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384:. During the first stage which begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential nomination forms. The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year. The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy, where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed. The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote.
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confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the
Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
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The rules for the Nobel Prize in
Physics require that the significance of achievements being recognized has been "tested by time". In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel
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for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the discoverers have died by the
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The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision
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After Nobel's death, the Nobel
Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
368:
and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in
Physics. Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in
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or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the
Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million
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The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates during the first week of
October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually in
303:($ 2.9 million USD, or €2.7 million in 2023), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the
507:. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. The diploma contains a picture with the name of the laureate and a citation explaining their accomplishments.
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Gingras, Yves; Wallace, Matthew L. (2009). "Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)".
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At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the
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The members of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed soon after the will was approved. The other prize-awarding organisations followed:
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279:, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth should be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of
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on 11 June. The Nobel
Foundation then established guidelines for awarding the prizes. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King
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on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The laureates receive a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.
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1302:"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer | Science | guardian.co.uk"
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and Rudolf
Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.
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and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in
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at an annual ceremony on the 10th of
December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2023, a total of 224
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A Physics Nobel Prize laureate is awarded a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.
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450:. The Genius of Science holds the veil which covers Nature's "cold and austere face". It was designed by
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330:. According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences would award the Prize in Physics.
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1574:. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006. (An article on the history of the design of the medals.)
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462:" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts"), an adaptation of "
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von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science".
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for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of
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of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in December. Prior to 1974,
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476:. A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "
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231:. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
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807:"Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organisation) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
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480:" denoting the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is inscribed on the reverse.
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in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of
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was created from a revision of this article dated 16 February 2016
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1333:"Three share Nobel prize for physics | Science | guardian.co.uk"
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The medal for the Nobel Prize in Physics is identical in design to the
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medal. The reverse of the physics and chemistry medals depicts the
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along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The
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1024:
519:. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million
1561:"The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"
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Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the
280:
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The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist
239:
208:
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were permitted if the candidate had died after being nominated.
211:. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of
16:
One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel
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693:. Vol. 68, no. 6. Springer-Verlag. pp. 277–281.
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depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature.
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187:(1845–1923), the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
40:
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with graphics: National Physics Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009
1498:"Nobel Century: A Biographical Analysis of Physics Laureates"
1467:
The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science
288:
254:
3918:
Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
1521:
Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century
51:
Outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics
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443:
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137:
523:(SEK) (US$ 1.4 million), but in 2012 following the
307:(Norwegian Parliament). The executors of his will were
652:"History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"
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in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the
1331:
Ian Sample, Science correspondent (7 October 2008).
1384:"Americans claim Nobel economics prize – The Local"
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1410:"The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release"
1198:"The Nobel Prize medal in physiology or medicine"
1168:"The Nobel Prize medals in physics and chemistry"
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348:Three Nobel Laureates in Physics. Front row L-R:
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4400:Awards of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1651:"The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies and Banquets"
928:"Nomination and Selection of Physics Laureates"
340:List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics
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430:Nobel Prize medal § Physics and Chemistry
412:time the impact of their work is appreciated.
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567:, presented by the American Physical Society
3908:Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields
1283:"Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012"
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3862:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute
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464:inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes
242:of the medal displays the same profile of
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460:Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes
454:and is manufactured by Svenska Medalj in
380:that consists of five members elected by
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1628:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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372:The Nobel laureates are selected by the
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267:individuals have been awarded the prize.
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1536:by citizenship at the time of the award
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4147:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
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3903:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
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1390:from the original on 20 November 2012
658:from the original on 27 December 2019
492:1903 Nobel Prize diploma, awarded to
446:as she emerges from clouds holding a
382:The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
229:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1416:from the original on 19 January 2013
1312:from the original on 13 January 2020
257:. This award is administered by the
1111:from the original on 4 October 2012
902:"The Nobel Prize Selection Process"
882:from the original on 15 August 2018
782:. Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999.
719:from the original on 15 August 2018
13:
3642:Washington University in St. Louis
1598:
1496:Hillebrand, Claus D. (June 2002).
