Perception - Knowledge

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energy that is plentiful and that does not pass through objects. Sound waves provide useful information about the sources of and distances to objects, with larger animals making and hearing lower-frequency sounds and smaller animals making and hearing higher-frequency sounds. Taste and smell respond to chemicals in the environment that were significant for fitness in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. The sense of touch is actually many senses, including pressure, heat, cold, tickle, and pain. Pain, while unpleasant, is adaptive. An important adaptation for senses is range shifting, by which the organism becomes temporarily more or less sensitive to sensation. For example, one's eyes automatically adjust to dim or bright ambient light. Sensory abilities of different organisms often co-evolve, as is the case with the hearing of echolocating bats and that of the moths that have evolved to respond to the sounds that the bats make.

3641:) is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. It is an example of how perception can be shaped by "top-down" processes such as drives and expectations. Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses. They can be long term, such as a special sensitivity to hearing one's own name in a crowded room, or short-term, as in the ease with which hungry people notice the smell of food. A simple demonstration of the effect involved very brief presentations of non-words such as "sael". Subjects who were told to expect words about animals read it as "seal", but others who were expecting boat-related words read it as "sail". 3615:

in order for us to be able to understand the physical world around us. But it is these various forms of stimulation, combined with our previous knowledge and experience that allows us to create our overall perception. For example, when engaging in conversation, we attempt to understand their message and words by not only paying attention to what we hear through our ears but also from the previous shapes we have seen our mouths make. Another example would be if we had a similar topic come up in another conversation, we would use our previous knowledge to guess the direction the conversation is headed in.

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whether conscious or not, enable an animal to refine its impressions of that object. This can be achieved more easily with a circular closed-loop system than with a linear open-loop one. Closed-loop perception can explain many of the phenomena that open-loop perception struggles to account for. This is largely because closed-loop perception considers motion to be an integral part of perception, and not an interfering component that must be corrected for. Furthermore, an environment perceived via sensor motion, and not despite sensor motion, need not be further stabilized by internal processes.

3012:", considered as the process of receiving, accessing and appraising internal bodily signals. Maintaining desired physiological states is critical for an organism's well-being and survival. Interoception is an iterative process, requiring the interplay between perception of body states and awareness of these states to generate proper self-regulation. Afferent sensory signals continuously interact with higher order cognitive representations of goals, history, and environment, shaping emotional experience and motivating regulatory behavior. 3045:: when a hand is drawn quickly across a surface, the touch nerves are stimulated more intensely. The brain compensates for this, so the speed of contact does not affect the perceived roughness. Other constancies include melody, odor, brightness and words. These constancies are not always total, but the variation in the percept is much less than the variation in the physical stimulus. The perceptual systems of the brain achieve perceptual constancy in a variety of ways, each specialized for the kind of information being processed, with 1213: 3684:. Clark says this research has various implications; not only can there be no completely "unbiased, unfiltered" perception, but this means that there is a great deal of feedback between perception and expectation (perceptual experiences often shape our beliefs, but those perceptions were based on existing beliefs). Indeed, predictive coding provides an account where this type of feedback assists in stabilizing our inference-making process about the physical world, such as with perceptual constancy examples. 3649:

by a computer. They were told that either a number or a letter would flash on the screen to say whether they were going to taste an orange juice drink or an unpleasant-tasting health drink. In fact, an ambiguous figure was flashed on screen, which could either be read as the letter B or the number 13. When the letters were associated with the pleasant task, subjects were more likely to perceive a letter B, and when letters were associated with the unpleasant task they tended to perceive a number 13.

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thinking of the name "Hitler" led to subjects rating a person as more hostile. Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was pleasant or unpleasant. For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem smaller when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building. In the brain, brightness contrast exerts effects on both neuronal

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reality to them and that our perceptions were sufficient to know and understand that thing because our perceptions are capable of responding to a true reality. Kant almost meets the rationalists and the empiricists half way. His theory utilizes the reality of a noumenon, the actual objects that cannot be understood, and then a phenomenon which is human understanding through the mind lens interpreting that noumenon.

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register on an electroencephalogram (EEG). In an experiment, human readers wore an elastic cap with 64 embedded electrodes distributed over their scalp surface. Within 230 milliseconds of encountering the anomalous word, the human readers generated an event-related electrical potential alteration of their EEG at the left occipital-temporal channel, over the left occipital lobe and temporal lobe.

1625: 10669: 9045: 3737: 1613: 702: 3434:'s feature integration theory (FIT) attempts to explain how characteristics of a stimulus such as physical location in space, motion, color, and shape are merged to form one percept despite each of these characteristics activating separate areas of the cortex. FIT explains this through a two part system of perception involving the preattentive and focused attention stages. 3749: 1601: 628: 3494:

organisms cannot distinguish relevant sensory stimuli independently. Because the environment is the cacophony of stimuli (electromagnetic waves, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations), their sensation is too limited by the noise to solve the cue problem. The relevant stimulus cannot overcome the noise magnitude if it passes through the senses. Therefore,

2485:. The initial auditory signal is compared with visual information—primarily lip movement—to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. It is possible other sensory modalities are integrated at this stage as well. This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as 3690:

challenges the idea of perception as internal representations resulting from a passive reception of (incomplete) sensory inputs coming from the outside world. According to O'Regan (1992), the major issue with this perspective is that it leaves the subjective character of perception unexplained. Thus,

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in all its integral complexity from the level of interpersonal dynamics to interaction at the neuronal level. Introduced by Latvian professor Igor Val Danilov, the hypothesis of neurobiological processes occurring during Shared intentionality highlights that, at the beginning of cognition, very young

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The preattentive stage of perception is largely unconscious, and analyzes an object by breaking it down into its basic features, such as the specific color, geometric shape, motion, depth, individual lines, and many others. Studies have shown that, when small groups of objects with different features

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is a type of sensory information that elicits an emotional reaction and is usually social in nature. Such information is actually coded differently than other sensory information. Though the intensity of affective touch is still encoded in the primary somatosensory cortex, the feeling of pleasantness

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Perceptual set has been demonstrated in many social contexts. When someone has a reputation for being funny, an audience is more likely to find them amusing. Individual's perceptual sets reflect their own personality traits. For example, people with an aggressive personality are quicker to correctly

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and so can result in people interpreting ambiguous figures so that they see what they want to see. For instance, how someone perceives what unfolds during a sports game can be biased if they strongly support one of the teams. In one experiment, students were allocated to pleasant or unpleasant tasks

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Past actions and events that transpire right before an encounter or any form of stimulation have a strong degree of influence on how sensory stimuli are processed and perceived. On a basic level, the information our senses receive is often ambiguous and incomplete. However, they are grouped together

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The unconnected features described in the preattentive stage are combined into the objects one normally sees during the focused attention stage. The focused attention stage is based heavily around the idea of attention in perception and 'binds' the features together onto specific objects at specific

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refers to the mind's tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape's border is missing people still tend to see the

2575:(TMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex inhibits the perception of affective touch intensity, but not affective touch pleasantness. Therefore, the S1 is not directly involved in processing socially affective touch pleasantness, but still plays a role in discriminating touch location and intensity. 2390:

Smell is also a very interactive sense as scientists have begun to observe that olfaction comes into contact with the other sense in unexpected ways. It is also the most primal of the senses, as it is known to be the first indicator of safety or danger, therefore being the sense that drives the most

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as a target to be homed in upon, and a pragmatic necessity to allow an initial measure of understanding to be established prior to the updating that a statement aims to achieve. The invariant does not, and need not, represent an actuality. Glasersfeld describes it as extremely unlikely that what is

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which argues that perception is a requisite property of animate action. It posits that, without perception, action would be unguided, and without action, perception would serve no purpose. Animate actions require both perception and motion, which can be described as "two sides of the same coin, the

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and Wheatley gave subjects instructions to move a mouse around a scene and point to an image about once every thirty seconds. However, a second person—acting as a test subject but actually a confederate—had their hand on the mouse at the same time, and controlled some of the movement. Experimenters

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before recognizing higher units, such as words. In an experiment, professor Richard M. Warren replaced one phoneme of a word with a cough-like sound. His subjects restored the missing speech sound perceptually without any difficulty. Moreover, they were not able to accurately identify which phoneme

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is collaborative interactions in which participants share the essential sensory stimulus of the actual cognitive problem. This social bond enables ecological training of the young immature organism, starting at the reflexes stage of development, for processing the organization, identification, and

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proposes dynamic motor-sensory closed-loop process in which information flows through the environment and the brain in continuous loops. Closed-loop perception appears consistent with anatomy and with the fact that perception is typically an incremental process. Repeated encounters with an object,

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identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas. These effects shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including how heavy an object feels. One experiment found that

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groups stimuli together on the basis of their movement. When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate, perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus. This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details, such as color or outline, are

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in the area concluded that rats with a damaged perirhinal cortex were still more interested in exploring when novel objects were present, but seemed unable to tell novel objects from familiar ones—they examined both equally. Thus, other brain regions are involved with noticing unfamiliarity, while

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A perceptual visual event measured in humans was the presentation to individuals of an anomalous word. If these individuals are shown a sentence, presented as a sequence of single words on a computer screen, with a puzzling word out of place in the sequence, the perception of the puzzling word can

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captures information about the intensity, color, and position of incoming light. Some processing of texture and movement occurs within the neurons on the retina before the information is sent to the brain. In total, about 15 differing types of information are then forwarded to the brain proper via

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To explain the process of perception, an example could be an ordinary shoe. The shoe itself is the distal stimulus. When light from the shoe enters a person's eye and stimulates the retina, that stimulation is the proximal stimulus. The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is

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hypothesized that social bonds between children and caregivers would gradually increase through the essential motive force of shared intentionality beginning from birth. The notion of shared intentionality, introduced by Michael Tomasello, was developed by later researchers, who tended to explain

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Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations. Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues, each of which is based on a regularity of the physical world. Vision evolved to respond to the narrow range of electromagnetic

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to name a few. In his work The Meditations Descartes begins by doubting all of his perceptions proving his existence with the famous phrase "I think therefore I am", and then works to the conclusion that perceptions are God-given. George Berkely took the stance that all things that we see have a

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of hand position and conformation. People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch. This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand. Haptic perception relies on the forces

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layer which, in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal input to the visual processing centers within the central nervous system. Light-altered neuron activation occurs within about 5–20 milliseconds in a rabbit

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Manipulations of dopaminergic signaling profoundly influence interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or "clock", activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations of dopamine at the synaptic cleft advances the start of responding

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detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile, exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays. "Specification" would be a 1:1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array. Given such a mapping, no enrichment is required and

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is the ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs. For example, individual people can be recognized from views, such as frontal and profile, which form very different shapes on the retina. A coin looked at face-on makes a circular image on the

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in the perirhinal cortex are connected with the sense of familiarity in humans and other mammals. In tests, stimulating this area at 10–15 Hz caused animals to treat even novel images as familiar, and stimulation at 30–40 Hz caused novel images to be partially treated as familiar. In

2689:, can cause a loss of this sense, which may lead a person into delusions, such as feeling like a machine or like an outside source is controlling them. An opposite extreme can also occur, where people experience everything in their environment as though they had decided that it would happen. 1939:

The cues become less open and selective. People try to search for more cues that confirm the categorization of the target. They actively ignore and distort cues that violate their initial perceptions. Their perception becomes more selective and they finally paint a consistent picture of the

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practitioners were significantly less influenced by a misleading visual context. Increasing self-transcendence may enable yoga practitioners to optimize verticality judgment tasks by relying more on internal (vestibular and proprioceptive) signals coming from their own body, rather than on

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states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object and that are different as part of a separate object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their

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retina, but when held at angle it makes an elliptical image. In normal perception these are recognized as a single three-dimensional object. Without this correction process, an animal approaching from the distance would appear to gain in size. One kind of perceptual constancy is

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perception is understood as an active process conducted by perceiving and engaged agents (perceivers). Furthermore, perception is influenced by agents' motives and expectations, their bodily states, and the interaction between the agent's body and the environment around it.

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can be interpreted either as a vase or as two faces. The percept can bind sensations from multiple senses into a whole. A picture of a talking person on a television screen, for example, is bound to the sound of speech from speakers to form a percept of a talking person.

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the percept. Another example could be a ringing telephone. The ringing of the phone is the distal stimulus. The sound stimulating a person's auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus. The brain's interpretation of this as the "ringing of a telephone" is the percept.

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A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context. If one object is extreme on some dimension, then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme.

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identify aggressive words or situations. In general, perceptual speed as a mental ability is positively correlated with personality traits such as conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness suggesting its evolutionary role in preserving homeostasis.

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The first stage does not give people enough information on which to base perceptions of the target, so they will actively seek out cues to resolve this ambiguity. Gradually, people collect some familiar cues that enable them to make a rough categorization of the

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expensive. More than half the brain is devoted to processing sensory information, and the brain itself consumes roughly one-fourth of one's metabolic resources. Thus, such organs evolve only when they provide exceptional benefits to an organism's fitness.

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Evolutionary psychologists claim that perception demonstrates the principle of modularity, with specialized mechanisms handling particular perception tasks. For example, people with damage to a particular part of the brain are not able to recognize faces

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Fishburn, F. A., Murty, V. P., Hlutkowsky, C. O., MacGillivray, C. E., Bemis, L. M., Murphy, M. E., ... & Perlman, S. B. (2018). "Putting our heads together: interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality."

