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and predictability. Modernist theorists therefore understood discourse to be functional. Discourse and language transformations are ascribed to progress or the need to develop new or more "accurate" words to describe discoveries, understandings, or areas of interest. In modernist theory, language and discourse are dissociated from power and ideology and instead conceptualized as "natural" products of common sense usage or progress.
32:
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1233:, and the definition of "discourse" shifts slightly between types. Generally speaking, discourse analyses can be divided into those concerned with "little d" discourse and "big D" Discourse. The former ("little d") refers to language-in-use, such as spoken communication; the latter ("big D") refers to sociopolitical discourses (language plus social and cultural contexts).
1152:, "the statement") is a linguistic construct that allows the writer and the speaker to assign meaning to words and to communicate repeatable semantic relations to, between, and among the statements, objects, or subjects of the discourse. Internal ties exist between the signs (semiotic sequences) . The term
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developed the concepts of discourse. The sociologist Iara Lessa summarizes
Foucault's definition of discourse as "systems of thoughts composed of ideas, attitudes, courses of action, beliefs, and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak." Foucault traces
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The interrelation between power and knowledge renders every human relationship into a power negotiation, Because power is always present and so produces and constrains the truth. Power is exercised through rules of exclusion (discourses) that determine what subjects people can discuss; when, where,
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focused on achieving progress and believed in natural and social laws that could be used universally to develop knowledge and, thus, a better understanding of society. Such theorists would be preoccupied with obtaining the "truth" and "reality", seeking to develop theories which contained certainty
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In contrast to modernist theory, postmodern theory is pessimistic regarding universal truths and realities. Hence, it has attempted to be fluid, allowing for individual differences as it rejects the notion of social laws. Postmodern theorists shifted away from truth-seeking and sought answers to
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theory. Postmodern theorists rejected modernist claims that there was one theoretical approach that explained all aspects of society. Rather, postmodernist theorists were interested in examining the variety of experiences of individuals and groups and emphasized differences over similarities and
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and can be understood as systems of related elements. This means that the "individual elements of a system only have significance when considered about the structure as a whole, and that structures are to be understood as self-contained, self-regulated, and self-transforming entities". In other
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how truths are produced and sustained. Postmodernists contended that truth and knowledge are plural, contextual, and historically produced through discourses. Postmodern researchers, therefore, embarked on analyzing discourses such as texts, language, policies, and practices.
1000:, discourse describes a formal way of thinking that can be expressed through language. Discourse is a social boundary that defines what statements can be said about a topic. Many definitions of discourse are primarily derived from the work of French philosopher
968:, these fields view discourse as a system of thought, knowledge, or communication that constructs our world experience. Since control of discourse amounts to control of how the world is perceived, social theory often studies discourse as a window into
1195:
to construct contemporary truths, to maintain said truths, and to determine what relations of power exist among the constructed truths; therefore discourse is a communications medium through which power relations produce men and women who can speak.
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words, it is the structure itself that determines the significance, meaning, and function of the individual elements of a system. Structuralism has contributed to our understanding of language and social systems.
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identifies and describes written and spoken statements with semantic relations that produce discourses. As a researcher, Foucault applied the discursive formation to analyses of large bodies of knowledge, e.g.
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further gave rise to the liberal discourses of rights, equality, freedom, and justice; however, this rhetoric masked substantive inequality and failed to account for differences, according to
Regnier.
1912:. Languages in Contact. Wrocław : Washington: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Filologicznej : Komisja Nauk Filologicznych PAN. Oddział ; International Communicology Institute. p. 166.
1981:
1067:, which tells of the terms that have to be used in speaking about mental health, thereby mediating meanings and dictating practices of professionals in psychology and psychiatry.
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is inescapable, since any use of language will have an effect on individual perspectives. In other words, the chosen discourse provides the vocabulary, expressions, or
1057:, discourses are embedded in different rhetorical genres and meta-genres that constrain and enable them—language talking about language. This is exemplified in the
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sees discourse as closely linked to politics and policy making. Likewise, different theories among various disciplines understand discourse as linked to
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to show that it is "an abstract force which determines what will be known, rather than assuming that individual thinkers develop ideas and knowledge."
