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radiance value. For the same object, the pixel radiance value on the shady slope will be different from that on the sunny slope. Additionally, different objects may have similar radiance values. These ambiguities seriously affected remote sensing image information extraction accuracy in mountainous areas. It became the main obstacle to the further application of remote sensing images. The purpose of topographic correction is to eliminate this effect, recovering the true reflectivity or radiance of objects in horizontal conditions. It is the premise of
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is much greater than the lower levels. Level 2 data sets tend to be less voluminous than Level 1 data because they have been reduced temporally, spatially, or spectrally. Level 3 data sets are generally smaller than lower level data sets and thus can be dealt with without incurring a great deal of data handling overhead. These data tend to be generally more useful for many applications. The regular spatial and temporal organization of Level 3 datasets makes it feasible to readily combine data from different sources.
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915:) which may be related to the object of interest through a calculation. The common analogy given to describe this is trying to determine the type of animal from its footprints. For example, while it is impossible to directly measure temperatures in the upper atmosphere, it is possible to measure the spectral emissions from a known chemical species (such as carbon dioxide) in that region. The frequency of the emissions may then be related via
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517:(LIDAR) is used for weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles, and to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure the heights of objects and features on the ground more accurately than radar technology. LIDAR can be used to detect ground surface changes. Vegetation remote sensing is a principal application of LIDAR.
755:. The rotation and orientation are often provided within a degree or two with electronic compasses. Compasses can measure not just azimuth (i. e. degrees to magnetic north), but also altitude (degrees above the horizon), since the magnetic field curves into the Earth at different angles at different latitudes. More exact orientations require
1602:, at 36,000 km (22,000 mi), allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth. This type of orbit is mainly used for
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porphyry copper deposits can be located. A high ratio of uranium to thorium has been found to be related to the presence of hydrothermal copper deposits. Radiation patterns have also been known to occur above oil and gas fields, but some of these patterns were thought to be due to surface soils instead of oil and gas.
898:, or as digitized half-tone images. Ultrafiches survive well in standard libraries, with lifetimes of several centuries. They can be created, copied, filed and retrieved by automated systems. They are about as compact as archival magnetic media, and yet can be read by human beings with minimal, standardized equipment.
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center of the image, with the distortion of measurements increasing the farther you get from the center. Another factor is that of the platen against which the film is pressed can cause severe errors when photographs are used to measure ground distances. The step in which this problem is resolved is called
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There are applications of gamma rays to mineral exploration through remote sensing. In 1972 more than two million dollars were spent on remote sensing applications with gamma rays to mineral exploration. Gamma rays are used to search for deposits of uranium. By observing radioactivity from potassium,
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in both conventional single or stereographic coverage, added skills such as the use of photogrammetry, the use of photomosaics, repeat coverage, Making use of objects' known dimensions in order to detect modifications. Image
Analysis is the recently developed automated computer-aided application that
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In rugged mountains, as a result of terrain, the effective illumination of pixels varies considerably. In a remote sensing image, the pixel on the shady slope receives weak illumination and has a low radiance value, in contrast, the pixel on the sunny slope receives strong illumination and has a high
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In order to create sensor-based maps, most remote sensing systems expect to extrapolate sensor data in relation to a reference point including distances between known points on the ground. This depends on the type of sensor used. For example, in conventional photographs, distances are accurate in the
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The frequency of flyovers by the satellite or plane, and is only relevant in time-series studies or those requiring an averaged or mosaic image as in deforesting monitoring. This was first used by the intelligence community where repeated coverage revealed changes in infrastructure, the deployment of
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Many teachers have great interest in the subject "remote sensing", being motivated to integrate this topic into teaching, provided that the curriculum is considered. In many cases, this encouragement fails because of confusing information. In order to integrate remote sensing in a sustainable manner
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between the application and the understanding of satellite images. Remote sensing only plays a tangential role in schools, regardless of the political claims to strengthen the support for teaching on the subject. A lot of the computer software explicitly developed for school lessons has not yet been
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that is cheaper to collect. For agricultural statistics, field surveys are usually required, while photo-interpretation may better for land cover classes that can be reliably identified on aerial photographs or high resolution satellite images. Additional uncertainty can appear because of imperfect
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or satellite images. It is relevant to highlight that probabilistic sampling is not critical for the selection of training pixels for image classification, but it is necessary for accuracy assessment of the classified images and area estimation. Additional care is recommended to ensure that training
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on satellites have provided a wide range of data. By measuring the bulges of water caused by gravity, they map features on the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or so. By measuring the height and wavelength of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface ocean currents
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KUENZER, C. ZHANG, J., TETZLAFF, A., and S. DECH, 2013: Thermal
Infrared Remote Sensing of Surface and underground Coal Fires. In (eds.) Kuenzer, C. and S. Dech 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing – Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572
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Ditter, R., Haspel, M., Jahn, M., Kollar, I., Siegmund, A., Viehrig, K., Volz, D., Siegmund, A. (2012) Geospatial technologies in school – theoretical concept and practical implementation in K-12 schools. In: International
Journal of Data Mining, Modelling and Management (IJDMMM): FutureGIS: Riding
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realized that advances in science meant that aerial photography was no longer an adequate term to describe the data streams being generated by new technologies. With assistance from her fellow staff member at the Office of Naval
Research, Walter Bailey, she coined the term "remote sensing". Several
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series both in overhead and stand-off collection. A more recent development is that of increasingly smaller sensor pods such as those used by law enforcement and the military, in both manned and unmanned platforms. The advantage of this approach is that this requires minimal modification to a given
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The main strength of classified satellite images or other indicators computed on satellite images is providing cheap information on the whole target area or most of it. This information usually has a good correlation with the target variable (ground truth) that is usually expensive to observe in an
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A Level 1 data record is the most fundamental (i. e., highest reversible level) data record that has significant scientific utility, and is the foundation upon which all subsequent data sets are produced. Level 2 is the first level that is directly usable for most scientific applications; its value
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Allows avoidance of radiometric errors and distortions. The illumination of objects on the Earth's surface is uneven because of different properties of the relief. This factor is taken into account in the method of radiometric distortion correction. Radiometric correction gives a scale to the pixel
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Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with ancillary information, including radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients and georeferencing parameters (e. g., platform ephemeris) computed and appended but not applied to the Level 0 data
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Remotely sensed multi- and hyperspectral images can be used for assessing biodiversity at different scales. Since the spectral properties of different plants species are unique, it is possible to get information about properties that relates to biodiversity such as habitat heterogeneity, spectral
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Levin, Noam; Kyba, Christopher C.M.; Zhang, Qingling; Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro; Román, Miguel O.; Li, Xi; Portnov, Boris A.; Molthan, Andrew L.; Jechow, Andreas; Miller, Steven D.; Wang, Zhuosen; Shrestha, Ranjay M.; Elvidge, Christopher D. (February 2020). "Remote sensing of night lights: A
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and involves computer-aided matching of points in the image (typically 30 or more points per image) which is extrapolated with the use of an established benchmark, "warping" the image to produce accurate spatial data. As of the early 1990s, most satellite images are sold fully georeferenced.
