1583:
shows being shared between the stations. Programmes and news footage were distributed via mail, with a programme airing in one region being mailed to another region for broadcast the following week. A network was finally established in 1969, with the same programmes being relayed to all regions simultaneously. From the 1970s to the 1990s, locally produced programmes that aired on TV One and TV2 were produced out of one of the four main studios, with TVNZ's network hub based in
Wellington. Today, most locally produced programmes that are aired by both TVNZ and other networks are not actually produced in-house, instead they are often produced by a third party company (for example, the TV2 programme
1093:). On 2 November 1936 the BBC opened the world's first regular high-definition television service, from a 405 lines transmitter at Alexandra Palace. The BBC remained dominant until eventually on 22 September 1955, commercial broadcasting was established to create a second television network. Rather than creating a single network with local channels owned and operated by a single company (as is the case with the BBC), each local area had a separate television channel that was independently owned and operated, although most of these channels shared a number of programmes, particularly during peak evening viewing hours. These channels formed the
846:, which restricted the amount of time that the networks could air programs; officials hoped that the rules would foster the development of quality local programs, but in practice, most local stations did not want to bear the burden of producing many of their own programs, and instead chose to purchase programs from independent producers. Sales of television programs to individual local stations are done through a method called "broadcast syndication", and today nearly every television station in the United States obtains syndicated programs in addition to network-produced fare.
932:(O&O) of a network and independent stations. In the early days of television, when there were often only one or two stations broadcasting in a given market, the stations were usually affiliated with multiple networks and were able to choose which programs would air. Eventually, as more stations were licensed, it became common for each station to be exclusively affiliated with only one network and carry all of the "prime-time" programs that the network offered. Local stations occasionally break from regularly scheduled network programming however, especially when a
689:
closely followed breakthroughs in radio technology. As interest in television grew, and as early television stations began regular broadcasts, the idea of networking television signals (sending one station's video and audio signal to outlying stations) was born. However, the signal from an electronic television system, containing much more information than a radio signal, required a broadband transmission medium. Transmission by a nationwide series of radio relay towers would be possible but extremely expensive.
424:
761:
3105:
54:
3115:
1075:, often funded by a television licensing fee, and most of them later established a second or even third station providing a greater variety of content. Commercial television services also became available when private companies applied for television broadcasting licenses. Often, each new network would be identified with their channel number, so that individual stations would often be numbered "One", "Two", "Three" and so forth.
3094:
3125:
240:) and "television station" have become mostly interchangeable in everyday language, with professionals in television-related occupations continuing to make a differentiation between them. Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point, and whether the network
329:, where he determines targeted group/non-targeted group representations as well as the cultural specificity employed in the television network entity. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the network's preferred position.
1020:, are also generally considered to be "networks" by virtue of their national coverage, although they are not officially licensed as such. CTV was previously a licensed network, but relinquished this license in 2001 after acquiring most of its affiliates, making operating a network license essentially redundant (per the above definition).
295:) can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, or use archived programming to help complement their schedules.
1566:
All television networks in New
Zealand air the same programming across the entire country with the only regional deviations being for local advertising; a regional news service existed in the 1980s, carrying a regional news programme from TVNZ's studios in New Zealand's four largest cities, Auckland,
791:
called "the country's first permanent commercial television network" on 15 August 1946, connecting New York City with
Washington. Not to be outdone, NBC launched what it called "the world's first regularly operating television network" on 27 June 1947, serving New York City, Philadelphia, Schenectady
555:
This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated television stations across the country. These local stations then carry the "network feed", which can be viewed by millions of households across the country. In such cases, the signal is sent to as many as 200+ stations or as little
1008:
Currently, licensed national or provincial networks must be carried by all cable providers (in the country or province, respectively) with a service area above a certain population threshold, as well as all satellite providers. However, they are no longer necessarily expected to achieve over-the-air
1582:
In the 1960s, the service operated at the time by the New
Zealand Broadcasting Corporation was four separate television stations – AKTV2 in Auckland, WNTV1 in Wellington, CHTV3 in Christchurch and DNTV2 in Dunedin – which each ran their own newscast and produced some in-house programmes, with other
688:
As radio prospered throughout the 1920s and 1930s, experimental television stations, which broadcast both an audio and a video signal, began sporadic broadcasts. Licenses for these experimental stations were often granted to experienced radio broadcasters, and thus advances in television technology
1685:
Unlike the United States, where networks receive programmes produced by various production companies, the two largest networks in the
Philippines produce all of their prime time programmes. Other networks adopt block-time programming, which uses programming arrangements similar to the relationship
752:
relay antennas, and began transmitting some programs on an irregular basis to
Philadelphia and Schenectady in 1941. Wartime priorities suspended the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 1 April 1942 to 1 October 1945, temporarily shutting down expansion of television
704:
in 1929, primarily as a telephone improvement device. Its high capacity (transmitting 240 telephone calls simultaneously) also made it ideal for long-distance television transmission, where it could handle a frequency band of 1 MHz. German television first demonstrated such an application in
1594:
New
Zealand also operates several regional television stations, which are only available in individual markets. The regional stations will typically air a local news programme, produce some shows in-house and cover local sports events; the majority of programming on the regional stations will be
662:
beginning with the letter "W"; those west of the
Mississippi were assigned calls beginning with a "K". The number of programs that these early stations aired was often limited, in part due to the expense of program creation. The idea of a network system which would distribute programming to many
314:. This is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of commercial television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with a
321:
On the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of cable television has made available in major media markets, programs such as those aimed at
American bi-cultural Latinos. Such a diverse captive audience
1070:
Most television services outside North
America are national networks established by a combination of publicly funded broadcasters and commercial broadcasters. Most nations established television networks in a similar way: the first television service in each country was operated by a
1164:
have established TV networks since the 1980s although they initially aired exclusively on satellite. In 1991, TV4 became Sweden's first commercial television network to air terrestrially. Most television programming in Sweden is centralised except for local news updates that air on
1193:. Rather than having a single production arm, there are a number of public broadcasting organizations that create programming for each of the three stations, each working relatively independently. Commercial broadcasting in the Netherlands is currently operated by two networks,
259:
and satellite television are branded as "channels" because they are somewhat different from traditional networks in the sense defined above, as they are singular operations – they have no affiliates or component stations, but instead are distributed to the public via cable or
1609:
In the Philippines, in practice, the terms "network", "station" and "channel" are used interchangeably as programming lineups are mostly centrally planned from the networks' main offices, and since provincial/regional stations usually just relay the broadcast from their
780:
AT&T made its first postwar addition in February 1946, with the completion of a 225-mile (362 km) cable between New York City and Washington, D.C., although a blurry demonstration broadcast showed that it would not be in regular use for several months. The
1559:, which airs mostly imported programmes with children's shows airing in the daytime and shows targeted at teenagers and adult between 15 and 39 years of age during prime time. MediaWorks also operates a timeshift network, TV3 + 1, and a 24-hour music network,
516:
only provides ten hours of primetime programming each week, leaving their affiliates to fill time periods where network programs are not broadcast with a large amount of syndicated programming. Other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as
728:
every 10 miles (16 km), and in 1937 it experimented with transmitting televised motion pictures over the line. Bell Labs gave demonstrations of the New York–Philadelphia television link in 1940 and 1941. AT&T used the coaxial link to transmit the
621:
television stations, and in recent years, even more so for stations that used this revenue stream to finance their conversion to digital broadcasts, which in turn provides them with several additional channels to transmit different programming sources.