1442:from the original on 24 April 2015
1412:. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009.
1237:from the original on 13 April 2015
908:from the original on 29 April 2015
786:from the original on 26 April 2013
550:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
203:) is an annual award given by the
21:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
14:
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1510:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
1289:from the original on 9 July 2012.
1263:from the original on 20 July 2018
990:from the original on 24 July 2018
854:, accessed 15 January 2009, from
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632:from the original on 25 July 2018
602:from the original on 20 July 2018
466:" from line 663 of book 6 of the
324:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
205:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
71:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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1645:"All Nobel Laureates in Physics"
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938:from the original on 20 May 2020
817:from the original on 14 May 2013
741:. Nobelprize.org. Archived from
739:"The Nobel Foundation – History"
407:Prize in Physics was awarded to
4268:Timeline of physics discoveries
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1103:Tom Rivers (10 December 2009).
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3898:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
3662:Catholic priests and religious
1465:Friedman, Robert Marc (2001).
1300:Sample, Ian (5 October 2009).
856:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
772:
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1:
3292:Heads of state and government
622:"All Nobel Prizes in Physics"
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19:For a list of laureates, see
1657:"The Nobel Prize in Physics"
1469:. New York & Stuttgart:
1436:"Nobel prize award ceremony"
904:. Britannica Encyclopaedia.
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7:
4232:Quantum information science
3617:City University of New York
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374:Nobel Committee for Physics
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1231:"The Nobel Prize Diplomas"
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409:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
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1257:"The Nobel Prize Amounts"
1034:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9
984:"About posthumous awards"
805:Encyclopædia Britannica.
596:"The Nobel Prize amounts"
555:Fundamental Physics Prize
423:
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221:Nobel Prize in Literature
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4169:Condensed matter physics
3216:Lists of Nobel laureates
1659:at the Nobel Foundation.
1653:at the Nobel Foundation.
1647:at the Nobel Foundation.
767:Agneta Wallin Levinovitz
478:REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC.
436:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
334:Nomination and selection
217:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
105:Most recently awarded to
934:. Nobel Media AB 2016.
851:Encyclopædia Britannica
780:"Nobel Prize History –"
691:Die Naturwissenschaften
4385:Nobel Prize in Physics
4253:Nobel Prize in Physics
4115:Relativistic mechanics
3850:Physiology or Medicine
3796:Physiology or Medicine
3723:Physiology or Medicine
3340:Physiology or Medicine
3262:Physiology or Medicine
1698:Nobel Prize in Physics
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1586:Listen to this article
1566:15 August 2018 at the
958:"50 year secrecy rule"
864:
560:List of physics awards
538:Stockholm Concert Hall
500:
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234:The prize consists of
200:
193:Nobel Prize in Physics
188:
34:Nobel Prize in Physics
4258:Philosophy of physics
1605:
1530:15 April 2016 at the
1285:. CNN. 11 June 2012.
1131:"A unique gold medal"
859:
844:29 April 2015 at the
571:Wolf Prize in Physics
491:
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356:(1921 laureate), and
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316:Karolinska Institutet
183:
4217:Mathematical physics
3637:Princeton University
1637:More spoken articles
1552:17 June 2014 at the
1541:17 June 2014 at the
1503:13 July 2017 at the
626:The Nobel Foundation
4192:Atmospheric physics
4031:Classical mechanics
3959:branches of physics
3746:AFSC Nobel nominees
3622:Columbia University
1547:by country of birth
1517:Schmidhuber, JĂĽrgen
1072:2009NatCh...1..509.
876:"Facts and figures"
598:. The Nobel Prize.
458:. It is inscribed "
364:A maximum of three
350:Albert A. Michelson
322:on 9 June, and the
201:Nobelpriset i fysik
4248:History of physics
3632:Harvard University
1607:
1559:Lemmel, Birgitta.
1367:has generic name (
1259:. Nobelprize.org.
1233:. Nobelprize.org.