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produced by visual photo-interpretation, with a legend of mapped classes that suits our purpose, taking again the example of wheat. The straightforward approach is counting the number of pixels classified as wheat and multiplying by the area of each pixel. Many authors have noticed that
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provide very useful information to produce statistics on topics closely related to the territory, such as agriculture, forestry or land cover in general. The first large project to apply
Landsata 1 images for statistics was LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment), run by NASA,
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In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company
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1168:) made photographs of Paris from his balloon in 1858. Messenger pigeons, kites, rockets and unmanned balloons were also used for early images. With the exception of balloons, these first, individual images were not particularly useful for map making or for scientific purposes.
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implemented due to its complexity. Thereby, the subject is either not at all integrated into the curriculum or does not pass the step of an interpretation of analogue images. In fact, the subject of remote sensing requires a consolidation of physics and mathematics as well as
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The number of different intensities of radiation the sensor is able to distinguish. Typically, this ranges from 8 to 14 bits, corresponding to 256 levels of the gray scale and up to 16,384 intensities or "shades" of colour, in each band. It also depends on the instrument
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Old data from remote sensing is often valuable because it may provide the only long-term data for a large extent of geography. At the same time, the data is often complex to interpret, and bulky to store. Modern systems tend to store the data digitally, often with
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are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave, gamma-ray, and rarely, ultraviolet. They may also be used to detect the
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Elimination of atmospheric haze by rescaling each frequency band so that its minimum value (usually realised in water bodies) corresponds to a pixel value of 0. The digitizing of data also makes it possible to manipulate the data by changing gray-scale
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296:). It may be split into "active" remote sensing (when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft to the object and its reflection is detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor).
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produces an image where each pixel has full spectral information with imaging narrow spectral bands over a contiguous spectral range. Hyperspectral imagers are used in various applications including mineralogy, biology, defence, and environmental
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The development of artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century allowed remote sensing to progress to a global scale as of the end of the Cold War. Instrumentation aboard various Earth observing and weather satellites such as
1183:"There is no longer any need to preach for aerial photography-not in the United States- for so widespread has become its use and so great its value that even the farmer who plants his fields in a remote corner of the country knows its value."
650:, remote sensing allows researchers to follow up and monitor risk areas in the long term, to determine desertification factors, to support decision-makers in defining relevant measures of environmental management, and to assess their impacts.
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The basis for multispectral collection and analysis is that of examined areas or objects that reflect or emit radiation that stand out from surrounding areas. For a summary of major remote sensing satellite systems see the overview table.
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Object-Based Image
Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale.
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Rocchini, Duccio; Boyd, Doreen S.; Féret, Jean-Baptiste; Foody, Giles M.; He, Kate S.; Lausch, Angela; Nagendra, Harini; Wegmann, Martin; Pettorelli, Nathalie (February 2016). Skidmore, Andrew; Chauvenet, Alienor (eds.).
890:. The difficulty with this approach is that the data is fragile, the format may be archaic, and the data may be easy to falsify. One of the best systems for archiving data series is as computer-generated machine-readable
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Level 1a data that have been processed to sensor units (e. g., radar backscatter cross section, brightness temperature, etc.); not all instruments have Level 1b data; level 0 data is not recoverable from level 1b data.
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Simultaneous multi-spectral platforms such as
Landsat have been in use since the 1970s. These thematic mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on
1179:. After WWI, remote sensing technology was quickly adapted to civilian applications. This is demonstrated by the first line of a 1941 textbook titled "Aerophotography and Aerosurverying," which stated the following:
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To coordinate a series of large-scale observations, most sensing systems depend on the following: platform location and the orientation of the sensor. High-end instruments now often use positional information from
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made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed.
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While these processing levels are particularly suitable for typical satellite data processing pipelines, other data level vocabularies have been defined and may be appropriate for more heterogeneous workflows.
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Stork, E.J., Sakamoto, S.O., and Cowan, R.M. (1999) "The integration of science explorations through the use of earth images in middle school curriculum", Proc. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sensing 37, 1801–1817
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Interpretation is the critical process of making sense of the data. The first application was that of aerial photographic collection which used the following process; spatial measurement through the use of a
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Remote sensing has been used to detect rare plants to aid in conservation efforts. Prediction, detection, and the ability to record biophysical conditions were possible from medium to very high resolutions.
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Variables mapped on uniform spacetime grid scales, usually with some completeness and consistency (e. g., missing points interpolated, complete regions mosaicked together from multiple orbits, etc.).
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observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometers (310 to 370 mi). Lower orbits have significant
358:. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target.
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Remote
Sensing has a growing relevance in the modern information society. It represents a key technology as part of the aerospace industry and bears increasing economic relevance – new sensors e.g.
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Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument and payload data at full resolution, with any and all communications artifacts (e. g., synchronization frames, communications headers, duplicate data) removed.
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spectrum, ranging from a spectral resolution of 0.7 to 2.1 μm. The
Hyperion sensor on Earth Observing-1 resolves 220 bands from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, with a spectral resolution of 0.10 to 0.11 μm per band.
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IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)
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from thematic mapping can be used to prospect for minerals, detect or monitor land usage, detect invasive vegetation, deforestation, and examine the health of indigenous plants and crops (
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1342:; in 2006 alone the software was downloaded 100 million times. But studies have shown that only a fraction of them know more about the data they are working with. There exists a huge
570:. They determined that manmade items possess polarimetric signatures that are not found in natural objects. These conclusions were drawn from the imaging of military trucks, like the
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Zhen, Z (2013). "Impact of training and validation sample selection on classification accuracy and accuracy assessment when using reference polygons in object-based classification".
2656:"Begni G. Escadafal R. Fontannaz D. and Hong-Nga Nguyen A.-T. (2005). Remote sensing: a tool to monitor and assess desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 2. 44 pp"
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Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C. (2006).
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632:. Landsat images are used by regulatory agencies such as KYDOW to indicate water quality parameters including Secchi depth, chlorophyll density, and total phosphorus content.
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techniques leading to the first notable enhancement of imagery data. In 1999 the first commercial satellite (IKONOS) collecting very high resolution imagery was launched.
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Howard, A.; et al. (19 August 2015). "Remote sensing and habitat mapping for bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): landscapes for the use of stone tools".
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Kuenzer, C. and S. Dech 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing – Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572 pp.,
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Model output or results from analyses of lower level data (i. e., variables that were not measured by the instruments but instead are derived from these measurements).
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Why 'where' matters : understanding and profiting from GPS, GIS, and remote sensing : practical advice for individuals, communities, companies and countries
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746:: Ultrasound sensors, that emit high-frequency pulses and listening for echoes, used for detecting water waves and water level, as in tide gauges or for towing tanks.
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are developed constantly and the demand for skilled labour is increasing steadily. Furthermore, remote sensing exceedingly influences everyday life, ranging from
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Schweiger, Anna K.; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Townsend, Philip A.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Madritch, Michael D.; Wang, Ran; Tilman, David; Gamon, John A. (June 2018).
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is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The
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are examples of active remote sensing where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, speed and direction of an object.
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405:, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such as
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to other planets have also provided the opportunity to conduct remote sensing studies in extraterrestrial environments, synthetic aperture radar aboard the
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spacecraft of European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about 700 km (430 mi). The Earth observation satellites of UAE,
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units or the modification/introduction of equipment. Cloud cover over a given area or object makes it necessary to repeat the collection of said location.
