335:
39:
1194:. So radio waves directed at an angle into the sky can return to Earth beyond the horizon; this is called "skip" or "skywave" propagation. By using multiple skips communication at intercontinental distances can be achieved. Skywave propagation is variable and dependent on atmospheric conditions; it is most reliable at night and in the winter. Widely used during the first half of the 20th century, due to its unreliability skywave communication has mostly been abandoned. Remaining uses are by military
2767:
1479:
855:
1049:: This refers to radio waves that travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. It does not necessarily require a cleared sight path; at lower frequencies radio waves can pass through buildings, foliage and other obstructions. This is the only method of propagation possible at frequencies above 30 MHz. On the surface of the Earth, line of sight propagation is limited by the visual
3707:
232:
820:. A photon can have one of two possible values of spin; it can spin in a right-hand sense about its direction of motion, or in a left-hand sense. Right circularly polarized radio waves consist of photons spinning in a right hand sense. Left circularly polarized radio waves consist of photons spinning in a left hand sense. Plane polarized radio waves consist of photons in a
2315:
1101:. Diffraction causes radio waves to bend around obstructions such as a building edge, a vehicle, or a turn in a hall. Radio waves also partially reflect from surfaces such as walls, floors, ceilings, vehicles and the ground. These propagation methods occur in short range radio communication systems such as
800:
consists of two collinear metal rods. If the rods are horizontal, it radiates horizontally polarized radio waves, while if the rods are vertical, it radiates vertically polarized waves. An antenna receiving the radio waves must have the same polarization as the transmitting antenna, or it will suffer
1459:
However, unlike infrared waves, which are mainly absorbed at the surface of objects and cause surface heating, radio waves are able to penetrate the surface and deposit their energy inside materials and biological tissues. The depth to which radio waves penetrate decreases with their frequency, and
1497:
Since the heating effect is in principle no different from other sources of heat, most research into possible health hazards of exposure to radio waves has focused on "nonthermal" effects; whether radio waves have any effect on tissues besides that caused by heating. Radiofrequency electromagnetic
1558:
zone of the radiation pattern. In closer proximity to the transmitter, i.e., in the "near field" zone, the physical relationships between the electric and magnetic components of the field can be complex, and it is best to use the field strength units discussed above. Power density is measured in
1387:
at which it oscillates. The resonant frequency is set equal to the frequency of the desired radio station. The oscillating radio signal from the desired station causes the tuned circuit to oscillate in sympathy, and it passes the signal on to the rest of the receiver. Radio signals at other
1310:
At the receiver, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the incoming radio wave push the electrons in the receiving antenna back and forth, creating a tiny oscillating voltage which is a weaker replica of the current in the transmitting antenna. This voltage is applied to the
1559:
terms of power per unit area, for example, with the unit milliwatt per square centimeter (mW/cm). When speaking of frequencies in the microwave range and higher, power density is usually used to express intensity since exposures that might occur would likely be in the far field zone.
3695:
1157:
which follow the contour of the Earth. This makes it possible for mediumwave and longwave broadcasting stations to have coverage areas beyond the horizon, out to hundreds of miles. As the frequency drops, the losses decrease and the achievable range increases. Military
1350:
The radio waves from many transmitters pass through the air simultaneously without interfering with each other. They can be separated in the receiver because each transmitter's radio waves oscillate at a different rate, in other words each transmitter has a different
1210:
frequencies, atmospheric gases begin absorbing radio waves, so the range of practical radio communication systems decreases with increasing frequency. Below about 20 GHz atmospheric attenuation is mainly due to water vapor. Above 20 GHz, in the
460:. In an antenna transmitting radio waves, the electrons in the antenna emit the energy in discrete packets called radio photons, while in a receiving antenna the electrons absorb the energy as radio photons. An antenna is a
1474:
of the material, which is the depth within which 63% of the energy is deposited. For example, the 2.45 GHz radio waves (microwaves) in a microwave oven penetrate most foods approximately 2.5 to 3.8 cm.
712:
1016:, how radio waves move in free space and over the surface of the Earth, is vitally important in the design of practical radio systems. Radio waves passing through different environments experience
1531:
Since radio frequency radiation has both an electric and a magnetic component, it is often convenient to express intensity of radiation field in terms of units specific to each component. The unit
656:
294:
demonstrated the reality of
Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory, showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light:
1237:
systems, information is transported across space using radio waves. At the sending end, the information to be sent, in the form of a time-varying electrical signal, is applied to a
1502:(IARC) as having "limited evidence" for its effects on humans and animals. There is weak mechanistic evidence of cancer risk via personal exposure to RF-EMF from mobile telephones.
2676:
1009:, longer wavelengths can bend around obstructions, and unlike other electromagnetic waves they tend to be scattered rather than absorbed by objects larger than their wavelength.
1490:
of a working radio transmitter, can cause damage to the lens of the eye by heating. A strong enough beam of radio waves can penetrate the eye and heat the lens enough to cause
443:. When radio waves strike the receiving antenna they push the electrons in the metal back and forth, creating tiny oscillating currents which are detected by the receiver.
2295:
765:
perpendicular to the direction of motion. A plane-polarized radio wave has an electric field that oscillates in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion. In a
587:
1166:(ELF) communication systems can communicate over most of the Earth. VLF and ELF radio waves can also penetrate water to hundreds of meters deep, so they are used to
502:
439:
applies oscillating electric current to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the power as radio waves. Radio waves are received by another antenna attached to a
1854:
1643:
735:
610:
553:
224:
is divided into a number of radio bands on the basis of frequency, allocated to different uses. Higher-frequency, shorter-wavelength radio waves are called
384:) and current in the rods. The oscillating currents (black arrows) flow down the transmission line and through the receiver (represented by the resistance
1554:. Power density is most accurately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from the RF emitter to be located in what is referred to as the
824:
of right and left hand spin states. The electric field consists of a superposition of right and left rotating fields, resulting in a plane oscillation.