1315:, which was founded in 1965. It grew to become the largest and most successful media conglomerate in the country, having a dominating presence in various forms of media including television, radio, print (newspapers and magazines) and the Internet.
1475:. Beginning in 1989, however, television markets in rural areas began to aggregate, allowing these rural networks to broadcast over a larger area, often an entire state, and become full-time affiliates to one specific metropolitan network.
966:, a network is defined as "any operation where control over all or any part of the programs or program schedules of one or more broadcasting undertakings is delegated to another undertaking or person", and must be licensed by the
1539:
TV One Plus 1. The network operated by Television New Zealand has progressed from operating as four distinct local stations within the four main centers in the 1960s, to having the majority of the content produced from TVNZ's
838:, when most viewers were watching television. Most of the programs broadcast by the television stations were still locally produced. As the networks increased the number of programs that they aired, however, officials at the
563:, television networks have also been created specifically for distribution on the digital subchannels of television stations (including networks focusing on classic television series and films operated by companies like
1512:
is the network's flagship network which carries news, current affairs and sports programming as well as the majority of the locally produced shows broadcast by TVNZ and imported shows. TVNZ's second network,
1285:
was launched, mostly employing NTV/TV-6 staff, only to cease operations the following year. Since then, the four largest television networks (Channel One, Russia 1, NTV and Russia 2) have been state-owned.
1228:
launched on 22 March 1951 when Channel One of USSR Central Television became a unionwide network. Until 1989, there were six television networks, all owned by the USSR Gosteleradio. This changed during
630:
Television broadcasting in the United States was heavily influenced by radio. Early individual experimental radio stations in the United States began limited operations in the 1910s. In November 1920,
488:(Fox), which launched in October 1986, has gained prominence and is now considered part of the "Big Four". The Big Three provide a significant number of programs to each of their affiliates, including
807:. But as the television networks expanded westward, the interconnected television stations formed major networks of connected affiliate stations. In January 1949, with the sign-on of DuMont's
663:
stations simultaneously, saving each station the expense of creating all of their own programs and expanding the total coverage beyond the limits of a single broadcast signal, was devised.
819:
networks were finally connected by coaxial cable (with WDTV airing the best shows from all four networks). By 1951, the four networks stretched from coast to coast, carried on the new
1249:
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, USSR Gosteleradio ceased to exist as well as its six networks. Only Channel One had a smooth transition and survived as a network, becoming
849:
Late in the 20th century, cross-country microwave radio relays were replaced by fixed-service satellites. Some terrestrial radio relays remained in service for regional connections.
1622:
area). As such, networks made up of VHF stations are sometimes informally referred to by their over-the-air channel number in the Mega Manila area (for example, Channel 4 or
318:
broadcasting agency. Some countries have launched national television networks, so that individual television stations can act as common repeaters of nationwide programs.
967:
834:
Each of the four major television networks originally only broadcast a few hours of programs a week to their affiliate stations, mostly between 8:00 and 11:00 p.m.
1917:
1269:
The 2000s were marked by the increased state intervention in Russian television. On 14 April 2001 NTV experienced management changes following the expulsion of former
508:. Since the creation of Fox, the number of American television networks has increased, though the amount of programming they provide is often much less: for example,
1055:
in Toronto and adopted that station's "Citytv" branding, but gradually became a network by virtue of national coverage through expansions into other markets west of
1062:
Most local television stations in Canada are now owned and operated directly by their network, with only a small number of stations still operating as affiliates.
677:
owned and operated, in a vast chain, NBC's audio signal thus transmitted from station to station to listeners across the United States. Other companies, including
803:
In the 1940s, the term "chain broadcasting" was used when discussing network broadcasts, as the television stations were linked together in long chains along the
685:, soon followed suit, each network signed hundreds of individual stations on as affiliates: stations which agreed to broadcast programs from one of the networks.
460:
2369:
1471:. Until 1989, areas outside these main cities had access to only a single commercial station, and these rural stations often formed small networks such as
764:
The DuMont Television Network in 1949. DuMont's network of stations stretched from Boston to St. Louis. These stations were linked together via AT&T's
1277:. As a result, most of the prominent reporters featured on NTV left the network. Later on 22 January 2002, the second largest private television network
852:
After the failure and shutdown of DuMont in 1956, several attempts at new networks were made between the 1950s and the 1970s, with little success. The
908:
was launched as a "merger" of The WB and UPN (in actuality, a consolidation of each respective network's higher-rated programs onto one schedule);
733:
in June 1940 from Philadelphia to New York City, where it was televised to a few hundred receivers over the NBC station W2XBS (which evolved into
540:
has a significant amount of freedom to schedule television shows as they consent to. Some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate
1964:
1849:
1224:
launched on 7 July 1938 when Petersburg – Channel 5 of Leningrad Television became a unionwide network. The second television network in the
3077:
3049:
3044:
2069:
177:
924:. This led to a system where most local television stations were independently owned, but received programming from the network through a
1128:. Since the introduction of digital television, the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 each introduced a number of digital-only channels.