1972:
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Schryer, Catherine F., and
Philippa Spoel. 2005. "Genre theory, health-care discourse, and professional identity formation."
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Strega, Susan. 2005. "The View from the
Poststructural Margins: Epistemology and Methodology Reconsidered." Pp. 199–235 in
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is understood as a hold on reality itself (e.g. if a state controls the media, they control the "truth"). In essence,
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studies the external semantic relations among discourses, as discourses exists in relation to other discourses.
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is defined as "any practice (found in a wide range of forms) by which individuals imbue reality with meaning".
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and how a person may speak; and determines which persons are allowed to speak. That knowledge is both the
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Lessa, Iara (February 2006). "Discursive
Struggles within Social Welfare: Restaging Teen Motherhood".
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verb meaning "running to and fro". For a concise historical account of the term and the concept, see
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highlights the decisive role of meaning and signification in structuring human life more generally.
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needed to communicate. For example, two notably distinct discourses can be used about various
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Educating
Students with Refugee and Asylum Seeker Experiences: A Commitment to Humanity
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948:. Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such as
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of systems of thought ("epistemes") and knowledge ("discursive formations"),
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1695:, edited by L. Brown, & S. Strega. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
1643:
1550:"Does discourse matter? Discourse analysis in environmental policymaking"
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Nowen, Rick; Brasoveanu, Adrian; van Eijck, Jan; Visser, Albert (2016).
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Ideology and
Cultural Identity: Modernity and the Third World Presence
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is "an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are enouncements (
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1102:, argue that all human actions and social formations are related to
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1850:
Power/Knowledge: Selected
Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977
893:
133:
2349:
2218:"A Toolbox for Public Relations: The Oeuvre of Michel Foucault"
1936:
Doing
Discourse Research: An Introduction for Social Scientists
1119:
Following the perceived limitations of the modern era, emerged
2055:
984:
are equated with their ability to update a discourse context.
2636:
1906:
Discourse: an introduction to van Dijk, Foucault and
Bourdieu
1447:, edited by M. Mulsow, & A.U. Sommer. Munich: C.H. Beck.
2356:
Beyond open access: open discourse, the next great equalizer
2299:(1997). "Language, identity, and the ownership of English".
1638:
1636:
1974:
An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method
2402:
1633:
1086:
16:
Field of theory which examines elements of conversation
2258:
Structural Social Work: Ideology, Theory, and Practice
1980:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 7, 26.
2352:, an international association for discourse studies.
1064:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2195:
A Foucault Primer: Discourse, Power, and the Subject
1459:"Sociological discourse analysis: Methods and logic"
1302:
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themselves are equated with functions that update a
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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3072:
2869:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
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1591:Journal of Business and Technical Communication
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1554:Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning
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1236:Common forms of discourse analysis include:
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1999:
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1399:, regarded as an important contribution to
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2086:Syntax and Semantics, Vol. IX: Pragmatics
2080:
2049:
1864:"Chapter Two: Power: Discourses of Power"
1573:
1283:. In some theories of semantics, such as
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
53:, without removing the technical details.
2368:Discourse (Lun) in the Chinese tradition
2162:
2128:
2102:
1392:The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity
2084:(1978). "Assertion". In Cole, P (ed.).
2062:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1861:
1718:
1548:Feindt, Peter H.; Oels, Angela (2005).
1518:"What is Political Discourse Analysis?"
940:is a generalization of the notion of a
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2295:
1932:
1042:movements, describing them either as "
2824:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
2376:
2030:
2005:
1852:(1980) New York City: Pantheon Books.
1821:
1753:Cosmology and our View of the World,
1224:
51:make it understandable to non-experts
2153:Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews
1606:
1604:
1515:
1483:
1456:
1087:Structuralism (Saussure & Lacan)
25:
2737:Quantificational variability effect
2404:Formal semantics (natural language)
2037:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2012:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1987:from the original on March 23, 2024
1967:
1486:"Politics, Ideology, and Discourse"
13:
2096:
1824:The British Journal of Social Work
1473:from the original on Dec 10, 2022.
