Nobel Prize - Knowledge

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per prize (c. 2.6 million SEK altogether, US$ 350,000 today). In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$ 1.4 million). In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK. If two laureates share the prize in a category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others. It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes.

2768: 1352:. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design. 1244: 2380: 277: 370: 3025: 872: 2708: 2987: 2948: 977:

Prize laureates, and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award. The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names. The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.

2114: 3039: 8985: 2369: 3053: 2209:. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities. Critics sympathetic to the North announced that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite, responsible for widening the war. Those hostile to the North and what they considered its deceptive practices during negotiations were deprived of a chance to criticise Lê Đức Thọ, as he declined the award. The satirist and musician 9019: 2242:, but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months. Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award, or worthy of the company in which it would place him. Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for 9142: 944: 912: 654:. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the executive director and the deputy director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the 758:. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize. In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the academy "was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize". The academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for 1810: 2689:'invention' within the field of physics". Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in 2500:, the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors. This tendency towards European authors still leaves many European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize, including 2642:, who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject. All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion, albeit from different angles. Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction, or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years. 1288:

up to the award ceremony and banquet, which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet), but this is not mandatory. The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize, but some have happened even later. For example, US President

357:, amounting to ~$ 1,035,000. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organisations of more than three people. Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, but if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented. 2284:. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art". He alleged that Jelinek's works were "a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure". The 2009 Literature Prize to 844:) from accepting their prizes. They were all later able to receive the diploma and medal. Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942, due to the 1058:, had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously. The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged, and the prize would be awarded. 950: 948: 945: 917: 916: 913: 1401:

The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded. The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK

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Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the

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in the relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (one cannot be nominated for the Nobel Prize posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Despite these factors,

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plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 grams (0.386 lb) for each medal. The diameter is 66 millimetres (2.6 in) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres (0.20 in) and 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in). Because of

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fields, only a small proportion have been awarded to women. Out of 210 laureates in Physics, 181 in Chemistry and 216 in Medicine between 1901 and 2018, there were only three female laureates in physics, five in chemistry and 12 in medicine. Factors proposed to contribute to the discrepancy between

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Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them. The diploma contains a picture

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According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize. The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format. These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week (the week leading

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According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity. The Nobel Prize was funded by Alfred Nobel's personal fortune. According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed most of his fortune to

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Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are

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The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For

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for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer. To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time. According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine,

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declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying "this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award." The academy announced with

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Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded. These individuals are generally prominent academics working in a relevant area. Regarding the Peace Prize, inquiries are also sent to governments, former Peace

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received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine. Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned. Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in

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The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote. A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be

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Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or

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was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden. These members kept the work of the committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were

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that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established". Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the

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in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953). Since the 1980s, the foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish

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Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to

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shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution. Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised. Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died.

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The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions. There are four awarding institutions for the six prizes awarded:

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The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial. When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to

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The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 25 organisations. Five individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.

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Nobel's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made "during the preceding year". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries. However, some of those early discoveries were later discredited. For example,

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has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism. The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by

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Marie Curie is to date the only person awarded Nobel Prizes in two different sciences (Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911); she is one of only three people who have received two Nobel Prizes in sciences (see Multiple laureates below).

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presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies are held at the

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was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman

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describes the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel as a "false Nobel prize" that dishonours his relative Alfred Nobel, after whom the prize is named, and considers economics to be a pseudoscience.

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The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace Prize. Whether the Nobel committee can do without Gandhi, is the

8973: 480:. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$ 186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes. Owing to skepticism surrounding the will, it was not approved by the 1340:

The Nobel Foundation announced on 30 May 2012 that it had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by

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During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the committee building in

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Gingras, Yves; Wallace, Matthew L. (2010). "Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: a bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)".

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and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas.

7603: 895:"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes". The board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes. 690:). The distribution can vary by 10 percent. At the beginning of 2008, 64% of the funds were invested mainly in American and European stocks, 20% in bonds, plus 12% in real estate and hedge funds. 6897: 6923: 2645:

Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. The Economics Prize was not awarded to

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received a total of 155 nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953, the last year with public nomination data for that award as of 2016. He died in 1963 without being awarded.

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which was faster and easier to carry out. Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure, Freeman's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern

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was awarded the Literature Prize, but refused, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."

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Nobel stipulated in his will that most of his estate, more than SEK 31 million (today approximately SEK 1,794 million) should be converted into a fund and invested in "safe securities".

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Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the husband-and-wife team of

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include biased nominations, fewer women than men being active in the relevant fields, Nobel Prizes typically being awarded decades after the research was done (reflecting a time when

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who had died; the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his

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was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners, and he was unable to accept the prize in his lifetime.

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received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office. The lectures are organised by the same association which selected the laureates.

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celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the

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the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft. During World War II, the medals of German scientists

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regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf.

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Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of

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of complex substances. Pauling was also awarded the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes.

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awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals. The winners are announced by the awarding institutions during the first two weeks of October.

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According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics, the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honor in 2013: the team of

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was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were

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was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. In accordance with Nobel's

283:) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of 7570: 7441: 4951: 2294:, many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work. This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric. The 2019 Literature Prize to 8205: 5099: 2855:

Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films such as

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Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this takes decades – for example,

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for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected

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on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created

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came to power. The Meitner and Strassmann roles in the research was not fully recognised until years later, when they joined Hahn in receiving the 1966

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The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the

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There have been a total of 57 women Nobel laureates compared to 873 men. Most female laureates received them in the peace and literature categories.

2201:. This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members. Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between 809: 8520: 7895: 7157: 6919: 6057: 4810: 3934: 3517: 739:

began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes. Subsequently, they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions.

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in 2008. On the globe, there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles.

444:. Historians have been unable to verify this story and some dismiss the story as a myth. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in 10097: 9981: 9457: 8568: 4477: 1076:"the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident." 7254: 7198: 9392: 9327: 9312: 9290: 5979: 5886: 5245: 4630: 1880: 1559: 8334: 4590: 3912: 610:, in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is 9442: 8423: 7659: 7107: 5598: 4325: 3142: 5432: 5339: 1141: 9643: 9541: 9332: 6995: 3668: 3240: 2724: 1092:

was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance,

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of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to

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five times, in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, he was never awarded the prize.

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According to the statutes, the foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The

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was awarded the 2001 Chemistry Prize for his research into chirally catalysed oxidation reactions, and the 2022 Chemistry Prize for

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was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in

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was awarded the Peace Prize, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".

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Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.

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over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth coming from his 355 inventions, of which

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had the unpleasant surprise of reading his own obituary, which was titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper.

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attempted to decline the prize money while accepting the 1925 Literature Prize; eventually it was agreed to use it to found the

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received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary. The

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The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes, the main difference being who can make nominations for each of them.

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and thus selected a Victorian poet. The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist

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and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast.

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is the youngest person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When she received it in 2014, she was only 17 years old.

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Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been overlooked. In 2009, an article in

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published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the cosmos began, but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to

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received 84 in physics. These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published as of 2016.

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was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly

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were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, Hungarian chemist (and Nobel laureate himself)

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has remarked that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize."

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magazine identified seven people who "never won the prize, but should have". The list consisted of Gandhi,

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from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II.

2616: 2161: 845: 8389: 7463: 7386: 7356: 7326: 6582: 5123:, "Nobel Rhetoric, Or Petrarch's Pendulum", in the journal Rhetoric and Philosophy 42(4), 373–400, 2009 2672:, may have been denied a share of Hahn's 1944 Nobel Chemistry Award due to having fled Germany when the 9058: 8616: 7923: 5732: 2264:, she was criticized for being silent on human rights violation under her rule and especially over the 1999: 1908: 1655: 1124: 8574:

A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia

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Brodesco, Alberto (2018). "Nobel laureates in fiction: From La fin du monde to The Big Bang Theory".

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Weintraub, Stanley (3 October 2013). "Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), playwright and polemicist".

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The Road to Stockholm:Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists

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Despite the symbolism of intellectual achievement, some recipients have embraced unsupported and

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after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo City Hall from Norwegian Nobel Committee chairman

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was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in 1903, and the only woman to receive it twice.