1027:, although the public and the broadcasters themselves will often refer to them as "networks" regardless. Some of these systems, such as
597:, in which cable and satellite providers pay a rate of more than $ 5.00 per subscriber to ESPN). The providers also handle the sale of
384:
224:
In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content to all of their stations, and where most individual
1807:
1293:(its coverage increased vastly allowing it to become a federal network), Petersburg – Channel Five (overall the same), the relaunched
1659:
654:(FRC), a government entity that was created in 1926 to regulate the radio industry. With some exceptions, radio stations east of the
118:
744:
NBC had earlier demonstrated an inter-city television broadcast on 1 February 1940, from its station in New York City to another in
395:
in the UK itself. Experimental television broadcasts were started in 1929, using an electromechanical 30-line system developed by
90:
3161:
71:
17:
1281:, where the former NTV staff took refuge, was shut down allegedly because of its editorial policy. Five months later on 1 June,
3071:
1710:
1357:
1253:. The other five networks were operated by Ground Zero. This free airwave space allowed many private television networks like
97:
3066:
3056:
3036:
2838:
1927:
1790:
1753:
1700:
986:
590:
962:
A number of different definitions of "network" are used by government agencies, industry, and the general public. Under the
601:
inserted at the local level during national programming, in which case the broadcaster and the cable/satellite provider may
1043:, have similar branding and a common programming focus, but schedules may vary significantly from one station to the next.
2203:
3128:
3061:
2907:
1297:. The Russian television market is mainly shared today by five major companies: Channel One, Russia 1, NTV, TNT and CTC.
828:
213:
104:
2833:
1157:
400:
1327:
2927:
1951:
842:(FCC) grew concerned that local television might disappear altogether. Eventually, the federal regulator enacted the
839:
193:
137:
1883:
912:, a network formed from affiliates of UPN and The WB that did not affiliate with The CW, launched at the same time.
3900:
3794:
3471:
2712:
2260:
2062:
1705:
1385:
1084:
921:
861:
86:
1591:). The networks produce their own news and current affairs programs, with most of the content filmed in Auckland.
4052:
3276:
2823:
1671:
1178:
1161:
816:
465:
280:
2818:
1627:
1365:
730:
560:
322:
presents an occasion for the networks and affiliates to advertise the best programming that needs to be aired.
201:
75:
2015:
1104:
broadcasting allowed a greater number of television channels to broadcast, the BBC launched a second channel,
904:, would later acquire half and later all of the network over the course of its existence). In September 2006,
3697:
3599:
2843:
1604:
797:
473:
469:
435:
387:
paid by British residents, as a result no advertising appears on these services. The advertising-funded arm (
209:
796:
and Boston were added to the NBC television network in late 1947. DuMont and NBC would be joined by CBS and
512:
only provides fifteen hours of primetime programming each week (along with three hours on Saturdays), while
4047:
3118:
2879:
2776:
2319:
2114:
2086:
1040:
990:
42:
973:
Only three national over-the-air television networks are currently licensed by the CRTC: government-owned
3815:
3154:
3108:
2615:
2055:
1389:
1089:
The first television network in the United Kingdom was operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation (
944:, station identifications are displayed in the first few seconds before switching to the network's logo.
697:
545:
1555:, which competes directly with both TVNZ broadcast networks. MediaWorks also operates a second network,
3369:
2967:
2889:
2828:
2535:
978:
929:
682:
529:
261:
161:
1867:
1009:
coverage in all areas (APTN, for example, only has terrestrial coverage in parts of northern Canada).
3857:
3825:
3789:
3542:
3255:
3240:
2739:
2700:
2545:
2445:
2374:
2307:
2134:
1643:
1499:
1017:
1012:
In addition to these licensed networks, the two main private English-language over-the-air services,
982:
873:
782:
631:
593:
and satellite providers pay the networks a certain rate per subscriber (the highest charge being for
537:
356:
333:
315:
1547:
New Zealand also has several privately owned television networks with the largest being operated by
111:
3867:
3098:
2340:
2275:
2228:
2188:
1432:
1415:
The first commercial networks in Australia involved commercial stations that shared programming in
853:
812:
651:
485:
288:
3526:
548:; in fact, some programs airing on PBS were branded on other channels as coming from GPB Kids and
524:
The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service (
3920:
3491:
3384:
3245:
2937:
2922:
2766:
2717:
2640:
2540:
2218:
2104:
2099:
1615:
1351:
963:
940:
situation occurs in the viewing area. Moreover, when stations return to network programming from
229:
64:
1035:, essentially operate as mini-networks, but have reduced geographical coverage. Others, such as
3225:
3147:
2859:
2645:
2460:
2405:
2400:
2213:
2178:
1782:
1776:
1588:
1548:
1528:
1505:
1144:
Sweden had only one television network from 1956 until the early-1990s: the public broadcaster
1013:
893:
843:
618:
598:
518:
303:
225:
1023:
Smaller groups of stations with common branding are often categorized by industry watchers as
673:
technology. The network physically linked individual radio stations, nearly all of which were
3890:
3842:
3521:
3451:
3430:
3194:
3170:
2761:
2565:
2530:
2450:
2430:
2352:
2240:
2161:
820:
745:
533:
505:
341:
310:. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming, a method known as
181:
2094:
669:
set up the first permanent coast-to-coast radio network in the United States by 1928, using
3915:
3847:
3799:
3784:
3754:
3717:
3496:
3461:
3456:
2675:
2635:
2605:
2362:
2297:
2119:
1827:
1373:
1306:
1250:
1210:
1101:
957:
922:
number of television stations that could be owned by any one network, company or individual
897:
754:
614:
337:
284:
2033:
536:
networks, there is no central unified arm of broadcast programming, meaning that each PBS
248:
in real-time when it deems this necessary – the most common example being during national
8:
3820:
3516:
3364:
3349:
3329:
2685:
2625:
2384:
2346:
2144:
2129:
1460:
1145:
1072:
693:
576:
564:
646:, New York City and other areas. Radio stations received permission to transmit through
4026:
3966:
3935:
3682:
3661:
3634:
3629:
3511:
3374:
3334:
3291:
2912:
2869:
2800:
2670:
2600:
2575:
2510:
2357:
2078:
1997:
1556:
1149:
868:), was launched on 9 October 1986 after the company purchased the television assets of
824:
549:
541:
493:
363:
with upstream and downstream systems, so that programming appears seamless to viewers.