2919:, which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of the physical stimulus and its perceptual counterpart (e.g., testing how much darker a computer screen can get before the viewer actually notices). The study of perception gave rise to the 3283:

and the idea that perception is based upon sensations. Instead, Gibson investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. His theory "assumes the existence of stable, unbounded, and permanent stimulus-information in the

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Stimuli are not necessarily translated into a percept and rarely does a single stimulus translate into a percept. An ambiguous stimulus may sometimes be transduced into one or more percepts, experienced randomly, one at a time, in a process termed

3600:, Daoshi and other mind-body disciplines) can modify human perceptual modality. Specifically, these practices enable perception skills to switch from the external (exteroceptive field) towards a higher ability to focus on internal signals ( 1968:. All of these factors, especially the first two, greatly contribute to how the person perceives a situation. Oftentimes, the perceiver may employ what is called a "perceptual defense", where the person will only see what they want to see. 2039:

In many ways, vision is the primary human sense. Light is taken in through each eye and focused in a way which sorts it on the retina according to direction of origin. A dense surface of photosensitive cells, including rods, cones, and

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developed a model of perception, in which people put "together the information contained in" a target and a situation to form "perceptions of ourselves and others based on social categories." This model is composed of three states:

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particular, stimulation at 30–40 Hz led to animals looking at a familiar image for longer periods, as they would for an unfamiliar one, though it did not lead to the same exploration behavior normally associated with novelty.

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defined the haptic system as "the sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body." Gibson and others emphasized the close link between body movement and haptic perception, where the latter is

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during interval timing, whereas antagonists of D2 type dopamine receptors typically slow timing;... Depletion of dopamine in healthy volunteers impairs timing, while amphetamine releases synaptic dopamine and speeds up timing.

3485:. Because many theories build their knowledge about perception based on its main features of the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to represent the holistic picture of the environment, 2478:, signifying the persistence of sound after the sound is produced, can also have a considerable impact on perception. Experiments have shown that people automatically compensate for this effect when hearing speech. 10468: 1988:

factors, timing, and degree of stimulation that affect the process of perception. These factors may render a single stimulus to be left as merely a stimulus, not a percept that is subject for brain interpretation.

3438:(e.g., red triangle, blue circle) are briefly flashed in front of human participants, many individuals later report seeing shapes made up of the combined features of two different stimuli, thereby referred to as 2700:, a gap of half a second or more can be detected from the time when there are detectable neurological signs of a decision having been made to the time when the subject actually becomes conscious of the decision. 7947:

Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments". IEEE MultiMedia,13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24–30.

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showed that perception systems evolved along the specifics of animals' activities. This explains why bats and worms can perceive different frequency of auditory and visual systems than, for example, humans.

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of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and other animal brains are structured in a

1956:: a person whose awareness is focused on the stimulus, and thus begins to perceive it. There are many factors that may influence the perceptions of the perceiver, while the three major ones include (1) 2387:

that are projected from sensory neurons; and are then absorbed into a receptor (one of 347 or so). It is this process that causes humans to understand the concept of smell from a physical standpoint.

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The timing of perception of a visual event, at points along the visual circuit, have been measured. A sudden alteration of light at a spot in the environment first alters photoreceptor cells in the

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McClung, J. S., Placì, S., Bangerter, A., Clément, F., & Bshary, R. (2017). "The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership."

3325:, regards the continual adjustment of perception and action to the external input as precisely what constitutes the "entity," which is therefore far from being invariant. Glasersfeld considers an 1978:

of perception; something or someone who is being perceived. The amount of information gathered by the sensory organs of the perceiver affects the interpretation and understanding about the target.

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may also interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds. It may be the case that it is not necessary (maybe not even possible) for a listener to recognize

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can learn to make finer perceptual distinctions, and learn new kinds of categorization. Wine-tasting, the reading of X-ray images and music appreciation are applications of this process in the

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retinal ganglion, although in a mouse retinal ganglion cell the initial spike takes between 40 and 240 milliseconds before the initial activation. The initial activation can be detected by an

1874:. By means of light, sound, or another physical process, the object stimulates the body's sensory organs. These sensory organs transform the input energy into neural activity—a process called 3671:

explains that perception, although it occurs quickly, is not simply a bottom-up process (where minute details are put together to form larger wholes). Instead, our brains use what he calls

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A mathematical theory of perception-in-action has been devised and investigated in many forms of controlled movement, and has been described in many different species of organism using the

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There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight "delay" in order to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals.

3677:. It starts with very broad constraints and expectations for the state of the world, and as expectations are met, it makes more detailed predictions (errors lead to new predictions, or 2205:

as they arrive at the ears. Hearing involves the computationally complex task of separating out sources of interest, identifying them and often estimating their distance and direction.

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is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each

3288:. And it supposes that the visual system can explore and detect this information. The theory is information-based, not sensation-based." He and the psychologists who work within this 3087:, to explain how humans naturally perceive objects with patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to 1827:'s perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of 8909: 4206: 3369:, which seems to have evolved not to aid in knowing the distances to other objects but rather to aid movement. Evolutionary psychologists argue that animals ranging from 6782: 4980: 3227:, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold depending on whether the hand touching it was previously in hot or cold water. In the early 20th Century, 8849: 4901: 3162:

makes sense of stimuli that overlap: when there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each as a single uninterrupted object.

10518: 6732: 6539: 1851:, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, 53: 4241:

Alan S. & Gary J. (2011). Perception, Attribution, and Judgment of Others. Organizational Behaviour: Understanding and Managing Life at Work, Vol. 7.

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Listeners manage to perceive words across a wide range of conditions, as the sound of a word can vary widely according to words that surround it and the

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refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception of events and objects in the world.

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information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the

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Davis MH, Johnsrude IS (July 2007). "Hearing speech sounds: Top-down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception".

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researchers have been able to build computational models for perception that exhibit a similar behavior and are capable of generating and

12304: 4049: 3502:). The perception of objects is also problematic since it cannot appear without Intentionality. From the perspective of this hypothesis, 3481:

approach considers perception occurrence at an earlier stage of organisms' development than other theories, even before the emergence of

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Val Danilov, I. & Mihailova, S. (2023). "Empirical Evidence of Shared Intentionality: Towards Bioengineering Systems Development."

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is heard, interpreted and understood. Research in this field seeks to understand how human listeners recognize the sound of speech (or

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is the part of perception that allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. Thus, it is an element of

1884:. These neural signals are then transmitted to the brain and processed. The resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the 1539: 712: 6335: 6142: 5081: 4184: 2643:(commonly known as one's "internal clock"), while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range timekeeping, known as an 2623:

indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time, composed of a highly distributed system involving the

1554: 7236:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems" 3041:: for example, a white piece of paper can be recognized as such under different colors and intensities of light. Another example is 2915:, which states that the smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to the intensity of the reference; and 7169:

Shteynberg, G., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). "Implicit coordination: Sharing goals with similar others intensifies goal pursuit."

3264:, by themselves, are unable to provide a unique description of the world. Sensations require 'enriching', which is the role of the 2004:. The same stimuli, or absence of them, may result in different percepts depending on subject's culture and previous experiences. 368: 4217: 2251:

according to which, when using a tool such as a stick, perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool.

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Humans are able to make a very good guess on the underlying 3D shape category/identity/geometry given a silhouette of that shape.

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is a difficult problem for them since it needs the representation of the environment already categorized into objects (see also

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There are also experiments in which an illusion of agency is induced in psychologically normal subjects. In 1999, psychologists

12289: 11035: 9082: 2977:(smell), as listed above. It has been suggested that the immune system is an overlooked sensory modality. In short, senses are 1751:. Sensory input is a process that transforms this low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for 595: 6802: 4730:

Robles-de-la-torre G, Hayward V (2001). "Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch".

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cases, there is a measurable difference between the making of a decision and the feeling of agency. Through methods such as

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Sound does not usually come from a single source: in real situations, sounds from multiple sources and directions are

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A fundamentally different approach to understanding the perception of objects relies upon the essential role of

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The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound within the auditory signal and the process of

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interpretation of sensory information in developing perception. From this account perception emerges due to

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One classic psychological experiment showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of

3331: 3170: 2957:, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for 2007:

Ambiguous figures demonstrate that a single stimulus can result in more than one percept. For example, the

1529: 1150: 610: 523: 3008:, so far. Research attention is currently focused not only on external perception processes, but also to " 12222: 10801: 9551: 9457: 9367: 8889: 7061: 7011: 3180: 3046: 1584: 1534: 1174: 836: 774: 644: 22: 11761: 2548:

is a part of the brain that receives and encodes sensory information from receptors of the entire body.

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Perception is an important part of the theories of many philosophers it has been famously addressed by

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were able to arrange for subjects to perceive certain "forced stops" as if they were their own choice.

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Tengölics ÁJ, Szarka G, Ganczer A, Szabó-Meleg E, Nyitrai M, Kovács-Öller T, Völgyi B (October 2019).

2530:(including perceiving the identity of an individual) and facial expressions (such as emotional cues.) 11985: 11927: 11738: 11094: 10692: 9884: 9692: 9493: 9485: 9382: 9227: 8730: 8565: 8185: 8040: 7633: 6589:"James Gibson's Passive Theory of Perception: A Rejection of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies" 4999:"Science is perception: what can our sense of smell tell us about ourselves and the world around us?" 3056:

Law of Closure. The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete.

2556: 2492:

Speech perception is not necessarily uni-directional. Higher-level language processes connected with

2294:

The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly-ten thousand taste buds.

1876: 1544: 1239: 902: 565: 556: 478: 298: 181: 10162: 7345: 7301: 7203:"Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems" 5540: 3314:

already exist in the real world and that all that the perception process does is home in upon them.

12294: 11932: 11766: 10868: 10729: 10538: 10322: 9723: 9654: 9566: 9462: 9427: 9187: 9004: 8939: 7124: 6636: 5526:

Wegner DM, Wheatley T (July 1999). "Apparent mental causation. Sources of the experience of will".

4145: 3857: 3832: 3700: 3253: 3237: 2493: 2202: 1801: 1234: 779: 191: 159: 29: 10077: 5823: 3489:

is the central issue in perception development. Nowadays, only one hypothesis attempts to explain

2796:, achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation (stimulation of the Krause-Finger 11912: 11288: 10989: 10598: 10548: 9972: 9634: 9467: 9343: 9277: 9099: 8869: 8799: 8680: 8465: 8145: 7920: 7837: 7811: 3827: 3362: 3318: 3257: 3124: 2636: 2187: 1778: 1744: 1521: 1130: 1053: 801: 590: 488: 259: 226: 211: 206: 196: 145: 105: 10102: 2685:

refers to the subjective feeling of having chosen a particular action. Some conditions, such as

1792:

describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception.

12076: 11907: 11517: 11303: 11122: 10959: 10761: 10528: 10478: 10235: 9937: 9803: 9581: 9501: 8741: 8635: 8615: 8492: 8420: 8365: 8288: 8070: 5535: 3335: 3092: 3066: 2658: 2583: 2000: 1914: 1693: 1416: 1279: 1244: 1145: 1098: 1063: 811: 791: 727: 605: 538: 428: 338: 293: 269: 244: 176: 164: 130: 7594: 7509: 7467: 6439: 6400: 6277: 6087: 6046: 5113: 4921: 4809: 4606: 4033: 3345:. According to this theory, "tau information", or time-to-goal information is the fundamental 1717: 12114: 11104: 11084: 11009: 10974: 10754: 10739: 10656: 10230: 10205: 10183: 10092: 9917: 9890: 9864: 9798: 9682: 9659: 9639: 9521: 9392: 9332: 9068: 8929: 8839: 8710: 8400: 8345: 8340: 8298: 8226: 8160: 8090: 7863: 7555: 6000: 4833: 4087: 3883: 3508: 3503: 3490: 3478: 3465: 3459: 3439: 3322: 3272: 3113: 2908: 2654: 1782: 1579: 1549: 1125: 1117: 1103: 1058: 883: 868: 732: 717: 585: 580: 498: 363: 328: 303: 201: 100: 95: 8012: 6479:"Brightness induction: Rate enhancement and neuronal synchronization as complementary codes" 6319: 6126: 5625:

Ho JW, Poeta DL, Jacobson TK, Zolnik TA, Neske GT, Connors BW, Burwell RD (September 2015).

4958: 4168: 3112:, perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object, and 2727:. A strong sense of familiarity can occur without any recollection, for example in cases of 1835:, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary. 1796:

studies the neural mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied

11975: 11942: 11641: 11356: 11260: 10923: 10618: 10498: 10488: 10396: 10369: 10272: 9793: 9591: 9576: 9037: 8974: 8435: 8410: 8335: 8033: 6740: 5242: 5121: 5010: 4739: 4687:

Lederman SJ, Klatzky RL (1987). "Hand movements: A window into haptic object recognition".

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Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn

2742:) responds differently to stimuli that feel novel compared to stimuli that feel familiar. 2077:

Anatomy of the human ear. (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.)

8: 12274: 11631: 11616: 11502: 11441: 11377: 11004: 10661: 10628: 10603: 10438: 10391: 10386: 10200: 10157: 10147: 10097: 9982: 9834: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9716: 9669: 9664: 9644: 9546: 9531: 9526: 9327: 8819: 8655: 8620: 8600: 8555: 8370: 8360: 8330: 6477:

Biederlack J, Castelo-Branco M, Neuenschwander S, Wheeler D, Singer W, Nikolić D (2006).

5906:

Farb N., Daubenmier J., Price C. J., Gard T., Kerr C., Dunn B. D., Mehling W. E. (2015).

