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who received the prize in the first 50 years of the last century, while 113 individuals received it between 1951 and 2000. This increase could be attributed to the rise of the international scientific community after World War II, resulting in more persons being responsible for the discovery, and nominated for, a particular prize. Also, current biomedical research is more often carried out by teams rather than by scientists working alone, making it unlikely that any one scientist, or even a few, is primarily responsible for a discovery; this has meant that a prize nomination that would have to include more than three contributors is automatically excluded from consideration. Also, deserving contributors may not be nominated at all because the restriction results in a cut-off point of three nominees per prize, leading to controversial exclusions.
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Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and
Finland, as well as professors of selected universities and research institutions in other countries. Past Nobel laureates may also nominate. Until 1977, all professors of Karolinska Institute together decided on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. That year, changes in Swedish law forced the institute to make public any documents pertaining to the Nobel Prize, and it was considered necessary to establish a legally independent body for the Prize work. Therefore, the Nobel Assembly was constituted, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institute. It elects the
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931:, was the first to isolate insulin, in 1916, although his pancrein was an impure aqueous extract unfit for human treatment similar to the one used previously by Israel Kleiner. When Banting published the paper that brought him the Nobel, Paulescu already held a patent for his discovery (10 April 1922, patent no. 6254 (8322) "Pancreina Ĺźi procedeul fabricaĹŁiei ei"/"Pancrein and the process of making it", from the Romanian Ministry of Industry and Trade).
564:. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$ 1.4 million), but in 2012, the amount was 8 million Swedish Krona, or US$ 1.1 million. If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.
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552:. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. In the case of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, that is the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute. Well-known artists and calligraphers from Sweden are commissioned to create it. The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and a citation as to why they received the prize.
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1015:. There was litigation brought by Schatz against Waksman over the details and credit of the streptomycin discovery; Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with Waksman, Schatz was to be officially recognised as a co-discoverer of streptomycin as concerned patent rights. He is not a Nobel Prize laureate.
573:
international repute. Currently, it is a three-course dinner, although it was originally six courses in 1901. Each Nobel Prize laureate may bring up to 16 guests. Sweden's royal family attends, and typically the Prime
Minister and other members of the government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family.
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It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a "discovery" and that it be of "greatest benefit on mankind". Per the provisions of the will, only select persons are eligible to nominate individuals for the award. These include members of academies around the world, professors of medicine in
293:
who had died, but Nobel, unhappy with the content of the obituary and concerned that his legacy would reflect poorly on him, was inspired to change his will. In his last will, Nobel requested that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in
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who was not recognised by the prize. Nobel prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed because of an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects.
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The provision that restricts the maximum number of nominees to three for any one prize, introduced in 1968, has caused considerable controversy. From the 1950s onward, there has been an increasing trend to award the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine to more than one person. There were 59 people
572:
The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet. The Nobel
Banquet is an extravagant affair with the menu, planned months ahead of time, kept secret until the day of the event. The Nobel Foundation chooses the menu after tasting and testing selections submitted by selected chefs of
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and circumscribe them to the carotid body for the respiratory reflexes in 1926–1928. For many experts, this direct disciple of
Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal deserved to share the Nobel Prize 1938 with the awarded Corneille Heymans, but at that time Spain was immersed in the Spanish Civil War and it seems
670:
rather than medicine or physiology. Tinbergen expressed surprise in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech at "the unconventional decision of the Nobel
Foundation to award this year's prize 'for Physiology or Medicine' to three men who had until recently been regarded as 'mere animal watchers'".
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for his work on malaria, "by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it". He identified the mosquito as the transmitter of malaria, and worked tirelessly on measures to prevent malaria
1109:, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines could benefit financially from the prize, had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web. According to Times Online, two senior figures in the selection process that chose zur Hausen also had strong links with AstraZeneca.
182:
The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, 10 December. As of 2023, 115 Nobel Prizes in
Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 227 laureates, 214 men and 13 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist,
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that the Nobel Board even doubted if he was alive or not, being at the front since almost the beginning of the conflict. Heymans himself recognised the merits of De Castro for the Nobel Prize in different occasions, including a famous talk in
Montevideo (Uruguay).
355:
with five members who evaluate the nominees, the
Secretary who is in charge of the organisation, and each year ten adjunct members to assist in the evaluation of candidates. In 1968, a provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize.
1070:, Franklin has come to be portrayed as a classic victim of sexism in science. Chargaff, for his part, was not quiet about his exclusion from the prize, bitterly writing to other scientists about his disillusionment regarding the field of molecular biology.
1105:. As it was, Gallo was left out and not awarded a prize. Additionally, there was a scandal when it was learned that Harald zur Hausen was being investigated for having a financial interest in vaccines for the cervical cancer that HPV can cause.
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for the Nobel Prize are not permitted. Files of Nobel Prize nominations show Franklin was not nominated when she was alive. As a result of Watson's misrepresentations of Franklin and her role in the discovery of the double helix in his book
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Gonzalez, Constancio; Conde, Silvia V.; Gallego-MartĂn, Teresa; Olea, Elena; Gonzalez-Obeso, Elvira; Ramirez, Maria; Yubero, Sara; Agapito, Maria T.; Gomez-Niñno, Angela; Obeso, Ana; Rigual, Ricardo; Rocher, AsunciĂłn (12 May 2014).
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is the most famous. He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to
877:'s research leading to the prize was conducted over 20 years before. She noted that the passage of time is an advantage in the medical sciences, as it may take many years for the significance of a discovery to become apparent.
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or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died in 1896 at the age of 63. Because his will was contested, it was not approved by the
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work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three) contributed directly to the ability of Watson and Crick to solve the structure of the DNA molecule. Avery died in 1955, Franklin died in 1958 and
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was awarded the prize; however, unbeknownst to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement. The committee decided that since the prize was awarded "in good faith," it would be allowed to stand.
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There have been 38 times when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to a single individual, 31 times when it was shared by two, and 33 times there were three laureates (the maximum allowed).
919:, who had shared in the laboratory work of discovery, should have shared the prize with him as well. In fairness, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod on his part felt the biochemist
460:
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491:. The reverse of the medal depicts the 'Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst'. It is inscribed "
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Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2010, eight Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of
1960:
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Subsequently, those selecting the recipients have exercised wide latitude in determining what falls under the umbrella of Physiology or Medicine. The awarding of the prize in 1973 to
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At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the
978:, which he promoted by declaring the procedure's success just 10 days postoperative. Due largely to the publicity surrounding the award, it was prescribed without regard for modern
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in Sweden, a medical school and research centre, is responsible for the Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
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277:, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which
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in the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines put "in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths". In 1902, the award went to
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There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Most of these occurred during either
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Because of the length of time that may pass before the significance of a discovery becomes apparent, some prizes are awarded many years after the initial discovery.