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Derived geophysical variables (e. g., ocean wave height, soil moisture, ice concentration) at the same resolution and location as Level 1 source data.
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The wavelength of the different frequency bands recorded – usually, this is related to the number of frequency bands recorded by the platform. Current
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such as wind speed and direction within weather systems in addition to precipitation location and intensity. Other types of active collection includes
1498:, for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's
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by imagery and terrain analysts in trafficability and highway departments for potential routes, in addition to modelling terrestrial habitat features.
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Sannier, C (2014). "Using the regression estimator with landsat data to estimate proportion forest cover and net proportion deforestation in gabon".
3011:, Earth Observing System, Data and Information System, Data Panel Report, Vol. IIa., NASA Technical Memorandum 87777, June 1986, 62 pp. Available at
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Hu, Liuru; Navarro-Hernández, María I.; Liu, Xiaojie; Tomás, Roberto; Tang, Xinming; Bru, Guadalupe; Ezquerro, Pablo; Zhang, Qingtao (October 2022).
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or geometric. Overhead gravity data collection was first used in aerial submarine detection. This data revealed minute perturbations in the Earth's
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C. Bayindir; J. D. Frost; C. F. Barnes (January 2018). "Assessment and enhancement of SAR noncoherent change detection of sea-surface oil spills".
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in 1974–77. Many other application projects on crop area estimation have followed, including the Italian AGRIT project and the MARS project of the
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are a key signature of human activity. Applications include remote sensing of population, GDP, and damage to infrastructure from war or disasters.
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2008:
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1029:. Forest area and deforestation estimation have also been a frequent target of remote sensing projects, the same as land cover and land use
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To facilitate the discussion of data processing in practice, several processing "levels" were first defined in 1986 by NASA as part of its
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Kuznetsov, V.D.; Sinelnikov, V.M.; Alpert, S.N. (June 2015). "Yakov Alpert: Sputnik-1 and the first satellite ionospheric experiment".
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that may be used to determine changes in the mass distribution of the Earth, which in turn may be used for geophysical studies, as in
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2012: Satellite Remote Sensing - A new tool for Archaeology. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 16, 364 pp.,
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730:, emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes, used for detecting, ranging and measurements of underwater objects and terrain.
1971:
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provides different methods to combine accurate information on a sample with less accurate, but exhaustive, data for a covariable or
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Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring
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2181:"Analysis of regional large-gradient land subsidence in the Alto Guadalentín Basin (Spain) using open-access aerial LiDAR datasets"
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Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early warning, and certain large-scale meteorological data.
421:, oil spill detection and monitoring, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas.
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4438:"Best practice guidelines for pre-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for passive optical remote sensing"
2804:"Plant spectral diversity integrates functional and phylogenetic components of biodiversity and predicts ecosystem function"
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Corradino, Claudia; Ganci, Gaetana; Cappello, Annalisa; Bilotta, Giuseppe; Hérault, Alexis; Del Negro, Ciro (January 2019).
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moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in
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Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.
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Corradino, Claudia; Ganci, Gaetana; Bilotta, Giuseppe; Cappello, Annalisa; Del Negro, Ciro; Fortuna, Luigi (January 2019).
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784:– typically pixels may correspond to square areas ranging in side length from 1 to 1,000 metres (3.3 to 3,280.8 ft).
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The Indian Society of International Law - Newsletter: VOL. 15, No. 4, October - December 2016 (Report). Brill. 2018.
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is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors include film
265:). It also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications, among others.
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624:), including entire farming regions or forests. Prominent scientists using remote sensing for this purpose include
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Cerrejón, Carlos; Valeria, Osvaldo; Marchand, Philippe; Caners, Richard T.; Fenton, Nicole J. (18 February 2021).
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The modern discipline of remote sensing arose with the development of flight. The balloonist G. Tournachon (alias
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Allen, J.D. "A Look at the Remote Sensing Applications Program of the National Agricultural Statistics Service".
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Earth Science Reference Handbook – A Guide to NASA's Earth Science Program and Earth Observing Satellite Missions
2238:"Utility of multitemporal lidar for forest and carbon monitoring: Tree growth, biomass dynamics, and carbon flux"
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airframe. Later imaging technologies would include infrared, conventional, Doppler and synthetic aperture radar.
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and steadily adopted since then, both internally at NASA (e. g.,) and elsewhere (e. g.,); these definitions are:
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1490:, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the
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3461:"The effects of imperfect reference data on remote sensing-assisted estimators of land cover class proportions"
2386:"Mapping Recent Lava Flows at Mount Etna Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Images and Machine Learning Techniques"
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The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite,
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Foody, G.M. (1994). "Estimation of tropical forest extent and regenerative stage using remotely sensed data".
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The quality of remote sensing data consists of its spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions.
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Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding areas. Reflected
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used spectrometers and imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present water and volcanic activity on Mars.
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Ambrosio Flores, L (2000). "Land cover estimation in small areas using ground survey and remote sensing".
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Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Three-Dimensional Imaging Research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory
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or reference data to train and validate image classification require a field survey if we are targetting
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911:) may not be directly measured, there exists some other variable that can be detected and measured (the
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Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring".
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Makki, Ihab; Younes, Rafic; Francis, Clovis; Bianchi, Tiziano; Zucchetti, Massimo (1 February 2017).
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1903:"Spatiotemporal analysis of urban environment based on the vegetation–impervious surface–soil model"
1510:(TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.
1383:, or Spatial Discovery, to promote media and method qualifications as well as independent learning.
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1401:. A large number of proprietary and open source applications exist to process remote sensing data.
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759:, periodically realigned by different methods including navigation from stars or known benchmarks.
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in the fields of media and methods apart from the mere visual interpretation of satellite images.
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Datla, R.U.; Rice, J.P.; Lykke, K.R.; Johnson, B.C.; Butler, J.J.; Xiong, X. (March–April 2011).
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Achard, F (2002). "Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests".
2977:"Мethod of radiometric distortion correction of multispectral data for the earth remote sensing"
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Zhao, Kaiguang; Suarez, Juan C; Garcia, Mariano; Hu, Tongxi; Wang, Cheng; Londo, Alexis (2018).
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values, e. g. the monochromatic scale of 0 to 255 will be converted to actual radiance values.
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4481:"How Can Remote Sensing Help Monitor Tropical Moist Forest Degradation?—A Systematic Review"
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4050:"Mission Geography: Linking national geography standards, innovative technologies and NASA"
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Regional Crop Inventories in Europe Assisted by Remote Sensing: 1988-1993. Synthesis Report
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Innocenti, Fabrizio; Robinson, Rod; Gardiner, Tom; Finlayson, Andrew; Connor, Andy (2017).
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and other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas of the
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Stehman, S. (2019). "Key issues in rigorous accuracy assessment of land cover products".
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1494:. The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite,
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provided global measurements of various data for civil, research, and military purposes.