699:10.1007/BF01047469
501:
472:by the Roman poet
396:
362:
358:Robert A. Millikan
189:
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4263:Physics education
4212:Materials science
4179:Interdisciplinary
4137:Quantum mechanics
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1525:arXiv:1009.2634v1
1491:978-0-7167-3103-0
1081:10.1038/nchem.372
745:on 9 January 2010
440:Goddess of Nature
401:posthumous awards
352:(1907 laureate),
225:Nobel Peace Prize
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2687:
2679:
2663:
2647:
2631:
2619:
2603:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2563:
2547:
2535:
2519:
2503:
2487:
2464:
2448:
2436:
2420:
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2396:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2296:
2284:
2276:
2264:
2248:
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2220:
2208:
2196:
2188:
2176:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1950:
1931:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1836:
1828:
1826:Kamerlingh Onnes
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1784:
1776:
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1728:
1716:
1687:
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1587:
1452:
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1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1208:on 16 April 2023
1204:. Archived from
1202:Nobel Foundation
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1178:on 31 March 2023
1174:. Archived from
1172:Nobel Foundation
1164:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:on 11 April 2017
1137:. Archived from
1135:Nobel Foundation
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1107:. .voanews.com.
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1066:(7): 509. 2009.
1060:Nature Chemistry
1052:
1046:
1045:
1027:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
974:
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960:. Archived from
954:
948:
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898:
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891:
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648:
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517:Nobel Foundation
360:(1923 laureate).
259:Nobel Foundation
145:
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43:
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4299:
4287:
4279:
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4236:
4222:Medical physics
4173:
4132:Nuclear physics
4101:
4095:Non-equilibrium
4017:
3989:
3961:
3955:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3888:Björkborn Manor
3866:
3800:
3757:
3727:
3676:
3646:
3599:
3579:South American
3564:North American
3405:
3399:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3303:
3275:
3266:
3225:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3151:
3135:
3119:
3103:
3087:
3071:
3055:
3039:
3027:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2971:
2959:
2943:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2887:
2871:
2855:
2839:
2823:
2816:
2810:
2794:
2782:
2766:
2757:Cohen-Tannoudji
2750:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2666:
2650:
2634:
2622:
2606:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2566:
2550:
2538:
2522:
2506:
2490:
2478:
2467:
2451:
2439:
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2407:
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2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2339:
2323:
2307:
2299:
2287:
2279:
2267:
2251:
2239:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1953:
1945:
1934:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1731:
1719:
1711:
1700:
1691:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1618:This audio file
1615:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1568:Wayback Machine
1554:Wayback Machine
1543:Wayback Machine
1532:Wayback Machine
1505:Wayback Machine
1461:
1456:
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1386:. Thelocal.se.
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1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1056:"A noble prize"
1054:
1053:
1049:
1007:
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991:
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846:Wayback Machine
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789:
787:
778:
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769:: 2001, Page 13
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619:
615:
605:
603:
594:
593:
589:
584:
579:
546:
533:
525:Great Recession
513:
486:
442:in the form of
432:
426:
418:
378:Nobel Committee
366:Nobel laureates
354:Albert Einstein
342:
336:
320:Swedish Academy
318:on 7 June, the
274:
251:Wilhelm Röntgen
185:Wilhelm Röntgen
117:Anne L'Huillier
109:Pierre Agostini
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4395:Physics awards
4392:
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4085:Thermodynamics
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3385:Latin American
3382:
3377:
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3288:by occupation
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3209:
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3193:
3186:
3178:
3169:
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3166:
3165:
3149:
3133:
3117:
3101:
3085:
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2885:
2869:
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2696:
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2604:
2596:
2584:
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2520:
2504:
2493:P. W. Anderson
2488:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
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2449:
2437:
2421:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2337:
2321:
2314:Goeppert Mayer
2305:
2297:
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2277:
2265:
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2221:
2209:
2197:
2189:
2177:
2164:
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2158:
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2155:
2154:
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2138:
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2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2041:
2038:C. D. Anderson
2029:
2021:
2014:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1951:
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1580:External links
1578:
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1572:nobelprize.org
1557:
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1012:Scientometrics
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797:
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713:"Nobel's will"
704:
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679:: 1983, Page 7
677:Ragnar Sohlman
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428:Main article:
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394:–1979 laureate
338:Main article:
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148:←
147:
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128:
125:
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113:Ferenc Krausz
110:
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89:First awarded
87:
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72:
69:
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61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4372:
4355:Solar System
4252:
4187:Astrophysics
4001:Experimental
3883:Alfred Nobel
3404:by continent
3256:
3205:Nobel Prizes
2601:von Klitzing
2593:Van der Meer
1697:
1571:
1513:27.2: 87–93.