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A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia

6014: 5940: 3660: 3232: 331:, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the 10072: 9051: 6521: 6156: 5259:

Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1", "All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations",

2928: 2857: 1967: 1160: 5702: 3362: 3295: 2335: 1904: 1651: 10062: 9005: 8572: 7801: 7685: 7634: 7080: 5207: 4915: 4784: 4499: 4329: 3325: 3299: 2869: 2485: 1951: 1865: 1569: 1336:. Laureates receive a heavily decorated diploma together with a gold medal and prize money. 1264: 1050:) was announced but before it could be presented. On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the 782: 717: 512: 47: 8495: 5316: 1176: 8: 8362: 8086: 4255: 3768: 3702: 2885: 2794: 2790: 2596: 2347: 2290: 1959: 1927: 1669: 1586: 1349: 1260: 1191: 1032: 848:. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace. 813: 554:, which stated that 94% of his total assets should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes 546: 449: 436:, titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper. It was Alfred's brother 419: 7689: 7638: 7284: 5369: 4919: 2639: 2014:

received the 1981 Physics prize, and was married to the sister of 1964 Physics laureate

1596: 1360: 1150: 1039: 9936: 8530: 8525: 8478: 7433: 6771: 6679: 5684: 5264: 4884: 4856: 4755: 4736: 4446: 4413: 3195: 3173: 3167: 2924: 2677: 2059: 2058:, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, was the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate 2035: 1841: 1433: 1325: 1289: 1275:

after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the president of the

1272: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1203: 643: 639: 607: 567: 551: 524: 441: 271: 260: 9757: 4622: 2379: 743: 721: 9892: 9121: 9090: 8940: 8930: 8886: 8865: 8814: 8781: 8748: 8707: 8686: 8653: 8620: 8595: 8470: 8462: 8307: 8297: 8033: 8022: 7990: 7810: 7703: 7529: 7437: 7188: 6714: 6125: 6089: 6020: 5944: 5933: 5676: 5124: 5033: 4933: 4451: 4433: 3114: 2600: 2580: 2545: 2529: 2441: 2402: 2265: 2170: 2132: 2083: 2007: 1895:

has received the most prizes, with four prizes awarded to five individual laureates.

1853: 1825: 1790: 1691: 1606: 1600: 1563: 1533: 1519: 1458: 1420: 1332:'s diploma is shown, which he received for the development of a method to synthesise 1320: 1268: 1055: 880: 801: 706: 702: 346: 328: 312: 79: 9960: 8482: 7183:

U Thant in New York: A Portrait of the Third Secretary-General of the United Nations

5688: 4888: 2079: 1860:

received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the

1832:, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. 1816:, one of five people who have received the Nobel Prize twice (Physics and Chemistry) 58:

Contributions that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in the areas of

9905: 9762: 9689: 8857: 8744: 8516: 8454: 8234: 8059: 7747: 7693: 7642: 7425: 7226: 5666: 5309:"Nobel Prize medal stolen from Lawrence Hall of Science is found, student arrested" 5282: 4923: 4876: 4817: 4706: 4626: 4595: 4563: 4533: 4503: 4441: 4425: 4359: 4251: 4117: 3152: 2831: 2782: 2767: 2744: 2691: 2665: 2654: 2608: 2521: 2509: 2277: 2257: 2136: 2063: 1857: 1715: 1549: 1416: 1373: 1089: 1068: 871: 786: 563: 541: 497: 332: 292: 255: 247: 212: 8246: 4429: 1864:

molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.

929: 432:

There is a popular story about how, in 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own

9924: 9694: 8880: 8808: 8775: 8734: 8647: 8610: 8589: 8502: 8130: 7873: 7852: 7787: 7780: 6282:"Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo Winning the Nobel Prize Together is #CoupleGoals" 5628: 5252: 4741:"Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections" 4529: 3512: 3465: 2824: 2813: 2735: 2627: 2416: 2194: 2166: 2011: 2003: 1931: 1883:

has been awarded the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.

1869: 1697: 1641: 1043: 1008: 837: 770: 736: 603: 353:, and a monetary award. As of 2023, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 11,000,000 128: 7723:"The asymmetry between discoveries and inventions in the Nobel Prize in Physics" 6890:"'A troubling choice': authors criticise Peter Handke's controversial Nobel win" 4113: 2653:

received the honor in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with

2445: 2285: 1054:

were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates,

9990: 9845: 8840: 8238: 7502: 6617: 3402: 3131: 2817: 2533: 2457: 2453: 2436: 2422: 2394: 2372: 2351: 2299: 2087: 2047: 2019: 2015: 1979: 1899:

received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband,

1719: 1356: 1207: 1164: 1079: 841: 778: 751: 675: 493: 7625:

Crawford, Elisabeth; et al. (1997). "A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice".

7429: 4880: 2537: 1919:

when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf.

857:

submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.

10056: 9966: 9930: 9857: 9851: 9796: 8521:"The Nobel Disease: When Intelligence Fails to Protect against Irrationality" 8466: 8458: 8311: 8024:

Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences

7994: 6718: 6093: 5560:"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer" 5256: 4437: 3158: 3058: 3044: 2932: 2912: 2707: 2650: 2646: 2612: 2592: 2565: 2557: 2517: 2505: 2497: 2449: 2224: 2216: 2202: 2124: 2075: 2055: 2051: 2039: 2031: 1991: 1943: 1837: 1833: 1679: 1525: 1481: 1450: 1301: 1248: 1238: 1101: 1097: 961: 892: 888: 694: 671: 611: 407: 354: 157: 8055:"These 5 Women Deserved, And Were Unjustly Denied, A Nobel Prize In Physics" 3196:"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" 2513: 2260:

was awarded Peace Prize in 1993 however in 2015 when she came into power in

1108:

received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the

418:. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a 295:. Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of 9752: 8993:

was created from a revision of this article dated 2 November 2016

8944: 8920: 8564: 8474: 8422:(Press release). Stockholm Business Region. 5 December 2013. Archived from 7707: 5680: 5158: 4937: 4811:"Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott's Contribution to Dynamic Macroeconomics" 4455: 3939: 3119: 2809: 2805: 2771: 2661: 2587:

received 79 nominations in physics 1925–1943 before being awarded in 1943.

2572: 2295: 2281: 2243: 2232: 2220: 2182: 2091: 2067: 2023: 1983: 1935: 1900: 1892: 1845: 1711: 1701: 1637: 1539: 1381: 1369: 1365: 1172: 1117: 1109: 1105: 833: 829: 825: 812:

and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist

805: 701:, and similar items had costs of 22.4 million kronor. The cost of the 635: 591: 579: 575: 571: 437: 380: 373: 288: 8291: 7751: 5671: 5654: 3176: – Observation about the adverse effects of receiving the Nobel Prize 570:, the primary task of the foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. 559:

the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize.

5524: 5069: 4994: 2755: 2739: 2712: 2635: 2623: 2553: 2525: 2501: 2492: 2477: 2398: 2383: 2303: 2206: 2043: 1995: 1896: 1821: 1813: 1687: 1633: 1501: 1329: 774: 755: 687: 683: 679: 508: 43: 8116: 5261:

Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History

2986: 2947: 2074:

was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, and her nephew

2034:, who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of 8612:

The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution – The Science Prizes, 1901–1915

5202: 3125: 2920: 2875: 2839: 2673: 2631: 2584: 2561: 2549: 2461: 2375:, although nominated five times, was never awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. 2251: 2210: 1971: 1923: 1849: 1665: 1377: 1342: 1199: 1093: 794: 583: 473: 465: 411: 369: 291:, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the 149: 8777:

A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine

4928: 4903: 3155: – Academic conference held annually at Gustavus Adolphus College 1243: 885:

Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

9881: 7646: 6084: 6052: 5246:"Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954" 5064: 4989: 2863: 2669: 2541: 2338:

received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the

2238:. Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as 2082:

was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982, and his son

1975: 1256: 790: 698: 587: 489: 461: 384: 338:

The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient, known as a

320: 7698: 7673: 2193:

Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to

2030:, the wife of his first cousin, who won solo for Chemistry in 1964. 2026:

shared in the Nobel for Physiology or Medicine in 1963, followed by

1875:

Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The

1348:

Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the

500:

to take care of the fortune and to organise the awarding of prizes.

8161: 7221: 3432: 2339: 2177:, two of the Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest. 1947: 1848:

received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the

1809: 1276: 797:, which until then had been causing thousands of deaths each year. 651: 647: 623: 597:, it was this "decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from 481: 469: 433: 426: 396: 392: 343: 339: 8514: 4861: 4591:"Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari Wins Nobel Peace Prize" 2781:

Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964,

2368: 2042:, who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974, was the husband of 2006:

received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son

693:

In 2011, the total annual cost was approximately 120 million

8861: 6920:"Kosovo to boycott Nobel ceremony over Handke's literature prize" 6650:"President Obama humbled: I do not deserve the Nobel Peace Prize" 5283:"The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics" 2905: 2835: 2604: 2472: 2261: 2247: 1907:, received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband 1861: 1333: 646:, a deputy director is appointed by the King in Council, and two 631: 594: 520: 457: 445: 422: 415: 388: 350: 7952:"The Nobel Prize committee explains why women win so few prizes" 5931:

Grinstein, Louise S.; Biermann, Carol A.; Rose, Rose K. (1997).