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245:, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to
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163:'s 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of
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In 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper. As it happened, it was Nobel's brother
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made her discoveries in 1944, before the structure of the DNA molecule was known; she was not awarded the prize until 1983. Similarly, in 1916
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as a central hormone for controlling diabetes (awarded only a year after its discovery) has been heatedly debated. It was shared between
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211:. The most recent Nobel prize was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 2 October 2023, and has been awarded to Hungarian-American
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923:, who joined the laboratory team later, deserved to be included in the award and shared his prize money with him. Some maintain that
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513:. A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." denoting the
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whose basic discovery that the polio virus could reproduce in monkey cells in laboratory preparations made the vaccines possible.
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3050:, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences – Volume 60, Number 2, April 2005, pp. 218–220, Oxford University Press.
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discovered the role of tumor viruses in chickens, but was not awarded the prize until 50 years later, in 1966. Nobel laureate
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988:. It is estimated that around 40,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States before the procedure's popularity faded.
624:, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science". He died within a year after receiving the prize at the age of 43.
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761:(2023). Only one woman, Barbara McClintock, has received an unshared prize in this category, for the discovery of genetic
286:'s laboratory in Russia and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories.
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True to its mandate, the committee has chosen researchers working in the basic sciences over those who have made
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3048:"A Response to William Kingston, "Streptomycin, Schatz versus Waksman, and the balance of Credit for Discovery""
911:; this infuriated Banting who regarded Macleod's involvement as minimal. Macleod was the department head at the
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Some of the awards have been controversial. The person who was deserving of the 1923 prize for the discovery of
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in 1963 for their findings regarding "unitary electrical events in the central and peripheral nervous system."
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414:, but after that, the field began fragmenting into specialities. The last classical physiology laureates were
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3238:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier"
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or Luc Montagnier deserved more credit for the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS has been a matter of
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616:, the first Faroese laureate, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially
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depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal.
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2485:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies"
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1997:
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1000:; it incapacitated her to the extent that she needed to be institutionalised for the rest of her life.
628:, whose work Nobel admired and supported, received the prize in 1904 for his work on the physiology of
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3265:"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. HIV, HPV researchers honoured, but one scientist is left out"
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Paulesco, N. C. (31 August 1921). "Recherche sur le rôle du pancréas dans l'assimilation nutritive".
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706:. The 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 195 individuals through 2009.
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The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness
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from accepting his prize. He was later able to receive the diploma and medal but not the money.
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The Spanish neurophysiologist Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) was the first to describe arterial
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but otherwise was not directly involved in the findings. Banting thought his laboratory partner
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The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist
497:" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts") an adaptation of "
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was set up to manage the assets of the bequest. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created
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2158:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen – Award Ceremony Speech"
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for their observations of animal behavioural patterns could be considered a prize in the
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2642:"Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Nutrition"
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In 1949, despite protests from the medical establishment, the Portuguese neurologist
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was litigated in court, and half the patent rights were awarded to his co-discoverer
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structure and properties—did not recognise contributing work from others, such as
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838:, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of
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219:, for their discoveries leading to development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine.
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2184:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen – Biography"
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Nobel was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own laboratories.
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1953:"Nobel Laureates dinner banquet tomorrow at Stokholm [sic] City Hall"
1805:"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer"
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The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize: Advice for Young Scientists
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lacks hypotheses that can be experimentally confirmed. The public expected
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199:. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,
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2508:"The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Advanced Information"
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Discoveries in physiology or medicine that led to benefit for humankind
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A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine
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was the first woman to be awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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2881:"Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors"
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received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the
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59:
3093:"The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA – The Double Helix"
2132:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen"
410:
Through the 1930s, there were frequent prize laureates in classical
342:
203:, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of
6392:
6317:
6247:
6177:
6172:
5997:
4863:
2639:
2459:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock"
816:
439:
278:
242:
226:
along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The
208:
159:
is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to
3644:
6407:
6137:
6007:
1998:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil von Behring"
900:
595:
received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901.
323:
295:
227:
204:
192:
2851:]. Bucharest: Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania.
520:
Between 1902 and 2010 the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the
207:, important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of
6072:
5192:
3439:
The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
2877:
532:. In 2011 the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in
510:
505:
5290:
1333:
The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes
346:
The reverse side of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
40:
3059:
2765:
Murray, Ian (1971). "Paulesco and the Isolation of Insulin".
1371:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 July 2006
1011:, omitted the recognition some felt due to his co-discoverer
303:
5937:
Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
3641:
Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century
2210:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov"
2106:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Ronald Ross"
2050:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Ronald Ross"
842:, was the first Nobel laureate to reach the 100th birthday.
16:
One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel
982:. Favourable results were reported by such publications as
3563:
The Nobel Prize winning discoveries in infectious diseases
888:
811:
of the United States for discovering the process by which
237:
Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to
3627:
Graphics: National Medicine Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009
3337:"AstraZeneca row as corruption claims engulf Nobel prize"
2845:
The Priority of N.C. Paulescu in the Discovery of Insulin
1585:
How to Win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science
1031:
820:
698:. 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of
3622:
3120:"Photo Finish: Rosalind Franklin and the great DNA race"
946:
Scandal and controversy resulted from the 2008 award to
3469:
Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz (ed.).
2849:
Prioritatea lui N.C. Paulescu în descoperirea insulinei
854:
2767:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1488:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000"
1303:"History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"
779:
were awarded the prize in 2007 for the discovery of a
434:
A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a
2975:"He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain..."
1513:
Foundation Books National Council of Science (2005).
861:
was an inadvertent posthumous recipient of the Prize.
2699:"Le 75e anniversaire de la découverte de l'insuline"
2374:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
1335:(First ed.). The Nobel Foundation. p. 13.
650:) for their discoveries concerning animal behaviour.
548:
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the
479:
The Physiology and Medicine medal has a portrait of
1899:(Press release). Nobel Foundation. 6 October 2009.
391:to receive the prize for their development of the
3311:
3066:The DNA Riddle: King's College, London, 1951–1953
1701:"The Nobel Prize medal in physiology or medicine"
1485:
1157:List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
583:List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
536:. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in
21:List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
6446:
2562:
2560:
2368:
2366:
2236:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973"
2024:"Emil von Behring: The Founder of Serum Therapy"
1695:
1693:
1691:
1466:
1464:
1389:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1208:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023"
929:University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest
456:Nobel Prize medal § Physiology and Medicine
2633:
1923:"Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala"
1550:
1548:
1361:
1112:
3560:Rifkind, David; Freeman, Geraldine L. (2005).
3559:
3312:Enserink, Martin; Jon Cohen (6 October 2008).
3205:
2800:Murray, Ian (1969). "The search for insulin".
2311:
1728:
1726:
1660:
1658:
1656:
702:and 13 have been awarded for contributions in
471:for Physiology and Medicine on display at the
5961:
5208:
3665:
3617:All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
3262:
3256:
3148:
2557:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2363:
1980:
1978:
1688:
1461:
1250:
3373:
3361:
3199:
3151:"The double helix and the 'wronged heroine'"
2640:The American Institute of Nutrition (1967).
2608:
2606:
1864:
1588:. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–24.
1545:
1423:
927:, a Romanian professor of physiology at the
315:(Norwegian Parliament) until 26 April 1897.