3552: 3404:). Evolutionary psychology suggests that this indicates a so-called face-reading module. 3365:

hold that the primary purpose of perception is to guide action. They give the example of

3310:

coin is action." Gibson works from the assumption that singular entities, which he calls

3285: 3280: 3233: 3216: 3104: 2743: 2053: 1736: 1684: 'gathering, receiving') is the organization, identification, and interpretation of 1321: 1160: 964: 919: 873: 806: 786: 737: 722: 413: 403: 388: 353: 348: 333: 313: 308: 186: 125: 10117: 8535: 6868: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 5312:"Encoding of Touch Intensity But Not Pleasantness in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex" 5246: 5125: 5014: 4743: 4483: 4424: 2277:. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs concentrated on the upper surface of the 11715: 11667: 11621: 11560: 11545: 11099: 10623: 10613: 10583: 10558: 10344: 10282: 10142: 10072: 9942: 9849: 9768: 9753: 9322: 9112: 9009: 8999: 8769: 8759: 8263: 8175: 7440: 7413: 7389: 7360: 7333: 7089: 7039: 6953: 6848: 6819: 6757: 6664: 6611: 6508: 6184:

Wolfe JM, Kluender KR, Levi DM, Bartoshuk LM, Herz RS, Klatzky RL, Lederman SJ (2008).

5934: 5907: 5875: 5700: 5675: 5651: 5626: 5607: 5474: 5447: 5414: 5336: 5311: 5266: 5215: 5031: 4998: 4763: 4712: 4551: 4524: 4500: 4467: 4384: 4357: 4333: 4308: 3852: 3782: 3687: 3574: 3342: 3211: 3084: 2920: 2769: 2764: 2716: 2662: 2471: 2175: 1341: 1078: 984: 944: 939: 924: 914: 907: 858: 853: 831: 769: 508: 453: 448: 383: 323: 284: 216: 5801:

In the mind's eye : the visual impulse in Diderot, Baudelaire and Ruskin, pg. 257

5003:

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

2391:

basic of human survival skills. As such, it can be a catalyst for human behavior on a

2302: 12171: 12140: 11917: 11864: 11795: 11636: 11626: 11382: 11372: 11341: 11245: 11147: 11063: 10928: 10905: 10898: 10878: 10873: 10858: 10831: 10776: 10744: 10673: 10633: 10508: 10401: 10375: 10017: 9977: 9912: 9869: 9844: 9763: 9758: 9571: 9049: 8779: 8695: 8650: 8236: 8205: 7938: 7901: 7792: 7784: 7745: 7737: 7717: 7647: 7600: 7561: 7515: 7473: 7445: 7394: 7081: 7077: 7031: 7027: 6987: 6945: 6941: 6901: 6894:

Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 4th Edition

6853: 6714: 6563: 6500: 6445: 6406: 6367: 6325: 6283: 6256: 6231: 6193: 6168: 6132: 6093: 6054: 6006: 5964: 5939: 5867: 5804: 5705: 5656: 5553: 5506: 5479: 5406: 5341: 5258: 5207: 5170: 5129: 5036: 4927: 4872:"Umami Dearest: The mysterious fifth taste has officially infiltrated the food scene" 4839: 4790: 4783: 4755: 4704: 4700: 4669: 4614: 4556: 4505: 4448: 4443: 4408: 4389: 4338: 4309:"Eye Smarter than Scientists Believed: Neural Computations in Circuits of the Retina" 4289: 4174: 4093: 4039: 3966: 3888: 3753: 3741: 3673: 3469: 3377:, suggesting that vision is basically for directing action, not providing knowledge. 3294: 2966: 2916: 2912: 2898: 2815: 2797: 2739: 2568: 2441: 2413: 2408: 2317:, which is considered the fifth primary taste, is a relatively recent development in 2227:

perception of patterns on the skin surface (e.g., edges, curvature, and texture) and

2214: 2034: 1897: 1839: 1732: 1617: 1605: 1491: 1411: 1140: 1135: 1068: 999: 994: 934: 929: 878: 863: 846: 796: 706: 632: 433: 358: 264: 249: 135: 62: 9152: 8540: 7666:"On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm" by Jerome S. Bruner and Leo Postman. 7093: 7043: 6761: 6512: 5270: 5219: 3706: 3305:

From Gibson's early work derived an ecological understanding of perception known as

1928:

When people encounter an unfamiliar target, they are very open to the informational

1679: 1451: 11957: 11902: 11834: 11651: 11594: 11497: 11492: 11402: 11351: 11346: 11308: 11255: 11250: 10994: 10933: 10848: 10137: 10087: 10032: 9947: 9932: 9879: 9649: 9601: 9536: 9287: 9262: 9222: 9137: 8675: 8660: 8640: 8440: 8252: 8195: 7776: 7729: 7718:"Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory" 7639: 7435: 7425: 7384: 7374: 7285: 7280: 7252: 7247: 7219: 7214: 7073: 7023: 6937: 6897: 6843: 6833: 6749: 6603: 6490: 6203: 5929: 5919: 5879: 5859: 5695: 5687: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5611: 5599: 5545: 5469: 5459: 5418: 5398: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5250: 5199: 5026: 5018: 4767: 4747: 4716: 4696: 4659: 4546: 4536: 4495: 4487: 4438: 4428: 4379: 4369: 4328: 4320: 4281: 3802: 3787: 3624: 3534: 3474: 3366: 2950: 2894: 2871: 2640: 2486: 2467: 2417: 2372: 2183: 2058: 1844: 1815:

Although people traditionally viewed the senses as passive receptors, the study of

1770:, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside 1406: 1326: 979: 895: 438: 393: 378: 373: 254: 231: 9422: 6957: 5432: 5055: 4875: 11874: 11815: 11787: 11603: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11527: 11336: 11293: 11240: 10938: 10883: 10853: 10841: 10796: 10781: 10469:

A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

10022: 9962: 9839: 9541: 9407: 9402: 9297: 9252: 9132: 8789: 8720: 8705: 8625: 8605: 8580: 8390: 8200: 8135: 7678: 7303:

The Effect of Experience on the Perception and Representation of Dialect Variants

6789: 6654: 6557: 6526: 6495: 6478: 6361: 5958: 5830: 5284: 5254: 5203: 4984: 4965: 4816: 4324: 4014: 3959: 3777: 3710: 3499: 3447: 3378: 3276: 3201: 3109: 3037: 3001: 2985: 2962: 2885:

The confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as

2879: 2874:, may not necessarily perceive the 'shape-shifting' as their world changes. This 2866:

In the case of visual perception, some people can see the percept shift in their

2847: 2755:

the perirhinal cortex is needed to associate the feeling with a specific source.

2677: 2666: 2624: 2608: 2600: 2595: 2518: 2482: 2450: 2338: 2318: 2236: 2195: 2163: 2131: 1961: 1949:

According to Alan Saks and Gary Johns, there are three components to perception:

1820: 1629: 1466: 1456: 1426: 1396: 1356: 1316: 1264: 1204: 989: 236: 58: 5774: 5749: 3932: 2571:, are highly correlated with pleasantness scores of affective touch. Inhibitory 1863:

The process of perception begins with an object in the real world, known as the

12192: 12043: 11995: 11730: 11710: 11436: 11387: 11323: 11271: 11227: 11089: 10608: 10588: 10458: 10215: 10167: 10127: 10062: 10012: 9992: 9927: 9317: 9312: 9302: 9212: 9177: 9167: 9142: 9117: 9107: 8919: 8700: 8690: 8545: 8530: 8475: 8246: 8105: 7912: 7062:"Focused Attention in The Perception and Retrieval of Multidimensional Stimuli" 6968: 5724: 5603: 5587: 5549: 4491: 4269: 4070: 3903: 3862: 3792: 3606:). Also, when asked to provide verticality judgments, highly self-transcendent 3602: 3495: 3486: 3482: 2996:

can see, is its receptive field. Receptive fields have been identified for the

2958: 2954: 2936: 2827: 2777: 2620: 2612: 2342: 2334: 2322: 2270: 2228: 1895:

The different kinds of sensation (such as warmth, sound, and taste) are called

1789: 1767: 1713: 1689: 1673: 1496: 1446: 1421: 1073: 7780: 7671: 4374: 3261: 12268: 12212: 12207: 12161: 12099: 12084: 11980: 11702: 11646: 11461: 11428: 11412: 11331: 11275: 11235: 11184: 11175: 11132: 10893: 10771: 10766: 10638: 10428: 10287: 10210: 10152: 10067: 10047: 9907: 9859: 9432: 9372: 9337: 9272: 9247: 9242: 9202: 9172: 8989: 8715: 8665: 8630: 8610: 8590: 8155: 7788: 7741: 7430: 7379: 7310: 6710: 6476: 5924: 5464: 4541: 4293: 4285: 3822: 3812: 3797: 3714: 3657: 3431: 3400: 3386: 3228: 3009: 2997: 2867: 2792:

and chemical triggers in the body. Although sexual arousal may arise without

2735: 2704: 2686: 2632: 2475: 2347: 2224: 2191: 1920: 1786: 1771: 1697: 1569: 1504: 1461: 1381: 1311: 543: 503: 423: 418: 9829: 7157: 5386: 5310:

Case LK, Laubacher CM, Olausson H, Wang B, Spagnolo PA, Bushnell MC (2016).

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that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator.

2567:(fMRI), shows that signals in the anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the 12166: 12145: 12130: 12104: 11922: 11743: 11720: 11692: 11687: 11611: 11550: 11313: 11298: 11020: 10836: 10242: 10107: 9987: 9967: 9819: 9516: 9447: 9292: 9162: 9147: 9091: 8969: 8735: 8670: 8560: 8470: 8320: 8190: 8100: 8080: 7796: 7643: 7449: 7414:"How previous experience shapes perception in different sensory modalities" 7398: 6857: 6504: 5943: 5871: 5709: 5660: 5557: 5483: 5410: 5345: 5211: 5040: 5022: 4759: 4560: 4509: 4393: 4342: 3661: 3370: 3265: 2819: 2616: 2423: 2392: 2182:, which produces neural signals in response to the sound. By the ascending 2073: 1848: 1755:). The following process connects a person's concepts and expectations (or 1476: 1441: 1436: 1401: 1259: 1025: 969: 528: 221: 7749: 7085: 7035: 6949: 5262: 5114:"Room reflection and constancy in speech-like sounds: Within-band effects" 4708: 4673: 4452: 4127:

Pomerantz, James R. (2003): "Perception: Overview". In: Lynn Nadel (Ed.),

3184:

refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern,

2357:, depending upon whether the things they sense are harmful or beneficial. 12227: 12135: 12109: 12094: 12056: 11879: 11854: 11849: 11839: 11825: 11451: 11407: 11283: 11212: 10813: 10786: 10749: 10411: 10364: 10220: 10172: 10132: 10082: 9874: 9596: 9452: 9442: 9387: 9362: 9307: 9282: 9267: 9237: 9217: 9192: 9122: 8725: 8645: 8575: 8525: 8303: 8231: 8210: 8165: 8130: 8085: 8056: 4468:"Response Latency Tuning by Retinal Circuits Modulates Signal Efficiency" 3877: 3817: 3589: 3358: 2978: 2875: 2831: 2773: 2527: 2428: 2194:

of the human brain, from where the auditory information then goes to the

1929: 1797: 1471: 1431: 1254: 1040: 443: 150: 42: 10984: 7596:

Can You Believe Your Eyes?: Over 250 Illusions and Other Visual Oddities

6838: 3214:" is the term used when stimuli are presented at the same time, whereas 12247: 12202: 12066: 12061: 12033: 12013: 11937: 11897: 11844: 11829: 11753: 11217: 11207: 10381: 10252: 10037: 9997: 9957: 9824: 9739: 9606: 9437: 9412: 9377: 9232: 9197: 9182: 9157: 9127: 8859: 8585: 8550: 8500: 8283: 8170: 8095: 7694: 6615: 5691: 4987:

scientificamerican.com. Dr. Tim Jacob, Cardiff University. 22 May 2009.

4664: 4647: 4358:"Retinal Ganglion Cells-Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance" 3893: 3847: 3668: 3645: 3597: 3520: 3224: 3134: 3080: 2886: 2835: 2628: 2154: 2148: 2093: 2008: 1965: 1957: 1828: 1725: 1391: 1048: 679: 343: 77: 46: 6709:

Gaulin, Steven J. C. and Donald H. McBurney. Evolutionary Psychology.

5905: 3091:

patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. These principles are

2427:

Though the phrase "I owe you" can be heard as three distinct words, a

11859: 11805: 11672: 11202: 11192: 11137: 11127: 10969: 10954: 10791: 10734: 10721: 10292: 10262: 10057: 10002: 9922: 9854: 9561: 9019: 8984: 8964: 8510: 8395: 8325: 8278: 8241: 8180: 8110: 7818:(Winter 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7733: 6753: 5674:

Kinnavane L, Amin E, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Aggleton JP (November 2016).

4751: 3837: 3772: 3578: 2993: 2974: 2693: 2645: 2551: 2501: 2455: 2366: 2353: 2310: 2298: 2283: 2147:

and 20,000 Hz. Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as

2123: 2103: 2083: 1812:

exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.

1774: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1306: 493: 6607: 4255: 2130:

detection). Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called

1692:, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the 687: 85: 12028: 12018: 12008: 11947: 11820: 11677: 11475: 10979: 10888: 10684: 10593: 10327: 10277: 10257: 10122: 9417: 8959: 8520: 8375: 8150: 8115: 7870:(Fall 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7844:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7142:

https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-02-167

5673: 3679: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3289: 3088: 2989: 2396: 2306: 2143:, the range of which is typically considered to be between 20 1816: 1351: 1331: 1249: 1083: 518: 513: 473: 7915:(2001). "'Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes. News and Views", 6655:

The Certainty of Uncertainty: Dialogues Introducing Constructivism

6544:

Vision and Mind. Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception

5863: 5448:"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits" 5446:

Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS (October 2013).