1508:
1466:
1444:. Retrieved
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1377:
1345:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1305:
1295:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1098:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1015:
1011:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
952:
940:. Retrieved
931:
922:
910:. Retrieved
896:
884:. Retrieved
869:
860:
855:
849:
839:"Nobel Prize
819:. Retrieved
810:
800:
788:. Retrieved
774:
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
733:
721:. Retrieved
707:
690:
684:
672:
660:. Retrieved
646:
634:. Retrieved
616:
606:29 September
604:. Retrieved
590:
534:
514:
502:
498:Pierre Curie
477:
467:
463:
459:
433:
419:
405:
397:
371:
363:
313:
299:
277:Alfred Nobel
275:
248:
244:Alfred Nobel
233:
213:Alfred Nobel
192:
190:
163:
153:
127:John Bardeen
97:Last awarded
67:Presented by
25:
4390:Nobel Prize
4343:Outer space
4331:Spaceflight
4090:Statistical
4006:Theoretical
3983:Engineering
3706:Individuals
3408:nationality
2645:Steinberger
2561:K. Siegbahn
2553:Bloembergen
2274:Chamberlain
2007:Schrödinger
1917:M. Siegbahn
1846:W. H. Bragg
1842:W. L. Bragg
1475:Times Books
1420:10 February
1347:10 February
511:Award money
494:Marie Curie
392:Abdus Salam
123:Most awards
80:11 million
48:Awarded for
4379:Categories
4207:Geophysics
4197:Biophysics
4041:Analytical
3994:Approaches
3840:Literature
3698:Literature
3681:by subject
3627:ETH Zurich
3593:Venezuelan
3558:Australian
3473:Vietnamese
3351:population
3325:Literature
3308:by subject
3247:Literature
3162:L'Huillier
3126:Hasselmann
3082:Strickland
3050:Kosterlitz
2974:Perlmutter
2713:Brockhouse
2418:Schrieffer
2290:Hofstadter
2242:C. N. Yang
1999:Heisenberg
1976:De Broglie
1633:Audio help
1624:2016-02-16
1394:15 January
1339:. London.
1316:15 January
1308:. London.
1018:(2): 401.
577:References
456:Eskilstuna
448:cornucopia
293:physiology
272:Background
240:front side
4307:Astronomy
4157:Molecular
4058:Acoustics
4051:Continuum
4046:Celestial
4036:Newtonian
4023:Classical
3966:Divisions
3835:Economics
3830:Chemistry
3786:Economics
3781:Chemistry
3764:Clarivate
3736:by groups
3693:Economics
3688:Chemistry
3588:Brazilian
3583:Argentine
3554:Oceanian
3503:Hungarian
3479:European
3468:Pakistani
3370:Christian
3320:Economics
3315:Chemistry
3281:Laureates
3242:Economics
3237:Chemistry
3146:Zeilinger
2966:Novoselov
2934:Kobayashi
2858:Abrikosov
2705:J. Taylor
2685:de Gennes
2677:R. Taylor
2569:K. Wilson
2517:R. Wilson
2501:Van Vleck
2472:1976–2000
2462:Rainwater
2458:Mottelson
2434:Josephson
2382:Gell-Mann
2346:Schwinger
2334:Prokhorov
2294:Mössbauer
2254:Cherenkov
2246:T. D. Lee
2170:Cockcroft
2161:1951–1975
1960:C. Wilson
1939:1926–1950
1885:Guillaume
1774:Michelson
1734:Becquerel
1705:1901–1925
1694:Laureates
1357:cite news
1267:24 August
1025:0808.2517
942:6 October
636:3 October
582:Citations
369:Physics.