5927:Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields
3328:
2741:Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
2731:
1786:"Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012"
1752:
1723:
1653:
1635:"2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors"
1481:
1479:
1420:(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010.
1349:
1238:
823:at the ends of chromosomes) and the enzyme
498:
492:
337:
5968:
5954:
5881:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute
5215:
5201:
3672:
3658:
3040:
2954:
2619:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 291.
2451:
2392:
2228:
1975:
1632:
1614:
1560:
1226:
799:. In 2009, the Nobel Prize was awarded to
500:inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes
230:of the medal displays the same profile of
39:
6434:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
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5326:
3280:
3174:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2906:
2896:
2696:
2603:
2260:
2254:
1577:
1575:
1397:
1295:
612:worldwide. The 1903 prize was awarded to
494:Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes
5754:
3090:
3084:
3053:
2677:
2261:Tinbergen, Nikolaas (12 December 1973).
1476:
1405:"Alfred Nobel's last will and testament"
941:
853:
849:
709:Thirteen women have received the prize:
673:
634:
587:
459:
341:
261:
5975:
3629:by citizenship at the time of the award
3517:
3391:
3334:
2680:Archives Internationales de Physiologie
2578:
2572:
2499:
2016:
1867:"Americans claim Nobel economics prize"
1327:
1121:
889:Controversial inclusions and exclusions
567:
71:Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
6447:
3623:Official site of the Nobel Foundation.
3456:from the original on 26 September 2020
2996:
2929:
2799:
2764:
2612:
2535:"3 Americans Share Nobel for Medicine"
2176:
1833:
1802:
1581:
1572:
1268:
6455:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
6429:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5949:
5922:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
5196:
3685:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3653:
3606:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3091:Fredholm, Lotta (30 September 2003).
2842:
2581:"On Winning a Nobel Prize in Science"
1915:
1877:from the original on 20 November 2012
1836:"Three share Nobel prize for physics"
1309:from the original on 2 September 2013
1077:in recognition of his discovery that
375:, was not awarded the prize, nor was
141:Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin
133:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
34:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3472:The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
3263:Cohen J, Enserink M (October 2008).
3218:from the original on 22 January 2009
3130:from the original on 3 November 2010
3117:
3111:
2984:from the original on 20 October 2013
2836:
2793:
2758:
2734:"The internal secretion of pancreas"
2725:
2713:from the original on 11 October 2015
2690:
2671:
2616:The great betrayal: fraud in science
2591:from the original on 13 January 2012
2579:Dreifus, Claudia (12 October 2009).
2532:
2526:
2351:from the original on 3 December 2008
2164:from the original on 16 October 2010
1963:from the original on 21 January 2012
1903:from the original on 19 January 2013
1815:from the original on 13 January 2020
1494:from the original on 3 December 2008
1269:Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000).
996:, was subjected to the procedure by
3497:from the original on 28 August 2020
3335:Charter, David (19 December 2008).
3060:U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3008:"Streptomycin: arrogance and anger"
2972:
2505:
1788:. CNN. 11 June 2012. Archived from
1641:from the original on 4 October 2012
1445:. Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999.
1262:
1214:from the original on 2 October 2023
581:For a more comprehensive list, see
503:" from line 663 from book 6 of the
13:
5661:Washington University in St. Louis
3511:
3244:from the original on 9 August 2018
3206:Judson, Horace (20 October 2003).
3095:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
2973:Day, Elizabeth (12 January 2008).
2510:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
2461:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
2409:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
2112:from the original on 29 April 2012
2026:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
1929:. 10 December 2009. Archived from
1736:. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
1519:. Foundation Books. p. viii.
1449:from the original on 26 April 2013
1003:The 1952 prize, awarded solely to
517:is also inscribed on the reverse.
14:
6481:
3581:
3149:Brenda Maddox (23 January 2003).
3072:from the original on 18 June 2010
2659:from the original on 10 July 2020
2545:from the original on 19 June 2010
2533:Wade, Nicholas (5 October 2009).
2380:from the original on 25 July 2010
2325:from the original on 19 June 2010
2319:"Nobel Prizes in Nerve Signaling"
2086:from the original on 15 July 2010
2004:from the original on 16 July 2007
1897:"The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics"
1766:from the original on 20 July 2018
1533:from the original on 20 June 2020
1188:from the original on 20 July 2018
830:Rita Levi-Montalcini, an Italian
330:. According to Nobel's will, the
326:were promulgated by Swedish King
191:therapy and the development of a
5289:
5222:
3588:
3412:from the original on 8 June 2020
3398:. Springwood Books. p. 85.
2439:from the original on 28 May 2016
2276:(4145). Nobel Foundation: 20–7.
2242:from the original on 8 July 2018
2216:from the original on 8 July 2018
2190:from the original on 2 June 2017
2138:from the original on 8 July 2018
2056:from the original on 8 July 2018
1865:David Landes (12 October 2009).
1846:from the original on 1 June 2019
1602:from the original on 8 June 2020
395:, but instead the award went to
3468:
3385:
3379:
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2068:
2042:
1990:
1945:
1889:
1858:
1827:
1796:
1778:
1633:Tom Rivers (10 December 2009).
1626:
1554:
1516:Nobel Prize Winners in Pictures
1506:
1470:
1435:
1429:
1355:
1244:
1232:
880:In 2011, Canadian immunologist
795:through the development of the
273:was born on 21 October 1833 in
151:for outstanding discoveries in
5917:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
5681:Catholic priests and religious
3062:"The Rosalind Franklin Papers"
2263:"Ethology and Stress Diseases"
1834:Sample, Ian (7 October 2008).
1803:Sample, Ian (5 October 2009).
1486:Lindsten, Jan; Nils Ringertz.
1321:
1200:
1174:
834:, who together with colleague
555:
1:
5311:Heads of state and government
3524:. Columbia University Press.
3118:Holt, Jim (28 October 2002).
1271:"The Worst and the Brightest"
1162:
257:
19:For a list of laureates, see
3435:
3282:10.1126/science.322.5899.174
3208:"No Nobel Prize for Whining"
2960:
2732:Banting FG, Best CH (1922).
1984:
1620:
1566:
1256:
1167:
1113:Limits on number of awardees
1095:human immunodeficiency virus
622:concentrated light radiation
576:
487:. The medal was designed by
7:
5636:City University of New York
4777:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
3481:World Scientific Publishing
2282:10.1126/science.185.4145.20
1582:Bishop, J. Michael (2004).
1145:
731:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
646:(right) were awarded (with
543:
473:National Museum of Scotland
143:) is awarded yearly by the
10:
6486:
3538:
3428:
3015:The Pharmaceutical Journal
2814:10.1177/003693306901400807
2345:"The Nobel Prize Awarders"
1734:"The Nobel Prize Diplomas"
1018:The 1962 Prize awarded to
892:
580:
453:
167:, Medicine or Physiology,
18:
6416:
5983:
5935:
5889:
5874:Norwegian Nobel Committee
5831:
5780:
5770:PRIO Director's Shortlist
5673:
5626:
5422:
5367:
5298:
5287:
5248:
5230:
4850:
4515:
4176:
3974:Charles Scott Sherrington
3950:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3912:
3691:
3021:: 237–238. Archived from
3006:Ainsworth, Steve (2006).
