Telephone - Knowledge

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inductively coupled. In local battery configurations, when the local loop was too long to provide sufficient current from the exchange, the transmitter was powered by a local battery and inductively coupled, while the receiver was included in the local loop. The coupling transformer and the ringer were mounted in a separate enclosure, called the subscriber set. The dial switch in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line one to ten times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle.

904: 919: 390: 1365: 1215: 573: 1520: 139: 554: 512:(USPTO) in March 1876. Before Bell's patent, the telephone transmitted sound in a way that was similar to the telegraph. This method used vibrations and circuits to send electrical pulses, but was missing key features. Bell found that this method produced a sound through intermittent currents, but in order for the telephone to work a fluctuating current reproduced sounds the best. The fluctuating currents became the basis for the working telephone, creating Bell's patent. That first patent by Bell was the 1452: 1006: 4119: 42: 4129: 1387:, which can operate many of the device's functions, as well as enabling users to use spoken commands to interact with the internet. Typically alphanumeric text input is accomplished via an on-screen virtual keyboard, although some smartphones have a small physical keyboard. Smartphones offer the ability to access internet data through the cellular network and via wi-fi, and usually allow direct connectivity to other devices via 1140: 2961: 4108: 581: 843:" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a "switchhook". Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to leave the phone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery and magneto were in a separate bell box or " 4139: 1238: 1256:. The cellular network consists of a network of ground based transmitter/receiver stations with antennas – which are usually located on towers or on buildings – and infrastructure connecting to land-based telephone lines. Analog cellular networks first appeared in 1979, with the first digital cellular networks appearing in the early 1990s. 719:– their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner 1503:

Satellite phones are popular on expeditions into remote locations, hunting, fishing, maritime sector, humanitarian missions, business trips, and mining in hard-to-reach areas, where there is no reliable cellular service. Satellite telephones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human

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do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite is provided. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth or only specific regions. Satellite

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display, with some types, such as smartphones, having touch screens. Since the 1990s, mobile phones have gained other features which are not directly related to their primary function as telephones. These include text messaging, calendars, alarm clocks, personal schedulers, cameras, music players,

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readily accessible via IP connections. Smartphones also have access to a large number of web services and web apps, giving them functionality similar to traditional computers, although smartphones are often limited by their relatively small screen size and the size of their keyboards. Typically,

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desk set. A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use was secured in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the model 202 shows the direct connection of the transmitter to the line, while the receiver was

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reported "It is rumored that English technicians to whom Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines". However, telephones would not be demonstrated there until 1876, with a set of

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before the Physical Society of Frankfurt. It was the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone. Reis also coined the term. He used his telephone to transmit the phrase "Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" ("The horse does not eat cucumber

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7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 "Improvement in Telegraphy" is granted, covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically…by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other

751:). The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one port opening for sound, with the user alternately listening and speaking (or rather, shouting) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive. 1120:

While traditional analog telephones are typically powered from the central office through the telephone line, digital telephones require a local power supply. Internet-based digital service also requires special provisions to provide the service location to the emergency services when an

939: 758:, who had to arrange for a telegraph contractor to construct a line between them, for example, between a home and a shop. Users who wanted the ability to speak to several different locations would need to obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. 318:

The first telephones were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to another customer's location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located

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and by 2005 that percentage had risen to 46%. By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.

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becoming commonplace in the 1930s in many areas enabled customer-dialed service, but some magneto systems remained even into the 1960s. After World War II, the telephone networks saw rapid expansion and more efficient telephone sets, such as the

2100: 944: 943: 940: 945: 1295:(MMS) protocol enables users to send and receive multimedia content, such as photos, audio files and video files. As their functionality has increased over the years, many types of mobile phone, notably smartphones, require an 831:

hand-cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the operator. Some local farming communities that were not connected to the main networks set up

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files a patent application for a carbon (graphite) transmitter. It was published as No. 474,230 on 3 May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in

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IP telephony uses high-bandwidth Internet connections and specialized customer premises equipment to transmit telephone calls via the Internet, or any modern private data network. The customer equipment may be an

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personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, telephones powered from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals became common.

2097:"Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom. In: Jahres-Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main für das Rechnungsjahr 1860-1861, pp. 57-64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books" 942: 690:

10 March 1876: The first successful telephone transmission of clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson heard each word

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transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument.