204:
between different users, the artificial generation and use of radio waves is strictly regulated by law, coordinated by an international body called the
2712:
1958:
177:
and many other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can
2242:
1215:
band, other atmospheric gases begin to absorb the waves, limiting practical transmission distances to a kilometer or less. Above 300 GHz, in the
1040:
more useful for specific purposes than others. Practical radio systems mainly use three different techniques of radio propagation to communicate:
737:, the distance that a radio wave travels in vacuum in one second, is 299,792,458 meters (983,571,056 ft), which is the wavelength of a 1
1593:
2331:
1452:
for deep heating of body tissue, to promote increased blood flow and healing. More recently they have been used to create higher temperatures in
3612:
1800:
3597:
2238:
2204:
1499:
2367:
2171:
796:
An antenna emits polarized radio waves, with the polarization determined by the direction of the metal antenna elements. For example, a
1291:
the carrier, altering some aspect of it, encoding the information on the carrier. The modulated carrier is amplified and applied to an
508:. So the antenna of even a very low power transmitter emits an enormous number of photons every second. Therefore, except for certain
2461:
251:(small dark vertical line in the center). The E and H fields are perpendicular, as implied by the phase diagram in the lower right.
805:
from warm objects, emit unpolarized waves, consisting of incoherent short wave trains in an equal mixture of polarization states.
1397:
1307:, which radiate the energy away from the antenna as radio waves. The radio waves carry the information to the receiver location.
1005:. Radio waves have the ability to pass through the atmosphere in any weather, foliage, and through most building materials. By
984:
932:
667:
1509:. A metal screen shields against radio waves as well as a solid sheet as long as the holes in the screen are smaller than about
3566:
2705:
1033:
1840:
1629:
205:
3592:
3561:
3506:
2301:
1804:
1714:
3225:
1036:. Different frequencies experience different combinations of these phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere, making certain
450:, like other electromagnetic radiation such as light, radio waves can alternatively be regarded as streams of uncharged
3541:
1882:
1603:
1505:
Radio waves can be shielded against by a conductive metal sheet or screen, an enclosure of sheet or screen is called a
1831:
1620:
997:
Radio waves are more widely used for communication than other electromagnetic waves mainly because of their desirable
290:". Maxwell proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength. In 1887, German physicist
2698:
2403:
2381:
2309:
2278:
2140:
1941:
1848:
1754:
1669:
1637:
1319:
to separate the desired radio station's radio signal from all the other radio signals picked up by the antenna, then
589:
is the distance from one peak (crest) of the wave's electric field to the next, and is inversely proportional to the
1872:
110:
inch), about the diameter of a grain of rice. Like all electromagnetic waves, radio waves in a vacuum travel at the
3607:
1287:
because it creates the radio waves that "carry" the information through the air. The information signal is used to
618:
153:, which processes the received signal. Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology for fixed and mobile
2115:
1124:
556:
2090:
2063:
2036:
1914:
1727:
563:. Air is tenuous enough that in the Earth's atmosphere radio waves travel at very nearly the speed of light.
3673:
1744:
1167:
509:
1966:
2454:
2227:
1123:, in which radio waves travel from the transmitting to the receiving antenna via multiple paths. The waves
201:
32:
3429:
2813:
2532:
2369:
Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space
977:
778:
24:
3685:
3661:
3516:
3489:
2808:
782:
517:
267:
412:
in space such as the Sun, galaxies and nebulas. All warm objects radiate high frequency radio waves (
314:
developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers around 1894–1895. He received the 1909
3546:
3399:
2167:
1045:
612:
of the wave. The relation of frequency and wavelength in a radio wave traveling in vacuum or air is
409:
194:
131:
81:
1686:
1219:, virtually all the power is absorbed within a few meters, so the atmosphere is effectively opaque.
318:
for his radio work. Radio communication began to be used commercially around 1900. The modern term "
3711:
3484:
3394:
3258:
3108:
2721:
2517:
1448:
cooks food. Radio waves have been applied to the body for 100 years in the medical therapy of
1323:
the signal so it is stronger, then finally extracts the information-bearing modulation signal in a
1078:
516:
emitting microwave photons, radio wave emission and absorption is usually regarded as a continuous
170:
93:
2107:
38:
3424:
3218:
3158:
2487:
2447:
2268:
1163:
1062:
766:
1808:
3665:
3576:
3250:
2028:
1573:
1404:
1195:
970:
521:
342:
antenna receiving a radio wave. The antenna consists of two metal rods connected to a receiver
315:
275:
2398:. Developments in electromagnetic theory and applications series. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
2130:
2080:
2053:
1432:. The main effect of absorption of radio waves by materials is to heat them, similarly to the
1153:
radio waves can bend over hills and mountains, and propagate beyond the horizon, traveling as
1077:
links transmit telephone and television signals over long distances up to the visual horizon.
789:
is perpendicular to the electric field, and the electric and magnetic field are oriented in a
777:
wave the electric field at any point rotates about the direction of travel, once per cycle. A
572:
3669:
3404:
2156:
1931:
1540:
1270:
1150:
1119:
1074:
821:
774:
770:
478:
334:
2196:
1902:
1543:, and these units are used to provide information about the levels of electric and magnetic
801:
a severe loss of reception. Many natural sources of radio waves, such as the sun, stars and
73:; these are the radio waves. In this animation the action is shown slowed down tremendously.