2885:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
2747:: 251–266. Archived from
2703:Diabetes & Metabolism
1760:"The Nobel Prize Amounts"
1182:"The Nobel Prize amounts"
895:Nobel Prize controversies
840:Nerve growth factor (NGF)
603:. Behring's discovery of
449:
429:
318:After Nobel's death, the
111:
96:
88:
76:
66:
55:
47:
38:
33:
5235:Lists of Nobel laureates
4964:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
3619:at the Nobel Foundation.
3436:Feldman, Burton (2001).
3345:. London. Archived from
2898:10.3389/fnana.2014.00025
2802:Scottish Medical Journal
2779:10.1093/jhmas/XXVI.2.150
1103:considerable controversy
1087:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
956:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
789:homologous recombination
739:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
367:, a pioneering American
338:Nomination and selection
3539:Leroy, Francis (2003).
3518:Doherty, Peter (2008).
3392:Wilhelm, Peter (1983).
2613:Judson, Horace (2004).
2433:"Women Nobel Laureates"
2080:Encyclopædia Britannica
1152:List of medicine awards
1073:The 2008 award went to
819:(regions of repetitive
704:Intermediary metabolism
483:in left profile on the
6043:Biological engineering
5869:Physiology or Medicine
5815:Physiology or Medicine
5742:Physiology or Medicine
5359:Physiology or Medicine
5281:Physiology or Medicine
3745:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
3477:Imperial College Press
3314:"Nobel Prize Surprise"
2697:Lestradet, H. (1997).
1410:9 October 2009 at the
1369:"The Nobel Foundation"
1134:(1939–1945). In 1939,
1061:posthumous nominations
967:
862:
743:Elizabeth H. Blackburn
683:
651:
601:Emil Adolf von Behring
596:
499:
493:
476:
444:Stockholm Concert Hall
438:, a diploma bearing a
347:
267:
222:The prize consists of
140:
6128:Developmental biology
6103:Computational biology
6083:Cellular microbiology
4246:Dickinson W. Richards
3930:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
3442:. Arcade Publishing.
2930:El-Hai, Jack (2005).
1666:"A unique gold medal"
1443:"Nobel Prize History"
1056:x-ray crystallography
1007:for his discovery of
950:for the discovery of
945:
913:University of Toronto
857:
850:Time factor and death
785:genetic recombination
783:procedure (a type of
677:
638:
591:
463:
345:
265:
6465:Karolinska Institute
6348:Reproductive biology
6233:Mathematical biology
6158:Evolutionary biology
6108:Conservation biology
5656:Princeton University
4669:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4030:Albert Szent-Györgyi
3324:on 12 December 2010.
3240:. Nobel Foundation.
2649:Journal of Nutrition
2435:. Nobel Foundation.
2376:. Nobel Foundation.
2347:. Nobel Foundation.
2321:. Nobel Foundation.
2238:. Nobel Foundation.
2212:. Nobel Foundation.
2186:. Nobel Foundation.
2160:. Nobel Foundation.
2134:. Nobel Foundation.
2108:. Nobel Foundation.
2052:. Nobel Foundation.
2000:. Nobel Foundation.
1762:. Nobel Foundation.
1637:. Voice of America.
1490:. Nobel Foundation.
1210:. Nobel Foundation.
1122:Years without awards
1093:for discovering the
1079:human papillomavirus
976:prefrontal leucotomy
793:embryonic stem cells
723:Rita Levi-Montalcini
668:behavioural sciences
568:Ceremony and banquet
524:, the Swedish royal
515:Karolinska Institute
332:Karolinska Institute
149:Karolinska Institute
6133:Ecological genetics
5977:Branches of biology
5765:AFSC Nobel nominees
5641:Columbia University
5061:William C. Campbell
4972:Elizabeth Blackburn
4809:Robert F. Furchgott
4801:Stanley B. Prusiner
4793:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4693:George H. Hitchings
4657:Joseph L. Goldstein
4617:Bengt I. Samuelsson
4446:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3633:by country of birth
3349:on 19 December 2008
3176:10.1038/nature01399
3167:2003Natur.421..407M
3046:Wainwright, Milton
2407:"Nobel Prize Facts"
1959:. 9 December 2009.
1933:on 15 December 2009
1184:. The Nobel Prize.
1030:—for their work on
801:Elizabeth Blackburn
791:in mice, employing
688:signal transduction
614:Niels Ryberg Finsen
243:prefrontal lobotomy
6424:History of biology
6358:Structural biology
6343:Relational biology
6168:Generative biology
6163:Freshwater biology
5651:Harvard University
5121:William Kaelin Jr.
5117:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4860:Leland H. Hartwell
4749:Richard J. Roberts
4629:Barbara McClintock
4573:Godfrey Hounsfield
4474:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4406:Marshall Nirenberg
4374:Charles B. Huggins
4163:Tadeusz Reichstein
4151:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
3946:Christiaan Eijkman
3566:. Academic Press.
3212:The New York Times
2843:Pavel, I. (1976).
2585:The New York Times
2539:The New York Times
2514:on 16 October 2010
2506:Hansson, Göran K.
2487:. Nobel Foundation
2413:on 2 February 2007
1283:on 3 November 2007
985:The New York Times
972:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
968:
867:Barbara McClintock
863:
787:) for introducing
719:Barbara McClintock
684:
656:Nikolaas Tinbergen
652:
640:Nikolaas Tinbergen
597:
509:by the Roman poet
477:
373:Cushing's syndrome
348:
268:
239:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
187:, for his work on
6442:
6441:
6363:Synthetic biology
6243:Molecular biology
6098:Cognitive biology
5943:
5942:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5750:
5749:
5669:
5668:
5622:
5621:
5240:Nobel Prize medal
5190:
5189:
5155:Ardem Patapoutian
5004:Ralph M. Steinman
5000:Jules A. Hoffmann
4988:Robert G. Edwards
4956:Harald zur Hausen
4880:H. Robert Horvitz
4781:Eric F. Wieschaus
4717:E. Donnall Thomas
4701:J. Michael Bishop
4689:Gertrude B. Elion
4561:Hamilton O. Smith
4486:Christian de Duve
4222:Frederick Robbins
4099:Alexander Fleming
4038:Corneille Heymans
3884:Frederick Banting
3789:Allvar Gullstrand
3645:arXiv:1009.2634v1
3573:978-0-12-369353-2
3552:978-0-8247-0876-4
3531:978-0-231-13897-0
3490:978-981-02-4664-8
3449:978-1-55970-592-9
3405:978-0-86254-111-8
3161:(6921): 407–408.
2947:978-0-471-23292-6
2936:. Wiley. p.