5402: 3473:

this collaborative interaction from different perspectives, e.g.,

3052: 2776:(including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances, and maintains 12197: 12051: 12003: 11965: 11869: 11810: 11142: 10999: 10406: 10354: 10312: 10297: 10267: 9397: 8809: 8515: 8445: 8415: 8380: 8315: 8273: 8258: 8125: 8002:

Cognitive Penetrability of Perception and Epistemic Justification

7968: 7174: 6986:(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. pp. 144–146. 4465: 4131:, Vol. 3, London: Nature Publishing Group, pp. 527–537. 3807: 3593: 2907:

Perception is one of the oldest fields in psychology. The oldest

2890: 2823: 2789: 2728: 2505: 2111: 2020: 1944: 1832: 1721: 1361: 1301: 37: 7990: 7635:

Of Anchors & Sails: Personality-Ability Trait Constellations

5445: 3511:

in the embryonic stage of development, i.e., even before birth.

11456: 11446: 11152: 10915: 10339: 10317: 10247: 10225: 9511: 9060: 8405: 8355: 8268: 8140: 3872: 3867: 3150:

shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps.

2924: 2878:

nature has been demonstrated by an experiment that showed that

2851: 2843: 2781: 2751: 2497: 2384: 2278: 2049: 1865: 1740: 1705: 1701: 1336: 1030: 8025: 5387:"The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing" 4923:

Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical aspects

3361:, write that the purpose of perception is knowledge. However, 3334:

by an organism will never suffer change as time goes on. This

3223:

The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher

3192:

Later research has identified additional grouping principles.

2247:

The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of

11682: 11484: 11397: 11392: 11166: 11076: 11051: 10862: 10112: 9708: 9611: 9257: 8910:

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

8505: 8455: 8017: 7974: 6824: 4525:"Neural mechanisms of rapid sensitivity to syntactic anomaly" 3562: 3185: 2970: 2946: 2809: 2540:

Somatosensory system § Neural processing of social touch

2463: 2380: 2341:, muscle nerves, etc.; and temperature, which is detected by 2314: 2260: 2219:

The process of recognizing objects through touch is known as

2144: 2119: 1852: 1824: 1809: 1805: 1685: 1293: 1035: 7984: 4017:. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598–601. 2719:

is sometimes divided into two functions by neuroscientists:

12217: 11970: 10333: 10307: 8450: 8430: 8425: 8350: 8308: 8293: 7765:"A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness" 5850:(2011). "The missing sensory modality: the immune system". 5435:. UniSci – Daily University Science News. 27 February 2001. 4978:

Why do two great tastes sometimes not taste great together?

3607: 3585: 3577:

systems or in the brain's processing of sense information.

3248: 2945:

is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing

2855: 2604: 2376: 2326: 2274: 2061:

spike, a sudden spike in neuron membrane electric voltage.

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London: RoutledgeFalmer; Poerksen, Bernhard (ed.) (2004),

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Warren RM (1970). "Restoration of missing speech sounds".

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symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts).

3338:

theory thus allows for a needful evolutionary adjustment.

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Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior

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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1999.

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associated with affective touch is activated more in the

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contained in the target and the situation surrounding it.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,

2466:

of the speech, as well as the physical characteristics,

8850:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

4959:

Food texture: measurement and perception (page 3–4/311)

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have multiple interpretations on the perceptual level.

6650:

Radical Constructivism: A Way of Knowing and Learning,

4819:

Daniel D. Chiras. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2005.

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has focused on the relation of this to other kinds of

3220:

applies when stimuli are presented one after another.

2526:

refers to cognitive processes specialized in handling

1804:

include the extent to which sensory qualities such as

10519:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

7140:

2023; 7(2): 167; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2302167.

6192:(2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 78, 80. 5956: 5624: 5439: 5433:"Brain Areas Critical To Human Time Sense Identified" 4409:"The structure and precision of retinal spike trains" 3725: 1785:

has progressed by combining a variety of techniques.

1759:) with restorative and selective mechanisms, such as 7503: 7501: 7012:"Illusory Conjunctions in the Perception of Objects" 6635:

Consciousness in Action, S. L. Hurley, illustrated,

6226:

Banerjee JC (1994). "Gestalt Theory of Perception".

5950: 4874:. trendcentral.com. 23 February 2010. Archived from 4822: 4160: 4076: 2371:

Smell is the process of absorbing molecules through

2297:

Traditionally, there have been four primary tastes:

1880:. This raw pattern of neural activity is called the 1731:

Perception is not only the passive receipt of these

65:

from single or multi-view depth maps or silhouettes.

6817: 5908:"Interoception, contemplative practice, and health" 5118:

The Neurophysiological Bases of Auditory Perception

5111: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4648:"Identifying objects by touch: An "expert system."" 4406: 4356:Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P (2021). 2379:. These molecules diffuse through a thick layer of 2153:, while frequencies below audio are referred to as 2042:

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 6783:The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? 6255:(4th ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. p. 144. 5994: 5992: 5384: 4782: 4207:"Perception, Attribution, and, Judgment of Others" 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3958: 2981:from the physical world to the realm of the mind. 7498: 7358: 6820:"Perception as a closed-loop convergence process" 6659:Exeter: Imprint Academic; Wright. Edmond (2005). 5957:Atkinson RL, Atkinson RC, Smith EE (March 1990). 5112:Watkins AJ, Raimond A, Makin SJ (23 March 2010). 12266: 6230:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 107–108. 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 5627:"Bidirectional Modulation of Recognition Memory" 5588:"Recognizing: the judgement of prior occurrence" 4908: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4574:D'Ambrose C, Choudhary R (2003). Elert G (ed.). 4166: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3526:The Interactive Activation and Competition Model 2661:appear to have a strong modulatory influence on 7586: 7540: 7009: 6402:Social cognition: understanding self and others 6228:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms 6089:Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories 5989: 5963:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 177–183. 4686: 4306: 3999: 3514: 3453: 1766:Perception depends on complex functions of the 7762: 7461: 7459: 6920: 6363:The psychology of judgment and decision making 6313: 6311: 6079: 5792: 5525: 5385:Rao SM, Mayer AR, Harrington DL (March 2001). 5189: 2273:of substances, including, but not limited to, 1945:Saks and John's three components to perception 28:"Percept" redirects here. For other uses, see 11036: 10700: 9724: 9076: 8041: 6392: 6031: 4831: 4593: 4085: 4020: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3420: 2635:. One particular component of the brain, the 2383:; come into contact with one of thousands of 1650: 1182: 652: 11050: 10449:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 7935:The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception 7900:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7507: 7189:Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6355: 6353: 4919: 4838:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 39–40. 4646:Klatzky RL, Lederman SJ, Metzger VA (1985). 4516: 4459: 4407:Berry MJ, Warland DK, Meister M (May 1997). 4349: 4167:Willis WD, Coggeshall RE (31 January 2004). 4092:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 33–37. 2345:. All basic tastes are classified as either 2325:of food in the mouth. Other factors include 2170:, which collect and filter sound waves; the 1800:, in terms of the information they process. 7928:The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems 7715: 7560:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–27. 7456: 7266: 7233: 7200: 6923:"A Feature-Integration Theory of Attention" 6813: 6811: 6803:Information theory of decisions and actions 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6661:Narrative, Perception, Language, and Faith, 6527:Vision and Brain: How we perceive the world 6308: 6269: 5998: 5105: 4785:The senses considered as perceptual systems 4400: 4267: 4123: 4121: 3573:, and whether it takes place in peripheral 3116:that are far apart as two separate objects. 2607:is perceived and experienced. Although the 2563:(BOLD) contrast imaging, identified during 2375:, which are absorbed by humans through the 1735:, but it is also shaped by the recipient's 11043: 11029: 10707: 10693: 9731: 9717: 9083: 9069: 8048: 8034: 7631: 7592: 7553: 7171:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6555: 6431: 6118: 6085: 5798: 4073:. Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig 1860. 3979: 3352: 2949:information. A sensory system consists of 1858: 1657: 1643: 1540:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery 1189: 1175: 659: 645: 8018:Articles and topics related to Perception 7987:Examples of well-known optical illusions. 7439: 7429: 7388: 7378: 7284: 7251: 7218: 6981: 6891: 6847: 6837: 6494: 6398: 6350: 6044: 5933: 5923: 5699: 5650: 5570: 5539: 5500: 5473: 5463: 5335: 5163:"Primacy of Multimodal Speech Perception" 5160: 5030: 4898:"#8 Food Trend for 2010: I Want My Umami" 4663: 4550: 4540: 4522: 4499: 4442: 4432: 4383: 4373: 4332: 4307:Gollisch T, Meister M (28 January 2010). 4270:"Exemplar-based model of social judgment" 4031: 3407: 3385:Building and maintaining sense organs is 2788:, sexual stimulation is strongly tied to 2578: 2337:, which is detected through a variety of 1992: 1555:Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery 7809: 7508:Coon D, Mitterer JO (29 December 2008). 7158:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1682 7108:The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. 7059: 6808: 6775: 6670: 6596:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 6586: 6225: 5378: 5079: 4250:Sincero, Sarah Mae. 2013. "Perception." 4118: 3956: 3541: 3249:Perception as direct perception (Gibson) 3051: 2422: 2072: 2019: 1909:Bruner's model of the perceptual process 1783:psychology's understanding of perception 52: 36: 7965:Several different aspects on perception 7868:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7842:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7835: 7816:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6795: 6730: 6576:from the original on 25 September 2015. 6317: 6275: 6005:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 43–46. 5846: 5585: 4996: 3927: 3925: 3546: 3300: 2800:found in erogenous zones of the body.) 2589: 2174:, which transforms the sound pressure ( 12267: 7975:Comprehensive set of optical illusions 7514:. Cengage Learning. pp. 171–172. 7465: 7411: 6733:"The reflex arc concept in psychology" 6724: 6542:". In: Alva Noë/Evan Thompson (Eds.), 6437: 6321:Contrast in judgments of mental health 6250: 6124: 5722: 5232: 4832:DeVere R, Calvert M (31 August 2010). 4780: 4086:DeVere R, Calvert M (31 August 2010). 4038:. Cengage Learning. pp. 123–124. 3584:show that specific practices (such as 2015: 49:can be perceived in more than one way. 11261:Somatosensory system (sense of touch) 11024: 10688: 9712: 9064: 8880:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 8029: 8016: 7861: 7632:Stanek K, Ones D (20 November 2023). 7593:Block JR, Yuker HE (1 October 2002). 7359:Fiori F, David N, Aglioti SM (2014). 7055: 7053: 7005: 7003: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6792:nature reviews neuroscience 11:127-38 6529:", Cambridge, MIT Press, pp. 155-178. 6359: 6128:Visual perception: essential readings 5894:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 5452:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 5169:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. 4604: 3275:approach was introduced by professor 3060: 2784:. Distinct from the general sense of 2758: 2565:functional magnetic resonance imaging 2249:extended physiological proprioception 16:Interpretation of sensory information 11246:Vestibular system (sense of balance) 10714: 8980:Interpretations of quantum mechanics 8900:The World as Will and Representation 7613:from the original on 9 November 2011 7574:from the original on 9 November 2011 7554:Hardy M, Heyes S (2 December 1999). 7528:from the original on 9 November 2011 7486:from the original on 9 November 2011 7320:from the original on 2 February 2016 7121:Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny 6540:A Theory of Direct Visual Perception 6458:from the original on 9 November 2011 6419:from the original on 9 November 2011 6380:from the original on 9 November 2011 6338:from the original on 9 November 2011 6296:from the original on 9 November 2011 6167:, 5th ed., New York: Worth, p. 281. 6145:from the original on 9 November 2011 6106:from the original on 9 November 2011 6067:from the original on 9 November 2011 6019:from the original on 9 November 2011 5977:from the original on 9 November 2011 5366:. p. Introduction to Psychology 5142:from the original on 9 November 2011 5086:How Does Scent Drive Human Behavior? 5053: 4968:Andrew J. Rosenthal. Springer, 1999. 4940:from the original on 9 November 2011 4900:. foodchannel.com. 6 December 2009. 4852:from the original on 9 November 2011 4835:Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders 4627:from the original on 9 November 2011 4235: 4187:from the original on 9 November 2011 4106:from the original on 9 November 2011 4089:Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders 3922: 3880:, the Buddhist concept of perception 3619:Effect of motivation and expectation 8007:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7996:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5824:The Secret Advantage Of Being Short 4052:from the original on 2 January 2017 3468:. Cognitive psychologist professor 3279:, who rejected the assumption of a 3195: 2313:. The recognition and awareness of 13: 12305:Concepts in the philosophy of mind 11241:Auditory system (sense of hearing) 7866:, in Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds.), 7814:, in Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds.), 7299: 7201:Val Danilov I (17 February 2023). 7050: 7000: 6975: 6876: 6625:from the original on 13 June 2013. 6546:, Cambridge, MIT Press, pp. 77–89. 5102:. Psychology Press, 2nd ed., p. 20 5098:E. R. Smith, D. M. Mackie (2000). 5060:American Psychological Association 4971: 4904:from the original on 11 July 2011. 4576:"Frequency range of human hearing" 3843:Neural correlates of consciousness 3049:as a notable example from hearing. 2814:Other senses enable perception of 2611:is not associated with a specific 14: 12316: 11256:Gustatory system (sense of taste) 11251:Olfactory system (sense of smell) 7956: 7472:. Cengage Learning. p. 193. 7469:Psychology: Themes and Variations 6559:Phenomenology of the Human Person 6282:. Psychology Press. p. 219. 6253:Psychology: themes and variations 5999:Sonderegger T (16 October 1998). 5505:. Basic Books. pp. 117–118. 5167:The Handbook of Speech Perception 4256:https://explorable.com/perception 4129:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 2573:transcranial magnetic stimulation 2269:) is the ability to perceive the 1855:is strongly influenced by smell. 1575:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 1275:Neuropsychological rehabilitation 1156:Social and political philosophers 11508:Infrared sensing in vampire bats 10667: 9090: 9043: 9033: 9032: 7971:Theories of Richard. L. Gregory. 7855: 7829: 7803: 7756: 7709: 7683: 7660: 7625: 7405: 7352: 7293: 7260: 7227: 6967:on 5 September 2008 – via 6863: 6639:, 2002, 0674007964, pp. 430–432. 6045:Goldstein EB (15 October 2009). 3747: 3735: 3531:Recognition-By-Components Theory 3256:of perception assume there is a 1623: 1611: 1599: 1211: 700: 686: 626: 84: 11236:Visual system (sense of vision) 8830:Meditations on First Philosophy 8055: 7937:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 7890: 7418:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7366:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7194: 7180: 7163: 7146: 7130: 7113: 7100: 6914: 6648:Glasersfeld, Ernst von (1995), 6642: 6629: 6580: 6549: 6532: 6519: 6470: 6405:. Guilford Press. p. 421. 6366:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–41. 6244: 6219: 6210: 6177: 6157: 6131:. Psychology Press. p. 7. 5899: 5886: 5840: 5817: 5767: 5742: 5716: 5667: 5618: 5579: 5564: 5519: 5494: 5425: 5352: 5303: 5277: 5226: 5183: 5165:. In Pisoni D, Remez R (eds.). 5154: 5092: 5073: 5047: 4990: 4952: 4926:. Academic Press. p. 825. 4890: 4864: 4803: 4774: 4680: 4639: 4567: 4300: 4261: 4244: 4199: 3321:, held by such philosophers as 2803: 2533: 2223:. It involves a combination of 1802:Perceptual issues in philosophy 9738: 9507:Analytic–synthetic distinction 7991:The Epistemology of Perception 7722:Canadian Journal of Psychology 7286:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192 7253:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185 7220:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156 7175:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp 7010:Treisman A, Schmidt H (1982). 6438:Popper AN (30 November 2010). 5643:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2278-15.2015 5328:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1130-15.2016 5161:Rosenblum LD (15 April 2008). 4652:Perception & Psychophysics 4134: 4064: 3950: 2711: 1: 12290:Neuropsychological assessment 11378:Auditory perception (hearing) 7769:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7466:Weiten W (17 December 2008). 6921:Treisman A, Gelade G (1980). 6587:Richards RJ (December 1976). 6216:Goldstein (2009). pp. 105–107 6186:"Gestalt Grouping Principles" 4920:Siegel GJ, Albers RW (2006). 4032:Bernstein DA (5 March 2010). 3910: 3694: 3093:organized into six categories 3079:) are a set of principles in 2930: 2850:, and sensations felt in the 2603:refers to how the passage of 2118:) is the ability to perceive 2052:, which send a signal to the 1763:, that influence perception. 1565:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure 1560:Mini–mental state examination 1270:Neuropsychological assessment 369:Industrial and organizational 12024:Olfactory reference syndrome 11801:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 10869:Perception as interpretation 10579:Aestheticization of politics 9015:Philosophy of space and time 7599:. Robson. pp. 173–174. 7412:Snyder J (31 October 2015). 7123:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 7078:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90006-8 7028:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90006-8 6942:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 6818:Ahissar E., Assa E. (2016). 6496:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.012 6279:The dictionary of psychology 5255:10.1126/science.167.3917.392 5204:10.1016/j.heares.2007.01.014 5116:. In Lopez-Poveda EA (ed.). 4997:Brookes J (13 August 2010). 4810:Human biology (Page 201/464) 4789:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 4701:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90008-9 4605:Moore BC (15 October 2009). 4325:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.009 4268:Smith ER, Zárate MA (1992). 3915: 3768:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 3611:exteroceptive, visual cues. 3515:Other theories of perception 3454:Shared Intentionality theory 3212:Simultaneous contrast effect 3020: 2921:Gestalt School of Psychology 2895:European peacock butterflies 2893:. For example, the wings of 2561:blood oxygen level-dependent 2431:reveals no clear boundaries. 1530:Benton Visual Retention Test 524:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 12223:Sensory processing disorder 11393:Gustation (taste or flavor) 11383:Equilibrioception (balance) 9552:Internalism and externalism 8890:The Phenomenology of Spirit 7638:. University of Minnesota. 7096:– via Science Direct. 7046:– via Science Direct. 5723:Themes UF (29 March 2017). 5631:The Journal of Neuroscience 5080:Bergland C (29 June 2015). 3721: 3446:spatial locations (see the 3373:to humans use eyesight for 3357:Many philosophers, such as 3243: 3015: 2780:, possibly even leading to 2474:, and mood of the speaker. 2329:, which is detected by the 1585:Wisconsin Card Sorting Task 1535:Continuous Performance Task 23:Perception (disambiguation) 10: 12321: 12177:Supernumerary phantom limb 11513:Infrared sensing in snakes 11373:Visual perception (vision) 7885: 7763:O'Regan JK, Noë A (2001). 6801:Tishby, N. and D. Polani, 6538:Gibson, James J. (2002): " 6053:. Sage. pp. 309–313. 6051:Encyclopedia of Perception 5960:Introduction to psychology 5604:10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.252 5550:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.480 4613:. Sage. pp. 136–137. 4611:Encyclopedia of Perception 4523:Kim AE, Gilley PM (2013). 4492:10.1038/s41598-019-51756-y 4142:"Sensation and Perception" 3763:Action-specific perception 3698: 3660:reversed the color of the 3622: 3550: 3457: 3427:Feature integration theory 3424: 3421:Feature integration theory 3363:evolutionary psychologists 3199: 3064: 3024: 2934: 2861: 2807: 2785: 2762: 2675: 2593: 2537: 2516: 2439: 2406: 2364: 2258: 2232:experienced during touch. 2212: 2032: 1912: 1823:has demonstrated that the 27: 20: 12240: 12185: 12154: 12123: 12075: 12042: 11994: 11956: 11928:Microwave auditory effect 11888: 11786: 11779: 11752: 11729: 11701: 11660: 11602: 11591: 11559: 11536: 11483: 11474: 11427: 11365: 11322: 11269: 11226: 11183: 11174: 11165: 11113: 11095:Transduction (physiology) 11075: 11062: 10947: 10914: 10822: 10720: 10647: 10571: 10420: 10193: 9900: 9812: 9746: 9678: 9627: 9476: 9383:Evolutionary epistemology 9353: 9098: 9028: 8952: 8751: 8491: 8219: 8063: 8023: 7781:10.1017/S0140525X01000115 7670:, 18, pp. 206-223. 1949. 6525:Stone, James V. (2012): " 6444:. Springer. p. 150. 6092:. Elsevier. p. 126. 6049:. In Goldstein EB (ed.). 5528:The American Psychologist 5120:. Springer. p. 440. 4609:. In Goldstein EB (ed.). 4375:10.3389/fneur.2021.661938 3260:. This is the claim that 2671: 2639:, is responsible for the 2557:anterior cingulate cortex 2509:had even been disturbed. 