735:

Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the

9043: 9018: 8926:

Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein

8649:

The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige

8293:

How to win the Nobel Prize : an unexpected life in science

6863:"Outrage in Bosnia, Kosovo over Peter Handke's Nobel prize win" 6707:"From peace icon to pariah: Aung San Suu Kyi's fall from grace" 5935:

Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook

2901: 2793:, declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam. 2615:

of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the

2607:

chemistry, an award that did not recognise the achievements of

2481: 2315: 2311: 1916: 1836:

was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the

1829: 485: 404: 400: 324: 284: 99: 93: 9141: 8845:

The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes

6680:"Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar democracy icon who fell from grace" 3399:"Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century" 2090:, who shared the Prize in Chemistry in 1951, was the uncle of 1990:, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of 33: 1911:. In addition, the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, 1255:

After the award ceremony in Sweden, a banquet is held in the

762:. Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in 747: 729: 670:

The capital of the Nobel Foundation today is invested 50% in

659: 477: 9788:

Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).

5154:"Le Clézio uses Nobel lecture to attack information poverty" 3326:"Nomination and selection of Laureates in Economic Sciences" 2268:

and calls were made to strip of her from Nobel Peace Prize.

1994:, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970. 8682:

In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality

7672:

Bartneck, Christoph; Rauterberg, Matthias (9 August 2007).

7222:"The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature" 6634: 6613:"Remarks by the President on winning the Nobel Peace Prize" 4680: 3352:"Top Award, ShanghaiRanking Academic Excellence Survey 201" 2838:; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012. 2571:

Candidates can receive multiple nominations the same year.

1998:

was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of

853: 598: 227: 218: 9031: 4677:"Here are the most controversial Nobel Prize-winners ever" 3695: 3623:"The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science" 2683: 1903:, shared the 1903 Physics prize with her. Their daughter, 1828:

and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure

1446:

Only person to receive more than one unshared Nobel Prize:

194: 8519:; Bowes, Shauna M.; Costello, Thomas H. (May–June 2020). 8200: 7495:"Nobel population 1901–50: anatomy of a scientific elite" 6520:

Erlanger, Steven; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (9 October 2009).

7888:"Nobel Prizes still struggle with wide gender disparity" 7624: 5622:"Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity" 2883:. It has also been depicted in television shows such as 2750: 2579:

received 115 nominations in physiology or medicine, and

2415:

In 1989, this omission was publicly regretted, when the

2298:

received heavy criticisms from various authors, such as

1229:

did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners.

8733:

Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz (ed.).

8615:(First ed.). Maison des Sciences de l'Homme & 8135:"Abolish the Nobel in Economics, Many Scientists Agree" 6455:"When Kissinger won the Nobel peace prize, satire died" 6196:"Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" 6056:. London: Times Newspapers Limited. 11 September 2009. 2660:

Political subterfuge may also deny proper recognition.

2491:

The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions.

1974:

was awarded the Physics Prize in 1922, as was his son,

5924: 5301: 2789:, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the 2231:

Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to

2038:, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize. 1769:: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942 1380:(nitro-hydrochloric acid), to prevent confiscation by 1194:. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the 606:. In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an 7077:"The Nobel Prize in Peace 1989 – Presentation Speech" 6959:"He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain..." 5930: 4904:"Access : A nobel prize : Nature Chemistry" 3170: – Museum about Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize 2425:, 2006 Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, said, 2280:

drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy,

1116:

was caused by awarding the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize to

239: 215: 8261:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" 8113:"The Local – Nobel descendant slams Economics prize" 7791:, Nobel Foundation, 2014. (accessed 29 October 2014) 7137:

Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st century

6080:"Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize winning physicist" 6048:"Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize-winning physicist" 5447: 3163:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3020: 2046:, Peace Prize laureate in 1982. Economics laureates 1799: 1359:

gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat

742:

The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited

230: 224: 8318: 7027: 7025: 5455:"Prize amount and market value of invested capital" 4599:. International Broadcasting Bureau. Archived from 3541:"Did a Premature Obituary Inspire the Nobel Prize?" 3428:"Montreal-born doctor gets posthumous Nobel honour" 3359:

IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence

3108:

List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics

1824:received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on 1083:

The committee room of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

982:

List of Nobel laureates § 50-year secrecy rule

221: 8703:Learning about love from the life of Mother Teresa 8412: 8189: 8187: 8021: 7730:Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research 7721:Bartneck, Christoph; Rauterberg, Matthias (2008). 7720: 7671: 7418:"Close but no Nobel: the scientists who never won" 7285:"Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric'" 7180: 7010: 6522:"Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts" 5932: 5762: 5655:"Reflections on the prize of prizes: Alfred Nobel" 5517:"Committee lowers Nobel Prize by 2 million kronor" 4470:"Nobel Prize in Physics Honors "Masters of Light"" 3900: 3879: 3877: 3134: – Annually awarded parody of the Nobel Prize 1496:Laureates who have received multiple Nobel Prizes: 1190:, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at 515:on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the 3128: – Norwegian international mathematics prize 3103:List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 2205:and the United States in January 1973 during the 1966:, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing 705:prize of 16.5 Million kronor is paid by the 10054: 7877:Nobel Foundation 2018. (accessed 3 October 2018) 7022: 6519: 6367:"Literature Award Hardest for Nobel Prize Panel" 6226:"Arthur Schawlow, 77, Nobelist for Lasers, Dies" 5972:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014" 3927: 2094:, who was awarded the Prize in Physics in 2022. 1757:: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942 403:iron and steel mill, which he made into a major 8349: 8184: 7856:Nobel Foundation 2018 (accessed 3 October 2018) 6938: 6583:"Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize" 5255:, "Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and 5009: 4985:"Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala" 4282: 4189: 4187: 4084: 4082: 3874: 3862: 3725: 2668:, who co-discovered nuclear fission along with 2354:. Endorsed by such influential publications as 630:, with the other four members appointed by the 387:, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a 9826: 8296:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 7594:"UR prof disappointed in Nobel Prize decision" 7056: 6740:"Who deserves Nobel prize? Judges don't agree" 6704: 6501: 6477: 6006: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5847: 4944: 4845: 4729: 4055: 3568:"Blame Sloppy Journalism for the Nobel Prizes" 2097: 1355:All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 665: 9812: 9059: 7509: 7307: 7213: 6553:"How the Nobel Peace Prize winner is decided" 6489: 5764:"Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist" 4378: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4160: 4031: 3894: 3892: 3260: 3258: 2938: 1930:in 1947, and to the husband-and-wife team of 1881:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1560:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 860: 789:. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an 8563: This article incorporates text from a 8233:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5370:"Police hand back Tutu's stolen Nobel medal" 5239: 4979: 4977: 4735: 4462: 4199: 4184: 4172: 4079: 4007: 3983: 3971: 3838: 3794: 3655: 3653: 3487: 3143:List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field 2386:, one of the controversial omissions of the 2010:later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006. 1978:, in 1975. The Physics Prize was awarded to 1820:Five people have received two Nobel Prizes. 9778:Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields 9039:Nobel Prizes by universities and institutes 8929:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. 8505:. Panoramio.com. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. 7983:"Why don't women win Nobel science prizes?" 6705:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (23 November 2018). 6175: 5901: 5859: 5811: 5787: 5539: 5491:"Video – Breaking News Videos from CNN.com" 5229: 5227: 5225: 5133: 5030:"The Nobel Week — a celebration of science" 4781:"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Autobiography" 4707:"Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize" 3995: 3937:[Nobel Foundation: Noble Worries]. 3475: 3396: 2762: 2729:In terms of the most prestigious awards in 2725:List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize 2401:in the 20th century, was nominated for the 2156: 1781:: 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943 808:for his role in founding the International 658:), the trustees of these institutions, and 119:(Physics, Chemistry and Economic Sciences) 9819: 9805: 9732:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute 9066: 9052: 8324: 6985: 6983: 6434: 6422: 6346: 6334: 5994: 5835: 5392: 4411: 4223: 4148: 4019: 3959: 3905:[Discounts Save the Nobel Party]. 3898: 3889: 3255: 2363: 2306:, and was condemned by the governments of 2276:The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to 2002:, who was awarded the same prize in 1983. 1724:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences 1684:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences 1003:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute 924:The 2009 announcement of the laureates in 535: 123:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute 32: 16:Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895 9550: 9177: 8226: 8129: 7919:"Why more women don't win science Nobels" 7741: 7697: 7674:"Physics Nobels should favour inventions" 6989: 6358: 6312:"Chemistry Nobel Prize for Benjamin List" 6012: 5823: 5799: 5670: 4974: 4927: 4901: 4870: 4860: 4645: 4445: 4270: 4094: 4043: 3850: 3749: 3737: 3650: 3620: 3590: 3422: 3420: 1412:Youngest person to receive a Nobel Prize: 1025: 867:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 712: 9605: 9001:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8984: 8567:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 8444: 7560: 7530:"News Analysis: Nobel Prize Controversy" 7521: 7492: 7387:"Nomination Database: Arnold Sommerfeld" 7252: 6647: 6397: 6019:. Oxford University Press. p. 149. 5652: 5404: 5222: 5060:"Alfred Nobel's last will and testament" 4657: 4390: 4211: 4136: 4067: 3602: 2766: 2706: 2378: 2367: 2160: 1942:). The Physics Prize in 1906 was won by 1877:International Committee of the Red Cross 1808: 1619:Married couples to receive Nobel Prizes: 1516:International Committee of the Red Cross 1324: 1242: 1078: 870: 716: 545: 368: 185:621 prizes to 992 laureates (as of 2024) 8591:The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates 8230:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8193: 7527: 6980: 6446: 6391: 5939:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 5362: 5331: 5200:[Medals: A traditional Craft]. 5021: 4407: 4405: 4326:"Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate" 4306: 4294: 3683: 3565: 3538: 2684:Emphasis on discoveries over inventions 2649:, who died in 1995, when his co-author 2288:also generated criticism. According to 2185:, especially for the Literature Prize. 1950:are particles, and in 1937 by his son, 1626:List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize 1429:Oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize: 1120:during his first year as US president. 1061: 1046:, who in 1996 died after the prize (in 10055: 8899:from the original on 24 September 2023 8827:from the original on 24 September 2023 8813:(Third ed.). The Americas Group. 8794:from the original on 24 September 2023 8761:from the original on 24 September 2023 8720:from the original on 24 September 2023 8666:from the original on 24 September 2023 8633:from the original on 24 September 2023 8496:Monument of the Planet of Alfred Nobel 8400:from the original on 25 September 2012 8289: 8052: 8001:from the original on 15 September 2018 7980: 7916: 7415: 7219: 7201:from the original on 24 September 2023 7178: 7031: 6992:"Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate" 6803:"Author's Nobel Stirs Shock-and-'Bah'" 6800: 6563:from the original on 24 September 2023 6544: 6410:from the original on 24 September 2023 6398:de Sousa, Ana Naomi (9 October 2009). 6193: 6133:from the original on 19 September 2009 5588: 5557: 5493:. CNN. 11 October 2009. Archived from 5422: 5350:from the original on 19 September 2011 5027: 4687:from the original on 27 September 2022 4588: 3899:Sjöholm/Tt, Gustav (2 December 2012). 3559: 3505: 3417: 3378: 3239:. Nobel Foundation. 6 September 2019. 3148:Lists of science and technology awards 2977: 2078:received the Chemistry Prize in 2021. 2022:received Nobels in consecutive years: 1035:, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to 832:forbade three laureates from Germany ( 42:awarded in 1950 to researchers at the 10098:Swedish science and technology awards 9800: 9773:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates 9047: 8420:"The Nobel Prize: On the film screen" 8196:"Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners" 7962:from the original on 14 December 2018 7949: 7931:from the original on 12 December 2018 7898:from the original on 11 December 2018 7867:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7826:from the original on 15 November 2017 7761:from the original on 26 February 2021 7660:Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel 7493:Crawford, Elisabeth (November 2001). 7397:from the original on 12 February 2018 7105: 6990:Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). 6926:from the original on 9 September 2020 6748:. Associated Press. 11 October 2005. 6648:Naughton, Philippe (9 October 2009). 6550: 6364: 6292:from the original on 19 February 2020 6236:from the original on 16 December 2021 6119:Maugh, Thomas H. II (8 August 2007). 6118: 5713:from the original on 9 September 2021 5591:"Three share Nobel prize for physics" 5337: 5198:"Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk" 4633:from the original on 26 December 2018 4510:from the original on 26 December 2018 3915:from the original on 6 September 2020 3578:from the original on 30 November 2023 3547:from the original on 10 December 2023 3088:List of Nobel laureates in Literature 2751:Status of the Economic Sciences Prize 2054:(1972; shared) were brothers-in-law. 1804: 1611:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1052:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 287:chemist, engineer, and industrialist 270: 254: 40:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 8736:The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years 8370:from the original on 8 November 2017 8355: 8325:Franchetti, Mark (14 January 2007). 