2626:978-0-15-100877-3
2076:"Sir Ronald Ross"
1595:978-0-674-01625-5
1526:978-81-7596-245-3
1342:978-0-370-30990-3
1075:Harald zur Hausen
1052:Rosalind Franklin
948:Harald zur Hausen
905:Frederick Banting
882:Ralph M. Steinman
859:Ralph M. Steinman
815:are protected by
727:Gertrude B. Elion
696:second messengers
469:Nobel Prize medal
465:Alexander Fleming
405:Frederick Robbins
155:or medicine. The
129:
128:
97:Currently held by
6477:
6088:Chemical biology
5970:
5963:
5956:
5947:
5946:
5912:Nobel Laboratory
5844:Nobel Committees
5839:Nobel Foundation
5778:
5777:
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5142:
5136:Michael Houghton
5123:
5113:Gregg L. Semenza
5107:
5101:James P. Allison
5095:
5093:Michael W. Young
5079:
5077:Yoshinori Ohsumi
5071:
5055:
5039:
5037:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
5023:
5011:
4990:
4982:
4976:Carol W. Greider
4966:
4950:
4934:
4922:
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4795:
4789:Peter C. Doherty
4783:
4767:
4761:Alfred G. Gilman
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4705:Harold E. Varmus
4695:
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4581:Baruj Benacerraf
4575:
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4408:
4398:Robert W. Holley
4392:
4376:
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4348:
4336:
4320:
4304:
4302:Georg von Békésy
4296:
4284:
4272:
4270:Joshua Lederberg
4256:
4248:
4242:Werner Forssmann
4232:
4224:
4208:
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4169:
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4131:Bernardo Houssay
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4004:
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3958:Karl Landsteiner
3952:
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3932:
3924:
3922:Johannes Fibiger
3905:
3904:
3898:
3896:Willem Einthoven
3890:
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3865:
3859:
3851:
3843:
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3836:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3761:Élie Metchnikoff
3755:
3753:Alphonse Laveran
3747:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3592:
3591:
3577:
3556:
3535:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3342:The Sunday Times
3332:
3326:
3325:
3320:. Archived from
3309:
3303:
3302:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3178:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2754:on 23 June 2010.
2753:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:on 27 March 2009
2298:
2292:. Archived from
2267:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:on 16 April 2023
1707:. Archived from
1705:Nobel Foundation
1697:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1676:on 11 April 2017
1672:. Archived from
1670:Nobel Foundation
1662:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1081:(HPV) can cause
1067:The Double Helix
992:, the sister of
990:Rosemary Kennedy
962:for discovering
925:Nicolae Paulescu
805:Carol W. Greider
747:Carol W. Greider
593:Emil von Behring
562:Nobel Foundation
502:
496:
320:Nobel Foundation
241:in 1949 for the
185:Emil von Behring
125:
122:
120:
118:
43:
31:
30:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6470:Medicine awards
6445:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6412:
6373:Systems biology
6338:Quantum biology
5979:
5974:
5944:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5907:Björkborn Manor
5885:
5819:
5776:
5746:
5695:
5665:
5618:
5598:South American
5583:North American
5424:
5418:
5371:
5369:
5363:
5322:
5294:
5285:
5244:
5226:
5221:
5191:
5186:
5171:
5160:
5145:
5140:Charles M. Rice
5132:Harvey J. Alter
5126:
5110:
5098:
5089:Michael Rosbash
5085:Jeffrey C. Hall
5082:
5074:
5058:
5049:May-Britt Moser
5042:
5026:
5021:Shinya Yamanaka
5014:
4993:
4985:
4980:Jack W. Szostak
4969:
4953:
4948:Oliver Smithies
4937:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4896:Peter Mansfield
4889:
4884:John E. Sulston
4873:
4857:
4846:
4830:
4822:
4806:
4798:
4786:
4773:Edward B. Lewis
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4698:
4682:
4677:Susumu Tonegawa
4674:
4662:
4650:
4634:
4626:
4610:
4594:
4578:
4566:
4550:
4537:Roger Guillemin
4534:
4529:Daniel Gajdusek
4525:Baruch Blumberg
4522:
4511:
4502:Renato Dulbecco
4498:David Baltimore
4495:
4479:
4466:Karl von Frisch
4463:
4451:
4443:
4427:
4411:
4395:
4386:Haldan Hartline
4379:
4367:
4351:
4339:
4323:
4318:Maurice Wilkins
4307:
4299:
4287:
4282:Arthur Kornberg
4275:
4259:
4251:
4235:
4227:
4211:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4172:
4156:
4144:
4136:
4120:
4112:
4096:
4087:Joseph Erlanger
4084:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4015:
4007:
3991:
3983:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3943:
3938:Charles Nicolle
3935:
3927:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3781:Albrecht Kossel
3778:
3770:
3758:
3750:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3687:
3678:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3553:
3532:
3514:
3512:Further reading
3509:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3459:
3457:
3450:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3395:The Nobel Prize
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3333:
3329:
3310:
3306:
3275:(5899): 174–5.
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3099:on 19 June 2010
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3028:on 21 June 2007
3025:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2928:
2924:
2876:
2872:
2841:
2837:
2798:
2794:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2695:
2691:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2611:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1792:on 9 July 2012.
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1412:Wayback Machine
1402:
1398:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1329:Sohlman, Ragnar
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1148:
1130:(1914–1918) or
1124:
1115:
1097:(HIV). Whether
1083:cervical cancer
1054:(whose key DNA
1042:. In addition,
1028:Maurice Wilkins
1020:James D. Watson
994:John F. Kennedy
897:
891:
852:
809:Jack W. Szostak
777:Oliver Smithies
751:May-Britt Moser
664:Karl von Frisch
648:Karl von Frisch
586:
579:
570:
558:
546:
458:
452:
432:
371:who identified
363:contributions.
361:applied science
353:Nobel Committee
340:
260:
115:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6483:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6228:Marine biology
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6038:Bioinformatics
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5787:
5785:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5758:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5431:
5429:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5404:Latin American
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5307:by occupation
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5177:Katalin KarikĂł
5169:
5158:
5143:
5124:
5108:
5096:
5080:
5072:
5056:
5040:
5033:Randy Schekman
5024:
5012:
4991:
4983:
4967:
4960:Luc Montagnier
4951:
4940:Mario Capecchi
4935:
4923:
4916:Barry Marshall
4911:
4899:
4892:Paul Lauterbur
4887:
4876:Sydney Brenner
4871:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4837:Paul Greengard
4833:Arvid Carlsson
4828:
4820:
4804:
4796:
4784:
4768:
4765:Martin Rodbell
4756:
4744:
4741:Edwin G. Krebs
4737:Edmond Fischer
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4685:James W. Black
4680:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4645:CĂ©sar Milstein
4641:Georges Köhler
4632:
4624:
4613:Sune Bergström
4608:
4605:Torsten Wiesel
4601:David H. Hubel
4592:
4576:
4564:
4557:Daniel Nathans
4548:
4541:Andrew Schally
4532:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4493:
4477:
4461:
4454:Gerald Edelman
4449:
4441:
4438:Julius Axelrod
4425:
4422:Salvador Luria
4418:Alfred Hershey
4409:
4393:
4377:
4365:
4354:François Jacob
4349:
4337:
4321:
4305:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4257:
4249:
4238:André Cournand
4233:
4225:
4209:
4197:
4194:Selman Waksman
4189:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4159:Edward Kendall
4154:
4142:
4134:
4118:
4115:Hermann Muller
4110:
4094:
4091:Herbert Gasser
4082:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4046:Gerhard Domagk
4041:
4033:
4025:
4013:
4005:
4002:William Murphy
3994:George Whipple
3989:
3981:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3879:
3872:Archibald Hill
3867:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3805:Charles Richet
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3756:
3748:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:J. Schmidhuber
3625:
3620:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:External links
3580:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3557:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3489:
3466:
3448:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3404:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3327:
3304:
3255:
3229:
3198:
3141:
3124:The New Yorker
3110:
3083:
3052:
3039:
2995:
2965:
2953:
2946:
2922:
2870:
2835:
2808:(8): 286–293.