285:chemistry
263:Stockholm
77:Reward(s)
60:Stockholm
3655:Nominees
3568:American
3523:Romanian
3458:Japanese
3443:Filipino
3421:Egyptian
3154:Agostini
3042:Thouless
3034:McDonald
3022:Nakamura
2990:Wineland
2922:GrĂĽnberg
2878:Politzer
2862:Ginzburg
2850:Giacconi
2830:Ketterle
2785:'t Hooft
2769:Laughlin
2761:Phillips
2741:Osheroff
2669:Friedman
2641:Schwartz
2637:Lederman
2557:Schawlow
2533:Weinberg
2342:Tomonaga
2234:Brattain
2226:Shockley
2135:Blackett
2127:Appleton
2119:Bridgman
2066:Lawrence
2046:Davisson
2026:Chadwick
1909:Millikan
1893:Einstein
1782:Lippmann
1750:Rayleigh
1742:M. Curie
1738:P. Curie
1635: ·
1564:Archived
1550:Archived
1539:Archived
1528:Archived
1519:(2010).
1501:Archived
1440:Archived
1414:Archived
1388:Archived
1341:Archived
1337:Guardian
1310:Archived
1306:Guardian
1287:Archived
1261:Archived
1235:Archived
1109:Archived
1090:21378920
1042:23293903
988:Archived
936:Archived
906:Archived
880:Archived
842:Archived
815:Archived
784:Archived
717:Archived
656:Archived
630:Archived
600:Archived
544:See also
531:Ceremony
484:Diplomas
328:Oscar II
305:Storting
298:Swedish
62:, Sweden
56:Location
4367:Science
4295:Physics
4281:Portals
4241:Related
4125:General
4120:Special
3978:Applied
3871:Related
3845:Physics
3791:Physics
3718:Physics
3667:Couples
3573:Mexican
3538:Swedish
3533:Spanish
3528:Russian
3513:Italian
3483:Belgian
3453:Israeli
3438:Chinese
3416:African
3360:Bengali
3335:Physics
3299:by year
3257:Physics
3142:Clauser
3106:Penrose
3090:Peebles
3046:Haldane
3014:Akasaki
3002:Englert
2994:Haroche
2978:Schmidt
2938:Maskawa
2890:Glauber
2882:Wilczek
2866:Leggett
2846:Koshiba
2826:Cornell
2817:present
2801:Kroemer
2797:Alferov
2789:Veltman
2773:Störmer
2693:Charpak
2673:Kendall
2657:Dehmelt
2625:Bednorz
2525:Glashow
2513:Penzias
2509:Kapitsa
2481:Richter
2454:A. Bohr
2430:Giaever
2410:Bardeen
2374:Alvarez
2358:Kastler
2350:Feynman
2230:Bardeen
2194:Zernike
2186:Purcell
1956:Compton
1901:N. Bohr
1790:Marconi
1722:Lorentz
1714:Röntgen
1696:of the
1622: (
1593:minutes
1459:Sources
1212:20 June
1182:20 June
1145:20 June
1068:Bibcode
654:. BBC.