8159: 8093:from the original on 10 October 2014 8028:. Indiana University Press. p. 8019: 7894:. Associated Press. 1 October 2018. 7606:from the original on 27 January 2021 7561:Dawidoff, Nicholas (25 April 2009). 7474:from the original on 6 November 2016 7087:from the original on 27 January 2011 6968:from the original on 20 October 2013 6887: 6843:from the original on 10 October 2009 6813:from the original on 4 November 2009 6593:from the original on 12 October 2009 6551:Philp, Catherine (10 October 2009). 6365:Tuohy, William (20 September 1981). 6322:from the original on 23 October 2021 6163:from the original on 17 January 2010 6013:Hargittai, István (28 August 2003). 5889:from the original on 26 January 2010 5775:from the original on 10 January 2022 5570:from the original on 13 January 2020 5483: 5380:from the original on 24 January 2010 5166:from the original on 10 January 2014 5028:Froman, Ingmarie (4 December 2007). 4402: 3826:from the original on 11 October 2011 3779:from the original on 8 November 2021 3506:Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000). 3499: 3440:from the original on 6 February 2013 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3206:from the original on 5 December 2018 3161: – library in Stockholm, Sweden 3083:List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry 2981: 2942: 2881:theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize 2464:. Liu Xiaobo would go on to win the 2107: 2086:was awarded the same prize in 2022. 1745:: 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942 8594:. Watson Publishing International. 8208:from the original on 6 January 2010 8089:. nobelprize.org. 20 October 2014. 8079: 7809:. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. p. 23. 7591: 7573:from the original on 8 January 2012 7444:from the original on 2 January 2017 7367:from the original on 8 January 2017 7357:"Nomination Database: Emile P Roux" 7337:from the original on 8 January 2017 7327:"Nomination Database: Gaston Ramon" 7295:from the original on 2 October 2013 6956: 6869:from the original on 29 August 2020 6772:"Nobel judge steps down in protest" 6660:from the original on 6 January 2022 6532:from the original on 5 January 2012 5982:from the original on 7 October 2014 5151: 4791:from the original on 18 August 2007 4717:from the original on 31 August 2022 4570:from the original on 9 January 2010 4500:"All Nobel Laureates in Literature" 3671:from the original on 15 August 2018 3093:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 2931:. This is sometimes referred to as 2357:The New England Journal of Medicine 1886: 1131: 819: 769:The Swedish Academy chose the poet 530: 496:and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the 96:(all prizes except the Peace Prize) 13: 9512:Washington University in St. Louis 8971: 8913: 8337:from the original on 5 August 2011 7917:Feeney, Mary K. (5 October 2018). 7528:Spinney, Laura (4 December 2001). 7416:Butler, Declan (11 October 2016). 7255:"Akademien väljer helst en europé" 7253:Fristorp, Mimmi (8 October 2008). 7179:Nassif, Rames (31 December 1988). 7074: 6957:Day, Elizabeth (12 January 2008). 6833:"NOBEL PRIZE WINNER: Herta Muller" 6782:from the original on 31 March 2012 6625:from the original on 10 April 2010 6452: 6379:from the original on 15 April 2021 6256:"Gerardus 't Hooft – Biographical" 6100:from the original on 11 April 2022 5743:from the original on 4 August 2020 5280: 4993:. 10 December 2009. Archived from 4958:. 10 December 2009. Archived from 4956:Institute of Commercial Management 4366:from the original on 26 April 2011 3661:"Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will" 3520:from the original on 15 April 2021 3098:List of Nobel laureates in Physics 3078:List of Nobel laureates by country 2070:were awarded the Economics Prize. 1582:Posthumous Nobel Prizes laureates: 1474:List of Nobel laureates by country 1467:Country with most Nobel laureates: 14: 10119: 10103:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 8952: 8732: 8537:from the original on 17 July 2020 8390:"Aung San Suu Kyi – Biographical" 8327:"How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel" 8194:English, Jason (6 October 2009). 8115:. 14 October 2007. Archived from 8067:from the original on 28 June 2019 8053:Siegel, Ethan (18 October 2018). 7981:Devlin, Hannah (6 October 2017). 7542:from the original on 27 June 2006 7515: 7464:"Nomination Database: Otto Stern" 7160:from the original on 18 June 2018 7150:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1901–2000" 7106:Ghosh, Avijit (17 October 2006). 7016: 6900:from the original on 15 June 2022 6483: 6194:Conger, Krista (4 October 2006). 5619: 5435:from the original on 19 June 2010 5102:from the original on 24 July 2018 5092:"The Nobel Foundation – Statutes" 5068:. 5 December 2009. Archived from 5015: 4820:. 11 October 2004. Archived from 4623:"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates" 4384: 4336:from the original on 20 July 2018 4288: 4205: 4178: 4166: 4088: 4037: 4013: 3989: 3883: 3868: 3844: 3800: 3731: 3713:from the original on 20 July 2018 3566:Schultz, Colin (9 October 2013). 3493: 3481: 3306:from the original on 15 June 2020 3276:from the original on 20 July 2018 3243:from the original on 27 June 2020 3218: 2799:Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation 2250:, also prompted accusations of a 1956:also have the properties of waves 1800:Specially distinguished laureates 1271:banquet is held in Norway at the 997:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 934:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 875:Map of Nobel laureates by country 517:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 456:"greatest benefit on mankind" in 117:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 10088:Science and technology in Sweden 9140: 9073: 9017: 8983: 8577:, 23, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. 8558: 8508: 8489: 8438: 8382: 8283: 8271:from the original on 21 May 2022 8253: 8220: 8172:from the original on 31 May 2010 8153: 8123: 8105: 8046: 8013: 7974: 7950:Rathi, Akshat (9 October 2017). 7943: 7910: 7880: 7859: 7838: 7794: 7773: 7714: 7665: 7653: 7618: 7585: 7554: 7486: 7456: 7409: 7379: 7349: 7319: 7277: 7246: 7234:from the original on 5 June 2011 7172: 7142: 7130: 7118:from the original on 23 May 2022 7099: 7068: 7032:Kenner, David (7 October 2009). 6998:from the original on 5 July 2013 6950: 6912: 6881: 6855: 6825: 6794: 6764: 6732: 6698: 6672: 6641: 6605: 6575: 6513: 6465:from the original on 31 May 2014 6304: 6274: 6262:from the original on 3 July 2017 6248: 6218: 6187: 6145: 6112: 6072: 6060:from the original on 24 May 2010 6040: 5964: 5871: 5755: 5725: 5695: 5646: 5613: 5601:from the original on 1 June 2019 5582: 5551: 5509: 5289:from the original on 5 July 2018 5152:Lea, Richard (8 December 2008). 4589:Bryant, Lisa (10 October 2008). 4540:from the original on 14 May 2011 4124:from the original on 5 June 2016 3621:von Euler, U. S. (6 June 1981). 3332:from the original on 10 May 2020 3051: 3037: 3023: 2985: 2946: 2774:, who was forced to decline his 2112: 1304:, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture 1282: 1232: 1149: 1140: 942: 910: 898: 838:Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt 590:E. Bargengren, who accessed the 211: 153: 8856:. World Scientific Publishing. 8609:Crawford, Elizabeth T. (1984). 8608: 8447:Public Understanding of Science 8356:Finn, Peter (27 January 2007). 8160:Holt, Jim (22 September 2003). 7220:Kirsch, Adam (3 October 2008). 6922:. Al Jazeera. 7 December 2019. 6865:. Al Jazeera. 11 October 2019. 6801:Jordan, Mary (9 October 2009). 6752:from the original on 8 May 2017 5464:. December 2013. Archived from 5416: 5274: 5190: 5178: 5145: 5114: 5084: 5052: 4895: 4839: 4803: 4773: 4699: 4669: 4615: 4582: 4552: 4530:"The Nobel Prize in Literature" 4522: 4492: 4480:from the original on 2 May 2010 4356:"The Nobel Prize in Literature" 4348: 4318: 4240: 4106: 4001: 3806: 3761: 3755: 3614: 3532: 3452: 2919:and other dietary supplements, 2892:The statue and memorial symbol 999:– Chemistry; Physics; Economics 964:in Swedish, English, and German 879:In 1968, Sweden's central bank 846:occupation of Norway by Germany 777:to be awarded. Some, including 399:. In 1894, Nobel purchased the 383:was born on 21 October 1833 in 9768:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 9532:Catholic priests and religious 8878: 8839: 8678: 7040:. pp. 1–7. Archived from 6888:Cain, Sian (10 October 2019). 6000: 5589:Sample, Ian (7 October 2008). 5558:Sample, Ian (5 October 2009). 5523:. 11 June 2012. Archived from 5185:1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture 4754:(8): 1025–1033. Archived from 4100: 3935:"Nobel-Stiftung: Noble Sorgen" 3814:"Nobel Prize Funded from Baku" 3608: 3596: 3539:Andrews, Evan (23 July 2020). 3390: 3344: 3318: 3288: 3188: 3138:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 3073:List of female Nobel laureates 2721:List of female Nobel laureates 2471:In 1965, UN Secretary General 2240:President of the United States 1982:in 1924, followed by his son, 1852:and in 1972 for the theory of 1396: 1071:was awarded the 1926 Prize in 971: 1: 10108:1895 establishments in Sweden 10093:Science and technology awards 9162:Heads of state and government 8806: 7034:"Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans" 5805: 5733:"Nobel Prize-awarded couples" 5338:Kumar, Hari (26 March 2004). 3902:"Rabatter räddar Nobelfesten" 3508:"The Worst And The Brightest" 3384: 3181: 1518:; received the prize thrice. 1436:; at the age of 97, received 1419:; at the age of 17, received 1405: 1267:and around 1,300 guests. The 932:, permanent secretary of the 503:Nobel's instructions named a 349:plated with 24 karat gold, a 8851: 8645: 8569:license statement/permission 8247:UK public library membership 8162:"Exit, Pursued by a Lobster" 7313: 7261:(in Swedish). Archived from 7108:"'We missed Mahatma Gandhi'" 6944: 6495: 6352: 6181: 6153:"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" 5918: 5865: 5817: 5793: 5398: 5271:. Retrieved 7 December 2007. 