2792:
2773:(2): 150–157.
2757:
2724:
2689:
2670:
2632:
2625:
2602:
2571:
2556:
2525:
2498:
2476:
2465:on 8 June 2010
2450:
2424:
2391:
2362:
2336:
2310:
2253:
2227:
2201:
2175:
2149:
2123:
2097:
2067:
2041:
2030:on 13 May 2008
2015:
1989:
1974:
1944:
1914:
1888:
1857:
1826:
1795:
1777:
1751:
1740:on 1 July 2006
1722:
1687:
1652:
1625:
1613:
1594:
1571:
1559:
1544:
1525:
1505:
1475:
1460:
1434:
1422:
1396:
1360:
1348:
1341:
1320:
1294:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1199:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1140:Gerhard Domagk
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1091:Luc Montagnier
1044:Erwin Chargaff
1040:Herbert Wilson
1005:Selman Waksman
980:medical ethics
960:Luc Montagnier
936:chemoreceptors
893:Main article:
890:
887:
851:
848:
797:knockout mouse
781:gene targeting
769:Mario Capecchi
759:Katalin KarikĂł
618:lupus vulgaris
578:
575:
569:
566:
557:
554:
550:King of Sweden
545:
542:
454:Main article:
451:
448:
431:
428:
393:polio vaccines
381:psychoanalysis
365:Harvey Cushing
339:
336:
259:
256:
247:Selman Waksman
213:Katalin KarikĂł
145:Nobel Assembly
127:
126:
113:
109:
108:
101:Katalin KarikĂł
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6482:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:Phylogenetics
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6203:Human biology
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6093:Chronobiology
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:Biotechnology
6066:
6064:
6063:Biostatistics
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5959:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Controversies
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:Organisations
5830:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5779:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5730:Organizations
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5628:by university
5625:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5445:South African
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5421:
5415:
5414:Non-religious
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5182:
5181:Drew Weissman
5178:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:Satoshi ĹŚmura
5062:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:James Rothman
5025:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4996:Bruce Beutler
4992:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4909:
4908:Linda B. Buck
4905:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4826:
4825:GĂĽnter Blobel
4821:
4818:
4814:
4813:Louis Ignarro
4810:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4753:Phillip Sharp
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4713:Joseph Murray
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:Stanley Cohen
4661:
4658:
4654:
4653:Michael Brown
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:Allan Cormack
4565:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4545:Rosalyn Yalow
4542:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4491:
4490:George Palade
4487:
4483:
4482:Albert Claude
4478:
4475:
4471:
4470:Konrad Lorenz
4467:
4462:
4459:
4458:Rodney Porter
4455:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4434:Ulf von Euler
4431:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4382:Ragnar Granit
4378:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4362:Jacques Monod
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4334:Andrew Huxley
4331:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4310:Francis Crick
4306:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4294:Peter Medawar
4291:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:George Beadle
4258:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4230:Hugo Theorell
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:Thomas Weller
4215:
4210:
4207:
4206:Fritz Lipmann
4203:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4107:Howard Florey
4104:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3986:Thomas Morgan
3982:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3876:Otto Meyerhof
3873:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3813:Róbert Bárány
3809:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3797:Alexis Carrel
3793:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:Camillo Golgi
3737:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:. CRC Press.
3544:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1259:, pp. 237–238
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:Francis Crick
1021:
1016:
1014:
1013:Albert Schatz
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
896:
886:
883:
878:
876:
875:Carol Greider
872:
868:
860:
856:
847:
843:
841:
837:
836:Stanley Cohen
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
763:transposition
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Linda B. Buck
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Rosalyn Yalow
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
660:Konrad Lorenz
657:
649:
645:
644:Konrad Lorenz
641:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
605:serum therapy
602:
594:
590:
584:
574:
565:
563:
553:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
528:, located in
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:
501:
495:
490:
489:Erik Lindberg
486:
482:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
447:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
424:Andrew Huxley
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
401:Thomas Weller
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Sigmund Freud
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
344:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
287:
285:
280:
276:
272:
264:
255:
252:
251:Albert Schatz
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:Drew Weissman
215:and American
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
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180:
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174:
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166:
162:
158:
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150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
114:
110:
106:
105:Drew Weissman
102:
99:
95:
91:
89:First awarded
87:
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72:
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65:
61:
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6428:
6353:Sociobiology
6333:Protistology
6298:Photobiology
6293:Pharmacology
6283:Parasitology
6278:Paleontology
6258:Neuroscience
6238:Microbiology
6148:Epidemiology
6118:Cytogenetics
6078:Cell biology
6058:Biosemiotics
6048:Biomechanics
6028:Biogeography
6023:Biochemistry
6018:Bacteriology
6013:Astrobiology
5902:Alfred Nobel
5423:by continent
5280:
5224:Nobel Prizes
5166:Svante Pääbo
5151:David Julius
5105:Tasuku Honjo
5053:Edvard Moser
5045:John O'Keefe
5008:posthumously
5007:
4944:Martin Evans
4920:Robin Warren
4904:Richard Axel
4851:2001–present
4729:Bert Sakmann
4597:Roger Sperry
4589:George Snell
4585:Jean Dausset
4553:Werner Arber
4506:Howard Temin
4430:Bernard Katz
4414:Max DelbrĂĽck
4370:Francis Rous
4346:Feodor Lynen
4342:Konrad Bloch
4330:Alan Hodgkin
4314:James Watson
4290:Frank Burnet
4278:Severo Ochoa
4266:Edward Tatum
4254:Daniel Bovet
4167:Philip Hench
4079:Edward Doisy
4010:Hans Spemann
3998:George Minot
3978:Edgar Adrian
3966:Otto Warburg
3888:John Macleod
3857:August Krogh
3849:Jules Bordet
3765:Paul Ehrlich
3717:Niels Finsen
3701:Emil Behring
3684:
3604:
3603:
3602:profile for
3599:
3562:
3541:
3520:
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3471:
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3438:
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3394:
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3347:the original
3340:
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3268:
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3232:
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3097:the original
3086:
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3065:
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3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3018:
3014:
2986:. Retrieved
2978:The Guardian
2977:
2968:
2956:
2932:
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2744:
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2453:
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2427:
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2411:the original
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2339:
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2313:
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2294:the original
2273:
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2230:
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2204:
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2178:
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2152:
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2126:
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2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2018:
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1992:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1840:The Guardian
1839:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1809:The Guardian
1808:
1798:
1790:the original
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1754:
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1738:the original
1713:. Retrieved
1709:the original
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1628:
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1584:
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1515:
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1437:
1425:
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1399:
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1363:
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1297:
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1281:the original
1274:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:29 September
1190:. Retrieved
1176:
1136:Nazi Germany
1132:World War II
1125:
1116:
1099:Robert Gallo
1072:
1065:
1048:Oswald Avery
1017:
1009:streptomycin
1002:
998:their father
983:
969:
933:
921:James Collip
917:Charles Best
909:John Macleod
898:
879:
864:
844:
829:
773:Martin Evans
767:
708:
700:neurobiology
685:
653:
598:
571:
559:
547:
540:since 2012.