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4581:"Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects"
4462:
4437:
4264:
4239:
4075:
3999:
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3791:
3622:
3253:
Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, Third Edition
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2718:
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Radiometers and radar onboard of satellites can be used to monitor volcanic eruptions
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technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. It includes the surface and the
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2337:
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1981:
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1674:
1603:
1578:
1479:; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in
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633:
589:
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3405:
Bauer, M.E. (1978). "Area estimation of crops by digital analysis of Landsat data".
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1941:
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957:(or if applied, in a manner that level 0 is fully recoverable from level 1a data).
529:
470:
289:
4604:
3502:"Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data"
3057:, GRAS Satellite Application Facility, Version 1.2.1, 31 March 2009. Available at
2981:
Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
2563:"Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (
1397:
Remote sensing data are processed and analyzed with computer software, known as a
1277:
Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the development of
840:
In addition, images may need to be radiometrically and atmospherically corrected.
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has been reported to be useful for target tracking purposes by researchers at the
532:
of various chemicals, providing data on chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.
4877:
4847:
4687:
3595:
3376:
3065:
3042:
3019:
2281:
2071:"Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) Measurements of Landfill Methane Emissions"
1977:
1715:
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was developed for military surveillance and reconnaissance purposes beginning in
1119:
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554:
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198:
3285:
Stehman, S. (2013). "Estimating Area from an Accuracy Assessment Error Matrix".
4944:
4852:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4061:
3034:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. Available at
2739:"Satellite remote sensing to monitor species diversity: potential and pitfalls"
2425:
1822:
1740:
1679:
1526:
1331:
1291:
1255:
1239:
916:
625:
494:
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55:
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is used by local law enforcements' monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced
369:
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4608:
4564:
4435:
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3682:
2900:
2835:
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1901:
Guo, Huadong; Huang, Qingni; Li, Xinwu; Sun, Zhongchang; Zhang, Ying (2013).
1456:
1360:
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1222:
702:
579:
466:
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410:
378:
234:
3190:
2502:
2180:
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Dupuis, Chloé; Lejeune, Philippe; Michez, Adrien; Fayolle, Adeline (2020).
4471:
4348:
4273:
3198:
2843:
2047:
1932:
1705:
1589:
1339:
1214:
1143:
1122:, we may need different indicators to be computed from images, such as the
1036:
1032:
833:
740:(after they occur) by comparing the relative intensity and precise timings.
726:, listening for the sound made by another object (a vessel, a whale etc.);
664:
629:
382:
254:
180:
3422:"Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change"
3261:
1150:
4918:
4782:
4772:
4453:
4442:
Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
3609:
Carfagna, E. (2005). "Using remote sensing for agricultural statistics".
3421:
3012:
2922:
Carfagna, E. (2005). "Using remote sensing for agricultural statistics".
2640:
2623:
2562:
1585:
1515:
1471:
and others. The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take
1468:
1464:
1427:
1251:
1193:
The development of remote sensing technology reached a climax during the
1176:
1127:
874:
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355:
343:
250:
210:
194:
184:
4349:"How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?"
4255:
3501:
2771:
2213:
401:
Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the
4913:
4809:
4505:
4480:
3984:
3952:
3918:
Fussell, Jay; Rundquist, Donald; Harrington, John A. (September 1986).
3574:
Gallego, F.J. (2004). "Remote sensing and land cover area estimation".
3155:
2410:
2385:
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281:
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222:
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3059:
http://www.grassaf.org/general-documents/products/grassaf_pum_v121.pdf
2891:
2866:
2593:
2095:
2070:
1553:
are all operated at altitudes of about 800 km (500 mi). The
406:
4903:
4799:
4280:
4104:
2801:
2275:
Just Sit Right Back and You'll Hear a Tale, a Tale of a Plankton Trip
1487:
1444:
1285:. The use of the term "remote sensing" began in the early 1960s when
1057:
504:
453:
273:
242:
230:
226:
51:
Acquisition of information at a significant distance from the subject
4596:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4029:
the Wave of a Growing Geospatial Technology Literate Society; Vol. X
3147:
2430:
Proceedings of the International Conference on International Fusion
73:
2762:
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1303:
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4908:
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1558:
1538:
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1503:
1138:
901:
Generally speaking, remote sensing works on the principle of the
793:
686:
386:
315:
262:
246:
206:
4516:
Remote sensing of the environment: an Earth resource perspective
1338:. As an example, 80% of the German students use the services of
213:. The term is applied especially to acquiring information about
205:
without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to
4701:
4669:
3077:
Houston, A.H. "Use of satellite data in agricultural surveys".
2867:"No place to hide: Rare plant detection through remote sensing"
2296:
1643:
1624:
Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
1043:
if we look at wider classes that can be reliably identified on
609:
571:
285:
277:
218:
3390:
Czaplewski, R.L. "Misclassification bias in areal estimates".
3036:
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/2006ReferenceHandbook.pdf
4130:
2864:
2383:
2350:
2237:
1554:
1546:
1522:
1452:
1259:
1218:
1206:
1076:
unbiased and accurate way. Therefore it can be observed on a
895:
810:
777:
719:
706:
701:. Geometric remote sensing includes position and deformation
363:
359:
214:
4182:
3897:. Internet Archive. Manotick, ON : Kim Geomatics Corp.
2444:"A survey of landmine detection using hyperspectral imaging"
1213:, or specifically designed collection platforms such as the
796:
collection is that of seven bands, including several in the
393:
of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the
4887:
2178:
1721:
International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
1226:
1210:
1202:
1198:
417:, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation,
4706:
4478:
3917:
3671:"A bird's-eye view of the battlefield: aerial photography"
2353:"Smart Decision Support Systems for Volcanic Applications"
4286:
4238:
Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008).
2441:
1506:
spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's
1299:
1267:
330:
Remote sensing can be divided into two types of methods:
2624:"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in the Era of Big Data"
1459:
and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as
1039:
or individual forest species, but may be substituted by
582:
and spectropolarimetric VNIR Spectropolarimetric Imager.
3866:
Campbell, James B.; Wynne, Randolph H. (21 June 2011).
1818:
Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing
851:
Topographic correction (also called terrain correction)
424:
221:. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including
4645:
Remote sensing digital image analysis: an introduction
4624:
Lillesand, T. M.; R. W. Kiefer; J. W. Chipman (2003).
4535:
Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective
4212:(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 267.
4156:
3250:
Congalton, Russell G.; Green, Kass (25 January 2019).
2735:
1629:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
1533:
maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation satellites
1048:
and validation datasets are not spatially correlated.
3870:(5th ed.). New York London: The Guilford Press.
3757:"Military Imaging and Surveillance Technology (MIST)"
1973:
Essential Image Processing for GIS and Remote Sensing
1751:
National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law
1197:
with the use of modified combat aircraft such as the
663:, usually combining classified satellite images with
736:
taken at different locations can locate and measure
2526:"Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal
1051:We suppose now that we have classified images or a
98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4391:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from
4365:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from
3715:(1st ed.). York, PA: The Maple Press Company.
3465:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
2683:"Remote sensing of terrestrial plant biodiversity"
2530:breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain"
2448:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
2235:
907:: while the object or phenomenon of interest (the
318:was used to identify areas of conservation in the
4210:Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing
3957:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2567:) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink"
2424:Goldberg, A.; Stann, B.; Gupta, N. (July 2003). "
1404:
1258:spacecraft provided detailed topographic maps of
433:
322:, and how it was used to help map an area called
4982:
4389:"DubaiSat-1, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE"
4363:"DubaiSat-2, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE"
4047:
3115:. Luxembourg: Office for Publications of the EC.