311:
292:
276:
233:
169:
35:
31:
772:
programming to all the stations at the same time. Stations not yet connected received
371:
A major international television broadcaster is the British Broadcasting Corporation (
244:
has the technical and administrative capability to take over the programming of their
3976:
3971:
3910:
3764:
3749:
3506:
3209:
3189:
2952:
2874:
2788:
2771:
2734:
2580:
2410:
2379:
2245:
2139:
1947:
1923:
1786:
1725:
1695:
1667:
1552:
1536:
1514:
1319:
1274:
1230:
1024:
953:
901:
835:
674:
655:
647:
521:
content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish.
501:
500:
programming, but still reserve periods during each day where their affiliate can air
497:
489:
265:
245:
185:
2620:
1670:), while some incorporate their channel numbers in the network's name (for example,
383:, the BBC funds itself in two ways. UK services branded under BBC are funded by the
3991:
3852:
3692:
3644:
3609:
3339:
3324:
3319:
2957:
2917:
2897:
2864:
2793:
2751:
2665:
2520:
2505:
2480:
2455:
2415:
2265:
2124:
2109:
1903:
1819:
1745:
1519:
1472:
1397:
1369:
1294:
1290:
1238:
1198:
1094:
941:
876:
by 1994. Two other networks launched within a week of one another in January 1995:
749:
710:
480:(formerly the Columbia Broadcasting System) and the National Broadcasting Company (
408:
396:
256:
3759:
3677:
3656:
3639:
3619:
3440:
3435:
3281:
3250:
3204:
3199:
2585:
2440:
2208:
2183:
2171:
1969:
1854:
1715:
1560:
1056:
1036:
885:
865:
804:
769:
706:
602:
360:
307:
299:
237:
165:
184:
on television in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of
3940:
3925:
3905:
3862:
3830:
3594:
3425:
3344:
3286:
3235:
2783:
2655:
2630:
2590:
2560:
2435:
2270:
2223:
2198:
2156:
1880:
1611:
1524:
1483:
1435:, with each network forming networks based on their allocated channel numbers:
1409:
1361:
1289:
Still, the 2000s saw a rise of several independent television networks such as
1125:
1032:
974:
937:
857:
670:
587:), along with networks focusing on music, sports and other niche programming).
404:
241:
173:
1823:
1682:, which respectively broadcast on VHF channel 5, and UHF channels 23 and 25).
4041:
4021:
4016:
3956:
3739:
3604:
3557:
3466:
3404:
3379:
3298:
3230:
2932:
2705:
2695:
2610:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2470:
2292:
2151:
1887:
1464:
1278:
1258:
1194:
1002:
933:
765:
701:
606:
269:
249:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3961:
3874:
3649:
3624:
3562:
3547:
3445:
3409:
3399:
3359:
2810:
2650:
2595:
2525:
2490:
2425:
2324:
2314:
2166:
1572:
1456:
1393:
1282:
1254:
1225:
1221:
1153:
721:
345:
3744:
3394:
3010:
2660:
2570:
2555:
2515:
2475:
2334:
1651:
1619:
1517:, airs mostly imported shows with some locally produced programs such as
1479:
1377:
1234:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
was the only television network in the Netherlands, with three stations,
1129:
1124:. These were later followed by the launch of a third commercial network,
1001:, but is not licensed or locally distributed (outside of carriage on the
925:
909:
881:
760:
610:
556:
as just a dozen or fewer stations, depending on the size of the network.
513:
391:) employs 23,000 people worldwide including the operation of broadcaster
388:
352:
3139:
785:, which had begun experimental broadcasts before the war, launched what
737:) as well as seen in Schenectady, New York via W2XB (which evolved into
423:
3930:
3895:
3835:
3707:
3687:
3486:
3476:
3354:
3303:
3015:
2722:
2420:
2329:
2285:
2255:
2233:
1568:
1468:
1335:
1312:
869:
642:, Pennsylvania. Other companies built early radio stations in Detroit,
639:
584:
298:
Some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the
255:
In North America in particular, many television networks available via
757:", was broadcast simultaneously over three stations as an experiment.
3712:
3614:
3567:
3271:
3000:
2465:
2280:
2047:
1675:
1523:. TVNZ also operates a network exclusive to pay television services,
1420:
1339:
1270:
1113:
793:
773:
717:
659:
635:
613:
format may instead pay the station or cable/satellite provider, in a
580:
380:
275:
A network may or may not produce all of its own programming. If not,
1531:. TVNZ previously operated a non-commercial public service network,
264:
providers. Such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as "
53:
3552:
3481:
3184:
2995:
2985:
2902:
2727:
2550:
1541:
1428:
1424:
1401:
1323:
787:
725:
634:
signed on "the world's first commercially licensed radio station",
376:
1944:
The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television
1808:"Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants"
41:"Television broadcasting" redirects here. For the technology, see
2990:
2975:
2193:
1720:
1635:
1576:
1331:
1109:
1105:
1052:
1048:
808:
568:
399:. Limited regular broadcasts using this system began in 1934 and
348:
1778:
Here's Looking at You: The Story of British Television 1908–1939
3702:
3389:
3020:
2980:
2302:
1679:
1535:, which ceased operations in June 2012 and was replaced by the
1532:
1509:
1487:
1416:
1381:
1047:
originally began operating as a television system in 2002 when
1044:
998:
905:
877:
643:
509:
1364:. The ABC operates eight stations as part of its main network
3501:
3005:
2942:
2250:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1117:
1028:
994:
572:
2947:
1405:
1166:
1133:
968:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
738:
734:
594:
392:
340:
to handle most tasks. These systems are not only used for
3572:
1121:
1090:
1065:
997:(formerly V), is licensed as a provincial network within
889:
678:
666:
525:
481:
477:
372:
205:
197:
189:
168:, where a central operation provides programming to many
1998:"Eyewitness: 1949 / TV makes Pittsburgh 'A New Promise'"
1237:
program, when the first independent television network,
1051:
in Vancouver started to carry programs originating from
375:), which is perhaps most-well known for its news agency
1805:
1372:
and territory, as well as three digital-only networks,
325:
This is explained by author Tim P. Vos in his abstract
1201:, which together broadcast seven commercial stations.