519:
504:
481:Alfred Nobel
478:
475:, Edinburgh.
433:
420:Alan Hodgkin
409:
389:Albert Sabin
369:neurosurgeon
358:
349:
317:
288:
271:Alfred Nobel
269:
236:
232:Alfred Nobel
221:
181:
161:Alfred Nobel
132:
130:
67:Presented by
25:
6460:Nobel Prize
6403:Xenobiology
6398:Virophysics
6368:Systematics
6323:Primatology
6268:Ornithology
6208:Ichthyology
6193:Herpetology
6188:Gerontology
6153:Epigenetics
6113:Cryobiology
6003:Agrostology
5993:Aerobiology
5988:Abiogenesis
5725:Individuals
5427:nationality
5017:John Gurdon
4932:Craig Mello
4928:Andrew Fire
4841:Eric Kandel
4817:Ferid Murad
4725:Erwin Neher
4637:Niels Jerne
4402:Har Khorana
4390:George Wald
4358:André Lwoff
4326:John Eccles
4214:John Enders
4186:Max Theiler
4147:Walter Hess
4139:Paul MĂĽller
4103:Ernst Chain
3773:Emil Kocher
3733:Robert Koch
3725:Ivan Pavlov
3709:Ronald Ross
3318:Science Now
3068:. USA.gov.
2717:1 September
2355:21 November
1907:10 February
1871:Thelocal.se
1850:10 February
1128:World War I
1107:AstraZeneca
1036:Alec Stokes
871:Peyton Rous
832:neurologist
813:chromosomes
757:(2015) and
642:(left) and
626:Ivan Pavlov
609:Ronald Ross
556:Award money
416:John Eccles
397:John Enders
284:Ivan Pavlov
157:Nobel Prize
80:11 million
48:Awarded for
6449:Categories
6388:Toxicology
6383:Teratology
6328:Proteomics
6313:Physiology
6253:Neontology
6218:Lipidology
6213:Immunology
6183:Geobiology
6143:Embryology
6123:Dendrology
6053:Biophysics
6033:Biogeology
5859:Literature
5717:Literature
5700:by subject
5646:ETH Zurich
5612:Venezuelan
5577:Australian
5492:Vietnamese
5370:population
5344:Literature
5327:by subject
5266:Literature
4868:Paul Nurse
4202:Hans Krebs
4127:Gerty Cori
4075:Henrik Dam
4022:Otto Loewi
4018:Henry Dale
3380:Levinovitz
3368:Levinovitz
2857:B0000EH6G0
2709:(1): 112.
2567:Levinovitz
1881:15 January
1842:. London.
1819:15 January
1811:. London.
1744:15 January
1645:15 January
1555:Levinovitz
1471:Levinovitz
1453:15 January
1430:Levinovitz
1356:Levinovitz
1313:15 January
1245:Levinovitz
1233:Levinovitz
1163:References
825:telomerase
711:Gerty Cori
692:G proteins
680:Gerty Cori
538:Eskilstuna
530:Eskilstuna
522:Myntverket
436:gold medal
412:physiology
385:Jonas Salk
308:physiology
258:Background
228:front side
201:Gerty Cori
197:diphtheria
173:Literature
153:physiology
117:nobelprize
6303:Phycology
6288:Pathology
6273:Osteology
6263:Nutrition
6223:Mammalogy
6198:Histology
5854:Economics
5849:Chemistry
5805:Economics
5800:Chemistry
5783:Clarivate
5755:by groups
5712:Economics
5707:Chemistry
5607:Brazilian
5602:Argentine
5573:Oceanian
5522:Hungarian
5498:European
5487:Pakistani
5389:Christian
5339:Economics
5334:Chemistry
5300:Laureates
5261:Economics
5256:Chemistry
5069:Tu Youyou
4621:John Vane
4516:1976–2000
4177:1951–1975
4123:Carl Cori
3913:1926–1950
3692:1901–1925
3681:Laureates
3299:206582472
2686:: 85–103.
1927:The Local
1770:24 August
1417:The Local
1218:3 October
1168:Citations
1085:, and to
954:, and to
817:telomeres
755:Tu Youyou
678:In 1947,
630:digestion
577:Laureates
534:Kongsberg
379:, as his
300:chemistry
275:Stockholm
169:Chemistry
123:/medicine
77:Reward(s)
60:Stockholm
6417:See also
6393:Virology
6378:Taxonomy
6318:Pomology
6248:Mycology
6178:Genomics
6173:Genetics
5998:Agronomy
5674:Nominees
5587:American
5542:Romanian
5477:Japanese
5462:Filipino
5440:Egyptian
4864:Tim Hunt
3639:(2010),
3495:Archived
3454:Archived
3410:Archived
3291:18845715
3242:Archived
3216:Archived
3185:12540909
3128:Archived
3070:Archived
2988:31 March
2982:Archived
2963:, p. 287
2917:24860435
2830:44831000
2711:Archived
2657:Archived
2589:Archived
2569:, p. 114
2543:Archived
2437:Archived
2378:Archived
2349:Archived
2323:Archived
2240:Archived
2214:Archived
2188:Archived
2162:Archived
2136:Archived
2110:Archived
2084:Archived
2054:Archived
2002:Archived
1987:, p. 242
1961:Archived
1901:Archived
1875:Archived
1844:Archived
1813:Archived
1764:Archived
1639:Archived
1623:, p. 239
1600:Archived
1569:, p. 238
1531:Archived
1492:Archived
1473:, p. 112
1447:Archived
1408:Archived
1385:cite web
1331:(1983).