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applies for the patent "Improvements in Telegraphy", for electromagnetic telephones using what is now called amplitude modulation (oscillating current and voltage) but which he referred to as "undulating

2096: 1196:, which the base station recharges when the handset rests in its cradle. Muilt-handset systems generally also have additional charging stands. A cordless telephone typically requires a constant 605:

first mooted the idea of a "speaking telegraph" or telephone. Use of the "speaking telegraph" and "sound telegraph" monikers would eventually be replaced by the newer, distinct name, "telephone".

1420:. In addition to voice calls, smartphone users commonly communicate using a wide variety of messaging formats, including SMS, MMS, email, and various proprietary messaging services, such as 903: 257:

for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in

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in the United States, were developed that permitted larger local networks centered around central offices. A breakthrough new technology was the introduction of Touch-Tone signaling using

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As of 2022, most mobile phones are smartphones, being a combination of a mobile phone and a personal computing device in the same unit. Most smartphones are primarily operated using a

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access are supported through most systems. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as

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Base stations include a radio transceiver which enables full-duplex, outgoing and incoming signals and speech with the handsets. The base station often includes a microphone,

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was applied to other inventions, and not all early researchers of the electrical device used the term. Perhaps the earliest use of the word for a communications system was the

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in 1947 dramatically changed the technology used in telephone systems and in the long-distance transmission networks, over the next several decades. With the development of

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6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits.

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were introduced for personal service starting in 1973. In later decades, the analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost.

618:(Paris): "Transmission électrique de la parole" (electric transmission of speech), describing a "make-and-break" type telephone transmitter later created by Johann Reis. 1093:

article suggested that Internet telephony may be "the next big thing." The technology has spawned a new industry comprising many VoIP companies that offer services to

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or a visual indicator, to announce an incoming telephone call. Telephone calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to the telephone, to enter a

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19 February 1876: Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat.

327:. For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed in the mid-20th century for transmission between mobile stations on ships and in automobiles. Hand-held 2638: 1408:

smartphones feature such tools as cameras, media players, web browsers, email clients, interactive maps, satellite navigation and a variety of sensors, such as a

1756: 538:. In the U.S., a somewhat dated slang term refers to the telephone as "the horn," as in "I couldn't get him on the horn," or "I'll be off the horn in a moment." 2688: 918: 300:

which are sent through the telecommunications system to the receiving telephone, which converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or sometimes a

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in the U.S. Patent Office, titled "Sound Telegraph", describing communication of voice between two people by wire. A patent caveat was not an invention

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Early telephones were locally powered, using either a dynamic transmitter or by the powering of a transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of

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in which the operators in the signaling towers would shout to each other by means of what he called "speaking tubes", but would now be called giant

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A cordless telephone system consisting of a handset resting on a base station (left) and a second handset resting on a battery charger unit (right)

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What turned out to be the most popular and longest-lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century, including Bell's

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30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.

1165:. The base station connects to a telephone line, or provides service by voice over IP (VOIP). The handset communicates with the base station via 3024:(solid back carbon transmitter)—Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) This design was used until 1925 and installed phones were used until the 1940s. 4178: 2411: 880:

In the 1930s, telephone sets were developed that combined the bell and induction coil with the desk set, obviating a separate ringer box. The

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Before the era of smartphones, mobile phones were generally manufactured by companies specializing in telecommunications equipment, such as

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signals. A handset's operational range is limited, usually to within the same building or within a short distance from the base station.

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In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a "

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The development of digital data communications methods made it possible to digitize voice and transmit it as real-time data across

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and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from

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conversations, without needing to use a handset. The base station may also have a numeric keypad for dialing, and a display for

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was launched in the 1980's, providing businesses and consumers with access to digital telephony services such as data, voice,

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award, but only an unverified notice filed by an individual that he or she intends to file a patent application in the future.

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Cradle designs were also used at this time, having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, now called a

715:, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were 324: 150: 125: 1271:(IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers to the cellular network. 4213: 3726: 3274: 3076: 1101:. The reported global VoIP market in October 2021 was $ 85.2 billion with a projection of $ 102.5 billion by 2026. 435:, in c. 1860. His device appears to be the first device based on the conversion of sound into electrical impulses. 1200:

to power the base station and charger units by means of a DC transformer which plugs into a wall AC power outlet.

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from their own telephones but made an appointment and were connected with the assistance of a telephone operator.