3526:
3414:
3371:
3321:
3118:
3113:
2652:
2502:
1453:
1082:
1025:
1017:
758:
473:
417:
307:
287:
209:
2157:"IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans"
8:
3727:
3643:
3521:
3434:
3153:
3148:
3123:
3103:
2854:
2637:
2562:
2547:
2327:
1274:
1234:
901:
802:
461:
451:
271:
154:
135:
58:
3602:
2270:
Electromagnetic
Compatibility in Medical Equipment: A Guide for Designers and Installers
114:, and in the Earth's atmosphere at a slightly lower speed. Radio waves are generated by
3638:
3459:
3439:
3419:
3303:
3211:
3143:
2991:
2964:
2874:
2859:
2577:
2373:
2351:
2021:
1384:
1159:
809:
720:
595:
538:
3531:
3409:
3346:
3311:
2999:
2995:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2409:
2399:
2377:
2355:
2305:
2274:
2136:
2132:
Radio-Frequency and ELF Electromagnetic
Energies: A handbook for health professionals
2086:
2059:
2032:
1937:
1910:
1878:
1844:
1750:
1723:
1665:
1633:
1599:
1238:
1013:
998:
833:
746:
447:
436:
311:
54:
1339:
to produce a visible image, or other devices. A digital data signal is applied to a
555:. When passing through a material medium, they are slowed depending on the medium's
3536:
3133:
2904:
2879:
2747:
2607:
2343:
1114:
424:
393:
339:
261:
244:
174:
166:
123:
115:
43:
1994:
3648:
3633:
3449:
3361:
3351:
3203:
3182:
3095:
2937:
2869:
1568:
1368:
1316:
1292:
1278:
1212:
1058:
875:
790:
432:
248:
146:
66:
62:
46:
28:
20:
2135:. Industrial Health and Safety Series. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 177–179.
2082:
Build Your Own Low-power
Transmitters: Projects for the Electronics Experimenter
504:, the energy of individual radio photons is extremely small, from 10 to 10
149:, which radiates the waves. They are received by another antenna connected to a
3496:
3454:
3444:
3366:
3356:
3326:
3128:
2912:
2622:
2470:
2363:
1544:
1445:
1441:
1344:
1336:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1262:
1216:
1106:
880:
817:
797:
786:
762:
533:
440:
347:
291:
283:
279:
240:
236:
221:
193:), while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a
150:
111:
70:
50:
3721:
3571:
3331:
3316:
3138:
3075:
3056:
2960:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2592:
2428:
1550:
Another commonly used unit for characterizing an RF electromagnetic field is
1425:
1372:
1199:
1186:
wavelengths, radio waves reflect off conductive layers of charged particles (
1110:
927:
374:
295:
2766:
2413:
1830:"Ch. 1: Terminology and technical characteristics – Terms and definitions".
1619:"Ch. 1: Terminology and technical characteristics - Terms and definitions".
1478:
53:
lines. The antenna in the center is two vertical metal rods connected to a
3699:
3551:
3511:
3376:
3014:
3009:
2987:
2982:
2690:
2680:
2347:
1506:
1465:
1437:
1283:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1154:
1070:
958:
738:
560:
397:
158:
119:
1933:
Principles of
Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy: An Introductory Textbook
781:
wave rotates in a right-hand sense about the direction of travel, while a
3293:
3187:
2864:
2846:
2742:
1461:
1380:
1328:
1324:
1202:, and by shortwave broadcasting stations to broadcast to other countries.
1179:
1142:
1137:
1093:
1029:
1006:
953:
948:
906:
769:
radio wave the electric field oscillates in a horizontal direction. In a
401:
303:
182:
178:
142:
141:
Radio waves are generated artificially by an electronic device called a
3341:
3168:
2836:
2831:
2785:
2439:
2391:
1520:
1470:
1429:
1421:
1288:
1250:
1242:
1191:
1102:
1054:
1037:
1021:
1002:
896:
567:
431:
flowing back and forth in a specially shaped metal conductor called an
370:
299:
225:
186:
89:
69:(−). Loops of electric field leave the antenna and travel away at the
19:
This article is about the radiation. For the generic oscillation, see
3628:
3501:
3336:
3283:
3273:
3234:
3177:
3024:
2800:
2778:
2757:
2732:
2228:"Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Evaluation of cancer hazards"
1555:
1487:
1449:
1444:
to vibrate back and forth, increasing the temperature; this is how a
1376:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1320:
1207:
1183:
757:
Like other electromagnetic waves, a radio wave has a property called
742:
590:
413:
405:
213:
181:
around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the Earth (
127:
97:
85:
2293:
2225:
2052:
van der Vorst, André; Rosen, Arye; Kotsuka, Youji (2006).
197:, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon.
3278:
3263:
3192:
2952:
2752:
2226:
Baan, R.; Grosse, Y.; Lauby-Secretan, B.; El
Ghissassi, F. (2014).
1770:
1491:
1433:
1417:
1409:
1340:
1332:
1315:, which extracts the information signal. The receiver first uses a
1296:
1266:
1146:
469:
428:
358:
3556:
3061:
3047:
1930:
Coutaz, Jean-Louis; Garet, Frederic; Wallace, Vincent P. (2018).