461:
List of United States over-the-air television networks
1311:
The major commercial television network in Brazil is
1112:). A second national commercial network was launched
544:
networks through their member stations (for example,
1982:"The Impact of the FCC's Chain Broadcasting Rules".
920:
FCC regulations in the United States restricted the
1806:Baudino, Joseph E; John M. Kittross (Winter 1977).
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1005:of pay television providers) on a national basis.
872:; it would eventually ascend to the status of the
1946:Temple University Press: Philadelphia, p. 16-17.
892:), formed through a programming alliance between
4039:
1881:Television 'Piped' From New York to Philadelphia
928:contract, except in a few major cities that had
827:. Only a few local television stations remained
705:1936 by relaying televised telephone calls from
741:) via off-air relay from the New York station.
617:carriage deal. This is especially common with
3155:
2063:
1774:
1508:(TVNZ), which consists of two main networks:
1132:operates a large number of channels, as does
1120:instead introduced a Welsh-language service,
188:. Many early television networks such as the
1356:Australia has two national public networks,
880:Television Network, a joint venture between
753:networking. However, in 1944 a short film, "
713:, 180 km (110 mi) away, by cable.
3078:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1919:The Columbia History of American Television
178:multichannel video programming distributors
3162:
3148:
3114:
2070:
2056:
1482:channels, there are others on Australia's
1463:channels 7 and 10 respectively formed the
981:(French), French-language private network
3949:
3169:
1995:
1922:. Columbia University Press. p. 84.
1108:(with the original service being renamed
327:A Cultural Explanation of Early Broadcast
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
1936:
1915:
768:feed, allowing the network to broadcast
759:
720:coaxial cable between New York City and
1388:. SBS currently operates six stations,
14:
4040:
2077:
1904:GOP Convention of 1940 in Philadelphia
1711:List of television networks by country
1066:Europe, Asia, Africa and South America
3670:
3143:
2051:
1701:Cable television in the United States
359:or other sources to maintain perfect
216:evolved from earlier radio networks.
3124:
1976:
1686:between a U.S. network and station.
1504:New Zealand has one public network,
1220:The first television network in the
1148:(SVT). Commercial companies such as
888:, and the United Paramount Network (
418:
232:", the terms "television network", "
176:providers or, in the United States,
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
2016:"Canadian Broadcasting Act of 1991"
993:. A third French-language service,
24:
1916:Edgerton, Gary (12 October 2007).
1894:, February 1938, pp. 534, 574–575.
1551:. MediaWorks' flagship network is
332:As to individual stations, modern
27:Telecom network for TV programming
25:
4064:
1527:, available on providers such as
1078:
840:Federal Communications Commission
776:recordings via physical delivery.
528:), a non-profit, publicly owned,
228:therefore operate only as large "
3901:Concentration of media ownership
3795:Television content rating system
3123:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3092:
2713:Free-space optical communication
1756:from the original on 16 May 2020
1706:Concentration of media ownership
1085:Television in the United Kingdom
454:
422:
52:
3277:Director of network programming
2026:
2008:
1989:
1957:
1595:imported from various sources.
1179:Netherlands Public Broadcasting
468:had long been dominated by the
466:Television in the United States
63:needs additional citations for
1996:Barcousky, Len (16 May 2010).
1909:
1897:
1873:
1861:
1842:
1799:
1768:
1738:
1618:station (usually based in the
1598:
1493:
1172:
731:Republican National Convention
532:service. In comparison to the
13:
1:
3600:Broadcasting of sports events
1731:
1605:Television in the Philippines
1459:; while their equivalents on
1455:in Perth together formed the
1215:
915:
474:American Broadcasting Company
470:Big Three television networks
3099:Telecommunication portal
2880:Telecommunications equipment
1345:
1261:to launch in the mid-1990s.
1041:Crossroads Television System
991:Indigenous peoples in Canada
625:
43:Broadcast television systems
7:
3816:Broadcast reference monitor
2616:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1892:Short Wave & Television
1689:
1628:People's Television Network
930:owned-and-operated stations
698:Bell Telephone Laboratories
605:. Networks that maintain a
546:Georgia Public Broadcasting
302:of television commercials,
236:" (a numeric identifier or
219:
10:
4069:
3370:Television program creator
2320:Telecommunications history
1602:
1497:
1349:
1304:
1208:
1082:
951:
683:Mutual Broadcasting System
530:non-commercial educational
458:
414:
357:Global Positioning Systems
334:network operations centers
262:direct-broadcast satellite
162:telecommunications network
40:
29:
4009:
3883:
3858:Professional video camera
3826:Digital on-screen graphic
3808:
3790:List of television awards
3777:
3732:
3585:
3535:
3450:Character generator (CG)
3418:
3312:
3264:
3256:Transmission control room
3241:Network operations center
3218:
3177:
3087:
3029:
2966:
2928:Public Switched Telephone
2888:
2852:
2809:
2750:
2740:telecommunication circuit
2701:Fiber-optic communication
2684:
2446:Francis Blake (telephone)
2393:
2241:Optical telecommunication
2085:
1942:Weinstein, David (2004).
1824:10.1080/08838157709363817
1644:Radio Philippines Network
1500:Television in New Zealand
1300:
1204:
1139:
947:
783:DuMont Television Network
366:
316:noncommercial educational
3868:Lighting control console
2839:Orbital angular-momentum
2276:Satellite communications
2115:Communications satellite
1264:
1244:
854:Fox Broadcasting Company
716:AT&T laid the first
671:dedicated telephone line
652:Federal Radio Commission
504:, such as local news or
486:Fox Broadcasting Company
289:Sony Pictures Television
164:for the distribution of
87:"Television broadcaster"
30:Not to be confused with
3921:Influence of mass media
3492:Unit production manager
3246:Production control room
2718:Molecular communication
2541:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2370:Undersea telegraph line
2105:Cable protection system
2020:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
2002:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1812:Journal of Broadcasting
1352:Television in Australia
1318:Other networks include
1059:between 2005 and 2013.