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and two for speaking. Large wall telephones in the early 20th century usually incorporated the bell, and separate

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At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange were not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in pairs to a

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Beauchamp, Christopher (2010). "Who Invented the Telephone?: Lawyers, Patents, and the Judgments of History".

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11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with the telephone but does not build one.

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has provided a broad spectrum of capabilities in cell phones, including mobile computing, giving rise to the

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1874: Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses.

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Allstot, David J. (2016). "Switched Capacitor Filters". In Maloberti, Franco; Davies, Anthony C. (eds.).

1818: 1034: 909: 833: 474: 297: 2631:"Are Cell Phones Ruining Our Social Skills? – SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy" 4183: 3981: 3903: 3842: 3549: 2221:

A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing

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functionality. Nearly all mobile phones have the ability to send text messages to other users via the

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communication tools in emergency situations, when the local communications system can be compromised.

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into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell in a

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Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed. As with other influential

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and improved on each other's ideas. New controversies over the issue still arise from time to time.

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A satellite telephone, or satphone, is a type of mobile phone that connects to other phones or the

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application, utilizing the microphone and headset devices of a personal computer or smartphone.

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or cellphone or hand phone is a handheld telephone which connects via radio transmissions to a

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of the telephone, from which other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed.

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Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone by the

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began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange

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which is held up to the ear and mouth during conversation. The transmitter converts the

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International Telecommunication Union website, 4 September 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2009.

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The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray – Alexander Bell Controversy.

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Mueller, Milton. (1993) "Universal service in telephone history: A reconstruction."

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to be inserted into the phone. The SIM card is a small PVC card containing a small

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Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886

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Historical first patents: the first United States patent for many everyday things

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A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with a cutout to convert the card to micro-SIM size)

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and a touch screen. Many phones have a secondary voice user interface, such as

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The People's Network: The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded Age.

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had already led to the use of twisted pairs and, for long-distance telephones,

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when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts

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is used as a slang term for a telephone. The term came from navy slang for a

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Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a

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that exploited the existing system of field fences to transmit the signal.

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to run. Popular mobile phone operating systems in the past have included

1109:(ATA) which translates the signals of a conventional analog telephone; an 442:

was adopted into the vocabulary of many languages. It is derived from the

4024: 3674: 3584: 3569: 3529: 3489: 3348: 1900:(illustrated ed.). University of Michigan: Scarecrow Press. p. 1534: 1086: 1005: 929: 881: 817: 723:, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an 502: 421:, was invented by Captain John Taylor in 1844. This instrument used four 301: 186: 143: 1082:

that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone network infrastructure.

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phones provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones;

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created by Gottfried Huth in 1796. Huth proposed an alternative to the

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Bell's first telephone transmitter, ca. 1876, reenacted 50 years later

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In 1876, shortly after Bell's patent application, Hungarian engineer

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Early telephones used a single wire for the subscriber's line, with

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used the term in reference to his invention, commonly known as the

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proposed the telephone switch, which allowed for the formation of

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By January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and

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Bell placing the first New York to Chicago telephone call in 1892

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had switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005

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for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit.

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Disadvantages of single-wire operation such as crosstalk and

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for desk phones dwindled away in the middle of the century.

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Most telephones also contain an alerting feature, such as a

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Before the development of the electric telephone, the term

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America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940

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Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude

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Next-Generation Networks Set to Transform Communications

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A smartphone with a touchscreen user interface, held in

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Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992

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Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a

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and credited by several sources as the first telephone.

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Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications.

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An IP desktop telephone attached to a computer network

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Jackspeak: A guide to British Naval slang & usage

417:. A communication device for sailing vessels, called 341:, the dominant type of telephone in the world today. 2594: 2592: 2494:

Walters, Lourens O; Kritzinger, PS (December 2000).

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Turner, Gerard L'Estrange; Weston, Margaret (1983).

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Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy

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Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Apparatus

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The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History.