5233: 5206:(in Swedish). Archived from 4276: 4234: 4193: 4154: 4061: 4049: 4025: 3965: 3856: 3472:. Retrieved 8 December 2020. 3397:Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2010). 2917:health benefits of vitamin C 2915:concepts, including various 2135:or discuss the issue on the 1572:; received the prize twice. 1562:; received the prize twice. 1552:; received the prize twice. 1542:; received the prize twice. 1528:; received the prize twice. 1504:; received the prize twice. 1453:; received the prize twice. 1171:in Stockholm in 2008; Left: 986: 626:is appointed by the Swedish 7: 9963:(Hungary and United States) 9487:City University of New York 8919: 8807:Shalev, Baruch Aba (2005). 8587: 8290:Bishop, J. Michael (2003). 7062: 6507: 6440: 6428: 6340: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5545: 5410: 5340:"Poet's Nobel Medal Stolen" 5139: 4663: 4651: 4430:10.1093/embo-reports/kve034 4412:Breithaupt, Holger (2001). 4396: 4312: 4300: 4217: 4142: 3943:(in German). Archived from 3743: 3689: 3016: 2927:, and various claims about 2879:, a 2012 film based on the 2850: 2734:this and the roughly equal 2165:When it was announced that 2098:Reception and controversies 2072:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 1840:and its application to the 1387: 1263:, which is attended by the 666:Foundation capital and cost 619:(c. US$ 560 million). 586:, and according to Swedish 10: 10124: 10078:Awards established in 1895 9860:(Russia and United States) 8852:Söderlind, Ulrica (2010). 8773: 8699: 8617:Cambridge University Press 8553: 7291:. London. 6 October 2009. 6400:"Top ten Nobel Prize rows" 5425:"The Nobel Prize Diplomas" 4073: 3977: 2939:International relationship 2718: 2320:Bosnian genocide denialism 2127:towards certain viewpoints 2101: 2062:. In 2019, married couple 2000:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1623: 1498:(by date of second Prize) 1471: 1318: 1236: 1125:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 979: 864: 861:Prize in Economic Sciences 539: 364: 272:[nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩] 256:[nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt] 10000: 9976: 9946: 9915: 9891: 9867: 9836: 9786: 9740: 9725:Norwegian Nobel Committee 9682: 9631: 9621:PRIO Director's Shortlist 9524: 9477: 9273: 9218: 9149: 9138: 9099: 9081: 8810:100 years of Nobel prizes 7430:10.1038/nature.2016.20781 5879:"Marie Curie (1867–1934)" 5423:Lemmel, Birgitta (2009). 4881:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9 3703:"The Nobel Prize Amounts" 3266:"The Nobel Prize amounts" 3122: – Mathematics award 3031:History of Science portal 2845: 2702: 2388:Nobel Prize in Literature 2334:In 1949, the neurologist 2104:Nobel Prize controversies 1591:Nobel Prize in Literature 1314: 1309: 1196:Norwegian Nobel Institute 1015:Norwegian Nobel Committee 958:Nobel Prize in Literature 728:for his discovery of the 724:, who received the first 656:Norwegian Nobel Committee 642:is chosen from among the 505:Norwegian Nobel Committee 488:until 26 April 1897. The 189: 181: 163: 144: 135:Norwegian Nobel Committee 109: 86: 54: 31: 26: 9086:Lists of Nobel laureates 8646:Feldman, Burton (2001). 8580: 8459:10.1177/0963662518766476 8087:"Nobel Laureates by Age" 7846:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 5313:University of California 3819:Azerbaijan International 3769:""Financial Management"" 3459:Multiple Nobel Laureates 2900:of Economics and Law in 2804:During the Third Reich, 2776:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2763:Refusals and constraints 2348:version of the procedure 2318:, due to his history of 2157:Controversial recipients 2028:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1954:, for showing that they 1660:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1574:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1554:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1530:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1510:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1455:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1438:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 926:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 152:medal, a diploma, and a 125:(Physiology or Medicine) 8879:Wilhelm, Peter (1983). 8847:. The Nobel Foundation. 8774:Leroy, Francis (2003). 7602:. Rochester, New York. 6372:Sarasota Herald Tribune 5771:. London. 2 July 2009. 5269:Oregon State University 5121:Philippe-Joseph Salazar 3628:Die Naturwissenschaften 3464:6 November 2018 at the 3068:List of Nobel laureates 2898:Alfred Nobel University 2617:University of Frankfurt 2599:for the development of 2364:Overlooked achievements 1706:Nobel Prize in Medicine 1674:Nobel Prize in Medicine 1088:example, 2008 laureate 1005:– Physiology / Medicine 764:chemical thermodynamics 536:Formation of Foundation 452:. He was 63 years old. 169:; 122 years ago 10006:Nobel Prize recipients 9948:Physiology or Medicine 9720:Physiology or Medicine 9666:Physiology or Medicine 9593:Physiology or Medicine 9210:Physiology or Medicine 9132:Physiology or Medicine 8979: 8959:Listen to this article 8741:Imperial College Press 8679:Gribbin, John (1985). 8588:Abrams, Irwin (2001). 8515:Basterfield, Candice; 8239:10.1093/ref:odnb/36047 7786:15 August 2018 at the 7599:Democrat and Chronicle 5251:12 August 2011 at the 2994:This section is empty. 2955:This section is empty. 2894:Planet of Alfred Nobel 2778: 2716: 2577:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 2466:2010 Nobel Peace Prize 2432: 2390: 2376: 2308:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2178: 2169:was to be awarded the 2024:Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 1988:Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1964:William Lawrence Bragg 1915:, was the director of 1817: 1767:Physiology or Medicine 1646:Nobel Prize in Physics 1544:Nobel Prize in Physics 1506:Nobel Prize in Physics 1337: 1307: 1252: 1223:Norwegian royal family 1188:Stockholm Concert Hall 1084: 1073:Physiology or Medicine 1026:Posthumous nominations 876: 732: 726:Nobel Prize in Physics 713:Inaugural Nobel prizes 634:of the prize-awarding 555: 410:. Nobel also invented 377: 305:Physiology or Medicine 264: 251: 68:Physiology or Medicine 8978: 8700:Jones, Brenn (2003). 8652:. Arcade Publishing. 8529:. Amherst, New York: 8501:9 August 2017 at the 8020:Rose, Hilary (1994). 7752:10.1386/tear.6.1.73_1 6157:University of Chicago 5672:10.1096/fj.06-1102ufm 5653:Pederson, T. (2006). 4713:. 17 September 2015. 4114:"All Nobel Laureates" 3233:"Alfred Nobel's will" 2929:race and intelligence 2770: 2710: 2427: 2408:In 1948, the year of 2382: 2371: 2342:. The previous year, 2164: 2018:. Two members of the 1968:X-ray crystallography 1909:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 1812: 1734:Years without prizes: 1328: 1294: 1246: 1161:Giovanni Jona-Lasinio 1082: 874: 720: 650:are appointed by the 624:chairman of the board 612:exempt from all taxes 578:were involved in the 549: 372: 167:10 December 1901 10083:International awards 9507:Princeton University 9026:at Wikimedia Commons 9010:More spoken articles 8885:. Springwood Books. 8517:Lilienfeld, Scott O. 8394:The Nobel Foundation 7081:The Nobel Foundation 6994:. Nobel Foundation. 5285:. Nobel Foundation. 5096:The Nobel Foundation 4785:The Nobel Foundation 4330:The Nobel Foundation 3707:The Nobel Foundation 3572:Smithsonian Magazine 3300:The Nobel Foundation 2486:Cuban Missile Crisis 2340:prefrontal leucotomy 2322:and his support for 2228:various newspapers. 1952:George Paget Thomson 1938:in 2014 (along with 1866:Karl Barry Sharpless 1570:Karl Barry Sharpless 1265:Swedish Royal Family 1206:(1947–1989), and at 1198:(1905–1946), at the 1167:'s Nobel Lecture at 1062:Recognition time lag 1037:UN Secretary General 783:Victorian literature 523:were promulgated by 513:Karolinska Institute 450:cerebral haemorrhage 429:is the most famous. 48:Rochester, Minnesota 9616:AFSC Nobel nominees 9492:Columbia University 8706:. PowerKids Press. 8571:). Text taken from 8363:The Washington Post 8358:"The Plot Thickens" 8119:on 14 October 2007. 7872:23 May 2020 at the 7851:23 May 2020 at the 7690:2007Natur.448..644B 7639:1997PhT....50i..26C 7563:"The Civil Heretic" 7505:on 3 February 2006. 7265:on 18 February 2010 6837:The Huffington Post 6807:The Washington Post 6778:. 11 October 2005. 6288:. 15 October 2019. 5769:The Daily Telegraph 5703:"Nobel Prize facts" 5210:on 18 December 2007 4997:on 15 December 2009 4920:2009NatCh...1..509. 4761:on 27 February 2008 4737:Vishveshwara, C. V. 4683:. 13 October 2016. 4603:on 17 November 2008 4362:. 3 December 1999. 3775:. 8 November 2021. 2978:Science advancement 2886:The Big Bang Theory 2795:George Bernard Shaw 2791:Paris Peace Accords 2291:The Washington Post 2133:improve the article 1960:William Henry Bragg 1928:Carl Ferdinand Cori 1587:Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1522:(1917, 1944, 1963). 1486:403 Nobel laureates 1261:Stockholm City Hall 1192:Stockholm City Hall 1033:Erik Axel Karlfeldt 760:Jacobus van 't Hoff 420:patent infringement 182:Number of laureates 9502:Harvard University 8980: 8531:Center for Inquiry 8526:Skeptical Inquirer 8141:on 27 October 2021 8133:(1 January 2004). 7567:The New York Times 7112:The Times of India 7044:on 25 January 2010 6839:. 8 October 2009. 6621:. 9 October 2009. 6589:. 9 October 2009. 6526:The New York Times 6258:. Nobelprize.org. 6230:The New York Times 6159:. 22 August 1995. 5344:The New York Times 5319:on 11 January 2009 5281:Lemmel, Birgitta. 5187:(10 December 1994) 5040:on 14 October 2009 4962:on 9 February 2010 4902:Editorial (2009). 4476:. 7 October 2009. 4332:. 3 October 2011. 4248:"Nomination Facts" 3436:. 3 October 2011. 3296:"All Nobel Prizes" 3174:Nobel Prize effect 3168:Nobel Prize Museum 2925:HIV/AIDS denialism 2779: 2717: 2678:Enrico Fermi Award 2468:while imprisoned. 