1463:Forum: Qualitative Social Research
1439:. 2021. "Diskurs." Pp. 110–114 in
14:
3117:
2343:
2155:, edited by C. Gordon. New York;
1903:Kłos-Czerwińska, Paulina (2015).
1601:
1305:
1136:In the works of the philosopher
987:
892:
30:
2260:(2nd ed.). New York City:
2216:Motion, J.; Leitch, S. (2007).
1961:
1926:
1896:
1855:
1842:
1815:
1741:
1698:
1441:Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte
1285:discourse representation theory
1267:Formal semantics and pragmatics
1229:There is more than one type of
964:. Following pioneering work by
478:Peace, war, and social conflict
2819:Combinatory categorial grammar
1582:
1541:
1509:
1477:
1450:
1425:
1251:Foucauldian discourse analysis
1:
3101:Concepts in social philosophy
2597:Antecedent-contained deletion
2151:— (1980). "Two Lectures", in
1888:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1457:Ruiz, Jorge R. (2009-05-30).
1418:
1187:the role of discourse in the
1174:(1969), a treatise about the
1109:Saussure's theory of language
2236:10.1016/j.pubrev.2007.05.004
1995:– via Fernandes Arung.
1780:. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
1171:The Archaeology of Knowledge
1115:Poststructuralism (Foucault)
1070:
1026:, insofar as the control of
7:
1755:University of New Hampshire
1298:
1241:Critical discourse analysis
1208:of power, Foucault coined "
1131:
10:
3122:
2478:Syntax–semantics interface
2199:Melbourne University Press
2060:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
2035:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
2010:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
980:. In these expressions, '
149:Human environmental impact
21:Discourse (disambiguation)
18:
3007:
2970:Question under discussion
2920:Conversational scoreboard
2897:
2801:
2794:
2697:Intersective modification
2682:Homogeneity (linguistics)
2589:
2498:
2491:
2410:
1939:. SAGE Publications Ltd.
1566:10.1080/15239080500339638
1327:Conversational scoreboard
3025:Distributional semantics
2278:Howard, Harry. (2017). "
2165:Society Must Be Defended
2108:Archaeology of Knowledge
2006:Green, Mitchell (2020).
1749:Discourse and Difference
1594:19: 249. Retrieved from
1431:The noun derives from a
243:Structural functionalism
3020:Computational semantics
2762:Subsective modification
2566:Propositional attitudes
2330:Sunderland, J. (2004).
2262:Oxford University Press
2223:Public Relations Review
1933:Keller, Reiner (2013).
1862:Sellars, Maura (2020).
1778:L'Archéologie du savoir
1747:Sommers, Aaron. 2002. "
1337:Difference (philosophy)
974:theoretical linguistics
263:Symbolic interactionism
158:Industrial revolutions
3050:Philosophy of language
2692:Inalienable possession
2672:Free choice inferences
2667:Faultless disagreement
2438:Generalized quantifier
1876:10.2307/j.ctv12sdz0r.7
1693:Research as Resistance
1610:Larrain, Jorge. 1994.
958:continental philosophy
253:Social constructionism
2950:Plural quantification
2844:Inquisitive semantics
2809:Alternative semantics
2131:Discipline and Punish
2031:Pagin, Peter (2016).
1945:10.4135/9781473957640
1725:Open University Press
1343:Discipline and Punish
1246:Conversation analysis
1148:)." The enouncement (
1096:Ferdinand de Saussure
628:Conversation analysis
203:Social stratification
2935:Function application
2742:Responsive predicate
2732:Privative adjectives
1719:Howarth, D. (2000).
1354:Discursive dominance
1154:discursive formation
1124:shared experiences.