1486:
Looking into a source of radio waves at close range, such as the
1174:
1050:
911:
854:
773:
wave the electric field oscillates in a vertical direction. In a
190:
1440:
or wood fire. The oscillating electric field of the wave causes
1388:
frequencies are blocked by the tuned circuit and not passed on.
3085:
3080:
3070:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3003:
2932:
1128:
813:
456:
1539:(A/m) is used for the magnetic component. One can speak of an
761:, which is defined as the direction of the wave's oscillating
231:
3381:
3268:
2927:
2823:
2737:
1228:
1066:
1053:
to about 64 km (40 mi). This is the method used by
869:
846:
513:
505:
465:
270:
that was proposed in 1867 by
Scottish mathematical physicist
162:
2922:
2917:
2432:
1413:
1187:
1091:: Radio waves can reach points beyond the line-of-sight by
707:{\displaystyle c\approx 2.9979\times 10^{8}{\text{ m/s}}~.}
408:
and other natural processes in the Earth's atmosphere, and
2942:
2336:
2051:
1408:, which means they do not have enough energy to separate
217:
1664:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
2332:"VIII. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
1535:(V/m) is used for the electric component, and the unit
1391:
423:
Radio waves are produced artificially by time-varying
3683:
1689:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
749:) has a wavelength of 299.79 meters (983.6 ft).
723:
670:
621:
598:
575:
541:
481:
357:) of the incoming wave results in oscillation of the
220:, propagated in space without artificial guide". The
2129:
Hitchcock, R. Timothy; Patterson, Robert M. (1995).
1299:
in the antenna back and forth, creating oscillating
361:
in the rods, charging the ends alternately positive
808:The polarization of radio waves is determined by a
3233:
2128:
2020:
1929:
1771:"Electromagnetic Frequency, Wavelength and Energy
729:
706:
650:
604:
581:
547:
496:
369:. Since the length of the antenna is one half the
266:Radio waves were first predicted by the theory of
126:. Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by
100:(GHz) and wavelengths greater than 1 millimeter (
3719:
2055:RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues
1988:
1986:
1984:
1746:Our Changing Views of Photons: A Tutorial Memoir
1141:: At lower frequencies below 2 MHz, in the
1073:to transmit beams of microwaves, point-to-point
785:wave rotates in the opposite sense. The wave's
2112:Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation
1877:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17.
1687:"Heinrich Hertz and electromagnetic radiation"
1598:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17.
827:
3219:
2706:
2455:
2294:National Association of Broadcasters (1996).
1981:
1662:The natural philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell
1085:and spacecraft billions of miles from Earth.
978:
651:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\;c\;}{f}}~,}
255:
2720:
2106:Elder, Joe Allen; Cahill, Daniel F. (1984).
1436:waves radiated by sources of heat such as a
793:with respect to the direction of radiation.
61:to the rods, which charges them alternately
27:. For the British broadcasting station, see
2266:
2105:
2058:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 121–122.
2045:
1500:International Agency for Research on Cancer
373:of the wave, the oscillating field induces
329:
3226:
3212:
2782:
2713:
2699:
2462:
2448:
2372:. Cornell University Library. Ithaca, NY:
2197:"Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs"
2078:
2023:RF and Microwave Radiation Safety Handbook
1896:
1894:
1864:
985:
971:
635:
631:
400:. Natural sources of radio waves include
2267:Kimmel, William D.; Gerke, Daryl (2018).
2122:
2079:Graf, Rudolf F.; Sheets, William (2001).
1870:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1653:
1591:
1190:) in a part of the atmosphere called the
2469:
1585:
1477:
1468:; it is given by a parameter called the
1371:in the receiver consists of one or more
333:
230:
189:and return to Earth beyond the horizon (
57:(not shown). The transmitter applies an
37:
2326:
2297:Antenna & Tower Regulation Handbook
2018:
2012:
1900:
1891:
1749:. Oxford University Press. p. 54.
1712:
1398:Medical applications of radio frequency
1198:systems, by some automated systems, by
96:, typically with frequencies below 300
3720:
3567:Wireless electronic devices and health
1956:
1950:
1923:
1909:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 3–10.
1701:
1659:
1222:
1001:properties, stemming from their large
274:. His mathematical theory, now called
3207:
2694:
2443:
2390:
2362:
2300:. Science and Technology Department.
2260:
2099:
1992:
1959:"Studying the Energy of the Universe"
1841:International Telecommunication Union
1742:
1347:, which interacts with a human user.
1295:. The oscillating current pushes the
1168:communicate with submerged submarines
208:(ITU), which defines radio waves as "
206:International Telecommunication Union
185:), shorter waves can reflect off the
3593:List of civilian radiation accidents
3562:Wireless device radiation and health
3557:Biological dose units and quantities
3507:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2108:"Biological Effects of RF Radiation"
2072:
1736:
1392:Biological and environmental effects
1327:. The recovered signal is sent to a
532:Radio waves in vacuum travel at the
1684:
1498:fields have been classified by the
1383:. The tuned circuit has a natural
49:radiating radio waves, showing the
13:
3542:Radioactivity in the life sciences
2765:
2396:Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere
1823:
1335:to produce sound, or a television
1257:representing moving images from a
286:could travel through space as an "
14:
3739:
2421:
2027:(2nd ed.). Newnes. pp.
16:Type of electromagnetic radiation
3705:
3693:
2674:
2318:from the original on 1 May 2018.
1860:from the original on 2017-08-29.
1649:from the original on 2017-08-29.
1428:, causing chemical reactions or
853:
435:. An electronic device called a
243:(H) of radio waves emitted by a
2431:. Science Mission Directorate.