3079:Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods
1431:Six Earth observation satellites comprising the
541:Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed by
3214:
2681:Wang, Ran; Gamon, John A. (15 September 2019).
2554:
1970:Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009).
4642:
3927:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
3407:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
3392:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
3249:
2974:
2622:Zhang, Chuanrong; Li, Xinba (September 2022).
2377:
389:features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and
4722:
4240:"Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites"
4237:
3865:
2560:
2517:
2482:
1900:
713:
4048:Bednarz, S.W.; Whisenant, S.E. (July 2000).
3953:"The Office of Naval Research and Geography"
3030:C. L. Parkinson, A. Ward, M. D. King (Eds.)
1814:
553:Radiometers are also used at night, because
3837:"SOHO - Solar and Heliospheric Observatory"
2523:
2488:
2154:"Science@nasa - Technology: Remote Sensing"
1584:To get global coverage with a low orbit, a
15:
4729:
4715:
3706:
3704:
2743:Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
2033:
1701:IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
1093:reference data (ground truth or similar).
667:data collected on a sample selected on an
16:
4504:
4461:
4263:
4056:. Vol. 6. pp. 2780–2782 vol.6.
3484:
3458:
2992:
2890:
2770:
2680:
2639:
2545:
2409:
2368:
2327:
2212:
2094:
1931:
1508:Television Infrared Observation Satellite
1313:
922:
661:Agricultural and environmental statistics
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
4691:) is being considered for deletion. See
4416:
4105:"FIS – Remote Sensing in School Lessons"
3608:
3419:
2921:
2290:
2229:
1969:
1861:Remote sensing: the image chain approach
1426:
1149:
1137:
636:are used in meteorology and climatology.
535:
479:Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
447:
368:
303:
171:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
4626:Remote sensing and image interpretation
3890:
3701:
3669:Head of photographs at (4 April 2014).
3576:International Journal of Remote Sensing
3573:
3538:
3357:International Journal of Remote Sensing
3319:
3284:
2621:
2298:review and an outlook for the future".
1443:or Earth remote sensing satellite is a
1266:allowed studies to be performed on the
762:
646:Within the scope of the combat against
14:
4983:
4585:International Journal of Wildland Fire
4532:
4513:
4207:
4010:from the original on 28 September 2021
3950:
3847:from the original on 18 September 2021
3834:
3810:Solar System Exploration: NASA Science
3710:
3389:
3168:
3110:
3013:http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860021622
1857:
1373:FIS – Remote Sensing in School Lessons
1114:If we target other variables, such as
4710:
4189:from the original on 29 November 2014
3997:
3737:from the original on 19 February 2019
3499:
3404:
3256:(3 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3210:
3208:
3125:
654:diversity and plant functional trait.
4963:
4421:(3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
4329:. New Mexico Museum of Space History
4111:from the original on 26 October 2012
3816:from the original on 19 October 2021
3354:
2994:10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-4-595-602
2015:from the original on 4 February 2016
1736:List of Earth observation satellites
1146:reconnaissance/surveillance aircraft
425:Types of data acquisition techniques
96:adding citations to reliable sources
67:
4163:from the original on 17 August 2018
3944:
3767:from the original on 18 August 2021
3666:
3648:from the original on 18 August 2021
3076:
2956:from the original on 2 October 2016
2561:Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014).
1639:Asian Association on Remote Sensing
1435:satellite constellation as of 2014.
919:to the temperature in that region.
48:
4410:
3969:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01235.x
3792:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9920-2016004
3713:Aerophotography and Aerosurverying
3635:
3623:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2005.tb00155.x
3205:
2936:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2005.tb00155.x
2547:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x
1882:from the original on 24 April 2016
1696:Ground truth § Remote sensing
826:
49:
5007:
4695:to help reach a consensus. ›
4662:
3091:
2603:from the original on 13 July 2021
2524:Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001).
2062:
2036:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
1951:from the original on 19 July 2018
1911:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
1761:Normalized difference water index
1746:Multispectral pattern recognition
1242:and more recent missions such as
543:or interfaced with oceanographic
4962:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4668:
4643:Richards, J. A.; X. Jia (2006).
3611:International Statistical Review
2924:International Statistical Review
2662:from the original on 26 May 2019
1815:Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007).
1659:First images of Earth from space
1419:This section is an excerpt from
320:Democratic Republic of the Congo
72:
4518:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
4381:
4355:
4341:
4201:
4175:
4149:
4137:from the original on 2 May 2018
4123:
4097:
4086:
4041:
4032:
4022:
4000:"Ames Research Center Overview"
3991:
3911:
3884:
3859:
3828:
3798:
3779:
3749:
3719:
3660:
3629:
3602:
3567:
3532:
3493:
3486:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.002
3452:
3413:
3398:
3383:
3348:
3313:
3278:
3243:
3162:
3119:
3104:
3085:
3070:
3047:
3024:
3001:
2968:
2942:
2915:
2858:
2795:
2729:
2674:
2648:
2615:
2468:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.12.009
2435:
2418:
2344:
2268:
2172:
1839:from the original on 1 May 2016
1581:of various parts of the Earth.
1274:, just to name a few examples.
1004:
894:, usually in typefonts such as
272:generally refers to the use of
83:needs additional citations for
63:Remote sensing (disambiguation)
4537:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
4419:Introduction to remote sensing
3933:(9): 1507–1511. Archived from
3868:Introduction to Remote Sensing
3094:Journal of Official Statistics
2808:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2146:
2103:
2027:
2001:
1963:
1894:
1851:
1808:
1405:Remote Sensing with gamma rays
1072:do not compensate each other
1066:commission and omission errors
604:, including (for example) the
434:Applications of remote sensing
373:Illustration of remote sensing
13:
1:
4680:
4183:"Landmap – Spatial Discovery"
3998:Colen, Jerry (8 April 2015).
3835:Garner, Rob (15 April 2015).
3541:Remote Sensing of Environment
3506:Remote Sensing of Environment
3426:Remote Sensing of Environment
3322:Remote Sensing of Environment
3287:Remote Sensing of Environment
3237:10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00114-0
3217:Remote Sensing of Environment
2687:Remote Sensing of Environment
2300:Remote Sensing of Environment
2242:Remote Sensing of Environment
2185:Remote Sensing of Environment
1802:
1781:Remote monitoring and control
1731:Liquid crystal tunable filter
1669:Geographic information system
1529:, which makes frequent orbit
1413:
1363:encourage the development of
592:have often been used to make
568:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
444:Remote sensing in archaeology
3920:"On defining remote sensing"
3596:10.1080/01431160310001619607
3377:10.1080/01431161.2013.810822
3009:Report of the EOS data panel
1858:Schott, John Robert (2007).
757:gyroscopic-aided orientation
753:satellite navigation systems
602:Earth observation satellites
576:acousto-optic tunable filter
485:of large scale terrain (See
7:
4883:Precession of the equinoxes
4736:
3891:Ryerson, Robert A. (2010).
