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1275:Business ethics 1265: 1255: 1254: 1195: 1187: 1186: 897: 889: 888: 884:Venture capital 814:Commercial bank 804:Insider dealing 779: 771: 770: 721:Planned economy 686: 676: 675: 620: 618:Corporate title 610: 609: 585:Corporate crime 565: 555: 554: 550:Audit committee 525: 515: 514: 470:Holding company 450:Corporate group 445: 438:Business entity 430: 429: 410: 369:government body 346: 317: 316: 245: 237: 236: 223:Core competency 200: 192: 191: 187:Henry Mintzberg 133:Candace A. Yano 124:Bruce Henderson 110: 102: 101: 93:Decision theory 61: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7127: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6899:social science 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6831:Global studies 6828: 6826:Gender studies 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6809:social science 6805:Environmental 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:macroeconomics 6501: 6499:microeconomics 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6337:Management fad 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297:Administration 6293: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5825:On activity or 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5524: 5523:External links 5521: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5490: 5476: 5453: 5432: 5410: 5393: 5346: 5331: 5316: 5269: 5252: 5229: 5215: 5192: 5185: 5179:. p. 20. 5158: 5149: 5142: 5122: 5115: 5097: 5071: 5053: 5046:Bodde, Derke. 5035: 5019: 5006: 4993: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4955: 4946: 4939: 4933:. p. 19. 4917: 4915: 4914: 4902: 4893: 4872: 4849: 4836: 4819: 4796: 4787: 4768:(7): 883–900. 4752: 4707: 4700: 4686:(March 2006). 4671: 4658: 4645: 4641:People Puzzles 4628: 4600: 4586: 4551: 4540: 4528: 4511: 4492: 4479: 4458: 4430: 4413: 4392: 4380: 4363: 4341: 4329: 4304: 4279: 4270:|journal= 4243: 4222:10.2307/258173 4216:(3): 361–384. 4200: 4189:(5): 563–585. 4173: 4152:(9): 875–888. 4132: 4115: 4094: 4085: 4074: 4067: 4047: 4033: 4018: 4003: 3982: 3964: 3944: 3935: 3920: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3780: 3773: 3763: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3645: 3644:Nature of work 3642: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3526:pop psychology 3482:re-engineering 3425:General Motors 3314:Henry L. Gantt 3282:in the 1890s, 3276:Henry R. Towne 3263: 3260: 3195: 3192: 3065:The Art of War 3039: 3036: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2958: 2955: 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2912: 2911:Good practices 2909: 2872:Master of Arts 2866:, such as the 2791: 2788: 2715: 2712: 2671: 2668: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2580: 2577: 2530:insured under 2510:" and develop 2488:vice-president 2463: 2462:Top management 2460: 2423: 2420: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2319:, and meeting 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2248: 2238: 2231: 2228:Fredmund Malik 2225: 2214: 2211: 2079: 2076: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1873: 1867: 1864:Related topics 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1799:Foreign policy 1796: 1791: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1695:Policy studies 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1660: 1658: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1478:Primary topics 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1422:roles include 1417: 1410: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1307: 1305:Business model 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1014:Human resource 1011: 1006: 1005: 1004: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 956:Communications 953: 952: 951: 941: 940: 939: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834:Public finance 831: 829:Financial risk 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 763: 758: 756:Macroeconomics 753: 751:Microeconomics 748: 743: 741:Market economy 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 687: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 664: 655: 650: 645: 636: 627: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 595:Insolvency law 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 570:Commercial law 566: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 545:Advisory board 542: 537: 532: 526: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 446: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 411: 406: 405: 402: 401: 397: 396: 348: 347: 345: 344: 337: 330: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 301: 299:Kraljic matrix 292: 290:MECE principle 283: 274: 265: 256: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 229: 220: 211: 205:Business model 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 184: 175: 166: 160:Julian Corbett 157: 148: 139: 137:C. K. Prahalad 130: 121: 115:Michael Porter 111: 109:Major thinkers 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 90: 81: 72: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7126: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:Human science 7020: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6978:Vegan studies 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941:Public health 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875:Philosophies 6874: 6872: 6871:Media studies 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846:Human