281:physics
236:a medal
209:physics
197:Swedish
134:Website
4152:Atomic
4107:Modern
3957:Major
3774:Female
3742:Peace
3702:Peace
3518:Polish
3493:German
3488:Danish
3463:Korean
3448:Indian
3390:Muslim
3380:Jewish
3375:Female
3230:Prizes
3158:Krausz
3152:2023:
3138:Aspect
3136:2022:
3130:Manabe
3122:Parisi
3120:2021:
3110:Genzel
3104:2020:
3098:Queloz
3088:2019:
3078:Mourou
3074:Ashkin
3072:2018:
3066:Thorne
3062:Barish
3056:2017:
3040:2016:
3030:Kajita
3028:2015:
3012:2014:
3000:2013:
2988:2012:
2972:2011:
2960:2010:
2944:2009:
2928:2008:
2916:2007:
2906:Mather
2904:2006:
2898:Hänsch
2888:2005:
2872:2004:
2856:2003:
2840:2002:
2834:Wieman
2824:2001:
2795:2000:
2783:1999:
2767:1998:
2751:1997:
2737:D. Lee
2735:1996:
2729:Reines
2723:1995:
2711:1994:
2699:1993:
2691:1992:
2683:1991:
2667:1990:
2653:Ramsey
2651:1989:
2635:1988:
2629:MĂĽller
2623:1987:
2617:Rohrer
2613:Binnig
2607:1986:
2599:1985:
2589:Rubbia
2587:1984:
2581:Fowler
2575:1983:
2567:1982:
2551:1981:
2541:Cronin
2539:1980:
2523:1979:
2507:1978:
2491:1977:
2479:1976:
2452:1975:
2446:Hewish
2440:1974:
2424:1973:
2414:Cooper
2408:1972:
2400:1971:
2390:Alfvén
2388:1970:
2380:1969:
2372:1968:
2364:1967:
2356:1966:
2340:1965:
2326:Townes
2324:1964:
2318:Jensen
2310:Wigner
2308:1963:
2302:Landau
2300:1962:
2288:1961:
2282:Glaser
2280:1960:
2268:1959:
2252:1958:
2240:1957:
2224:1956:
2212:1955:
2200:1954:
2192:1953:
2180:1952:
2174:Walton
2168:1951:
2151:Powell
2149:1950:
2143:Yukawa
2141:1949:
2133:1948:
2125:1947:
2117:1946:
2109:1945:
2101:1944:
2093:1943:
2064:1939:
2056:1938:
2044:1937:
2032:1936:
2024:1935:
2005:1933:
1997:1932:
1982:1930:
1974:1929:
1966:1928:
1954:1927:
1948:Perrin
1946:1926:
1925:Franck
1923:1925:
1915:1924:
1907:1923:
1899:1922:
1891:1921:
1883:1920:
1875:1919:
1869:Planck
1867:1918:
1861:Barkla
1859:1917:
1840:1915:
1832:1914:
1824:1913:
1816:1912:
1808:1911:
1800:1910:
1788:1909:
1780:1908:
1772:1907:
1764:1906:
1758:Lenard
1756:1905:
1748:1904:
1732:1903:
1726:Zeeman
1720:1902:
1712:1901:
1489:
1481:
1088:
1040:
474:Virgil
469:Aeneid
424:Medals
416:Prizes
300:kronor
255:X-rays
227:, and
166:
152:
115:, and
84:(2023)
4319:Stars
3672:Women
3548:Welsh
3543:Swiss
3508:Irish
3498:Greek
3433:Asian
3365:Black
3353:group
3330:Peace
3252:Peace
3094:Mayor
3058:Weiss
3018:Amano
3006:Higgs
2982:Riess
2954:Smith
2950:Boyle
2930:Nambu
2910:Smoot
2874:Gross
2842:Davis
2815:2001–
2805:Kilby
2717:Shull
2701:Hulse
2609:Ruska
2545:Fitch
2529:Salam
2426:Esaki
2402:Gabor
2366:Bethe
2330:Basov
2270:Segrè
2258:Frank
2218:Kusch
2206:Bothe
2182:Bloch
2111:Pauli
2095:Stern
2058:Fermi
2011:Dirac
1984:Raman
1929:Hertz
1877:Stark
1818:Dalén
1794:Braun
1446:4 May
1241:3 May
1115:3 May
1038:S2CID
1020:arXiv
994:4 May
968:6 May
912:4 May
886:4 May
821:3 May
790:3 May
749:3 May
723:4 May
662:3 May
289:peace
28:Award
4078:Wave
3973:Pure
3406:and
3114:Ghez
2962:Geim
2918:Fert
2894:Hall
2777:Tsui
2725:Perl
2661:Paul
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