2871:Diversity and Distributions
1610:
1577:(LEO) orbits and providing
1441:Earth observation satellite
1421:Earth observation satellite
1386:
1262:, while instruments aboard
857:quantitative remote sensing
674:
564:Spectropolarimetric Imaging
515:Light detection and ranging
481:is used to produce precise
415:natural resource management
299:
268:In current usage, the term
10:
5012:
4647:(4th ed.). Springer.
4289:Advances in Space Research
4062:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.859713
3951:Pruitt, Evelyn L. (1979).
2491:The Photogrammetric Record
1614:
1418:
1399:remote sensing application
1390:
1133:
714:Acoustic and near-acoustic
678:
574:, and trailers with their
555:artificial light emissions
437:
60:
53:
4932:
4896:
4838:
4765:
4744:
4309:10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.033
3561:10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.015
3526:10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.003
3446:10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.015
3342:10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.018
3307:10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.016
2828:10.1038/s41559-018-0551-1
2707:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111218
2320:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111443
2262:10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.007
2205:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113218
1690:Global Positioning System
1604:meteorological satellites
1500:Van Allen radiation belts
1296:NASA Ames Research Center
622:satellite crop monitoring
467:meteorological collection
419:greenhouse gas monitoring
294:electromagnetic radiation
4693:templates for discussion
4417:Campbell, J. B. (2002).
3642:Air & Space Magazine
2132:10.1109/JOE.2017.2714818
1461:environmental monitoring
1060:is that it is generally
483:digital elevation models
440:Remote sensing (geology)
403:electromagnetic spectrum
314:This video is about how
177:Synthetic aperture radar
54:Not to be confused with
31:latest accepted revision
4628:(5th ed.). Wiley.
3191:10.1126/science.1070656
3128:Journal of Biogeography
3018:27 October 2021 at the
2975:Grigoriev А.N. (2015).
2503:10.1111/0031-868X.00080
1866:Oxford University Press
1393:Remote sensing software
1355:organizations like the
4533:Jensen, J. R. (2005).
4514:Jensen, J. R. (2007).
3711:Bagley, James (1941).
2285:NASA Earth Expeditions
2280:10 August 2021 at the
2048:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096020
1933:10.1117/1.JRS.8.084597
1756:National LIDAR Dataset
1634:Archaeological imagery
1594:Sun-synchronous orbits
1481:GNSS radio occultation
1436:
1314:Training and education
1191:
1161:
1147:
1106:calibration estimators
929:Earth Observing System
923:Data processing levels
878:is in increasing use.
863:Atmospheric correction
844:Radiometric correction
804:Radiometric resolution
780:that is recorded in a
689:remote sensing can be
549:
457:
374:
352:charge-coupled devices
336:Active remote sensing.
332:Passive remote sensing
327:
239:exploration geophysics
193:is the acquisition of
187:
4863:Earth's gravity field
4858:Earth's energy budget
3806:"In Depth | Magellan"
3638:"Flight of the Giant"
3459:Mcroberts, R (2018).
3420:Olofsson, P. (2014).
3262:10.1201/9780429052729
3041:15 April 2010 at the
2574:Marine Mammal Science
2011:. SPIE Professional.
1664:Full spectral imaging
1543:European Space Agency
1447:used or designed for
1430:
1181:
1153:
1141:
1110:small area estimators
1023:Joint Research Centre
679:Further information:
640:Hyperspectral imaging
539:
451:
438:Further information:
381:in areas such as the
372:
313:
175:
4778:Computer cartography
4677:at Wikimedia Commons
4454:10.6028/jres.116.009
4323:"James A. Van Allen"
3727:"Air Force Magazine"
3500:Foody, G.M. (2010).
3064:26 July 2011 at the
2641:10.3390/land11101692
2160:on 29 September 2006
2009:"Saving the monkeys"
1371:. Examples include:
1102:regression estimator
1078:probabilistic sample
888:lossless compression
763:Data characteristics
276:- or aircraft-based
92:improve this article
61:For other uses, see
4897:Related disciplines
4563:Lasaponara, R. and
4497:2020RemS...12.1087D
4301:2015AdSpR..55.2833K
4256:10.1511/2008.74.390
3731:www.airforcemag.com
3675:The Daily Telegraph
3667:IWM, Alan Wakefield
3588:2004IJRS...25.3019G
3553:2014RSEnv.151..138S
3518:2010RSEnv.114.2271F
3477:2018JPRS..142..292M
3438:2014RSEnv.148...42O
3369:2013IJRS...34.6914Z
3334:2019RSEnv.23111199S
3299:2013RSEnv.132..202S
3229:2000RSEnv..74..240F
3183:2002Sci...297..999A
3140:1994JBiog..21..223F
3055:Product User Manual
2883:2021DivDi..27..948C
2820:2018NatEE...2..976S
2755:2016RSEC....2...25R
2699:2019RSEnv.23111218W
2586:2014MMamS..30.1456S
2460:2017JPRS..124...40M
2402:2019RemS...11.1916C
2312:2020RSEnv.23711443L
2254:2018RSEnv.204..883Z
2197:2022RSEnv.28013218H
2124:2018IJOE...43..211B
2087:2017RemS....9..953I
1924:2014JARS....8.4597G
1786:Technical geography
1726:Land change science
1600:geostationary orbit
1573:are also placed in
1290:research groups in
1082:area sampling frame
1041:photointerpretation
1027:European Commission
817:Temporal resolution
788:Spectral resolution
695:gravitational field
669:area sampling frame
612:satellite. Maps of
586:Stereographic pairs
21:Page version status
4945:Geodesy portal
4795:Geodetic astronomy
4550:, pp. 429–451
4506:10.3390/rs12071087
4369:on 17 January 2019
4244:American Scientist
4208:Grasty, R (1976).
3940:on 4 October 2021.
3177:(5583): 999–1002.
3111:Taylor, J (1997).
2950:"Geodetic Imaging"
2565:Halichoerus grypus
2528:Halichoerus grypus
2411:10.3390/rs11161916
2370:10.3390/en12071216
2112:IEEE J. Ocean. Eng
1685:Geophysical survey
1649:Coastal management
1477:aerial photographs
1437:
1173:aerial photography
1162:
1148:
1126:, a good proxy to
1096:Some options are:
1086:survey methodology
772:Spatial resolution
634:Weather satellites
590:aerial photographs
550:
458:
375:
328:
290:propagated signals
237:disciplines (e.g.
188:
27:
4978:
4977:
4673:Media related to
4654:978-3-540-25128-6
4635:978-0-471-15227-9
4611:on 12 August 2014
4573:978-90-481-8801-7
4559:978-94-007-6638-9
4548:978-94-007-6638-9
4525:978-0-13-188950-7
4428:978-1-57230-640-0
4351:. 18 August 2021.
4327:nmspacemuseum.org
4295:(12): 2833–2839.
4219:978-3-642-66238-6
3904:978-0-9866376-0-5
3877:978-1-60918-176-5
3636:Maksel, Rebecca.
3512:(10): 2271–2285.
3363:(19): 6914–6930.
3271:978-0-429-05272-9
3053:GRAS-SAF (2009),
2892:10.1111/ddi.13244
2594:10.1111/mms.12126
2287:, 15 August 2018.