989:, a network focused on
726:signal booster stations
304:station identifications
281:Warner Bros. Television
226:television transmitters
180:. Until the mid-1980s,
18:Television broadcasting
4053:Television terminology
3226:Central apparatus room
2860:Communication protocol
2646:Charles Sumner Tainter
2461:Walter Houser Brattain
2406:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2214:Information revolution
1986:, 60(1) (1951): 78–111
1775:Norman, Bruce (1984).
1589:South Pacific Pictures
1506:Television New Zealand
894:Chris-Craft Industries
844:Prime Time Access Rule
777:
154:television broadcaster
3843:Multiple-camera setup
3573:Visual effects artist
3522:Broadcast engineering
3195:History of television
3171:Television production
2834:Polarization-division
2566:Narinder Singh Kapany
2531:Erna Schneider Hoover
2451:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2431:Alexander Graham Bell
2162:online video platform
1868:Television in Germany
1251:Ostankino Channel One
979:Ici Radio-Canada Télé
821:microwave radio relay
763:
650:obtained through the
559:With the adoption of
534:commercial television
182:broadcast programming
3916:Freedom of the press
3848:Outside broadcasting
3800:Television criticism
3785:Audience measurement
3755:Political commentary
3718:Late-night talk show
3497:Production assistant
3462:Graphics coordinator
3457:Studio floor manager
2676:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2636:Almon Brown Strowger
2606:Charles Grafton Page
2261:Prepaid mobile phone
2189:Electrical telegraph
1984:The Yale Law Journal
1544:studios at present.
1307:Television in Brazil
1211:Television in Russia
1031:and the now-defunct
958:Television in Canada
898:Paramount Television
874:fourth major network
755:Patrolling the Ether
338:broadcast automation
285:Universal Television
277:production companies
186:terrestrial networks
72:improve this article
4048:Television networks
3821:Character generator
3517:Television director
3350:Production designer
3236:Master control room
2626:Johann Philipp Reis
2385:Wireless revolution
2347:The Telephone Cases
2204:Hydraulic telegraph
1146:Sveriges Television
1100:When the advent of
825:AT&T Long Lines
811:in Pittsburgh, the
577:Nexstar Media Group
565:Weigel Broadcasting
506:syndicated programs
401:an expanded service
170:television stations
4027:Television studies
3967:Communications law
3936:Media manipulation
3683:Limited-run series
3662:Television special
3635:Reality television
3630:Police crime drama
3527:Technical director
3512:Technical director
3385:Production manager
3375:Executive producer
3335:Assistant director
3292:Sports commentator
2824:Frequency-division
2801:Telephone exchange
2671:Charles Wheatstone
2601:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2576:Innocenzo Manzetti
2511:Reginald Fessenden
2246:Optical telegraphy
2079:Telecommunications
1858:, 14 October 1935.
1150:Modern Times Group
1073:public broadcaster
1025:television systems
778:
658:received official
648:broadcast licenses
561:digital television
542:digital subchannel
434:. You can help by
411:in November 1936.
385:television license
312:regional variation
293:TriStar Television
266:specialty channels
234:television channel
166:television content
158:television network
36:Television station
32:Television channel
4035:
4034:
4005:
4004:
3977:Fairness Doctrine
3972:Entertainment law
3911:Freedom of speech
3773:
3772:
3765:Weather forecasts
3750:News broadcasting
3728:
3727:
3581:
3580:
3507:Stunt coordinator
3210:Television studio
3190:Broadcast network
3137:
3136:
2875:Store and forward
2870:Data transmission
2784:Network switching
2735:Transmission line
2581:Guglielmo Marconi
2546:Internet pioneers
2411:Mohamed M. Atalla
2380:Whistled language
1929:978-0-231-51218-3
1792:978-0-563-20102-1
1726:Television system
1696:Broadcast network
1662:and Channel 5 or
1537:timeshift channel
1478:As well as these
1320:Rede Bandeirantes
1275:Vladimir Gusinsky
1231:Mikhail Gorbachev
954:Television system
942:commercial breaks
856:, founded by the
831:of the networks.
724:, with automatic
656:Mississippi River
502:local programming
452:
451:
230:repeater stations
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
4060:
3992:Media regulation
3947:
3946:
3853:Production truck
3730:
3729:
3693:Procedural drama
3668:
3667:
3645:Documentary film
3610:Event television
3340:Location manager
3325:Costume designer
3320:Casting director
3310:
3309:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3095:
2968:Notable networks
2958:Wireless network
2898:Cellular network
2890:Types of network
2865:Computer network
2752:Network topology
2666:Thomas A. Watson
2521:Oliver Heaviside
2506:Philo Farnsworth
2481:Daniel Davis Jr.
2456:Charles Bourseul
2416:John Logie Baird
2125:Data compression
2120:Computer network
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2034:"Brazil profile"
2030:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1906:, UShistory.org.
1901:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1826:. Archived from
1803:
1797:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1742:
1654:, Channel 13 or
1585:Shortland Street
1520:Shortland Street
1473:Prime Television
1451:in Adelaide and
1398:SBS World Movies
1273:and NTV founder
1241:, was launched.
1199:SBS Broadcasting
964:Broadcasting Act
862:News Corporation
792:and Washington.
750:General Electric
484:); however, the
447:
444:
426:
419:
409:Alexandra Palace
397:John Logie Baird
351:, but use exact
308:emergency alerts
268:" in Canada or "
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4001:
3945:
3879:
3804:
3769:
3760:Traffic reports
3724:
3678:Animated series
3666:
3657:Television show
3640:Television film
3620:Live television
3587:
3577:
3536:Post-production
3531:
3441:Cinematographer
3436:Camera operator
3414:
3308:
3260:
3251:Stage (theatre)
3214:
3205:Television show
3200:Television crew
3173:
3168:
3138:
3133:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3025:
2962:
2884:
2848:
2805:
2754:
2746:
2687:
2680:
2586:Robert Metcalfe
2441:Tim Berners-Lee
2389:
2209:Information Age
2081:
2076:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1878:
1874:
1870:, Berlin, 1936.