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First generation late 1990s Iridium satellite phone

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Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007

481:, several inventors pioneered experimental work on 177:device that permits two or more users to conduct a 66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2953:is available for free viewing and download at the 2940:is available for free viewing and download at the 2927:is available for free viewing and download at the 2914:is available for free viewing and download at the 2901:is available for free viewing and download at the 2559: 2506:(2). Association for Computing Machinery: 4–ff35. 2148:"The beginning of long distance telephone service" 2043:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History 1893: 1834:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History 2984:(permanent magnet receiver)—Alexander Graham Bell 2881:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 547–557. 2589: 2493: 1432:In 2002, only 10% of the world's population used 808:automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the 4155: 2748: 541: 369:Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Drawing 2821:Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2500:XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students 2459: 2457: 2296:"VoIP is winning over a variety of phone users" 2075:. University of California Press. p. 140. 1504:actions such as war, so they have proven to be 1113:, a dedicated standalone device; or a computer 706: 2496:"Cellular Networks: Past, Present, and Future" 1682:"Who Is Credited With Inventing the Telephone" 425:to communicate with vessels in foggy weather. 3077: 2678: 458:, "voice", together meaning "distant voice". 2454: 2070: 1399:connectors. Smartphones, being able to run 1037:, and new transmission technologies such as 792:) in series with the bell coil to allow the 272:The essential elements of a telephone are a 253:was the first to be granted a United States 4092:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3014:(carbon granules transmitter)—Thomas Edison 2869:Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911). 2868: 2802:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 2463: 1865:Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911). 1864: 924:Telephone used by American soldiers (WWII, 796:ringer signal through while still blocking 4128: 3084: 3070: 1987: 1053:Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 895:American Telephone & Telegraph Company 592:Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked 3004:(carbon button transmitter)—Thomas Edison 2937:"Telephone Memories (Reel 2 of 2) (1931)" 2924:"Telephone Memories (Reel 1 of 2) (1931)" 2073:Nineteenth-century Scientific Instruments 1924: 1801:The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art 1749:"Bell did not invent telephone, US rules" 1181:, and a loudspeaker to enable hands-free 804:"). Telephones connected to the earliest 747:used to complete the circuit (as used in 510:United States Patent and Trademark Office 126:Learn how and when to remove this message 2814:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1860: 1858: 1450: 1363: 1269:international mobile subscriber identity 1236: 1228: 1213: 1138: 1012: 1004: 587: 579: 571: 563: 552: 388: 372: 364: 149: 137: 2535: 2529: 2487: 2351:"Global VoIP Services Market 2021-2026" 2217: 2211: 1819:"The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges" 1746: 1291:(Short Message Service) protocol. The 1274:Mobile phones generally incorporate an 1161:unit and one or more portable cordless 4156: 3091: 1715:Sound-Powered Telephone Talkers Manual 1128: 625:(1834–1874) publicly demonstrated the 4179:Discovery and invention controversies 3065: 2124:. Telephonymuseum.com. Archived from 1891: 1885: 1855: 1821:by J. E. Kingsbury published in 1915. 1777:Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, 1570:List of telephone operating companies 1427: 1283:games and later, internet access and 612:published an article in the magazine 335:Convergence in communication services 185:, typically and most efficiently the 4138: 3042:Cellular Mobile Communication System 2994:(graphite transmitter)—Thomas Edison 2834:A Capsule History of the Bell System 2598: 2323: 2199:from the original on 7 November 2022 1424:and various social media platforms. 991:Digital telephones and voice over IP 64:adding citations to reliable sources 35: 2145: 2039: 1933:: 858–859 – via Project MUSE. 1830: 1560:Index of telephone-related articles 1440: 13: 2886:Virtual museum of early telephones 2848:Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data 2790:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. 2783:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. 