2391: 2377: 2336:António Egas Moniz 2324:Slobodan Milošević 2179: 2036:Nikolaas Tinbergen 1905:Irène Joliot-Curie 1818: 1805:Multiple laureates 1652:Irène Joliot-Curie 1434:John B. Goodenough 1376:dissolved them in 1338: 1290:Theodore Roosevelt 1253: 1247:Table at the 2005 1204:University of Oslo 1085: 877: 824:In 1938 and 1939, 810:Red Cross Movement 804:went to the Swiss 733: 640:Executive director 608:investment company 556: 378: 102:(Peace Prize only) 10050: 10049: 9978:Economic Sciences 9794: 9793: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9601: 9600: 9520: 9519: 9473: 9472: 9091:Nobel Prize medal 9022:Media related to 8976: 8936:978-0-19-520438-4 8892:978-0-86254-111-8 8871:978-981-4313-11-7 8854:The Nobel Banquet 8820:978-0-935047-37-0 8787:978-0-8247-0876-4 8754:978-981-02-4664-8 8713:978-0-8239-5777-4 8692:978-0-552-12555-0 8659:978-1-55970-592-9 8626:978-0-521-26584-3 8601:978-0-88135-388-4 8303:978-0-674-02097-9 8245:(Subscription or 8039:978-0-253-20907-8 7816:978-92-9223-492-8 7781:Nobel Prize Facts 7194:978-1-85065-045-4 6686:. 3 November 2010 6635:National Archives 6232:. 30 April 1999. 6206:on 5 January 2010 6155:(Press release). 6126:Los Angeles Times 6026:978-0-19-860785-4 5950:978-0-313-29180-7 5659:The FASEB Journal 5620:Locke, Michelle. 5497:on 31 August 2010 5471:on 7 October 2014 5311:(Press release). 5072:on 9 October 2009 5034:Swedish Institute 4929:10.1038/nchem.372 4739:(25 April 2000). 4258:on 9 January 2010 3822:. 30 April 1996. 3115:Nobel Prize medal 3014: 3013: 2975: 2974: 2601:mass spectrometry 2581:Arnold Sommerfeld 2546:Jorge Luis Borges 2530:August Strindberg 2442:Eleanor Roosevelt 2403:Nobel Peace Prize 2266:Rohingya genocide 2171:Nobel Peace Prize 2154: 2153: 1946:for showing that 1854:superconductivity 1692:Nobel Peace Prize 1607:Ralph M. Steinman 1601:Nobel Peace Prize 1564:Nobel Peace Prize 1534:Nobel Peace Prize 1520:Nobel Peace Prize 1459:Nobel Peace Prize 1421:Nobel Peace Prize 1321:Nobel Prize medal 1269:Nobel Peace Prize 1225:. At first, King 1177:Thorbjørn Jagland 1056:Ralph M. Steinman 951: 919: 881:Sveriges Riksbank 806:Jean Henri Dunant 802:Nobel Peace Prize 707:Sveriges Riksbank 703:Economic Sciences 329:Sveriges Riksbank 327:'s central bank, 321:Economic Sciences 203: 202: 10115: 10008: 9906:Narges Mohammadi 9821: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9763:Nobel Laboratory 9695:Nobel Committees 9690:Nobel Foundation 9629: 9628: 9603: 9602: 9548: 9547: 9271: 9270: 9175: 9174: 9144: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9045: 9044: 9035: 9034: 9032:Official website 9021: 9000: 8998: 8987: 8986: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8960: 8948: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8875: 8848: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8745:World Scientific 8729: 8727: 8725: 8696: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8605: 8562: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8512: 8506: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8242: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8191: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8137:. Archived from 8131:Henderson, Hazel 8127: 8121: 8120: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8027: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7924:The Conversation 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7884: 7878: 7863: 7857: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7825: 7808: 7798: 7792: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7745: 7727: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7701: 7669: 7663: 7662:. nobelprize.org 7657: 7651: 7650: 7647:10.1063/1.881933 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7592:Goodman, James. 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7501:. Archived from 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7468:Nobel Foundation 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7391:Nobel Foundation 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7361:Nobel Foundation 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7331:Nobel Foundation 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7186: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7154:Nobel Foundation 7146: 7140: 7139:. icrs.ugm.ac.id 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7029: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6987: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6630: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6202:. 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Archived from 4252:Nobel Foundation 4244: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4118:Nobel Foundation 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3911:(in Norwegian). 3904: 3896: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3773:Nobel Foundation 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3665:Nobel Foundation 3657: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3637: 3631:. 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Tolkien 2346:had developed a 2278:Elfriede Jelinek 2272:Literature Prize 2258:Aung San Suu Kyi 2149: 2146: 2140: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2064:Abhijit Banerjee 1887:Family laureates 1858:Frederick Sanger 1716:Abhijit Banerjee 1597:Dag Hammarskjöld 1550:Frederick Sanger 1417:Malala Yousafzai 1374:George de Hevesy 1273:Oslo Grand Hotel 1210:(1990–present). 1153: 1144: 1132:Award ceremonies 1090:Martti Ahtisaari 1069:Johannes Fibiger 1040:Dag Hammarskjöld 960:announcement by 953: 952: 921: 920: 820:Second World War 787:Emil von Behring 746:'s discovery of 737:Nobel Committees 564:Nobel Foundation 542:Nobel Foundation 531:Nobel Foundation 498:Nobel Foundation 333:Nobel Foundation 293:Nobel Foundation 282: 281: 280: 274: 269: 258: 243: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 199: 196: 177: 175: 170: 36: 24: 23: 10123: 10122: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10068:Academic awards 10053: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10004: 9996: 9993:(United States) 9972: 9969:(United States) 9942: 9937:Anne L'Huillier 9925:Pierre Agostini 9911: 9887: 9863: 9854:(United States) 9848:(United States) 9832: 9825: 9795: 9790: 9789: 9782: 9758:Björkborn Manor 9736: 9670: 9627: 9597: 9546: 9516: 9469: 9449:South American 9434:North American 9275: 9269: 9222: 9220: 9214: 9173: 9145: 9136: 9095: 9077: 9072: 9030: 9029: 9014: 9013: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8991:This audio file 8988: 8981: 8972: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8937: 8916: 8914:Further reading 8911: 8902: 8900: 8893: 8882:The Nobel Prize 8872: 8841:Sohlman, Ragnar 8830: 8828: 8821: 8797: 8795: 8788: 8764: 8762: 8755: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8693: 8669: 8667: 8660: 8636: 8634: 8627: 8602: 8583: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8540: 8538: 8513: 8509: 8503:Wayback Machine 8494: 8490: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8426:on 2 April 2015 8418: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8323: 8319: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8192: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8128: 8124: 8111: 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3684: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3638:on 14 July 2011 3635: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3466:Wayback Machine 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3366: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3270:The Nobel Prize 3264: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3162: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2980: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2941: 2853: 2848: 2825:Boris Pasternak 2814:Adolf Butenandt 2765: 2753: 2736:human sex ratio 2727: 2705: 2697:Technoetic Arts 2686: 2628:Gerald Guralnik 2564:, and Africa's 2417:14th Dalai Lama 2366: 2195:Henry Kissinger 2167:Henry Kissinger 2159: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2130: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2060:Gerard 't Hooft 2012:Arthur Schawlow 2004:Arthur Kornberg 1932:May-Britt Moser 1913:Henry Labouisse 1889: 1870:click chemistry 1807: 1802: 1702:Edvard I. Moser 1698:May-Britt Moser 1656:Frédéric Joliot 1642:Henri Becquerel 1628: 1476: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1323: 1317: 1312: 1285: 1241: 1235: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1134: 1064: 1044:William Vickrey 1028: 1009:Swedish Academy 989: 984: 974: 969: 968: 967: 966: 965: 954: 943: 938: 937: 936: 922: 911: 901: 869: 863: 822: 771:Sully Prudhomme 744:Wilhelm Röntgen 722:Wilhelm Röntgen 715: 668: 628:King in Council 604:Nobel laureates 550:Alfred Nobel's 544: 538: 533: 446:San Remo, Italy 367: 276: 275: 267: 241: 214: 210: 193: 173: 171: 168: 140: 129:Swedish Academy 105: 50: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10121: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9991:Claudia Goldin 9987: 9985: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9961:Katalin Karikó 9957: 9955: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9921: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9902: 9900: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9878: 9876: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9855: 9849: 9846:Moungi Bawendi 9842: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9824: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9692: 9686: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9638: 9636: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9609: 9607: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9282: 9280: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9255:Latin American 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9181: 9179: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9158:by occupation 9155: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9027: 9003: 8989: 8982: 8970: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953:External links 8951: 8950: 8949: 8935: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8891: 8876: 8870: 8849: 8837: 8819: 8804: 8786: 8771: 8753: 8730: 8712: 8697: 8691: 8676: 8658: 8643: 8625: 8606: 8600: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8507: 8488: 8453:(4): 458–470. 