1307:Archived
1212:Archived
1186:Archived
1146:See also
1138:forbade
753:(2014),
749:(2009),
745:(2009),
741:(2008),
737:(2004),
733:(1995),
729:(1988),
725:(1986),
721:(1983),
717:(1977),
713:(1947),
690:through
544:Diplomas
467:'s 1945
440:citation
328:Oscar II
324:statutes
313:Storting
279:dynamite
209:diabetes
195:against
62:, Sweden
56:Location
6408:Zoology
6138:Ecology
6008:Anatomy
5890:Related
5864:Physics
5810:Physics
5737:Physics
5686:Couples
5592:Mexican
5557:Swedish
5552:Spanish
5547:Russian
5532:Italian
5502:Belgian
5472:Israeli
5457:Chinese
5435:African
5379:Bengali
5354:Physics
5318:by year
5276:Physics
3683:of the
3635:. From
3596:Scholia
3429:Sources
3382:, p. 23
3370:, p. 61
3353:22 June
3269:Science
3248:20 June
3222:23 June
3193:4428347
3163:Bibcode
3134:19 June
3103:16 June
3076:19 June
3032:22 June
2961:Feldman
2908:4026738
2865:4667283
2822:4897848
2787:4930788
2663:14 June
2655:: 509.
2595:22 June
2549:22 June
2518:26 June
2491:20 June
2469:21 June
2417:15 June
2384:19 June
2329:16 June
2303:16 June
2290:4836081
2270:Science
2246:28 July
2220:16 June
2194:21 June
2116:21 June
2090:20 June
2060:20 June
1985:Feldman
1967:18 June
1937:22 June
1715:20 June
1680:20 June
1621:Feldman
1567:Feldman
1557:, p. 17
1498:11 July
1432:, p. 26
1375:22 June
1358:, p. 13
1305:. BBC.
1287:9 April
1257:Feldman
1247:, p. 11
901:insulin
620:, with
485:obverse
296:physics
224:a medal
205:glucose
193:vaccine
165:Physics
147:at the
137:Swedish
121:/prizes
112:Website
6073:Botany
5793:Female
5761:Peace
5721:Peace
5537:Polish
5512:German
5507:Danish
5482:Korean
5467:Indian
5409:Muslim
5399:Jewish
5394:Female
5249:Prizes
5111:2019:
5099:2018:
5083:2017:
5075:2016:
5059:2015:
5043:2014:
5027:2013:
5015:2012:
4994:2011:
4986:2010:
4970:2009:
4954:2008:
4938:2007:
4926:2006:
4914:2005:
4902:2004:
4890:2003:
4874:2002:
4858:2001:
4831:2000:
4823:1999:
4807:1998:
4799:1997:
4787:1996:
4771:1995:
4759:1994:
4747:1993:
4735:1992:
4723:1991:
4711:1990:
4699:1989:
4683:1988:
4675:1987:
4663:1986:
4651:1985:
4635:1984:
4627:1983:
4611:1982:
4595:1981:
4579:1980:
4567:1979:
4551:1978:
4535:1977:
4523:1976:
4496:1975:
4480:1974:
4464:1973:
4452:1972:
4444:1971:
4428:1970:
4412:1969:
4396:1968:
4380:1967:
4368:1966:
4352:1965:
4340:1964:
4324:1963:
4308:1962:
4300:1961:
4288:1960:
4276:1959:
4260:1958:
4252:1957:
4236:1956:
4228:1955:
4212:1954:
4200:1953:
4192:1952:
4184:1951:
4157:1950:
4145:1949:
4137:1948:
4121:1947:
4113:1946:
4097:1945:
4085:1944:
4073:1943:
4044:1939:
4036:1938:
4028:1937:
4016:1936:
4008:1935:
3992:1934:
3984:1933:
3972:1932:
3964:1931:
3956:1930:
3944:1929:
3936:1928:
3928:1927:
3920:1926:
3894:1924:
3882:1923:
3870:1922:
3855:1920:
3847:1919:
3811:1914:
3803:1913:
3795:1912:
3787:1911:
3779:1910:
3771:1909:
3759:1908:
3751:1907:
3739:1906:
3731:1905:
3723:1904:
3715:1903:
3707:1902:
3699:1901:
3598:has a
3570:
3549:
3528:
3501:8 June
3487:
3460:8 June
3446:
3416:8 June
3402:
3297:
3289:
3191:
3183:
3155:Nature
2944:
2915:
2905:
2891:: 25.
2863:
2855:
2828:
2820:
2785:
2623:
2288:
2168:1 July
2142:1 July
2034:1 July
2008:1 July
1606:8 June
1592:
1537:8 June
1523:
1339:
1235:, p. 5
1050:, and
1026:, and
775:, and
662:, and
511:Virgil
506:Aeneid
450:Medals
430:Prizes
422:, and
403:, and
291:Ludvig
175:, and
107:(2023)
84:(2023)
5691:Women
5567:Welsh
5562:Swiss
5527:Irish
5517:Greek
5452:Asian
5384:Black
5372:group
5349:Peace
5271:Peace
3600:award
3295:S2CID
3189:S2CID
3026:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
2847:[
2826:S2CID
2752:(PDF)
2737:(PDF)
2645:(PDF)
2443:1 May
2297:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
1403:AFP,
304:peace
189:serum
177:Peace
28:Award
5425:and
5173:2023
5162:2022
5147:2021
5128:2020
4067:1942
4060:1941
4053:1940
3903:1925
3864:1921
3841:1918
3834:1917
3827:1916
3820:1915
3631:and
3568:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3526:ISBN
3503:2020
3485:ISBN
3479:and
3462:2020
3444:ISBN
3418:2020
3400:ISBN
3355:2010
3287:PMID
3250:2010
3224:2010
3181:PMID
3136:2010
3105:2010
3078:2010
3034:2010
2990:2010
2942:ISBN
2913:PMID
2861:OCLC
2853:ASIN
2818:PMID
2783:PMID
2719:2011
2665:2012
2621:ISBN
2597:2010
2551:2010
2520:2010
2493:2010
2471:2010
2445:2018
2419:2010
2386:2010
2357:2008
2331:2010
2305:2010
2286:PMID
2248:2007
2222:2010
2196:2010
2170:2010
2144:2010
2118:2010
2092:2010
2062:2010
2036:2010
2010:2010
1969:2010
1939:2010
1909:2010
1883:2010
1852:2010
1821:2010
1772:2014
1746:2010
1717:2023
1682:2023
1647:2010
1608:2020
1590:ISBN
1539:2020
1521:ISBN
1500:2010
1455:2010
1391:link
1377:2010
1337:ISBN
1315:2010
1289:2010
1276:Time
1220:2023
1194:2023
1089:and
1038:and
958:and
907:and
807:and
694:and
526:mint
131:The
119:.org
103:and
92:1901
5781:by
3643:at
3277:doi
3273:322
3171:doi
3159:421
3019:276
2903:PMC
2893:doi
2810:doi
2775:doi
2278:doi
2274:185
1957:DNA
1032:DNA
964:HIV
952:HPV
821:DNA
387:or
82:SEK
6451::
5368:by
5179:/
5175::
5164::
5153:/
5149::
5138:/
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5130::
5119:/
5115:/
5103:/
5091:/
5087:/
5067:/
5063:/
5051:/
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5035:/
5031:/
5019:/
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2980:.
2940:.
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2911:.
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2804:.
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2365:^
2284:.
2272:.
2268:.
2082:.
2078:.
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1955:.
1925:.
1873:.
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