2743:Telephone: The first hundred years 2735: 2577:from the original on 8 August 2022 2064: 1779:The Early History of Data Networks 1759:from the original on July 31, 2018 14: 4225: 3058:)—Martin Cooper et al. (Motorola) 2841: 2464:Freudenrich, Craig (2000-12-11). 2437:Federal Communications Commission 2229:IEEE Circuits and Systems Society 968:sound-powered emergency telephone 325:public switched telephone network 4137: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4106: 3727:Free-space optical communication 2797:(Univ of California Press, 1994) 1767:– via www.theguardian.com. 1518: 1313:mobile phone versions of Windows 1203: 1192:The cordless handset contains a 1078:(VoIP). VoIP has proven to be a 974: 959: 951:Video shows the operation of an 937: 917: 902: 816:, one for the bell, one for the 344: 169:, colloquially referred to as a 40: 2769:Casson, Herbert Newton. (1910) 2720:from the original on 2023-01-12 2702: 2691:from the original on 2023-01-13 2672: 2652: 2641:from the original on 2017-11-20 2623: 2611:from the original on 2024-09-16 2548:from the original on 2022-10-05 2536:Galazzo, Richard (2022-01-24). 2518:from the original on 2022-11-05 2476:from the original on 2022-08-08 2443:from the original on 2022-08-11 2425: 2414:from the original on 2022-08-08 2396: 2372: 2361:from the original on 2021-12-04 2343: 2317: 2306:from the original on 2022-08-30 2288: 2277:from the original on 2022-08-28 2259: 2181: 2169: 2158:from the original on 2023-03-06 2139: 2114: 2103:from the original on 2024-01-14 2089: 2033: 2008: 1981: 1970:from the original on 2017-10-18 1956: 1937: 1918: 1747:Carroll, Rory (June 17, 2002). 1694:from the original on 2020-10-18 1663:from the original on 2020-10-27 1657:"Etymology of the word "phone"" 1500:networks, are not available. 1172: 668:14 February 1876: Gray files a 546:For a chronological guide, see 51:needs additional citations for 2861:New International Encyclopedia 2804:Hoboken: NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press. 2466:"How Cordless Telephones Work" 1824: 1812: 1792: 1771: 1740: 1705: 1674: 1649: 1391:or a wired interface, such as 1353: 859:hum from nearby AC power wires 483:voice transmission over a wire 157:push button telephone made by 1: 3044:—Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs) 2178:, Porticus Telephone website. 1808:– via Internet Archive. 1642: 542:Timeline of early development 4199:Telecommunications equipment 4113:Telecommunication portal 3894:Telecommunications equipment 2800:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). 2771:The history of the telephone 2755:. Cornell University Press. 2679:ruge.axessnet (2018-08-28). 1580:Multimedia messaging service 1293:multimedia messaging service 1241:An SMS message written on a 1076:voice over Internet Protocol 1035:electronic switching systems 707:Early commercial instruments 232: 213: 161:, model 2500 DMG black, 1980 7: 3630:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2898:"Now You're Talking (1927)" 2786:Evenson, A. Edward (2000). 1713:"United States Coast Guard 1511: 834:barbed wire telephone lines 527:, and eventually networks. 10: 4230: 3334:Telecommunications history 2793:Fischer, Claude S. (1994) 2176:Circuit Diagram, Model 102 1994:. Bloomsbury. p. 46. 1444: 1357: 1254:cellular telephone network 1207: 1132: 1123:emergency telephone number 1045:gradually evolved towards 994: 584:1896 telephone from Sweden 545: 357:Invention of the telephone 354: 348: 226: 202: 29:Telephone (disambiguation) 18: 4101: 4043: 3980: 3942:Public Switched Telephone 3902: 3866: 3823: 3764: 3754:telecommunication circuit 3715:Fiber-optic communication 3698: 3460:Francis Blake (telephone) 3407: 3255:Optical telecommunication 3099: 2950:"Far Speaking (ca. 1935)" 2831:Todd, Kenneth P. (1998), 2826:Telecommunications Policy 2749:Bruce, Robert V. (1990). 2271:www.electronics-notes.com 1781:, pp. 90-91, Wiley, 1995 548:Timeline of the telephone 447: 193:that are transmitted via 16:Telecommunications device 3853:Orbital angular-momentum 3290:Satellite communications 3129:Communications satellite 1377:graphical user interface 1267:which stores the user's 1259:Mobile phones require a 1107:analog telephone adapter 351:History of the telephone 4214:19th-century inventions 3732:Molecular communication 3555:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3384:Undersea telegraph line 3119:Cable protection system 2878:Encyclopædia Britannica 1878:Encyclopædia Britannica 1621:Telephone jack and plug 1575:Mobile operating system 1540:Bell Telephone Memorial 1471:instead of terrestrial 1031:MOS integrated circuits 530:In the United Kingdom, 280:) to speak into and an 3874:Communication protocol 3660:Charles Sumner Tainter 3475:Walter Houser Brattain 3420:Edwin Howard Armstrong 3228:Information revolution 3052:Radio Telephone System 2911:"Communication (1928)" 2714:Satellite Phone Review 2472:. InfoSpace Holdings. 2433:"VoIP and 911 Service" 2046:. McFarland. pp. 1927:Technology and Culture 1892:Brown, Travis (1994). 