1866:
1862:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1830:on 6 March 2008
1804:
1800:
1793:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1716:Holding company
1692:
1646:, Channel 7 or
1638:, Channel 9 or
1630:, Channel 2 or
1607:
1601:
1587:is produced by
1502:
1496:
1368:, one for each
1354:
1348:
1309:
1303:
1267:
1247:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1175:
1142:
1087:
1081:
1068:
1057:Atlantic Canada
1037:Omni Television
960:
952:Main articles:
950:
918:
900:(whose parent,
886:Tribune Company
866:Fox Corporation
770:live television
692:Researchers at
628:
463:
457:
448:
442:
439:
432:needs expansion
417:
407:) started from
369:
361:synchronization
300:local insertion
238:radio frequency
222:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3941:Public opinion
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Media activism
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Counterculture
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Agenda-setting
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3863:Stage lighting
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3831:Mixing console
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:TV commercials
3602:
3597:
3595:Beauty pageant
3591:
3589:
3586:Types, formats
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Audio engineer
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Make-up artist
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3313:Pre-production
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:News presenter
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3178:Main / general
3175:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Space-division
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Camille Tissot
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Claude Shannon
2628:
2623:
2621:Tivadar Puskás
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Antonio Meucci
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Charles K. Kao
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Harold Hopkins
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Emile Berliner
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Videotelephony
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2271:Radiotelephone
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Internet video
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2040:. 24 May 2016.
2025:
2007:
1988:
1975:
1973:, 7 July 1947.
1956:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1896:
1886:2012-07-30 at
1872:
1860:
1841:
1798:
1791:
1767:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1600:
1597:
1525:TVNZ Heartland
1495:
1492:
1484:Pay television
1443:in Melbourne,
1410:SBS WorldWatch
1358:ABC Television
1347:
1344:
1302:
1299:
1266:
1263:
1246:
1243:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1174:
1171:
1141:
1138:
1080:
1079:United Kingdom
1077:
1067:
1064:
977:(English) and
975:CBC Television
949:
946:
938:severe weather
917:
914:
864:(now owned by
858:Rupert Murdoch
748:, New York by
627:
624:
538:member station
492:, prime time,
456:
453:
450:
449:
429:
427:
416:
413:
405:BBC Television
403:(now known as
368:
365:
272:" in the U.S.
270:cable networks
242:master control
221:
218:
174:pay television
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4065:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Media studies
4020:
4018:
4017:Media culture
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Broadcast law
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Breaking news
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Stage manager
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Boom operator
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Script editor
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Line producer
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:News director
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Changing room
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2844:Code-division
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Time-division
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:and switching
2753:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:optical fiber
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Coaxial cable
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Radia Perlman
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Lee de Forest
2499:
2497:
2496:Thomas Edison
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Donald Davies
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Claude Chappe
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Smoke signals
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:Semiconductor
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:Digital media
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1952:1-59213-499-8
1949:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1888:archive.today
1885:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:Coaxial Cable
1845:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:Seven Network
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:in Brisbane,
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:RTL Nederland
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:SBS Discovery
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:digital tiers
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
959:
955:
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:breaking news
931:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
790:
789:
784:
775:
771:
767:
766:coaxial cable
762:
758:
756:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
703:
702:coaxial cable
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:independently
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:home shopping
604:
603:share revenue
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
455:United States
446:
437:
433:
430:This section
428:
425:
421:
420:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
253:
251:
250:breaking news
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3997:Pixelization
3987:Media reform
3982:Media policy
3962:Bleep censor
3875:Vision mixer
3650:Mockumentary
3625:Variety show
3548:Foley artist
3543:Sound editor
3446:Videographer
3410:Story editor
3400:Screenwriter
3360:Set designer
2811:Multiplexing
2686:Transmission
2651:Nikola Tesla
2641:Henry Sutton
2596:Samuel Morse
2526:Robert Hooke
2491:Amos Dolbear
2426:John Bardeen
2345:
2325:Telautograph
2229:Mobile phone
2184:Edholm's law
2167:social media
2100:Broadcasting
2037:
2028:
2022:. July 2020.
2019:
2010:
2001:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1943:
1938:
1918:
1911:
1899:
1891:
1875:
1863:
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:the original
1815:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1684:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1608:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1573:Christchurch
1565:
1546:
1518:
1503:
1477:
1457:Nine Network
1414:
1394:SBS Viceland
1355:
1317:
1310:
1288:
1268:
1248:
1226:Soviet Union
1222:Soviet Union
1219:
1177:Until 1989,
1176:
1143:
1099:
1088:
1069:
1061:
1022:
1011:
1007:
972:
961:
919:
851:
848:
836:Eastern Time
833:
802:
786:
779:
743:
722:Philadelphia
715:
691:
687:
665:
632:Westinghouse
629:
589:
558:
554:
523:
464:
440:
436:adding to it
431:
370:
346:video server
336:usually use
331:
326:
324:
320:
297:
274:
254:
223:
214:in Australia
157:
153:
151:
149:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
3836:Microphones
3745:Debate show
3395:Head writer
3365:TV producer
3330:TV director
3011:NPL network
2723:Radio waves
2661:Alfred Vail
2571:Hedy Lamarr
2556:Dawon Kahng
2516:Elisha Gray
2476:Yogen Dalal
2401:Nasir Ahmed
2335:Teleprinter
2199:Heliographs
1760:18 November
1652:GMA Network
1620:Mega Manila
1599:Philippines
1494:New Zealand
1480:free-to-air
1439:in Sydney,
1378:ABC TV Plus
1235:Perestroika
1191:Nederland 3
1187:Nederland 2
1183:Nederland 1
1173:Netherlands
1116:, although
1095:ITV network
926:franchising
910:MyNetworkTV
882:Time Warner
829:independent
823:network of
746:Schenectady
696:subsidiary
611:infomercial
599:advertising
579:(owners of
567:(owners of
514:MyNetworkTV
389:BBC Studios
379:. Owned by
353:atomic time
342:programming
4042:Categories
3950:Regulation
3931:Media bias
3896:Censorship
3708:Soap opera
3688:Miniseries
3588:and genres
3487:Dolly grip
3419:Production
3355:Researcher
3304:Showrunner
3057:Antarctica
3016:Toasternet
2938:Television
2421:Paul Baran
2353:Television
2337:(teletype)
2330:Telegraphy
2308:transistor
2286:Phryctoria
2256:Photophone
2234:Smartphone
2224:Mass media
1781:. p.