8437: 8411: 8381: 8348: 8317: 8302: 8282: 8265:NobelPrize.org 8252: 8219: 8183: 8152: 8122: 8104: 8078: 8045: 8038: 8012: 7973: 7942: 7909: 7879: 7858: 7837: 7815: 7793: 7772: 7713: 7664: 7652: 7617: 7584: 7553: 7520: 7508: 7485: 7455: 7408: 7378: 7348: 7318: 7306: 7276: 7259:Dagens Nyheter 7245: 7212: 7193: 7171: 7141: 7129: 7098: 7075:Aarvik, Egil. 7067: 7055: 7038:Foreign Policy 7021: 7009: 6979: 6949: 6937: 6911: 6880: 6854: 6824: 6793: 6763: 6731: 6697: 6671: 6640: 6618:whitehouse.gov 6604: 6574: 6543: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6476: 6453:Purdom, Todd. 6445: 6433: 6421: 6390: 6375:. p. 58. 6357: 6345: 6333: 6303: 6273: 6247: 6217: 6186: 6174: 6144: 6111: 6071: 6039: 6025: 6005: 5993: 5963: 5949: 5923: 5900: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5754: 5737:NobelPrize.org 5724: 5707:NobelPrize.org 5694: 5665:(13): 2186–9. 5645: 5612: 5581: 5550: 5538: 5508: 5482: 5446: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5361: 5330: 5300: 5273: 5265:Valley Library 5238: 5221: 5189: 5177: 5144: 5132: 5113: 5083: 5051: 5020: 5008: 4973: 4943: 4894: 4849:Scientometrics 4838: 4802: 4772: 4728: 4698: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4614: 4581: 4551: 4521: 4491: 4461: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4347: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4239: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4105: 4093: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3947:on 4 July 2009 3926: 3908:Dagens Nyheter 3888: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3805: 3793: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3694: 3682: 3649: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3558: 3531: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3451: 3416: 3389: 3377: 3343: 3317: 3287: 3254: 3217: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3132:Ig Nobel Prize 3129: 3123: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3048: 3034: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3011: 2992: 2990: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2937: 2896:was opened in 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2818:Gerhard Domagk 2764: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2704: 2701: 2685: 2682: 2534:Simon Vestdijk 2458:Corazon Aquino 2454:Sari Nusseibeh 2437:Foreign Policy 2423:Geir Lundestad 2410:Gandhi's death 2395:Mahatma Gandhi 2373:Mahatma Gandhi 2365: 2362: 2352:medical ethics 2344:Walter Freeman 2332: 2331: 2330:Science prizes 2300:Salman Rushdie 2274: 2273: 2191: 2190: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2120: 2118: 2111: 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2088:Edwin McMillan 2080:Sune Bergström 2048:Paul Samuelson 2020:Hodgkin family 2016:Charles Townes 1980:Manne Siegbahn 1888: 1885: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1720:Michael Kremer 1709: 1695: 1677: 1663: 1649: 1624:Main article: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1557: 1547: 1537: 1523: 1513: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1472:Main article: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1284: 1281: 1237:Main article: 1234: 1231: 1219:King of Norway 1215:King of Sweden 1208:Oslo City Hall 1165:Yoichiro Nambu 1158: 1157: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1063: 1060: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 988: 985: 980:Main article: 973: 970: 955: 941: 940: 939: 923: 909: 908: 907: 906: 905: 900: 897: 865:Main article: 862: 859: 842:Gerhard Domagk 821: 818: 814:Frédéric Passy 779:Burton Feldman 752:Philipp Lenard 714: 711: 678:and 30% other 667: 664: 540:Main article: 537: 534: 532: 529: 494:Ragnar Sohlman 366: 363: 201: 200: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 165: 161: 160: 156:of 11 million 154:monetary award 148:A gold-plated 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 132: 126: 120: 113: 111: 107: 106: 104: 103: 97: 90: 88: 84: 83: 56: 52: 51: 37: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10120: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9968: 9967:Drew Weissman 9965: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9931:Ferenc Krausz 9929: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9858:Alexey Ekimov 9856: 9853: 9852:Louis E. Brus 9850: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9830: 9822: 9817: 9815: 9810: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9785: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9748:Controversies 9746: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9683:Organisations 9681: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9581:Organizations 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9479:by university 9476: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9297: 9296:South African 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9272: 9266: 9265:Non-religious 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9011: 9007: 8992: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8921:Pais, Abraham 8918: 8917: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8805: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8780:. CRC Press. 8779: 8778: 8772: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8731: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8644: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8188: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8016: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7862: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7841: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7776: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7684:(7154): 644. 7683: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7627:Physics Today 7621: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7588: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7535:The Scientist 7531: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7499:Physics World 7496: 7489: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7065:, pp. 147–148 7064: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7026: 7019:, pp. 181–186 7018: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6984: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6953: 6947:, pp. 286–289 6946: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6510:, pp. 302–306 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5856:, pp. 199–200 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257:Linus Pauling 5254: 5250: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4064:, pp. 242–244 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3980:, pp. 117–118 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3159:Nobel Library 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3059:Sweden portal 3049: 3046: 3045:Norway portal 3035: 3032: 3021: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2934: 2933:Nobel disease 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:Myron Scholes 2648: 2647:Fischer Black 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2613:Michael Karas 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:Koichi Tanaka 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2566:Chinua Achebe 2563: 2559: 2558:Arthur Miller 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518:Marcel Proust 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:Anton Chekhov 2503: 2499: 2498:Peter Englund 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397:, an icon of 2396: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2327: 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Received 1640:(along with 1638:Pierre Curie 1618: 1581: 1540:John Bardeen 1495: 1466: 1445: 1428: 1411: 1400: 1391: 1382:Nazi Germany 1370:James Franck 1366:Max von Laue 1354: 1347: 1339: 1295: 1286: 1254: 1251:in Stockholm 1212: 1184: 1173:Barack Obama 1122: 1118:Barack Obama 1110:Oslo Accords 1106:Shimon Peres 1086: 1065: 1029: 1020: 1011:– Literature 990: 975: 902: 878: 850: 834:Richard Kuhn 826:Adolf Hitler 823: 799: 768: 756:cathode rays 741: 734: 692: 669: 636:institutions 621: 616: 592:Nobel family 580:oil business 576:Ludvig Nobel 561: 557: 502: 454: 431: 408:manufacturer 381:Alfred Nobel 379: 374:Alfred Nobel 359: 337: 289:Alfred Nobel 207:Nobel Prizes 206: 204: 131:(Literature) 110:Presented by 18: 10063:Nobel Prize 9829:Nobel Prize 9576:Individuals 9278:nationality 9024:Nobel Prize 8903:18 November 8831:18 November 8798:18 November 8765:18 November 8724:18 November 8670:18 November 8637:18 November 8541:24 December 8071:12 December 8005:12 December 7966:12 December 7935:12 December 7902:12 December 7316:, pp. 56–57 7205:18 November 7164:25 February 6498:, pp. 15–16 6240:16 December 6032:25 December 5956:25 December 5638:10 February 5605:10 February 5214:15 December 5142:, pp. 18–19 5018:, pp. 21–23 4765:27 February 4607:27 December 4484:19 February 4474:Scienceline 4424:(2): 83–5. 4370:10 February 4291:, pp. 25–28 4196:, pp. 16–17 3886:, pp. 15–17 3871:, pp. 17–18 3734:, pp. 13–25 3582:30 November 3551:30 November 3237:Nobel Prize 3200:Nobel Prize 2756:Peter Nobel 2740:gender bias 2713:Marie Curie 2636:Peter Higgs 2554:John Updike 2538:Karel Čapek 2526:James Joyce 2502:Leo Tolstoy 2493:Adam Kirsch 2478:Gunnar Jahn 2399:nonviolence 2384:James Joyce 2304:Hari Kunzru 2207:Vietnam War 2189:Peace Prize 2050:(1970) and 2044:Alva Myrdal 1996:C. V. Raman 1986:, in 1981. 1897:Marie Curie 1822:Marie Curie 1814:Marie Curie 1704:. Received 1688:Alva Myrdal 1672:. Received 1658:. Received 1634:Marie Curie 1609:; received 1599:; received 1589:; received 1532:(1954) and 1508:(1903) and 1502:Marie Curie 1457:(1954) and 1397:Award money 1330:Fritz Haber 1163:presenting 1114:controversy 972:Nominations 830:Third Reich 775:Leo Tolstoy 754:'s work on 688:real estate 684:hedge funds 680:investments 509:Peace Prize 317:sixth prize 265:Nobelprisen 252:Nobelpriset 55:Awarded for 44:Mayo Clinic 27:Nobel Prize 10057:Categories 9869:Literature 9710:Literature 9568:Literature 9551:by subject 9497:ETH Zurich 9463:Venezuelan 9428:Australian 9343:Vietnamese 9221:population 9195:Literature 9178:by subject 9117:Literature 9006:Audio help 8997:2016-11-02 8374:21 January 8341:21 January 8333:. 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