2096:10.3390/rs9090953
1987:978-0-470-51032-2
1875:978-0-19-517817-3
1832:978-0-12-369407-2
1675:GIS and hydrology
1579:satellite imagery
1449:Earth observation
1336:natural disasters
1328:weather forecasts
1308:Fourier transform
1283:satellite imagery
1157:2001 Mars Odyssey
994:
993:
681:Satellite geodesy
311:
168:
167:
160:
142:
18:
5003:
4966:
4965:
4954:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4873:Gravity of Earth
4805:Gravity of Earth
4731:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4672:
4658:
4639:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4607:. Archived from
4538:
4529:
4510:
4508:
4475:
4465:
4432:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3689:on 18 April 2014
3685:. Archived from
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3582:(5): 3019–3047.
3571:
3565:
3564:
3547:(151): 138–148.
3536:
3530:
3529:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3471:(142): 292–300.
3456:
3450:
3449:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3409:(44): 1033–1043.
3402:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3293:(132): 202–211.
3282:
3276:
3275:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3081:(23): 2857–2880.
3074:
3068:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2580:(4): 1456–1472.
2571:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2439:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2294:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
2143:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1864:(2nd ed.).
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1821:(3rd ed.).
1812:
1711:Imagery analysis
1575:Low Earth orbits
1473:satellite images
1369:learning portals
1365:learning modules
1279:image processing
1189:
1070:confusion matrix
1010:Satellite images
934:
933:
594:topographic maps
545:research vessels
530:emission spectra
454:Aswan Dam, Egypt
312:
163:
156:
152:
149:
143:
141:
107:"Remote sensing"
100:
76:
68:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4892:
4878:Plate tectonics
4853:Coriolis effect
4848:Chandler wobble
4840:
4834:
4761:
4740:
4735:
4696:
4665:
4655:
4636:
4614:
4612:
4597:10.1071/WF05097
4591:(15): 319–345.
4526:
4429:
4413:
4411:Further reading
4408:
4398:
4396:
4395:on 4 March 2016
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4285:
4281:
4236:
4227:
4220:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4087:
4072:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
3996:
3992:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3630:
3607:
3603:
3572:
3568:
3537:
3533:
3498:
3494:
3457:
3453:
3418:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3384:
3353:
3349:
3318:
3314:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3248:
3244:
3213:
3206:
3167:
3163:
3148:10.2307/2845527
3124:
3120:
3109:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3075:
3071:
3066:Wayback Machine
3052:
3048:
3043:Wayback Machine
3029:
3025:
3020:Wayback Machine
3006:
3002:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2920:
2916:
2863:
2859:
2800:
2796:
2734:
2730:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2569:
2559:
2555:
2522:
2518:
2497:(89): 715–724.
2487:
2483:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2382:
2378:
2349:
2345:
2295:
2291:
2282:Wayback Machine
2273:
2269:
2234:
2230:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2108:
2104:
2067:
2063:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1978:Wiley-Blackwell
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1716:Imaging science
1619:
1615:Main category:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1545:as well as the
1475:, analogous to
1424:
1416:
1407:
1395:
1389:
1316:
1190:
1187:
1136:
1098:ratio estimator
1080:selected on an
1007:
925:
904:inverse problem
829:
827:Data processing
765:
716:
683:
677:
648:desertification
606:Landsat program
548:
542:
508:and directions.
452:Radar image of
446:
436:
427:
304:
302:
164:
153:
147:
144:
101:
99:
89:
77:
66:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4991:Remote sensing
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4825:Geopositioning
4822:
4820:Remote Sensing
4817:
4815:Photogrammetry
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4698:Remote Sensing
4678:
4675:Remote sensing
4664:
4663:External links
4661:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4640:
4634:
4621:
4576:
4561:
4551:
4539:
4530:
4524:
4511:
4485:Remote Sensing
4476:
4448:(2): 612–646.
4433:
4427:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4380:
4354:
4340:
4314:
4279:
4250:(5): 390–398.
4225:
4218:
4200:
4174:
4148:
4122:
4096:
4085:
4070:
4040:
4031:
4021:
3990:
3963:(1): 103–108.
3943:
3910:
3903:
3883:
3876:
3858:
3827:
3797:
3778:
3748:
3718:
3700:
3659:
3628:
3617:(3): 389–404.
3601:
3566:
3531:
3492:
3451:
3432:(148): 42–57.
3412:
3397:
3394:(39): 189–192.
3382:
3347:
3312:
3277:
3270:
3242:
3223:(2): 240–248.
3204:
3161:
3134:(3): 223–244.
3118:
3103:
3084:
3069:
3046:
3023:
3000:
2987:(4): 595–602.
2967:
2941:
2930:(3): 389–404.
2914:
2877:(6): 948–961.
2857:
2814:(6): 976–982.
2794:
2763:10.1002/rse2.9
2728:
2673:
2647:
2614:
2553:
2540:(3): 257–266.
2516:
2481:
2434:
2417:
2390:Remote Sensing
2376:
2343:
2289:
2267:
2228:
2171:
2145:
2118:(1): 211–220.
2102:
2075:Remote Sensing
2061:
2026:
2000:
1986:
1962:
1893:
1874:
1850:
1831:
1823:Academic Press
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Mobile mapping
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1680:Geoinformatics
1677:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1617:Remote sensing
1612:
1609:
1549:spacecraft of
1457:spy satellites
1425:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1332:climate change
1330:to reports on
1315:
1312:
1292:Silicon Valley
1188:James Bagley,
1185:
1135:
1132:
1084:. Traditional
1053:land cover map
1006:
1003:
992:
991:
988:
984:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
963:
959:
958:
954:
950:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
924:
921:
917:thermodynamics
870:
869:
865:
860:
852:
849:
845:
834:georeferencing
828:
825:
824:
823:
819:
814:
806:
801:
790:
785:
776:The size of a
774:
764:
761:
748:
747:
741:
731:
715:
712:
711:
710:
676:
673:
672:
671:
658:
655:
651:
644:
637:
626:Janet Franklin
597:
583:
561:
558:
540:
534:
533:
518:
512:
509:
498:
456:taken by Umbra
435:
432:
426:
423:
411:earth sciences
391:depth sounding
301:
298:
270:remote sensing
191:Remote sensing
183:colored using
166:
165:
148:September 2023
80:
78:
71:
56:remote viewing
50:
39:21 August 2024
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5008:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4971:
4970:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4830:Virtual globe
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Earth's orbit
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4739:
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4110:
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4100:
4094:
4093:Digital Earth
4089:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4071:0-7803-6359-0
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
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3807:
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3793:
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3761:www.darpa.mil
3758:
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3427:
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3416:
3408:
3401:
3393:
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3378:
3374:
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3366:
3362:
3358:
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3335:
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3327:
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3316:
3308:
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3300:
3296:
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3288:
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3259:
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3209:
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3196:
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3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3100:(4): 393–409.
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:NASA (1986),
3004:
2995:
2990:
2986:
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2971:
2955:
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2520:
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2508:
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2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2432:. 1: 499–506.