1732:References
1614:network's
1603:See also:
1569:Wellington
1549:MediaWorks
1498:See also:
1469:Network 10
1431:and later
1350:See also:
1336:TV Cultura
1313:Rede Globo
1305:See also:
1216:Soviet era
1209:See also:
1083:See also:
916:Regulation
870:Metromedia
817:East Coast
805:East Coast
660:call signs
640:Pittsburgh
585:Antenna TV
459:See also:
246:affiliates
98:newspapers
3809:Technical
3778:Valuation
3713:Talk show
3615:Game show
3568:Publicist
3272:Celebrity
3041:Americas
3030:Locations
3001:Internet2
2762:Bandwidth
2466:Vint Cerf
2363:streaming
2341:Telephone
2281:Semaphore
2172:streaming
1965:Beginning
1818:: 61–82.
1676:Studio 23
1421:Melbourne
1346:Australia
1340:TV Brasil
1169:and TV4.
1126:Channel 5
1114:Channel 4
800:in 1948.
794:Baltimore
774:kinescope
718:L-carrier
700:patented
619:low-power
581:Rewind TV
550:PBS World
519:religious
490:newscasts
443:June 2024
381:the Crown
279:(such as
210:in the US
3558:Colorist
3553:Composer
3482:Key grip
3452:operator
3265:Profiles
3185:Audience
3109:Category
2996:Internet
2986:CYCLADES
2903:Ethernet
2853:Concepts
2777:terminal
2728:wireless
2551:Bob Kahn
2394:Pioneers
2219:Internet
2110:Cable TV
2038:BBC News
1884:Archived
1834:8 August
1754:Archived
1690:See also
1616:flagship
1542:Auckland
1486:network
1429:Adelaide
1425:Brisbane
1402:SBS Food
1386:ABC News
1374:ABC Kids
1324:RecordTV
1271:oligarch
970:(CRTC).
884:and the
788:Newsweek
694:AT&T
681:and the
615:brokered
377:BBC News
344:and for
252:events.
220:Overview
128:May 2023
3129:Commons
3119:Outline
3072:Oceania
2991:FidoNet
2976:ARPANET
2789:circuit
2358:digital
2087:History
1750:bbc.com
1746:"1920s"
1721:Skypath
1636:ABS-CBN
1577:Dunedin
1332:RedeTV!
1053:CITY-TV
1049:CKVU-TV
1039:or the
860:-owned
813:Midwest
711:Leipzig
626:History
569:Movies!
494:daytime
476:(ABC),
415:History
349:playout
208:or ABC
112:scholar
4010:Theory
3884:Issues
3703:Sitcom
3698:Serial
3671:Series
3563:Editor
3472:gaffer
3390:Writer
3219:Places
3067:Europe
3037:Africa
3021:Usenet
2981:BITNET
2918:Mobile
2794:packet
2303:MOSFET
2298:device
2095:Beacon
1950:
1926:
1789:
1680:Net 25
1664:Singko
1648:Siyete
1624:Kwatro
1612:parent
1533:TVNZ 7
1510:TVNZ 1
1488:Foxtel
1417:Sydney
1382:ABC Me
1366:ABC TV
1338:, and
1301:Brazil
1205:Russia
1160:, and
1158:Viasat
1140:Sweden
1045:Citytv
1018:Global
999:Quebec
985:, and
948:Canada
906:The CW
902:Viacom
878:The WB
707:Berlin
644:Boston
575:) and
510:The CW
498:sports
472:, the
367:Global
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
3502:Gofer
3050:South
3045:North
3006:JANET
2943:Telex
2933:Radio
2772:Nodes
2767:Links
2688:media
2266:Radio
2251:Pager
2179:Drums
2145:video
2140:image
2130:audio
1656:Trese
1640:Nueve
1453:STW-9
1449:NWS-9
1445:QTQ-9
1441:GTV-9
1437:TCN-9
1433:Perth
1370:state
1265:2000s
1245:1990s
1118:Wales
1110:BBC 1
1106:BBC 2
1029:CTV 2
995:Noovo
591:Cable
573:Me-TV
355:from
257:cable
160:is a
119:JSTOR
105:books
3733:News
3477:grip
3282:Host
3062:Asia
2948:UUCP
2908:ISDN
1970:Time
1948:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1855:Time
1836:2008
1787:ISBN
1762:2020
1678:and
1666:for
1658:for
1650:for
1642:for
1634:for
1626:for
1575:and
1557:FOUR
1467:and
1408:and
1406:NITV
1384:and
1360:and
1279:TV-6
1259:TV-6
1257:and
1197:and
1189:and
1167:SVT2
1134:UKTV
1016:and
987:APTN
956:and
896:and
815:and
809:WDTV
739:WRGB
735:WNBC
636:KDKA
595:ESPN
583:and
571:and
496:and
393:UKTV
306:and
291:and
212:and
91:news
2953:WAN
2923:NGN
2913:LAN
2194:Fax
2135:DCT
1967:,"
1890:,"
1852:",
1820:doi
1672:TV5
1668:TV5
1660:IBC
1632:Dos
1553:TV3
1529:Sky
1515:TV2
1461:VHF
1390:SBS
1362:SBS
1328:SBT
1295:2×2
1291:REN
1283:TVS
1255:NTV
1239:2×2
1233:'s
1154:TV4
1130:Sky
1122:S4C
1102:UHF
1091:BBC
1014:CTV
983:TVA
936:or
890:UPN
798:ABC
709:to
679:CBS
667:NBC
638:in
609:or
552:).
526:PBS
482:NBC
478:CBS
438:.
373:BBC
206:NBC
202:PTV
198:PBS
194:CBC
190:BBC
156:or
74:by
34:or
4044::
2036:.
2018:.
2000:.
1816:21
1814:.
1810:.
1785:.
1783:99
1752:.
1748:.
1674:,
1579:.
1571:,
1563:.
1561:C4
1490:.
1427:,
1423:,
1419:,
1412:.
1404:,
1400:,
1396:,
1392:,
1380:,
1376:/
1342:.
1334:,
1330:,
1326:,
1322:,
1185:,
1156:,
1152:,
1136:.
1097:.
1033:E!
287:,
283:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
192:,
172:,
152:A
3163:e
3156:t
3149:v
3080:)
3076:(
2071:e
2064:t
2057:v
2004:.
1963:"
1954:.
1932:.
1879:"
1848:"
1838:.
1822::
1795:.
1764:.
445:)
441:(
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