2287:
2248:from the original on 2018-12-10
2219:
2189:
2177:from the original on 2018-12-12
2149:
1460:also depends on the material's
752:
468:, so the radio photons are all
1965:. NASA website. Archived from
1907:Introduction to RF Propagation
1801:"How Radio Waves Are Produced"
1793:
1763:
1716:Radio Antennas and Propagation
1678:
1660:Harman, Peter Michael (1998).
1612:
1526:
1241:. The information, called the
322:" replaced the original name "
1:
1871:Ellingson, Steven W. (2016).
1592:Ellingson, Steven W. (2016).
1579:
1131:and other reception problems.
1117:. A drawback of this mode is
527:
512:processes such as atoms in a
510:molecular electron transition
216:arbitrarily lower than 3,000
138:emitted by all warm objects.
1196:over-the-horizon (OTH) radar
392:Radio waves are radiated by
59:alternating electric current
7:
3430:Cosmic background radiation
2814:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
2273:. Routledge. p. 6.67.
1562:
1547:at a measurement location.
1456:and to kill cancer cells.
828:Propagation characteristics
464:emitter of photons, like a
278:, predicted that a coupled
145:, which is connected to an
25:Radio frequency engineering
23:. For the electronics, see
10:
3744:
3659:
3517:Lasers and aviation safety
2809:Very-high-energy gamma ray
1903:"1.2 Modes of Propagation"
1722:. Newnes. pp. 2, 12.
1395:
1249:representing sound from a
1226:
1149:bands, due to diffraction
831:
779:right circularly polarized
410:astronomical radio sources
259:
256:Discovery and exploitation
175:wireless computer networks
18:
3657:
3621:
3585:
3547:Radioactive contamination
3472:
3400:Electromagnetic radiation
3390:
3302:
3249:
3242:
3167:
3094:
3023:
2951:
2903:
2845:
2822:
2799:
2728:
2670:
2478:
1936:. CRC Press. p. 18.
1901:Seybold, John S. (2005).
1874:Radio Systems Engineering
1713:Gosling, William (1998).
1595:Radio Systems Engineering
1269:. In the transmitter, an
1265:representing data from a
933:Most listened-to programs
783:left circularly polarized
382:, represented by red band
171:communications satellites
82:electromagnetic radiation
3660:See also the categories
3598:1996 Costa Rica accident
3259:Acoustic radiation force
2722:Electromagnetic spectrum
2019:Kitchen, Ronald (2001).
1993:Brain, M. (7 Dec 2000).
1743:Shore, Bruce W. (2020).
582:{\displaystyle \lambda }
330:Generation and reception
94:electromagnetic spectrum
3572:Radiation heat-transfer
3425:Gravitational radiation
2364:Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph
2118:. pp. 5.116–5.119.
2085:. Newnes. p. 234.
1781:. 1728 Software Systems
1164:extremely low frequency
1063:television broadcasting
941:Physics and engineering
741:radio signal. A 1
497:{\displaystyle E=h\nu }
122:, such as time-varying
3613:1990 Zaragoza accident
3608:1984 Moroccan accident
3577:Linear energy transfer
3251:Non-ionizing radiation
2770:
2348:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008
2203:. Volumes 1–123.
1957:Siegel, Peter (2002).
1574:Television transmitter
1483:
1405:non-ionizing radiation
767:horizontally polarized
731:
708:
652:
606:
583:
549:
498:
389:
338:Animated diagram of a
316:Nobel Prize in physics
252:
134:, and are part of the
74:
31:. For other uses, see
3603:1987 Goiânia accident
3405:Synchrotron radiation
3395:Earth's energy budget
3377:Radioactive materials
3372:Particle accelerators
2769:
2237:(conference poster).
1833:ITU Radio Regulations
1541:electromagnetic field
1481:
1396:Further information:
1271:electronic oscillator
1120:multipath propagation
1081:can communicate with
822:quantum superposition
732:
709:
653:
607:
584:
550:
520:process, governed by
499:
337:
234:
210:electromagnetic waves
41:
3674:Radiation protection
3527:Radiation protection
3415:Black-body radiation
3322:Background radiation
3237:(physics and health)
2328:Maxwell, James Clerk
1685:Edwards, Stephen A.
1454:hyperthermia therapy
1151:vertically polarized
1089:Indirect propagation
775:circularly polarized
771:vertically polarized
721:
668:
619:
596:
573:
539:
479:
452:elementary particles
418:black body radiation
288:electromagnetic wave
132:astronomical objects
3644:Radiation hardening
3586:Radiation incidents
3522:Medical radiography
3481:Radiation syndrome
3435:Cherenkov radiation
2855:Extreme ultraviolet
1963:Education materials
1632:. 2016. p. 7.
1482:Radio waves symbol
1275:alternating current
1235:radio communication
1223:Radio communication
902:Internet talk radio
803:blackbody radiation
522:Maxwell's equations
416:) as part of their
310:. Italian inventor
276:Maxwell's equations
272:James Clerk Maxwell
247:radio transmitting
155:radio communication
136:blackbody radiation
3639:Radioactive source
3460:Radiation exposure
3440:Askaryan radiation
3420:Particle radiation
3304:Ionizing radiation
2860:Vacuum ultraviolet
2771:
2374:Cornell University
2235:monographs.iarc.fr
2201:monographs.iarc.fr
1484:
1385:resonant frequency
1160:very low frequency
810:quantum mechanical
727:
704:
648:
602:
579:
545:
494:
390:
253:
75:
3712:Telecommunication
3681:
3680:
3662:Radiation effects
3532:Radiation therapy
3468:
3467:
3410:Thermal radiation
3347:Neutron radiation
3312:Radioactive decay
3201:
3200:
2905:Visible (optical)
2688:
2687:
2665:
2664:
2166:(Press release).