2435: 2402: 2265:Taste (formally known as 2028: 1545:Hayling and Brixton tests 1240:Cognitive neuropsychology 903:Middle Eastern philosophy 299:Applied behavior analysis 11933:Music-specific disorders 11289:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 9655:Philosophy of perception 9458:Representational realism 9428:Naturalized epistemology 9005:Philosophy of psychology 8940:Simulacra and Simulation 7677:15 February 2006 at the 7431:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00594 7380:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00734 7125:Harvard University Press 6984:Sensation and Perception 6721:, Chapter 4, pp. 81–101. 6637:Harvard University Press 6190:Sensation and Perception 5925:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763 5465:10.3389/fnint.2013.00075 5360:"Multi-Modal Perception" 5056:"Scents and sensibility" 5054:Weir K (February 2011). 4983:28 November 2011 at the 4542:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00045 4413:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 4286:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.3 4254:Retrieved 8 March 2020 ( 4035:Essentials of Psychology 3996:Goldstein (2009) pp. 5–7 3858:Philosophy of perception 3833:Multisensory integration 3701:Philosophy of perception 3477:, and neurobiology. The 3077:Gestalt laws of grouping 2923:, with an emphasis on a 2512: 2449:is the process by which 2360: 2254: 2208: 2198:for further processing. 2068: 1235:Clinical neuropsychology 63:reconstructing 3D shapes 30:Percept (disambiguation) 12285:Experimental psychology 11913:Auditory verbal agnosia 11767:Juxtacapillary receptor 10990:Relational frame theory 10965:Higher nervous activity 10599:Evolutionary aesthetics 10549:The Aesthetic Dimension 9635:Outline of epistemology 9468:Transcendental idealism 8870:Critique of Pure Reason 7911:Flanagan, J. R., & 6163:Gray, Peter O. (2006): 5912:Frontiers in Psychology 4434:10.1073/pnas.94.10.5411 4173:. Springer. p. 1. 3828:Model-dependent realism 3644:Sets can be created by 3353:Evolutionary psychology 3258:poverty of the stimulus 2911:laws in psychology are 2637:suprachiasmatic nucleus 2188:primary auditory cortex 1859:Process and terminology 1779:experimental psychology 489:Behavioral neuroscience 146:Behavioral neuroscience 11908:Auditory hallucination 11518:Surface wave detection 11123:Multimodal integration 10960:Experiential avoidance 10529:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 10479:Lectures on Aesthetics 9582:Problem of other minds 8461:Type–token distinction 8289:Hypostatic abstraction 8071:Abstract object theory 7963:Theories of Perception 7933:Gibson, J. J. (1987). 7926:Gibson, J. J. (1966). 7668:Journal of Personality 7644:10.24926/9781946135988 7267:Val Danilov I (2023). 7234:Val Danilov I (2023). 7119:Tomasello, M. (2019). 7106:Tomasello, M. (1999). 6086:Roeckelein JE (2006). 5799:Wettlaufer AK (2003). 5285:"Somatosensory Cortex" 5023:10.1098/rsta.2010.0117 4964:2 January 2017 at the 4815:2 January 2017 at the 4071:Gustav Theodor Fechner 3414:closed-loop perception 3408:Closed-loop perception 3336:social constructionist 3073:principles of grouping 3067:Principles of grouping 3057: 2870:. Others, who are not 2828:position of body parts 2659:central nervous system 2584:Multi-modal perception 2579:Multi-modal perception 2432: 2108: 2025: 2001:multistable perception 1993:Multistable perception 1915:Social identity theory 1831:testing, analogous to 1678: 1417:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 1280:Traumatic brain injury 1245:Cognitive neuroscience 1126:Aesthetic philosophers 539:Psychology of religion 479:Behavioral engineering 165:Cognitive neuroscience 131:Affective neuroscience 66: 50: 12167:Phantom limb syndrome 12115:Tactile hallucination 11304:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 11105:Active sensory system 10975:Ironic process theory 10740:Cognitive flexibility 10674:Philosophy portal 9660:Philosophy of science 9640:Faith and rationality 9522:Descriptive knowledge 9393:Feminist epistemology 9333:Nicholas Wolterstorff 9050:Philosophy portal 8930:Being and Nothingness 8346:Mental representation 7919:, 412(6845):389–91. ( 7840:, in Zalta EN (ed.), 7156:284(1863), 20171682. 6982:Goldstein EB (2010). 6892:Goldstein EB (2015). 6788:8 August 2017 at the 6556:Sokolowski R (2008). 6399:Moskowitz GB (2005). 5835:All Things Considered 5803:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 3884:Shared intentionality 3635:perceptual expectancy 3542:Effects on perception 3509:Shared intentionality 3504:Shared intentionality 3491:Shared intentionality 3479:Shared intentionality 3466:Shared intentionality 3460:Shared intentionality 3440:illusory conjunctions 3323:Ernst von Glasersfeld 3307:perception-in-action, 3085:Gestalt psychologists 3055: 2655:dopaminergic pathways 2426: 2186:these are led to the 2076: 2023: 1781:in the 19th century, 1618:Philosophy portal 1606:Psychology portal 1580:Wechsler Memory Scale 1550:Lexical Decision Task 707:Philosophy portal 633:Psychology portal 56: 40: 12300:Sources of knowledge 11976:Labyrinthine fistula 11943:Spatial hearing loss 11642:Campaniform sensilla 11357:Somatosensory cortex 10619:Philosophy of design 10499:In Praise of Shadows 10489:The Critic as Artist 9592:Procedural knowledge 9577:Problem of induction 8975:Feminist metaphysics 7896:Arnheim, R. (1969). 7557:Beginning Psychology 7066:Cognitive Psychology 7016:Cognitive Psychology 6930:Cognitive Psychology 6900:. pp. 109–112. 6741:Psychological Review 5892:Kolb & Whishaw: 5833:by Robert Krulwich. 5725:"Sensory Corpuscles" 5592:Psychological Review 5571:Metzinger T (2003). 5501:Metzinger T (2009). 4689:Cognitive Psychology 4580:The Physics Factbook 4274:Psychological Review 3965:. Worth Publishers. 3899:Transsaccadic memory 3547:Effect of experience 3301:Perception-in-action 3110:all else being equal 3083:, first proposed by 3047:phonemic restoration 3032:Perceptual constancy 3027:Subjective constancy 3006:somatosensory system 2840:abdominal distension 2818:(vestibular sense); 2794:physical stimulation 2698:the Libet experiment 2590:Time (chronoception) 2546:somatosensory cortex 2331:olfactory epithelium 1794:Sensory neuroscience 1777:. Since the rise of 1151:Philosophers of mind 21:For other uses, see 11762:Nociceptin receptor 11632:Merkel nerve ending 11617:Mechanotransduction 11005:Thought suppression 10629:Philosophy of music 10604:Mathematical beauty 9670:Virtue epistemology 9665:Social epistemology 9645:Formal epistemology 9532:Epistemic injustice 9527:Exploratory thought 9328:Ludwig Wittgenstein 8820:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 8331:Linguistic modality 7930:, Houghton Mifflin. 7810:Hatfield G (2023), 7716:O'Regan JK (1992). 7691:"Predictive Coding" 7173:47(6), 1291-1294., 7060:Treisman A (1977). 6839:10.7554/eLife.12830 6781:Friston, K. (2010) 6771:on 6 November 2018. 6318:Kushner LH (2008). 6276:Corsini RJ (2002). 5837:, NPR. 18 May 2009. 5829:21 May 2009 at the 5391:Nature Neuroscience 5247:1970Sci...167..392W 5126:2010nbap.book.....L 5015:2010RSPTA.368.3491B 5009:(1924): 3491–3502. 4744:2001Natur.412..445R 4484:2019NatSR...915110T 4425:1997PNAS...94.5411B 4223:on 25 February 2021 3957:Schacter D (2011). 3553:Perceptual learning 3375:collision avoidance 3319:constructivist view 3286:ambient optic array 3281:poverty of stimulus 3217:successive contrast 3168:: the principle of 3143:: the principle of 3122:: the principle of 3102:: the principle of 3043:roughness constancy 2054:retina bipolar cell 2016:Types of perception 1903:stimulus modalities 1630:Medicine portal 1322:Executive functions 1161:Women in philosophy 891:Indigenous American 674:Part of a series on 484:Behavioral genetics 399:Occupational health 141:Behavioral genetics 72:Part of a series on 12124:Nociception (pain) 11716:Olfactory receptor 11668:Photoreceptor cell 11622:Lamellar corpuscle 11546:Photomorphogenesis 11408:nociception (pain) 11100:Sensory processing 10624:Philosophy of film 10614:Patterns in nature 10584:Applied aesthetics 10559:Why Beauty Matters 10345:Life imitating art 10206:Art for art's sake 9323:Timothy Williamson 9113:Augustine of Hippo 9010:Philosophy of self 9000:Philosophy of mind 8264:Embodied cognition 8176:Scientific realism 7836:Downing L (2021), 7697:on 5 December 2013 6665:Palgrave Macmillan 5692:10.1002/hipo.22615 5082:"Psychology Today" 4665:10.3758/BF03211351 3853:Perceptual paradox 3783:Embodied cognition 3688:Embodied cognition 3379:Neuropsychologists 3343:General Tau Theory 3273:perceptual ecology 3254:Cognitive theories 3238:neuronal synchrony 3154:Good Continuation: 3061:Grouping (Gestalt) 3058: 2770:Sexual stimulation 2765:Sexual stimulation 2759:Sexual stimulation 2750:Recent studies on 2738:(specifically the 2717:Recognition memory 2663:mental chronometry 2433: 2289:gustatory calyculi 2242:active exploration 2176:impedance matching 2109: 2026: 1958:motivational state 1898:sensory modalities 1840:perceptual systems 1753:object recognition 1342:Motor coordination 854:Eastern philosophy 601:Schools of thought 439:Sport and exercise 285:Applied psychology 67: 51: 12280:Cognitive science 12262: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12241:Biases and errors 12236: 12235: 12172:Somatoparaphrenia 12141:Pain dissociation 11986:Ménière's disease 11918:Cortical deafness 11796:Visual impairment 11775: 11774: 11637:Bulbous corpuscle 11627:Tactile corpuscle 11595:sensory receptors 11587: 11586: 11470: 11469: 11423: 11422: 11388:Olfaction (smell) 11342:Vestibular cortex 11324:Cerebral cortices 11161: 11160: 11148:Motion perception 11018: 11017: 10777:Critical thinking 10745:Cognitive liberty 10682: 10681: 10634:Psychology of art 10509:Art as Experience 9706: 9705: 9572:Privileged access 9208:Søren Kierkegaard 9058: 9057: 8237:Category of being 8206:Truthmaker theory 7985:Optical Illusions 7969:Richard L Gregory 7906:978-0-520-24226-5 7838:"George Berkeley" 7653:978-1-946135-98-8 7606:978-1-86105-586-6 7567:978-0-19-832821-6 7521:978-0-495-59911-1 7479:978-0-495-60197-5 6993:978-0-495-60149-4 6907:978-1-285-76388-0 6719:978-0-13-111529-3 6569:978-0-521-71766-3 6451:978-1-4419-6113-6 6412:978-1-59385-085-2 6373:978-0-07-050477-6 6331:978-0-549-91314-6 6289:978-1-58391-328-4 6262:978-0-534-34014-8 6251:Weiten W (1998). 6237:978-81-85880-28-0 6199:978-0-87893-938-1 6173:978-0-7167-0617-5 6138:978-0-86377-598-7 6125:Yantis S (2001). 6099:978-0-444-51750-0 6060:978-1-4129-4081-8 6012:978-0-8220-5327-9 5970:978-0-15-543689-3 5858:(10): 1265–1267. 5810:978-90-420-1035-2 5779:sensoryhealth.org 5754:sensoryhealth.org 5686:(11): 1393–1413. 5512:978-0-465-04567-9 5291:. 31 October 2019 5241:(3917): 392–393. 5176:978-0-470-75677-5 5135:978-1-4419-5685-9 5100:Social Psychology 4933:978-0-12-088397-4 4845:978-1-932603-96-5 4796:978-0-313-23961-8 4781:Gibson J (1966). 4738:(6845): 445–448. 4620:978-1-4129-4081-8 4214:Pearson Education 4180:978-0-306-48033-1 4099:978-1-932603-96-5 4045:978-0-495-90693-3 3972:978-1-4292-3719-2 3937:sensoryhealth.org 3889:Simulated reality 3674:predictive coding 3557:With experience, 3470:Michael Tomasello 3178:The principle of 3159:good continuation 3156:the principle of 2967:somatic sensation 2951:sensory receptors 2790:hormonal activity 2740:perirhinal cortex 2569:prefrontal cortex 2524:Facial perception 2447:Speech perception 2442:Speech perception 2414:Social perception 2409:Social perception 2221:haptic perception 2215:Haptic perception 2045:the optic nerve. 2035:Visual perception 1882:proximal stimulus 1667: 1666: 1499:("H.M.", patient) 1492:Hans-Lukas Teuber 1412:Elkhonon Goldberg 1199: 1198: 1007: 1006: 669: 668: 566:Counseling topics 509:Consumer behavior 250:Psycholinguistics 136:Affective science 12312: 11903:Auditory agnosia 11835:Optic neuropathy 11784: 11783: 11652:Stretch receptor 11600: 11599: 11498:Magnetoreception 11493:Electroreception 11481: 11480: 11403:mechanoreception 11352:Gustatory cortex 11347:Olfactory cortex 11181: 11180: 11172: 11171: 11090:Sensory receptor 11073: 11072: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11022: 11021: 10715:Mental processes 10709: 10702: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10564: 10554: 10544: 10534: 10524: 10514: 10504: 10494: 10484: 10474: 10464: 10454: 10444: 10434: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9710: 9709: 9650:Metaepistemology 9628:Related articles 9602:Regress argument 9537:Epistemic virtue 9288:Bertrand Russell 9263:Duncan Pritchard 9223:Hilary Kornblith 9138:Laurence BonJour 9085: 9078: 9071: 9062: 9061: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9036: 9035: 8945: 8935: 8925: 8915: 8905: 8895: 8885: 8875: 8865: 8855: 8845: 8835: 8825: 8815: 8805: 8795: 8785: 8775: 8765: 8441:Substantial form 8253:Cogito, ergo sum 8196:Substance theory 8050: 8043: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8013: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7862:Rohlf M (2023), 7859: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7812:"René Descartes" 7807: 7801: 7800: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7734:10.1037/h0084327 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7693:. Archived from 7687: 7681: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7551: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7443: 7433: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7392: 7382: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7337: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7308: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7273:OBM Neurobiology 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7240:OBM Neurobiology 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7207:OBM Neurobiology 7198: 7192: 7184: 7178: 7167: 7161: 7150: 7144: 7138:OBM Neurobiology 7134: 7128: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6960:. Archived from 6927: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6898:Cengage Learning 6896:. Stamford, CT: 6889: 6874: 6867: 6861: 6851: 6841: 6815: 6806: 6799: 6793: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6764:. Archived from 6754:10.1037/h0070405 6737: 6731:Dewey J (1896). 6728: 6722: 6707: 6668: 6646: 6640: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6593: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6553: 6547: 6536: 6530: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6498: 6489:(6): 1073–1083. 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6441:Music Perception 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6360:Plous S (1993). 6357: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6206:on 23 July 2011. 6202:. 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Archived from 4211: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4144:. Archived from 4138: 4132: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4029: 4018: 4015:Gregory, Richard 4012: 3997: 3994: 3977: 3976: 3964: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3929: 3803:Experience model 3788:Change blindness 3752: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3625:Set (psychology) 3535:Irving Biederman 3475:psychophysiology 3367:depth perception 3196:Contrast effects 2880:ambiguous images 2872:picture thinkers 2667:interval timing. 2641:circadian rhythm 2487:word recognition 2418:social cognition 2373:olfactory organs 2339:mechanoreceptors 2184:auditory pathway 2102: Purple is 2101: 2091: 2081: 2059:action potential 1821:ambiguous images 1659: 1652: 1645: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1524: 1508: 1500: 1407:Norman Geschwind 1387:Arthur L. Benton 1376: 1327:Natural language 1296: 1224: 1215: 1201: 1200: 1191: 1184: 1177: 896:Aztec philosophy 775:Ancient Egyptian 757: 756: 709: 705: 704: 703: 690: 671: 670: 661: 654: 647: 631: 630: 629: 596:Research methods 255:Psychophysiology 117:Basic psychology 88: 69: 68: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12295:Sensory systems 12265: 12264: 12263: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12232: 12181: 12150: 12119: 12071: 12038: 11990: 11952: 11884: 11875:Stereoblindness 11816:Color blindness 11771: 11748: 11725: 11697: 11656: 11604:Mechanoreceptor 11593: 11583: 11579:Machine hearing 11574:Computer vision 11569:Robotic sensing 11555: 11532: 11466: 11419: 11361: 11337:Auditory cortex 11318: 11265: 11228:Sensory systems 11222: 11157: 11109: 11067: 11065: 11058: 11049: 11019: 11014: 10943: 10910: 10818: 10797:Problem solving 10782:Decision-making 10716: 10713: 10683: 10678: 10668: 10666: 10643: 10567: 10562: 10552: 10542: 10539:Critical Essays 10532: 10522: 10512: 10502: 10492: 10482: 10472: 10462: 10452: 10442: 10432: 10416: 10189: 10103:Ortega y Gasset 9896: 9808: 9742: 9737: 9707: 9702: 9674: 9623: 9542:Gettier problem 9472: 9403:Foundationalism 9349: 9298:Wilfrid Sellars 9253:Alvin Plantinga 9133:George Berkeley 9100:Epistemologists 9094: 9089: 9059: 9054: 9044: 9042: 9024: 8948: 8943: 8933: 8923: 8913: 8903: 8893: 8883: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8843: 8833: 8823: 8813: 8803: 8793: 8790:De rerum natura 8783: 8773: 8763: 8747: 8487: 8391:Physical object 8227:Abstract object 8215: 8201:Theory of forms 8136:Meaning of life 8059: 8054: 8019: 8004:Article in the 7993:Article in the 7977:, presented by 7959: 7913:Lederman, S. J. 7898:Visual Thinking 7893: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7873: 7871: 7864:"Immanuel Kant" 7860: 7856: 7847: 7845: 7834: 7830: 7821: 7819: 7808: 7804: 7761: 7757: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7679:Wayback Machine 7665: 7661: 7654: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7568: 7552: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7522: 7506: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7480: 7464: 7457: 7410: 7406: 7357: 7353: 7341: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7265: 7261: 7232: 7228: 7199: 7195: 7191:13(8), 841-849. 