19:For other uses, see
3015:Cognitive semantics
2930:Existential closure
2874:Situation semantics
2777:Temperature paradox
2747:Rising declaratives
2712:Modal subordination
2687:Hurford disjunction
2647:Discourse relations
2332:Gendered Discourses
2058:"Dynamic Semantics"
1836:10.1093/bjsw/bch256
1799:The Order of Things
1652:The Postmodern Turn
1349:Discourse community
1094:theorists, such as
1076:Modernist theorists
213:Social cycle theory
84:Part of a series on
3081:Discourse analysis
3060:Semantics of logic
2985:Strict conditional
2960:Quantifier raising
2925:Downward entailing
2905:Autonomy of syntax
2834:Generative grammar
2814:Categorial grammar
2752:Scalar implicature
2657:Epistemic modality
2632:De dicto and de re
2336:Palgrave Macmillan
2284:Brain and Language
2254:R. Mullaly, Robert
1848:Foucault, Michel.
1801:. Pantheon Books.
1758:. Seminar summary.
1656:The Guilford Press
1516:van Dijk, Teun A.
1381:Post-structuralism
1261:Narrative analysis
1231:discourse analysis
1225:Discourse analysis
962:discourse analysis
899:Society portal
522:History of science
503:Race and ethnicity
183:Social environment
3068:
3067:
3040:Logic translation
3003:
3002:
2995:Universal grinder
2980:Squiggle operator
2940:Meaning postulate
2879:Supervaluationism
2849:Intensional logic
2829:Dynamic semantics
2790:
2789:
2622:Crossover effects
2571:Tense–aspect–mood
2551:Lexical semantics
2334:. New York City:
2289:Tulane University
2271:978-0-7710-6673-3
2208:978-0-8147-5480-1
2178:978-0-312-42266-0
2144:978-0-394-49942-0
2121:978-0-415-28752-4
2088:. Academic Press.
2082:Stalnaker, Robert
1954:978-1-4739-5764-0
1919:978-83-60097-37-3
1734:978-0-335-20070-2
1665:978-1-57230-221-1
1654:. New York City:
1469:(2): Article 26.
1437:Dorschel, Andreas
1395:, a 1985 book by
1366:Dynamic semantics
1360:Discourse Studies
1313:Philosophy portal
1204:of power and the
1159:political economy
1016:Political science
978:dynamic semantics
935:
934:
653:Social experiment
533:Social psychology
178:Social complexity
79:
78:
71:
3113:
3091:Sociolinguistics
3045:Linguistics wars
2975:Semantic parsing
2864:Montague grammar
2799:
2798:
2642:Deontic modality
2496:
2495:
2483:Truth conditions
2418:Compositionality
2411:Central concepts
2397:
2390:
2383:
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2373:
2339:
2326:
2275:
2249:
2247:
2212:
2182:
2163:— (2003).
2148:
2129:— (1977).
2125:
2104:Foucault, Michel
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1723:. Philadelphia:
1716:
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1648:Kellner, Douglas
1640:
1631:
1626:. Retrieved via
1608:
1599:
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1545:
1539:
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1536:
1535:
1529:
1523:. Archived from
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1504:
1503:
1497:
1491:. Archived from
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1429:
1401:Frankfurt School
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1273:formal semantics
1044:freedom fighters
927:
920:
913:
897:
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648:Network analysis
538:Sociocybernetics
528:Social movements
258:Social darwinism
208:Social structure
100:
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2893:
2854:Lambda calculus
2786:
2757:Sloppy identity
2717:Opaque contexts
2652:Donkey anaphora
2617:Counterfactuals
2585:
2487:
2406:
2401:
2346:
2315:10.2307/3587831
2302:TESOL Quarterly
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2099:
2097:Further reading
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2093:
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39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3096:Anthropology
2990:Type shifter
2965:Quantization
2915:Continuation
2782:Veridicality
2662:Exhaustivity
2627:Cumulativity
2546:Indexicality
2526:Definiteness
2521:Conditionals
2448:Logical form
2359:
2350:DiscourseNet
2331:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2283:
2257:
2245:1959.3/76588
2227:
2221:
2194:
2191:Grace, Wendy
2187:McHoul, Alec
2167:. New York:
2164:
2152:
2133:. New York:
2130:
2110:. New York:
2107:
2085:
2076:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2051:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1935:
1928:
1905:
1898:
1867:
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1823:
1817:
1798:
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1644:Best, Steven
1628:Google Books
1616:Polity Press
1611:
1589:
1584:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1479:
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1452:
1445:Falschmünzer
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1440:
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1189:legitimation
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954:anthropology
942:conversation
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849:Bibliography
763:
691:
690:
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643:Mathematical
623:Ethnographic
603:Quantitative
288:Architecture
226:Perspectives
198:Social power
65:
56:
40:
2910:Context set
2884:Type theory
2767:Subtrigging
2531:Disjunction
2458:Proposition
2280:Discourse 2
2033:"Assertion"
1795:M. Foucault
1774:M. Foucault
1289:denotations
1176:methodology
982:denotations
854:Terminology
823:Baudrillard
699:Tocqueville
613:Comparative
608:Qualitative
578:Victimology
408:Immigration
393:Generations
308:Criminology
3075:Categories
3055:Pragmatics
2707:Mirativity
2473:Speech act
2428:Entailment
2423:Denotation
2364:2006, 3:55
2067:2020-08-11
2042:2021-03-05
2017:2021-03-05
1534:2020-03-21
1502:2019-01-27
1419:References
1386:Pragmatics
1277:pragmatics
1121:postmodern
1055:psychology
1048:terrorists
1028:discourses
994:humanities
879:By country
633:Historical
558:Technology
498:Punishment
483:Philosophy
458:Mathematic
448:Literature
413:Industrial
403:Historical
328:Demography
248:Positivism
173:Popularity
128:Key themes
3086:Semantics
2859:Mereology
2795:Formalism
2677:Givenness
2602:Cataphora
2590:Phenomena
2581:Vagueness
2511:Ambiguity
2463:Reference
2443:Intension
2433:Extension
2106:(1972) .
1991:March 23,
1884:cite book
1721:Discourse
1575:143314592
1376:Parrhesia
1142:discourse
1081:Modernism
1071:Modernism
1040:guerrilla
1032:discourse
1010:discourse
1006:sociology
972:. Within
950:sociology
938:Discourse
695:Martineau
638:Interview
563:Terrorism
543:Sociology
488:Political
428:Knowledge
348:Education
90:Sociology
3106:Debating
3008:See also
2898:Concepts
2772:Telicity
2607:Coercion
2561:Negation
2556:Modality
2506:Anaphora
2256:(1997).
2193:(1993).
1982:Archived
1971:(2005).
1797:(1970).
1776:(1969).
1650:(1997).
1471:Archived
1412:Rhetoric
1371:Episteme
1299:See also
1206:creation
1150:l’énoncé
1132:Foucault
1104:language
874:Timeline
859:Journals
827:Bourdieu
819:Habermas
815:Luhmann
811:Foucault
755:Mannheim
735:Durkheim
508:Religion
468:Military
433:Language
418:Internet
373:Feminist
357:Jealousy
343:Economic
338:Disaster
333:Deviance
276:Branches
154:Identity
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2516:Binding
2323:3587831
2169:Picador
1202:creator
1146:énoncés
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831:Giddens
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799:Schoeck
785:·
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749:·
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723:Tönnies
721:·
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705:·
683:·
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573:Utopian
518:Science
463:Medical
453:Marxist
443:Leisure
353:Emotion
318:Culture
134:Society
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2945:Monads
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731:Simmel
727:Veblen
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711:Le Bon
692:1800s:
685:Sieyès
678:1700s:
658:Survey
583:Visual
493:Public
398:Health
388:Gender
378:Fiscal
368:Family
2637:De se
2541:Focus
2499:Areas
2468:Scope
2319:JSTOR
1985:(PDF)
1978:(pdf)
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1570:S2CID
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1489:(PDF)
1433:Latin
1193:power
1036:style
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681:Comte
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323:Death
283:Aging
118:Index
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