1999:HowStuffWorks.com
1995:"How Radio Works"
1622:Radio Regulations
1537:amperes per meter
1379:, similarly to a
1375:which act like a
1277:oscillating at a
1243:modulation signal
1239:radio transmitter
1115:wireless networks
1014:radio propagation
995:
994:
841:Part of series on
834:Radio propagation
730:{\displaystyle c}
700:
696:
644:
640:
605:{\displaystyle f}
548:{\displaystyle c}
474:Planck's relation
448:quantum mechanics
437:radio transmitter
425:electric currents
394:charged particles
312:Guglielmo Marconi
124:electric currents
116:charged particles
55:radio transmitter
3735:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3622:Related articles
3537:Radiation damage
3362:Nuclear reactors
3247:
3246:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3205:
3204:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2681:Radio portal
2679:
2678:
2677:
2481:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2417:
2387:
2359:
2320:
2319:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1811:on 28 March 2014
1807:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1402:Radio waves are
1127:, often causing
987:
980:
973:
857:
838:
837:
812:property of the
791:right-hand sense
745:radio wave (mid-
736:
734:
733:
728:
713:
711:
710:
705:
698:
697:
694:
692:
691:
657:
655:
654:
649:
642:
641:
636:
629:
611:
609:
608:
603:
588:
586:
585:
580:
554:
552:
551:
546:
503:
501:
500:
495:
472:. However, from
427:, consisting of
387:
383:
381:
368:
364:
356:
354:
345:
340:half-wave dipole
268:electromagnetism
262:History of radio
167:radio navigation
109:
108:
104:
88:and the longest
84:with the lowest
44:half-wave dipole
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3653:
3649:Havana syndrome
3634:Nuclear physics
3617:
3581:
3474:
3464:
3450:Unruh radiation
3386:
3367:Nuclear weapons
3352:Nuclear fission
3298:
3238:
3232:
3202:
3197:
3163:
3090:
3065:
3051:
3019:
2947:
2899:
2841:
2818:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2724:
2719:
2689:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2657:300 MHz/1 m
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2613:
2612:300 kHz/1 km
2611:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2571:
2568:
2567:300 Hz/1 Mm
2566:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2538:
2537:300 GHz/1 mm
2536:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2474:
2468:
2427:
2424:
2406:
2384:
2323:
2312:
2304:. p. 186.
2292:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:. 31 May 2011.
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1969:on 20 June 2021
1955:
1951:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1569:Radio astronomy
1565:
1533:volts per meter
1529:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1442:polar molecules
1424:them, or break
1400:
1394:
1369:bandpass filter
1317:bandpass filter
1305:magnetic fields
1279:radio frequency
1231:
1225:
1213:millimeter wave
1107:cordless phones
1079:Ground stations
1075:microwave relay
991:
912:Call-in (radio)
876:Satellite radio
836:
830:
755:
722:
719:
718:
693:
687:
683:
669:
666:
665:
630:
628:
620:
617:
616:
597:
594:
593:
574:
571:
570:
540:
537:
536:
530:
480:
477:
476:
385:
379:
378:
366:
362:
352:
351:
343:
332:
326:" around 1912.
264:
258:
241:magnetic fields
237:electric fields
235:Diagram of the
106:
102:
101:
42:Animation of a
36:
29:Radio Wave 96.5
21:Radio frequency
17:
12:
11:
5:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3679:
3678:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Health physics
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3455:Dark radiation
3452:
3447:
3445:Bremsstrahlung
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Nuclear fusion
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Alpha particle
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2985:
2980:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2649:
2647:
2642:30 MHz/10 m
2634:
2632:
2619:
2617:
2604:
2602:
2597:30 kHz/10 km
2589:
2587:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2557:
2552:30 Hz/10 Mm
2544:
2542:
2529:
2527:
2522:30 GHz/10 mm
2514:
2512:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:Radio spectrum
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2423:
2422:External links
2420:
2419:
2418:
2404:
2388:
2382:
2360:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2286:
2279:
2259:
2218:
2188:
2148:
2141:
2121:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2044:
2037:
2011:
1980:
1949:
1942:
1922:
1915:
1890:
1884:978-1316785164
1883:
1863:
1849:
1839:. Geneva, CH:
1822:
1792:
1762:
1755:
1735:
1728:
1700:
1677:
1670:
1652:
1638:
1628:. Geneva, CH:
1611:
1605:978-1316785164
1604:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1545:field strength
1528:
1525:
1523:of the waves.