1586:Party line (telephony) 1463:by radio link through 1456: 1372: 1245: 1234: 1226: 1144: 1027:stored program control 1018: 1010: 891:push-button telephones 597: 585: 577: 569: 561: 394: 386: 370: 162: 147: 25:Phone (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 3848:Polarization-division 3580:Narinder Singh Kapany 3545:Erna Schneider Hoover 3465:Jagadish Chandra Bose 3445:Alexander Graham Bell 3176:online video platform 2741:Brooks, John (1976). 2512:10.1145/355146.355149 2328:MSNBC. Archived from 2302:. 18 September 2006. 1454: 1370:landscape orientation 1367: 1240: 1232: 1217: 1142: 1080:disruptive technology 1039:pulse-code modulation 1021:The invention of the 1016: 1008: 985:, called a cell phone 677:Alexander Graham Bell 638:telephones from Bell. 591: 583: 575: 567: 556: 499:Alexander Graham Bell 392: 376: 368: 355:Further information: 251:Alexander Graham Bell 153: 141: 3690:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3650:Almon Brown Strowger 3620:Charles Grafton Page 3275:Prepaid mobile phone 3203:Electrical telegraph 2828:17.5 (1993): 352–69. 2817:MacDougall, Robert. 2355:Research and Markets 2231:. pp. 105–110. 2195:. 18 November 2019. 1488:, and low-bandwidth 1194:rechargeable battery 897:(AT&T) in 1963. 800:(keeping the phone " 242:), together meaning 60:improve this article 4189:Scottish inventions 4174:Canadian inventions 4169:American inventions 3640:Johann Philipp Reis 3399:Wireless revolution 3361:The Telephone Cases 3218:Hydraulic telegraph 2982:Electric Telegraphy 2891:The Telephone, 1877 2779:Coe, Lewis (1995). 2607:. Authority Media. 2571:Mordor Intelligence 2332:on January 18, 2005 2324:Sheridan, Barrett. 2152:The Palm Beach Post 2040:Coe, Lewis (2006). 1988:Rick Jolly (2018). 1831:Coe, Lewis (1995). 1687:Library of Congress 1129:Cordless telephones 887:model 500 telephone 867:long-distance calls 623:Johann Philipp Reis 525:telephone exchanges 495:Johann Philipp Reis 429:Johann Philipp Reis 4164:1876 introductions 3838:Frequency-division 3815:Telephone exchange 3685:Charles Wheatstone 3615:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 3590:Innocenzo Manzetti 3525:Reginald Fessenden 3260:Optical telegraphy 3093:Telecommunications 3002:Speaking Telephone 2992:Speaking Telegraph 2665:2016-03-03 at the 2599:Wankhede, Calvin. 1550:Cordless telephone 1457: 1428:Mobile phone usage 1373: 1265:integrated circuit 1246: 1235: 1227: 1198:electricity supply 1155:portable telephone 1150:cordless telephone 1145: 1135:Cordless telephone 1019: 1011: 863:four-wire circuits 729:impedance matching 721:carbon transmitter 675:14 February 1876: 641:28 December 1871: 635:La Feuille d'Aoste 603:Innocenzo Manzetti 598: 586: 578: 570: 562: 454:, "far" and φωνή, 395: 387: 371: 298:electrical signals 224:'far' and 189:, into electronic 175:telecommunications 163: 148: 4184:German inventions 4151: 4150: 3889:Store and forward 3884:Data transmission 3798:Network switching 3749:Transmission line 3595:Guglielmo Marconi 3560:Internet pioneers 3425:Mohamed M. Atalla 3394:Whistled language 2872:"Telephone" 2855:"Telephone" 2762:978-0-8014-9691-2 2605:Android Authority 1964:"Puskás, Tivadar" 1911:978-0-8108-2898-8 1868:"Telephone" 1848:978-0-7864-2609-6 1626:Telephone tapping 1555:Harvard sentences 1526:Telephones portal 1461:telephone network 1068:computer networks 1047:digital telephony 997:Digital telephony 946: 926:Minalin, Pampanga 910:Ericsson DBH 1001 621:26 October 1861: 407:optical telegraph 223: 211: 136: 135: 128: 110: 4221: 4194:Office equipment 4141: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4109: 3982:Notable networks 3972:Wireless network 3912:Cellular network 3904:Types of network 3879:Computer network 3766:Network topology 3680:Thomas A. Watson 3535:Oliver Heaviside 3520:Philo Farnsworth 3495:Daniel Davis Jr. 3470:Charles Bourseul 3430:John Logie Baird 3139:Data compression 3134:Computer network 3086: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3012:Carbon Telephone 2969: 2966:pdfpiw.uspto.gov 2955:Internet Archive 2942:Internet Archive 2929:Internet Archive 2916:Internet Archive 2903:Internet Archive 2882: 2874: 2865: 2857: 2808:John, Richard R. 2766: 2745:. HarperCollins. 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2676: 2670: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2357:. October 2021. 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2300:Orlando Sentinel 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2241:. Archived from 2226: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2146:DiPirro, Peggy. 