7185: 7181: 7168: 7164: 7151: 7147: 7135: 7131: 7118: 7114: 7105: 7101: 7058: 7051: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6980: 6976: 6964: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6890: 6877: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6790:Wayback Machine 6780: 6776: 6768: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6708: 6671: 6647: 6643: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6608:10.2307/2107193 6591: 6585: 6581: 6570: 6554: 6550: 6537: 6533: 6524: 6520: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6374: 6358: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6332: 6316: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6200: 6182: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6139: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6061: 6043: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6013: 5997: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5887: 5845: 5841: 5831:Wayback Machine 5822: 5818: 5811: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5775:"Your 8 Senses" 5773: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5750:"Your 8 Senses" 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5721: 5717: 5672: 5668: 5623: 5619: 5584: 5580: 5569: 5565: 5541:10.1.1.188.8271 5524: 5520: 5513: 5499: 5495: 5444: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5322:(21): 5850–60. 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5231: 5227: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5136: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5048: 4995: 4991: 4985:Wayback Machine 4976: 4972: 4966:Wayback Machine 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4934: 4918: 4909: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4846: 4830: 4823: 4817:Wayback Machine 4808: 4804: 4797: 4779: 4775: 4728: 4724: 4685: 4681: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4621: 4603: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4572: 4568: 4521: 4517: 4464: 4460: 4405: 4401: 4354: 4350: 4305: 4301: 4266: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4100: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4046: 4030: 4021: 4013: 4000: 3995: 3980: 3973: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3933:"Your 8 Senses" 3931: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3778:Binding Problem 3758: 3748: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3724: 3711:George Berkeley 3703: 3697: 3627: 3621: 3555: 3549: 3544: 3517: 3500:binding problem 3462: 3456: 3448:binding problem 3429: 3423: 3410: 3355: 3349:in perception. 3303: 3277:James J. Gibson 3251: 3246: 3204: 3202:Contrast effect 3198: 3069: 3063: 3038:color constancy 3029: 3023: 3018: 3002:auditory system 2986:receptive field 2955:neural pathways 2939: 2933: 2889:and biological 2864: 2848:urinary bladder 2812: 2806: 2767: 2761: 2714: 2683:Sense of agency 2680: 2678:Sense of agency 2674: 2665:, particularly 2625:cerebral cortex 2621:neuroscientists 2598: 2596:time perception 2592: 2581: 2552:Affective touch 2542: 2536: 2521: 2519:Face perception 2515: 2451:spoken language 2444: 2438: 2411: 2405: 2369: 2363: 2343:thermoreceptors 2319:Western cuisine 2263: 2257: 2217: 2211: 2196:cerebral cortex 2164:auditory system 2107: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2082: Brown is 2079: 2071: 2037: 2031: 2018: 1995: 1962:emotional state 1947: 1917: 1911: 1861: 1798:computationally 1716:is mediated by 1663: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1590: 1589: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1498: 1497:Henry Molaison 1487:Roger W. Sperry 1482:Mark Rosenzweig 1467:Karl H. Pribram 1457:Alexander Luria 1427:Kenneth Heilman 1397:Antonio Damasio 1377: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1357:Problem solving 1317:Decision making 1297: 1294:Brain functions 1292: 1285: 1284: 1265:Neurophysiology 1225: 1222: 1205:Neuropsychology 1195: 1166: 1165: 1131:Epistemologists 1121: 1120: 1109: 1108: 1045: 1021: 1020: 1009: 1008: 754: 753: 742: 701: 699: 698: 665: 627: 625: 618: 617: 616: 615: 591:Psychotherapies 559: 549: 548: 469: 461: 460: 459: 458: 287: 277: 276: 275: 274: 237:Neuropsychology 119: 59:Computer vision 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12318: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12158: 12156: 12155:Proprioception 12152: 12151: 12149: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12081: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12000: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11962: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11894: 11892: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11790: 11781: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11758: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11735: 11733: 11731:Thermoreceptor 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11711:Taste receptor 11707: 11705: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11608: 11606: 11597: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11489: 11487: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11437:Proprioception 11433: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11326: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11309:Trigeminal (V) 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11189: 11187: 11185:Sensory organs 11178: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11070: 11060: 11059: 11048: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11025: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10985:Mental fatigue 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10951: 10949: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10920: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10689: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10609:Neuroesthetics 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10589:Arts criticism 10586: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10555: 10545: 10535: 10525: 10515: 10505: 10495: 10485: 10475: 10465: 10459:On the Sublime 10455: 10445: 10435: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10330: 10325: 10323:Interpretation 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10223: 10218: 10216:Artistic merit 10213: 10208: 10203: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9865:Psychoanalysis 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9736: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9713: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9491: 9482: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9368:Constructivism 9365: 9359: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9318:Baruch Spinoza 9315: 9313:P. F. Strawson 9310: 9305: 9303:Susanna Siegel 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9278:W. V. O. Quine 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9178:Nelson Goodman 9175: 9170: 9168:Edmund Gettier 9165: 9160: 9155: 9153:René Descartes 9150: 9145: 9143:Gilles Deleuze 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9118:William Alston 9115: 9110: 9108:Thomas Aquinas 9104: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9088: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9040: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8953:Related topics 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8926: 8920:Being and Time 8916: 8906: 8896: 8886: 8876: 8866: 8856: 8846: 8836: 8826: 8816: 8806: 8796: 8786: 8776: 8766: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8493:Metaphysicians 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8247:Causal closure 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Libertarianism 8118: 8113: 8108: 8106:Existentialism 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8053: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8011: 8010: 7999: 7988: 7982: 7972: 7966: 7958: 7957:External links 7955: 7954: 7953: 7945: 7931: 7924: 7909: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7854: 7828: 7802: 7775:(5): 939–973. 7755: 7728:(3): 461–488. 7708: 7682: 7659: 7652: 7624: 7605: 7585: 7566: 7539: 7520: 7497: 7478: 7455: 7404: 7351: 7292: 7259: 7226: 7193: 7179: 7177:. 2011.04.012. 7162: 7145: 7129: 7112: 7099: 7072:(1): 107–141. 7049: 7022:(1): 107–141. 6999: 6992: 6974: 6969:Science Direct 6913: 6906: 6875: 6807: 6794: 6774: 6748:(4): 359–370. 6723: 6669: 6641: 6628: 6602:(2): 218–233. 6579: 6568: 6548: 6531: 6518: 6469: 6450: 6430: 6411: 6391: 6372: 6349: 6330: 6307: 6288: 6268: 6261: 6243: 6236: 6218: 6209: 6198: 6176: 6156: 6137: 6117: 6098: 6078: 6059: 6030: 6011: 5988: 5969: 5949: 5898: 5885: 5839: 5816: 5809: 5791: 5766: 5741: 5715: 5666: 5617: 5598:(3): 252–271. 5578: 5575:. p. 508. 5563: 5518: 5511: 5503:The Ego Tunnel 5493: 5438: 5424: 5377: 5364:Lumen Waymaker 5351: 5302: 5276: 5225: 5182: 5175: 5153: 5134: 5104: 5091: 5072: 5046: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4932: 4907: 4889: 4863: 4844: 4821: 4802: 4795: 4773: 4722: 4695:(3): 342–368. 4679: 4658:(4): 299–302. 4638: 4619: 4592: 4566: 4515: 4458: 4419:(10): 5411–6. 4399: 4348: 4319:(2): 150–164. 4299: 4260: 4243: 4234: 4198: 4179: 4159: 4148:on 10 May 2011 4133: 4117: 4098: 4075: 4063: 4044: 4019: 3998: 3978: 3971: 3949: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3904:Visual routine 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3863:Proprioception 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3793:Cognitive bias 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3744: 3723: 3720: 3707:Rene Descartes 3699:Main article: 3696: 3693: 3631:perceptual set 3623:Main article: 3620: 3617: 3603:proprioception 3551:Main article: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3496:Intentionality 3487:Intentionality 3483:Intentionality 3458:Main article: 3455: 3452: 3425:Main article: 3422: 3419: 3412:The theory of 3409: 3406: 3354: 3351: 3302: 3299: 3293:perception is 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3200:Main article: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3176: 3163: 3151: 3138: 3131:visual texture 3117: 3065:Main article: 3062: 3059: 3025:Main article: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 2943:sensory system 2937:Sensory system 2935:Main article: 2932: 2929: 2863: 2860: 2842:, fullness of 2808:Main article: 2805: 2802: 2778:sexual arousal 2763:Main article: 2760: 2757: 2713: 2710: 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2615:, the work of 2613:sensory system 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2580: 2577: 2538:Main article: 2535: 2532: 2517:Main article: 2514: 2511: 2440:Main article: 2437: 2434: 2407:Main article: 2404: 2401: 2365:Main article: 2362: 2359: 2259:Main article: 2256: 2253: 2229:proprioception 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2098: 2088: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 2024:Cerebrum lobes 2017: 2014: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1969: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1910: 1907: 1860: 1857: 1790:quantitatively 1768:nervous system 1726:pressure waves 1718:odor molecules 1694:sensory system 1690:nervous system 1665: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1620: 1608: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1452:Rodolfo Llinás 1449: 1447:Benjamin Libet 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422:Donald O. Hebb 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146:Metaphysicians 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074:Metaphilosophy 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 959: 958: 952: 951: 950: 949: 948: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 912: 911: 910: 900: 899: 898: 888: 887: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 851: 850: 849: 844: 839: 826: 825: 819: 818: 817: 816: 815: 814: 809: 799: 794: 789: 784: 783: 782: 777: 764: 763: 755: 749: 748: 747: 744: 743: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 695: 692: 691: 683: 682: 676: 675: 667: 666: 664: 663: 656: 649: 641: 638: 637: 636: 635: 620: 619: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 562: 561: 560: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 289: 288: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 182:Cross-cultural 179: 174: 173: 172: 162: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 122: 121: 120: 115: 114: 111: 110: 109: 108: 103: 98: 90: 89: 81: 80: 74: 73: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12317: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12213:Hallucination 12211: 12209: 12208:Derealization 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12162:Asomatognosia 12160: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12100:Hyperesthesia 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12085:Astereognosis 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11981:Labyrinthitis 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11955: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11887: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11703:Chemoreceptor 11700: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661:Photoreceptor 11659: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11647:Slit sensilla 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11590: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11473: 11463: 11462:Visceral pain 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11414: 11413:thermoception 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11332:Visual cortex 11330: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11294:Olfactory (I) 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11276:spinal nerves 11273: 11268: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11133:Consciousness 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11041: 11039: 11034: 11032: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10924:Consolidation 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10772:Consciousness 10770: 10768: 10767:Comprehension 10765: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10640: 10639:Theory of art 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10501: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10461: 10460: 10456: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10431: 10430: 10429:Hippias Major 10426: 10425: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10288:Entertainment 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10211:Art manifesto 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10201:Appropriation 10199: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10093:Merleau-Ponty 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9908:Abhinavagupta 9906: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9860:Postmodernism 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9729: 9727: 9722: 9720: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9557:Justification 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9433:Phenomenalism 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9423:Naïve realism 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9373:Contextualism 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9339: 9338:Vienna Circle 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273:Hilary Putnam 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9248:Robert Nozick 9246: 9244: 9243:John McDowell 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9203:Immanuel Kant 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173:Alvin Goldman 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9081: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9051: 9041: 9039: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8995:Phenomenology 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752:Notable works 8750: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156:Phenomenalism 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8076:Action theory 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8022: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7943:0-89859-959-8 7940: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7504: 7502: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7347: 7335: 7316: 7312: 7311:Elsevier Inc. 7305: 7304: 7296: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7109: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 7004: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936:(1): 97–136. 6935: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6873: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6804: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6778: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6711:Prentice Hall 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6666: 6663:Basingstoke: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6552: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6528: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6356: 6354: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324:. p. 1. 