1446:microwave oven
1426:chemical bonds
1393:
1390:
1373:tuned circuits
1355:, measured in
1345:microprocessor
1337:display screen
1313:radio receiver
1263:digital signal
1227:Main article:
1224:
1221:
1217:terahertz band
1204:
1203:
1200:radio amateurs
1171:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1111:walkie-talkies
993:
992:
990:
989:
982:
975:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
943:
942:
938:
937:
936:
935:
930:
922:
921:
917:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
891:
890:
889:Uses and forms
886:
885:
884:
883:
881:Internet radio
878:
873:
864:
863:
859:
858:
850:
849:
843:
842:
832:Main article:
829:
826:
798:dipole antenna
787:magnetic field
763:electric field
754:
751:
726:
717:Equivalently,
715:
714:
703:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
659:
658:
647:
639:
634:
627:
624:
601:
578:
544:
534:speed of light
529:
526:
493:
490:
487:
484:
441:radio receiver
396:when they are
375:standing waves
355:, green arrows
348:electric field
331:
328:
296:standing waves
292:Heinrich Hertz
284:magnetic field
260:Main article:
257:
254:
222:radio spectrum
151:radio receiver
112:speed of light
80:are a type of
71:speed of light
51:electric field
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:Radioactivity
3663:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Beta particle
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Cluster decay
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:Main articles
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2659:3 GHz/100 mm
2655:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2627:3 MHz/100 m
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:300 kHz/1 km
2595:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2584:30 kHz/10 km
2582:3 kHz/100 km
2580:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:3 kHz/100 km
2565:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:3 THz/0.1 mm
2535:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2524:300 GHz/1 mm
2520:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:30 GHz/10 mm
2507:3 GHz/100 mm
2505:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2492:3 Hz/100 Mm
2490:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2429:"Radio Waves"
2426:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2405:9780792307754
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2383:9781429740364
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2311:9780893242367
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2280:9781351453370
2276:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2142:9780471284543
2138:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1943:9781351356367
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1856:
1852:
1850:9789261191214
1846:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1756:9780192607645
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1671:0-521-00585-X
1667:
1663:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1639:9789261191214
1635:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:power density
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:, called the
1280:
1276:
1273:generates an
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:surface waves
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:dish antennas
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1046:Line of sight
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:The study of
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
988:
983:
981:
976:
974:
969:
968:
966:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
944:
940:
939:
934:
931:
929:
928:Radio station
926:
925:
924:
923:
919:
918:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:
888:
887:
882:
879:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
861:
860:
856:
852:
851:
848:
845:
844:
840:
839:
835:
825:
823:
819:
816:called their
815:
811:
806:
804:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:
724:
701:
688:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
664:
663:
662:
645:
637:
632:
625:
622:
615:
614:
613:
599:
592:
576:
569:
564:
562:
558:
542:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
491:
488:
485:
482:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
376:
372:
365:and negative
360:
349:
341:
336:
327:
325:
324:Hertzian wave
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
195:line of sight
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3670:Radiobiology
3552:Radiobiology
3512:Laser safety
3288:
2773:
2762:
2672:
2651:
2650:
2644:300 MHz/1 m
2636:
2635:
2629:30 MHz/10 m
2621:
2620:
2614:3 MHz/100 m
2606:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2575:
2561:
2560:
2554:300 Hz/1 Mm
2546:
2545:
2531:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2501:
2500:
2494:30 Hz/10 Mm
2486:
2485:
2395:
2368:
2339:
2335:
2296:
2289:
2269:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2234:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2207:. 9 Nov 2018
2200:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2163:
2151:
2131:
2124:
2111:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2054:
2047:
2022:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1962:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1906:
1873:
1866:
1832:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1778:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1715:
1691:. Retrieved
1680:
1661:
1655:
1621:
1614:
1594:
1587:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1507:Faraday cage
1504:
1496:
1485:
1469:
1466:permittivity
1458:
1438:space heater
1403:
1401:
1349:
1309:
1284:carrier wave
1282:
1259:video camera
1255:video signal
1247:audio signal
1245:, can be an
1232:
1205:
1173:
1138:Ground waves
1136:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1044:
1026:polarization
1011:
996:
959:Radio signal
920:Developments
807:
795:
759:polarization
756:
753:Polarization
716:
660:
565:
561:permittivity
557:permeability
531:
455:
445:
422:
404:produced by
391:
377:of voltage (
323:
319:
308:polarization
265:
202:interference
199:
183:ground waves
159:broadcasting
140:
120:acceleration
77:
76:
3294:Ultraviolet
3289:Radio waves
3188:Medium wave
2865:Lyman-alpha
2847:Ultraviolet
2786:wavelengths
2779:frequencies
2743:Ultraviolet
2392:Rawer, Karl
2342:: 459–512.
2164:www.iarc.fr
1775:Calculator"
1527:Measurement
1462:resistivity
1381:tuning fork
1367:(GHz). The
1329:loudspeaker
1325:demodulator
1180:medium wave
1143:medium wave
1103:cell phones
1094:diffraction
1069:. By using
1055:cell phones
1038:radio bands
1030:diffraction
1007:diffraction
999:propagation
954:Radio tower
949:Radio waves
907:Music radio
402:radio noise
398:accelerated
304:diffraction
214:frequencies
200:To prevent
143:transmitter
118:undergoing
90:wavelengths
86:frequencies
78:Radio waves
33:Radio Waves
3728:Radio wave
3475:and health
3473:Radiation
3342:Cosmic ray
3169:Wavelength
3025:Microwaves
2837:Hard X-ray
2832:Soft X-ray
2801:Gamma rays
2733:Gamma rays
2092:0750672447
2065:0471752045
2038:0750643552
1916:0471743682
1729:0750637412
1580:References
1521:wavelength
1471:skin depth
1430:DNA damage
1251:microphone
1192:ionosphere
1162:(VLF) and
1099:reflection
1083:satellites
1034:absorption
1022:refraction
1018:reflection
1003:wavelength
897:Talk radio
872:(overland)
568:wavelength
528:Properties
414:microwaves
371:wavelength
320:radio wave
300:refraction
226:microwaves
187:ionosphere
3629:Half-life
3502:Dosimetry
3337:Gamma ray
3284:Microwave
3274:Starlight
3235:Radiation
3183:Shortwave
3178:Microwave
2758:Microwave
2356:186207827
1556:far field
1492:cataracts
1488:waveguide
1450:diathermy
1418:molecules
1410:electrons
1377:resonator
1365:gigahertz
1363:(MHz) or
1361:megahertz
1357:kilohertz
1353:frequency
1321:amplifies
1297:electrons
1208:microwave
1184:shortwave
1125:interfere
743:megahertz
695: m/s
681:×
675:≈
623:λ
591:frequency
577:λ
518:classical
492:ν
429:electrons
406:lightning
359:electrons
169:systems,
128:lightning
98:gigahertz
3722:Category
3279:Sunlight
3264:Infrared
3193:Longwave
2953:Infrared
2753:Infrared
2414:26257685
2394:(1993).