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1966:. Omikk.bme.hu. 1960: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1899: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1870: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1796: 1790: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1722:. Archived from 1721: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1653: 1616:Telephone keypad 1545:Cellular network 1528: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1441:Satellite phones 1297:operating system 1243:Motorola RAZR V3 1220:Motorola 8900X-2 978: 963: 948: 947: 921: 906: 713:water microphone 633:22 August 1865, 610:Charles Bourseul 608:26 August 1854: 558:Reis's telephone 487:Charles Bourseul 449: 313:telephone number 237: 229: 228: 218: 216: 206: 204: 159:Western Electric 131: 124: 120: 117: 111: 109: 68: 44: 36: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4209:Home appliances 4154: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4039: 3976: 3898: 3862: 3819: 3768: 3760: 3701: 3694: 3600:Robert Metcalfe 3455:Tim Berners-Lee 3403: 3223:Information Age 3095: 3090: 3034:—G. H. Sweigert 2960: 2947:The short film 2934:The short film 2921:The short film 2908:The short film 2895:The short film 2852: 2844: 2763: 2738: 2736:Further reading 2733: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2673: 2667:Wayback Machine 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2020:Merriam-Webster 2014: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1890: 1886: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1601:Satellite phone 1524: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1449: 1447:Satellite phone 1443: 1430: 1362: 1356: 1212: 1206: 1179:audio amplifier 1175: 1167:radio frequency 1137: 1131: 1003: 995:Main articles: 993: 986: 979: 970: 964: 955: 949: 938: 933: 922: 913: 907: 812:, one for each 806:Strowger switch 709: 697:27 April 1877: 551: 544: 377:Replica of the 363: 353: 347: 132: 121: 115: 112: 69: 67: 57: 45: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4227: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4125: 4115: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833:Space-division 3829: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3670:Camille Tissot 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3645:Claude Shannon 3642: 3637: 3635:Tivadar Puskás 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605:Antonio Meucci 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3575:Charles K. Kao 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550:Harold Hopkins 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3450:Emile Berliner 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3389:Videotelephony 3386: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3287: 3285:Radiotelephone 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3171:Internet video 3163: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3045: 3035: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2995: 2985: 2975: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2906: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2866: 2850: 2843: 2842:External links 2840: 2839: 2838: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2767: 2761: 2746: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2701: 2671: 2651: 2622: 2588: 2558: 2528: 2486: 2453: 2439:. 2011-05-26. 2424: 2410:. 2011-09-15. 2395: 2371: 2342: 2316: 2287: 2258: 2237: 2210: 2180: 2168: 2138: 2122:"Ringer Boxes" 2113: 2088: 2081: 2063: 2056: 2032: 2007: 2000: 1980: 1955: 1936: 1917: 1910: 1884: 1873:Chisholm, Hugh 1854: 1847: 1823: 1811: 1791: 1770: 1739: 1704: 1673: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1596:Radiotelephone 1593: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1513: 1510: 1486:text messaging 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1429: 1426: 1414:accelerometers 1358:Main article: 1355: 1352: 1208:Main article: 1205: 1202: 1174: 1171: 1157:consists of a 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 992: 989: 988: 987: 980: 973: 971: 965: 958: 956: 950: 936: 934: 923: 916: 914: 908: 901: 725:induction coil 708: 705: 704: 703: 695: 692: 688: 684: 681: 673: 666: 663: 660: 657: 643:Antonio Meucci 639: 631: 627:Reis telephone 619: 615:L'Illustration 606: 543: 540: 521:Tivadar Puskás 491:Antonio Meucci 433:Reis telephone 383:Antonio Meucci 381:, invented by 349:Main article: 346: 343: 134: 133: 48: 46: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4226: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4114: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3858:Code-division 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3843:Time-division 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769:and switching 3767: 3763: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3720:optical fiber 3718: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Coaxial cable 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3625:Radia Perlman 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515:Lee de Forest 3513: 3511: 3510:Thomas Edison 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3500:Donald Davies 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3485:Claude 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