2431:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2366:
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2358:
2354:
2347:
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2330:
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2321:
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2301:
2293:
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2259:
2255:
2251:
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2243:
2239:
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2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:(1): 096020.
2041:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1980:. p. 4.
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:(1): 084597.
1917:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:. p. 1.
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:. p. 2.
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
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1727:
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1719:
1717:
1714:
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1709:
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1699:
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1665:
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1637:
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1627:
1625:
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1618:
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1597:
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1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
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1556:
1552:
1548:
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1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Digital Earth
1358:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:knowledge gap
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1287:Evelyn Pruitt
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1045:aerial photos
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:(JRC) of the
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1002:
998:
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
964:
961:
960:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
935:
932:
930:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
883:
879:
876:
866:
864:
861:
858:
853:
850:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
820:
818:
815:
812:
807:
805:
802:
799:
795:
791:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
760:
758:
754:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:passive sonar
721:
718:
717:
709:, LIDAR, etc.
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
684:
682:
670:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
643:measurements.
641:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
587:
584:
581:
580:hyperspectral
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
546:
538:
531:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:Doppler radar
460:
459:
455:
450:
445:
441:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:deforestation
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:in the north.
325:
321:
317:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Earth science
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
159:
151:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109: –
108:
104:
103:Find sources:
97:
93:
87:
86:
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
4967:
4955:
4936:
4686:
4644:
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4609:the original
4588:
4584:
4534:
4515:
4488:
4484:
4445:
4441:
4418:
4397:. Retrieved
4393:the original
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:the original
4357:
4343:
4331:. Retrieved
4326:
4317:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4247:
4243:
4209:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4177:
4165:. Retrieved
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4131:"geospektiv"
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4099:
4088:
4053:
4043:
4034:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4003:
3993:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3935:the original
3930:
3926:
3913:
3893:
3886:
3867:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3840:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3809:
3800:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3730:
3721:
3712:
3691:. Retrieved
3687:the original
3674:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3641:
3631:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3252:
3245:
3220:
3216:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3054:
3049:
3031:
3026:
3008:
3003:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2960:29 September
2958:. Retrieved
2944:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2772:11585/720672
2749:(1): 25–36.
2746:
2742:
2731:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2650:
2634:(10): 1692.
2631:
2627:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2577:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2429:
2420:
2396:(16): 1916.
2393:
2389:
2379:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2270:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2214:10045/126163
2188:
2184:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2148:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1972:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1915:
1909:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1860:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
1706:Image mosaic
1590:ground track
1583:
1535:ERS-1, ERS-2
1520:
1512:
1485:
1455:, including
1438:
1408:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1353:
1340:Google Earth
1317:
1276:
1252:Space probes
1232:
1192:
1182:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1113:
1095:
1074:
1050:
1037:annual crops
1033:Ground truth
1031:
1008:
1005:Applications
999:
995:
940:Description
926:
912:
908:
902:
900:
884:
880:
871:
859:application.
839:
830:
782:raster image
766:
749:
728:active sonar
727:
723:
665:ground truth
630:Ruth DeFries
428:
400:
383:Amazon Basin
376:
335:
331:
329:
269:
267:
255:oceanography
190:
189:
181:Death Valley
169:
154:
145:
135:
128:
121:
114:
102:
90:Please help
85:verification
82:
38:
29:This is the
23:
4919:Mathematics
4783:Web mapping
4773:Cartography
4681:‹ The
4491:(7): 1087.
4014:19 February
3851:19 February
3820:19 February
3771:19 February
3741:19 February
3693:19 February
3652:19 February
2363:(7): 1216.
2329:10871/40052
2248:: 883–897.
2164:18 February
1886:15 November
1843:15 November
1586:polar orbit
1516:Planet Labs
1469:cartography
1465:meteorology
1349:competences
1177:World War I
1171:Systematic
1128:chlorophyll
913:observation
875:light table
738:earthquakes
734:Seismograms
691:gravimetric
525:photometers
521:Radiometers
356:radiometers
344:photography
288:, based on
251:meteorology
211:observation
209:or on-site
195:information
185:polarimetry
4985:Categories
4914:Geophysics
4810:Navigation
4757:Geodesists
4615:4 February
4193:27 October
4115:25 October
2693:: 111218.
2666:27 October
2607:27 October
2306:: 111443.
2191:: 113218.
2081:(9): 953.
1955:27 October
1803:References
1796:Vector Map
1791:TopoFlight
1776:Radiometry
1771:Pictometry
1766:Orthophoto
1654:Crateology
1571:DubaiSat-2
1567:DubaiSat-1
1496:Explorer 1
1492:ionosphere
1451:(EO) from
1414:Satellites
1377:Geospektiv
1320:TerraSAR-X
1306:developed
1294:including
1272:solar wind
1130:activity.
1116:crop yield
892:ultrafiche
744:Ultrasound
614:land cover
505:altimeters
500:Laser and
491:TerraSAR-X
475:ionosphere
282:atmosphere
259:glaciology
223:geophysics
217:and other
203:phenomenon
118:newspapers
4904:Astronomy
4868:Geodynamo
4841:phenomena
4839:Physical
4800:Geomatics
4766:Subfields
4565:Masini N.
4157:"YCHANGE"
3977:0004-5608
3683:0307-1235
2909:233886263
2901:1366-9516
2852:256718584
2836:2397-334X
2781:2056-3485
2723:197567301
2715:0034-4257
2534:Ecography
2511:140189982
2476:0924-2716
2454:: 40–53.
2428:" (PDF).
2338:214254543
2223:0034-4257
2056:120031016
2019:1 January
1488:Sputnik 1
1445:satellite
1120:leaf area
1058:estimator
274:satellite
243:hydrology
233:and most
231:surveying
227:geography
197:about an
179:image of
4957:Category
4745:Overview
4683:template
4472:26989588
4274:19498953
4187:Archived
4161:Archived
4135:Archived
4109:Archived
4080:62414447
4008:Archived
3845:Archived
3814:Archived
3765:Archived
3735:Archived
3646:Archived
3199:12169731
3062:Archived
3039:Archived
3016:Archived
2954:Archived
2844:29760440
2789:59446258
2660:Archived
2598:Archived
2357:Energies
2278:Archived
2140:44706251
2013:Archived
1946:Archived
1942:28430037
1880:Archived
1837:Archived
1611:See also
1551:EUMETSAT
1527:air-drag
1387:Software
1324:RapidEye
1304:ESL Inc.
1270:and the
1256:Magellan
1244:RADARSAT
1225:and the
1209:and the
1195:Cold War
1186:—
1064:because
1017:and the
798:infrared
687:Geodetic
675:Geodetic
618:land use
495:Magellan
487:RADARSAT
413:such as
395:Cold War
348:infrared
340:sunlight
300:Overview
35:reviewed
4996:Geodesy
4969:Commons
4924:Physics
4909:Geology
4752:History
4738:Geodesy
4685:below (
4493:Bibcode
4463:4550341
4297:Bibcode
4265:2690060
3985:2569553
3584:Bibcode
3549:Bibcode
3514:Bibcode
3473:Bibcode
3434:Bibcode
3365:Bibcode
3330:Bibcode
3328:(231).
3295:Bibcode
3225:Bibcode
3179:Bibcode
3171:Science
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