2366:(1893).
2330:(1865).
2316:Archived
2243:Archived
2172:Archived
1855:Archived
1843:. 2016.
1779:1728.org
1693:13 April
1644:Archived
1563:See also
1434:infrared
1422:ionizing
1341:computer
1333:earphone
1301:electric
1289:modulate
1267:computer
1175:Skywaves
1147:longwave
470:in phase
462:coherent
280:electric
245:monopole
239:(E) and
191:skywaves
179:diffract
67:negative
65:(+) and
63:positive
3686:Portals
3490:chronic
2784:longer
2777:higher
2748:Visible
1514:⁄
1359:(kHz),
1293:antenna
1261:, or a
1051:horizon
814:photons
747:AM band
457:photons
454:called
433:antenna
249:antenna
147:antenna
105:⁄
92:in the
47:antenna
3672:, and
3086:L band
3081:S band
3076:C band
3071:X band
3057:K band
3043:Q band
3038:V band
3033:W band
2938:Orange
2933:Yellow
2913:Violet
2824:X-rays
2738:X-rays
2412:
2402:
2380:
2354:
2308:
2277:
2139:
2116:US EPA
2089:
2062:
2035:
2004:11 Sep
1973:19 May
1940:
1913:
1881:
1847:
1815:15 Jan
1785:15 Jan
1753:
1726:
1668:
1636:
1602:
1129:fading
1113:, and
1032:, and
699:
678:2.9979
661:where
643:
506:joules
346:. The
306:, and
3700:Radio
3485:acute
3382:X-ray
3269:Light
3171:types
3096:Radio
2992:Bands
2965:Bands
2928:Green
2763:Radio
2473:(ITU)
2352:S2CID
2252:9 Jan
2246:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
2211:9 Jan
2181:9 Jan
2175:(PDF)
2160:(PDF)
2031:–65.
1858:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1773:Ultra
1720:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1414:atoms
1412:from
1229:Radio
1178:: At
1067:radar
870:Radio
862:Forms
847:Radio
739:hertz
514:maser
466:laser
446:From
163:radar
3066:band
3052:band
3010:LWIR
2988:MWIR
2983:SWIR
2923:Cyan
2918:Blue
2433:NASA
2410:OCLC
2400:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2254:2019
2239:IARC
2213:2019
2205:IARC
2183:2019
2137:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2006:2009
1975:2021
1938:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1817:2018
1805:NRAO
1787:2018
1751:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1695:2021
1666:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1464:and
1303:and
1253:, a
1188:ions
1182:and
1145:and
1097:and
1065:and
818:spin
566:The
559:and
282:and
228:.
165:and
130:and
3159:ELF
3154:SLF
3149:ULF
3144:VLF
3124:VHF
3119:UHF
3114:SHF
3109:EHF
3104:THF
3015:FIR
2961:NIR
2943:Red
2895:UVA
2890:UVB
2885:UVC
2880:NUV
2875:MUV
2870:FUV
2653:UHF
2638:VHF
2578:VLF
2563:ULF
2548:SLF
2533:THF
2518:EHF
2503:SHF
2488:ELF
2344:doi
2340:155
2302:NAB
2168:WHO
1630:ITU
1519:of
1494:.
1416:or
1343:or
1331:or
1233:In
1206:At
367:(−)
363:(+)
218:GHz
212:of
3724::
3668:,
3664:,
3139:LF
3134:MF
3129:HF
3002:,
2998:,
2994::
2975:,
2971:,
2967::
2623:HF
2608:MF
2593:LF
2408:.
2376:.
2350:.
2338:.
2334:.
2314:.
2241:.
2233:.
2199:.
2162:.
2114:.
2110:.
2029:64
1997:.
1983:^
1961:.
1905:.
1893:^
1853:.
1803:.
1777:.
1703:^
1642:.
1516:20
1420:,
1109:,
1105:,
1061:,
1059:FM
1057:,
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
685:10
524:.
420:.
388:).
302:,
298:,
173:,
161:,
157:,
107:64
3688::
3227:e
3220:t
3213:v
3064:u
3062:K
3050:a
3048:K
3006:)
3004:N
3000:M
2996:L
2990:(
2979:)
2977:H
2973:K
2969:J
2963:(
2789:→
2775:←
2714:e
2707:t
2700:v
2463:e
2456:t
2449:v
2435:.
2416:.
2386:.
2358:.
2346::
2283:.
2256:.
2215:.
2185:.
2145:.
2095:.
2068:.
2041:.
2008:.
1977:.
1946:.
1919:.
1887:.
1819:.
1789:.
1759:.
1732:.
1697:.
1674:.
1608:.
1512:1
1170:.
986:e
979:t
972:v
725:c
702:.
689:8
672:c
646:,
638:f
633:c
626:=
600:f
543:c
489:h
486:=
483:E
386:R
380:V
353:E
350:(
344:R
103:3
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