ecology 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Anthrozoology 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681:developmental 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6654:public policy 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605:legal systems 6603: 6601: 6600:legal history 6598: 6596: 6595:jurisprudence 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:Managerialism 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6302:Collaboration 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Peter Drucker 6202: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Team building 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5823: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732:Communication 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5479: 5477:9780394560618 5473: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5265:corporations. 5255: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5216:9780674988576 5212: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5016: 5010: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4894:9780670032440 4890: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4833: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4723:(7): 611–31. 4722: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4462: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4083: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4015:(in Spanish). 4014: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3954: 3948: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3858: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766:Interpersonal 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3730:Informational 3728: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3719:Interpersonal 3717: 3716: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3673:According to 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3604:civil society 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492:(1970s), the 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436:Ronald Fisher 3432: 3430: 3426: 3423:(chairman of 3422: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3411:Peter Drucker 3408: 3407:perspective. 3406: 3402: 3401:Chris Argyris 3398: 3397:Rensis Likert 3394: 3390: 3387:(1886–1961), 3386: 3383:(1868–1933), 3382: 3379:(1880–1949), 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:work-planning 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3222:(1765–1825), 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038:Early writing 3035: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:ancient Egypt 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2855:(MM) and the 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714:Undergraduate 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391:public sector 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:psychological 2310: 2306: 2305:relationships 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:communication 2285: 2281: 2280:human capital 2277: 2274:, objective, 2273: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:Peter Drucker 2249: 2246: 2245:interpersonal 2242: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804:Civil society 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1782:Public policy 1780: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1602:Parliamentary 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1587:Hybrid regime 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1280:Business plan 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:Communication 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170:administrator 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052:administrator 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 961:Configuration 959: 957: 954: 950: 947: 946: 945: 942: 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 893: 892: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 775: 774: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716:Mixed economy 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 685: 680: 679: 672: 668: 665: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 640: 637: 635: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563:Corporate law 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 524: 519: 518: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 443: 439: 434: 433: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 409: 404: 403: 399: 398: 395: 392: 391: 388: 386: 383:sub-field of 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 343: 338: 336: 331: 329: 324: 323: 321: 320: 313: 309: 305: 302: 300: 296: 293: 291: 287: 284: 282: 278: 277:PEST analysis 275: 273: 269: 266: 264: 263:Ansoff matrix 260: 257: 255: 251: 248: 247: 241: 240: 233: 230: 228: 224: 221: 219: 215: 212: 210: 206: 203: 202: 196: 195: 188: 185: 183: 179: 176: 174: 170: 167: 165: 161: 158: 156: 152: 149: 147: 143: 140: 138: 134: 131: 129: 125: 122: 120: 116: 113: 112: 106: 105: 98: 94: 91: 89: 85: 82: 80: 76: 73: 71: 67: 64: 63: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 26: 22: 7080: 7056: 7044: 7014: 6865: 6821:Food studies 6761:Area studies 6514:mathematical 6509:econometrics 6467:Anthropology 6387: 5941:Supply chain 5914:relationship 5912:On aspect or 5805:Construction 5771:On component 5692:organization 5664:Intelligence 5597: 5563:at Wikiquote 5529:Online books 5500: 5493: 5481:. Retrieved 5466: 5456: 5445: 5443: 5437:. Retrieved 5423: 5413: 5403: 5396: 5366:(1): 33–64. 5363: 5359: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5319: 5289:(1): 33–64. 5286: 5282: 5272: 5263: 5257:. Retrieved 5242: 5232: 5220:. Retrieved 5205: 5195: 5172: 5152: 5132: 5125: 5106: 5100: 5089:. Retrieved 5087:. London, UK 5085:The Guardian 5084: 5074: 5056: 5033:(1964), 357. 5030: 5027: 5022: 5014: 5009: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4958: 4949: 4929:. New York: 4926: 4920: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4839: 4830: 4824:. Retrieved 4809: 4799: 4790: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4689: 4674: 4661: 4652:Kotter, J., 4648: 4640: 4635:Verity, J., 4631: 4619:. Retrieved 4615: 4603: 4589: 4564: 4554: 4543: 4531: 4524:CFO Magazine 4523: 4514: 4495: 4484:. Retrieved 4469: 4461: 4449:. Retrieved 4443: 4440:"management" 4433: 4424: 4418:. Retrieved 4403: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4368:. Retrieved 4354: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4321:. Retrieved 4319:. 2018-06-12 4316: 4307: 4296:. Retrieved 4294:. 2021-06-06 4291: 4282: 4261:cite journal 4246: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4126: 4120:. Retrieved 4105: 4097: 4088: 4077: 4057: 4055:SS Gulshan. 4050: 4036: 4021: 4006: 3973: 3967: 3956:. Retrieved 3947: 3938: 3911: 3905: 3761:connections. 3754: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3705: 3700:Coordinating 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3650:stakeholders 3647: 3627: 3617:viewpoints, 3612: 3585: 3582:21st century 3530: 3514: 3506:Cog's Ladder 3471: 3433: 3429:organization 3421:Alfred Sloan 3414: 3409: 3405:sociological 3369:Walter Scott 3350: 3312:(1917), and 3309: 3297: 3287: 3279: 3269: 3265: 3262:20th century 3256: 3252:wage slavery 3238:procedures, 3197: 3194:19th century 3177: 3164: 3140: 3132:Arthashastra 3130: 3116: 3090:meritocratic 3085: 3072:philosopher 3063: 3044:bureaucratic 3041: 3032:shareholders 3024: 3009: 2960: 2941: 2918: 2914: 2884: 2861: 2846: 2799: 2781: 2742: 2731: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2639: 2622: 2615: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2569: 2524: 2465: 2445: 2441: 2413: 2407: 2376: 2357: 2350: 2344:coordinating 2309:measurements 2269: 2216: 2206: 2174: 2141:housekeeping 2138: 2083: 2081: 2037: 1732:street-level 1607:Presidential 1567:Dictatorship 1437:Part of the 1428:team leaders 1387:hierarchical 1384: 1200:Architecture 1194:Organization 1160:Supply chain 986:Earned value 859:Stock market 736:Open economy 726:Econometrics 465:Conglomerate 356: 352: 351: 308:Strategy map 178:Sharon Oster 146:Liddell Hart 7082:Wikiversity 6973:Social work 6861:Linguistics 6786:Criminology 6703:criminology 6686:personality 6644:comparative 6622:Linguistics 6615:private law 6472:archaeology 6181:Forecasting 6098:Distributed 6005:Information 5982:On resource 5926:Engineering 5752:Performance 5710:(top-level) 5637:Association 5483:7 September 5177:McGraw-Hill 5081:"Fair game" 4931:McGraw-Hill 4665:Britt, H., 3713:Basic roles 3706:Controlling 3361:Henri Fayol 3328:introduced 3326:Yoichi Ueno 3320:management 3220:Eli Whitney 3154: 1515 2979:innovations 2975:enterprises 2922:John Kotter 2902:(DPA), the 2898:(DBA), the 2842:real estate 2773:bureaucrats 2670:Requirement 2618:supervisors 2583:Consist of 2573:shareholder 2557:contractors 2536:Fortune 500 2470:(including 2410:corporation 2389:and in the 2360:circularity 2347:controlling 2325:Henri Fayol 2222:Henri Fayol 2213:Definitions 2196:mesnagement 2186:Οἰκονομικός 2176:Oeconomicus 2136:(to act). 2130:(hand) and 1871:Sovereignty 1836:Legislature 1739:Technocracy 1727:Bureaucracy 1592:Meritocracy 1572:Directorial 1424:supervisors 1409:management. 1404:(CEO) or a 1315:Trade route 1230:Engineering 1225:Development 1077:Performance 1020:development 981:Distributed 854:Liquidation 495:Partnership 480:Corporation 475:Cooperative 254:Five forces 214:Value chain 142:Jim Collins 97:Game theory 7104:Management 7098:Categories 7027:Humanities 6961:historical 6894:psychology 6866:Management 6708:demography 6666:Psychology 6649:philosophy 6610:public law 6541:integrated 6186:Leadership 6169:activities 6081:approaches 6035:Technology 5955:On problem 5936:Perception 5889:Accounting 5854:production 5850:Operations 5827:department 5742:Innovation 5717:Capability 5679:Reputation 5659:Healthcare 5647:Restaurant 5598:Management 5561:Management 5549:Management 5439:2014-07-11 5259:2013-08-24 5143:0820323624 5116:0822974738 5091:2003-07-09 4826:2013-12-29 4621:18 January 4486:2015-08-29 4451:2015-08-29 4420:2015-08-29 4370:2015-08-29 4323:2022-06-18 4298:2022-06-18 4122:2015-09-05 3958:2022-03-03 3897:References 3783:Leadership 3694:Commanding 3688:Organizing 3654:governance 3588:nonprofits 3572:management 3570:production 3463:scientific 3434:H. Dodge, 3393:bureaucrat 3377:Elton Mayo 3373:psychology 3224:James Watt 3200:Adam Smith 3167:Adam Smith 3142:The Prince 3074:Shen Buhai 2894:(DM), the 2826:accounting 2736:(BBA) and 2692:Bill Gates 2688:Steve Jobs 2633:Motivation 2341:commanding 2338:organizing 2292:motivation 2284:enterprise 2276:procedures 2259:innovation 2207:management 2202:ménagement 2107:maneggiare 2098:equestrian 2040:Management 1961:Governance 1951:Government 1946:Federalism 1547:City-state 1182:Technology 1064:Operations 944:Commercial 937:innovation 927:Capability 819:Derivative 408:Accounting 353:Management 182:Chris Zook 169:J.C. 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