6323: 6322: 6314: 6312: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5993: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5864:10.1068/p7119 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5730: 5729:Abdominal Key 5726: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5534:(7): 480–92. 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5403:10.1038/85191 5400: 5397:(3): 317–23. 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529:Front Psychol 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3953: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3823:Introspection 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813:Generic views 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3798:Cultural bias 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3719: 3716: 3715:Immanuel Kant 3712: 3708: 3702: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3658:playing cards 3654: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3633:(also called 3632: 3626: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3432:Anne Treisman 3428: 3418: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3401:prosopagnosia 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387:metabolically 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:fiddler crabs 3368: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3229:Wilhelm Wundt 3226: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108:states that, 3107: 3106: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3013: 3011: 3010:interoception 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998:visual system 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917:Fechner's law 2914: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:temporal lobe 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2687:schizophrenia 2684: 2679: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:basal ganglia 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:psychologists 2614: 2610: 2609:sense of time 2606: 2602: 2601:Chronoception 2597: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2476:Reverberation 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333:of the nose; 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225:somatosensory 2222: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2192:temporal lobe 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166:includes the 2165: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2122:by detecting 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2095: 2092: Red is 2085: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1987: 1986:environmental 1983: 1982:The Situation 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:The Perceiver 1952: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921:Jerome Bruner 1919:Psychologist 1916: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1872:distal object 1869: 1867: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787:Psychophysics 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704:striking the 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1462:Brenda Milner 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1382:Alan Baddeley 1380: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1312:Consciousness 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1230:Brain regions 1228: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1089:Phenomenology 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 961: 960: 957: 954: 953: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 916: 913: 909: 906: 905: 904: 901: 897: 894: 893: 892: 889: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 829: 828: 827: 824: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 781: 780:Ancient Greek 778: 776: 773: 772: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 762: 759: 758: 752: 746: 745: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 708: 697: 696: 694: 693: 689: 685: 684: 681: 678: 677: 673: 672: 662: 657: 655: 650: 648: 643: 642: 640: 639: 634: 624: 623: 622: 621: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 586:Psychologists 584: 582: 579: 577: 576:Organizations 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 552: 545: 544:Psychometrics 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 504:Consciousness 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 465: 464: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 424:Psychotherapy 422: 420: 419:Psychometrics 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 280: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 192:Developmental 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 171: 168: 167: 166: 163: 161: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 118: 113: 112: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 92: 91: 87: 83: 82: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 64: 60: 55: 48: 44: 39: 35: 31: 24: 19: 12146:Phantom pain 12131:Hyperalgesia 12105:Hypoesthesia 11923:Hearing loss 11744:TRP channels 11721:Osmoreceptor 11688:Photopigment 11612:Baroreceptor 11551:Gravitropism 11523:Frog hearing 11503:Echolocation 11299:Facial (VII) 11114: 11055: 10823: 10557: 10547: 10537: 10507: 10497: 10477: 10467: 10457: 10447: 10437: 10427: 10374: 10359: 10350:Magnificence 10332: 10182: 10148:Schopenhauer 9983:Coomaraswamy 9901:Philosophers 9889: 9820:Aestheticism 9616: 9586: 9517:Common sense 9495:A posteriori 9494: 9486: 9448:Reductionism 9342: 9293:Gilbert Ryle 9163:Fred Dretske 9148:Keith DeRose 9092:Epistemology 8970:Epistemology 8938: 8928: 8918: 8908: 8898: 8888: 8878: 8868: 8858: 8848: 8838: 8828: 8818: 8808: 8798: 8788: 8780:Nyāya Sūtras 8778: 8768: 8758: 8740: 8656:Wittgenstein 8601:Schopenhauer 8480: 8471:Unobservable 8385: 8321:Intelligence 8251: 8191:Subjectivism 8186:Spiritualism 8101:Essentialism 8081:Anti-realism 8005: 7994: 7979:Michael Bach 7934: 7927: 7916: 7897: 7891:Bibliography 7872:, retrieved 7867: 7857: 7846:, retrieved 7841: 7831: 7820:, 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Retrieved 4218:the original 4213: 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4169: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4146:the original 4136: 4128: 4108:. Retrieved 4088: 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4034: 3960: 3952: 3940:. Retrieved 3936: 3704: 3686: 3678: 3672: 3667:Philosopher 3666: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3613: 3601: 3556: 3463: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3411: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3356: 3346: 3340: 3326: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3270: 3266:mental model 3252: 3234:firing rates 3222: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3191: 3179: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3123: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3030: 2983: 2942: 2940: 2909:quantitative 2906: 2903: 2884: 2865: 2822:, including 2820:acceleration 2816:body balance 2813: 2804:Other senses 2768: 2749: 2744:Firing rates 2733: 2725:recollection 2724: 2720: 2715: 2702: 2694:pathological 2692:Even in non- 2691: 2682: 2681: 2653:One or more 2652: 2644: 2599: 2582: 2559:. Increased 2550: 2545: 2543: 2534:Social touch 2523: 2522: 2491: 2480: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2412: 2393:subconscious 2389: 2370: 2352: 2346: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2266: 2264: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2220: 2218: 2203:superimposed 2200: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2115: 2110: 2063: 2047: 2038: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1953: 1948: 1918: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877:transduction 1875: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1849:sensory maps 1837: 1814: 1765: 1730: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1477:Oliver Sacks 1442:Muriel Lezak 1437:Edith Kaplan 1402:Phineas Gage 1346: 1260:Neuroanatomy 1118:Philosophers 1026:Epistemology 847:South Africa 802:Contemporary 751:Philosophies 529:Intelligence 260:Quantitative 227:Mathematical 222:Intelligence 212:Experimental 207:Evolutionary 197:Differential 34: 18: 12228:Synesthesia 12136:Hypoalgesia 12110:Paresthesia 12095:Formication 12090:CMT disease 12057:Hypergeusia 11880:Visual snow 11855:Photophobia 11850:Papilledema 11840:Oscillopsia 11826:Hemeralopia 11693:Aureochrome 11528:Toad vision 11452:Suffocation 11366:Perceptions 10814:Prospection 10787:Imagination 10750:Forecasting 10730:Association 10443:(c. 335 BC) 10433:(c. 390 BC) 10412:Work of art 10365:Picturesque 10221:Avant-garde 10178:Winckelmann 10053:Kierkegaard 9978:Collingwood 9948:Baudrillard 9875:Romanticism 9845:Historicism 9779:Mathematics 9597:Proposition 9567:Objectivity 9453:Reliabilism 9443:Rationalism 9388:Fallibilism 9363:Coherentism 9308:Ernest Sosa 9283:Thomas Reid 9268:James Pryor 9238:G. E. Moore 9228:David Lewis 9218:Saul Kripke 9213:Peter Klein 9193:Susan Haack 9123:Robert Audi 8800:Metaphysics 8784:(c. 200 BC) 8774:(c. 350 BC) 8764:(c. 350 BC) 8651:Collingwood 8556:Malebranche 8304:Information 8232:Anima mundi 8211:Type theory 8166:Physicalism 8131:Materialism 8086:Determinism 8057:Metaphysics 7874:11 November 7848:11 November 7822:11 November 7701:24 February 7342:|work= 7279:(4): 1–17. 7246:(4): 1–17. 6047:"Constancy" 5680:Hippocampus 5065:11 December 4280:(1): 3–21. 4252:Explorable. 3818:Ideasthesia 3590:mindfulness 3359:Jerry Fodor 3330:desired or 3312:invariants, 3171:common fate 3166:Common Fate 3135:resemblance 2979:transducers 2913:Weber's law 2876:esemplastic 2832:suffocation 2721:familiarity 2712:Familiarity 2528:human faces 2429:spectrogram 2397:instinctive 2190:within the 2178:); and the 2140:frequencies 1845:modular way 1808:, smell or 1745:expectation 1570:Stroop Test 1472:Pasko Rakic 1432:Eric Kandel 1255:Human brain 1041:Metaphysics 956:By religion 812:Continental 792:Renaissance 571:Disciplines 444:Suicidology 339:Educational 294:Anomalistic 270:Theoretical 245:Personality 177:Comparative 160:Cognitivism 151:Behaviorism 43:Necker cube 12275:Perception 12269:Categories 12248:Pareidolia 12203:Allochiria 12186:Multimodal 12067:Parageusia 12062:Hypogeusia 12034:Phantosmia 12014:Hyperosmia 11958:Vestibular 11938:Palinopsia 11898:Amblyaudia 11845:Palinopsia 11830:Nyctalopia 11754:Nociceptor 11561:Artificial 11284:Optic (II) 11115:Perception 11064:Processes 11056:perception 10995:Mental set 10874:Peripheral 10824:Perception 10807:strategies 10382:Recreation 10360:Perception 10253:Creativity 9953:Baumgarten 9943:Baudelaire 9825:Classicism 9740:Aesthetics 9698:Discussion 9688:Task Force 9607:Simplicity 9587:Perception 9463:Skepticism 9438:Positivism 9413:Infinitism 9378:Empiricism 9233:John Locke 9198:David Hume 9188:Anil Gupta 9183:Paul Grice 9158:John Dewey 9128:A. J. Ayer 8860:Monadology 8794:(c. 80 BC) 8501:Parmenides 8386:Perception 8284:Experience 8171:Relativism 8146:Naturalism 8096:Enactivism 7300:Sumner M. 7213:(1): 156. 6832:: e12830. 6165:Psychology 6002:Psychology 5852:Perception 5848:Bedford FL 5316:J Neurosci 4607:"Audition" 4585:22 January 4368:: 661938. 3961:Psychology 3911:References 3894:Simulation 3848:Pareidolia 3754:Psychology 3742:Philosophy 3695:Philosophy 3682:processes) 3669:Andy Clark 3646:motivation 3637:or simply 3598:meditation 3521:Enactivism 3262:sensations 3225:John Locke 3125:similarity 3120:Similarity 3081:psychology 2931:Physiology 2927:approach. 2887:camouflage 2868:mind's eye 2836:gag reflex 2798:corpuscles 2629:cerebellum 2494:morphology 2348:appetitive 2303:bitterness 2284:taste buds 2235:Professor 2172:middle ear 2168:outer ears 2156:infrasonic 2150:ultrasonic 2124:vibrations 2094:middle ear 2009:Rubin vase 1972:The Target 1966:experience 1964:, and (3) 1913:See also: 1829:hypothesis 1672:(from 1670:Perception 1392:David Bohm 1347:Perception 1049:Aesthetics 738:Categories 680:Philosophy 499:Competence 364:Humanistic 344:Ergonomics 329:Counseling 304:Assessment 241:Perception 202:Ecological 78:Psychology 47:Rubin vase 12044:Gustatory 11996:Olfactory 11860:Photopsia 11806:Amaurosis 11780:Disorders 11673:Cone cell 11592:Types of 11203:Inner ear 11138:Cognition 11128:Awareness 11077:Sensation 11052:Sensation 10970:Intention 10955:Attention 10889:Harmonics 10842:RGB model 10792:Intuition 10762:Foresight 10755:affective 10735:Awareness 10722:Cognition 10387:Reverence 10293:Eroticism 10263:Depiction 10236:Masculine 10138:Santayana 10098:Nietzsche 10043:Hutcheson 10033:Heidegger 10018:Greenberg 9973:Coleridge 9938:Balthasar 9923:Aristotle 9885:Theosophy 9880:Symbolism 9855:Modernism 9840:Formalism 9562:Knowledge 9547:Induction 9497:knowledge 9489:knowledge 9020:Teleology 8985:Mereology 8965:Cosmology 8824:(c. 1000) 8721:Plantinga 8711:Armstrong 8661:Heidegger 8636:Whitehead 8621:Nietzsche 8541:Descartes 8511:Aristotle 8466:Universal 8396:Principle 8366:Necessity 8326:Intention 8279:Existence 8242:Causality 8181:Solipsism 8111:Free will 7789:0140-525X 7742:0008-4255 7344:ignored ( 7334:cite book 6870:CC BY 4.0 5536:CiteSeerX 4294:0033-295X 3916:Citations 3838:Near sets 3773:Apophenia 3579:Empirical 3559:organisms 3327:invariant 3181:good form 3175:obscured. 3105:proximity 3100:Proximity 3021:Constancy 2975:olfaction 2969:(touch), 2646:ultradian 2502:semantics 2500:, and/or 2456:phonetics 2367:Olfaction 2311:saltiness 2299:sweetness 2281:, called 2267:gustation 2180:inner ear 2104:inner ear 2084:outer ear 1817:illusions 1775:awareness 1772:conscious 1761:attention 1757:knowledge 1749:attention 1724:involves 1700:involves 1680:perceptio 1507:(patient) 1307:Attention 1141:Logicians 1136:Ethicists 1094:Political 1054:Education 975:Christian 970:Confucian 869:Indonesia 823:By region 761:By period 494:Cognition 409:Political 319:Community 156:Cognitive 106:Subfields 12029:Parosmia 12019:Hyposmia 12009:Dysosmia 11948:Tinnitus 11890:Auditory 11865:Polyopia 11821:Diplopia 11678:Rod cell 11476:Nonhuman 11429:Internal 11270:Sensory 11176:External 11085:Stimulus 11068:concepts 11010:Volition 11000:Thinking 10980:Learning 10929:Encoding 10662:Category 10594:Axiology 10463:(c. 500) 10453:(c. 100) 10328:Judgment 10283:Emotions 10278:Elegance 10258:Cuteness 10231:Feminine 10194:Concepts 10163:Tanizaki 10143:Schiller 10128:Richards 10118:Rancière 10088:Maritain 10023:Hanslick 9963:Benjamin 9835:Feminism 9804:Theology 9784:Medieval 9774:Japanese 9769:Internet 9683:Category 9502:Analysis 9487:A priori 9478:Concepts 9418:Innatism 9355:Theories 9038:Category 8960:Axiology 8814:(c. 270) 8742:more ... 8696:Anscombe 8691:Strawson 8686:Davidson 8581:Berkeley 8521:Plotinus 8482:more ... 8421:Relation 8401:Property 8376:Ontology 8299:Identity 8220:Concepts 8151:Nihilism 8116:Idealism 8064:Theories 7797:12239892 7675:Archived 7672:Yorku.ca 7617:24 March 7611:Archived 7578:24 March 7572:Archived 7532:24 March 7526:Archived 7490:24 March 7484:Archived 7450:26582982 7399:25278866 7315:Archived 7313:, 2009. 7094:11201516 7044:11201516 6872:license. 6858:27159238 6786:Archived 6762:14028152 6713:. 2003. 6620:Archived 6574:Archived 6513:16732916 6505:17178409 6462:24 March 6456:Archived 6423:24 March 6417:Archived 6384:24 March 6378:Archived 6342:24 March 6336:Archived 6300:24 March 6294:Archived 6149:24 March 6143:Archived 6110:24 March 6104:Archived 6071:26 March 6065:Archived 6023:24 March 6017:Archived 5981:24 March 5975:Archived 5944:26106345 5872:22308900 5827:Archived 5710:27398938 5661:26424881 5558:10424155 5484:24198770 5411:11224550 5346:27225773 5271:30356740 5220:12111361 5212:17317056 5146:26 March 5140:Archived 5041:20603363 4981:Archived 4962:Archived 4944:26 March 4938:Archived 4902:Archived 4882:26 March 4856:26 March 4850:Archived 4813:Archived 4760:11473320 4631:26 March 4625:Archived 4561:23515395 4510:31641196 4394:34093409 4343:20152123 4191:25 March 4185:Archived 4152:24 March 4110:26 March 4104:Archived 4056:25 March 4050:Archived 3722:See also 3680:learning 3582:research 3571:learning 3567:Research 3565:sphere. 3290:paradigm 3244:Theories 3089:perceive 3016:Features 2925:holistic 2899:eyespots 2774:stimulus 2506:phonemes 2483:audition 2354:aversive 2307:sourness 2116:audition 1868:stimulus 1737:learning 1352:Planning 1332:Learning 1250:Dementia 1099:Religion 1084:Ontology 1064:Language 1018:Branches 965:Buddhist 920:American 842:Ethiopia 807:Analytic 787:Medieval 728:Glossary 713:Contents 606:Timeline 519:Feelings 514:Emotions 474:Behavior 468:Concepts 429:Religion 414:Positive 404:Pastoral 389:Military 354:Forensic 349:Feminist 334:Critical 324:Consumer 314:Coaching 309:Clinical 187:Cultural 126:Abnormal 12198:Agnosia 12077:Tactile 12052:Ageusia 12004:Anosmia 11966:Vertigo 11870:Scotoma 11811:Anopsia 11272:cranial 11143:Feeling 10934:Storage 10802:methods 10657:Outline 10572:Related 10439:Poetics 10407:Tragedy 10397:Sublime 10370:Quality 10355:Mimesis 10313:Harmony 10298:Fashion 10273:Ecstasy 10268:Disgust 10184:more... 10153:Scruton 10078:Lyotard 10013:Goodman 9993:Deleuze 9928:Aquinas 9918:Alberti 9891:more... 9870:Realism 9850:Marxism 9830:Fascism 9813:Schools 9799:Science 9754:Ancient 9618:more... 9398:Fideism 9344:more... 8810:Enneads 8804:(c. 50) 8770:Timaeus 8760:Sophist 8706:Dummett 8701:Deleuze 8641:Russell 8631:Bergson 8626:Meinong 8606:Bolzano 8566:Leibniz 8546:Spinoza 8531:Aquinas 8516:Proclus 8446:Thought 8436:Subject 8416:Reality 8411:Quality 8381:Pattern 8341:Meaning 8316:Insight 8274:Essence 8259:Concept 8161:Realism 8126:Liberty 8091:Dualism 7886:Sources 7750:1486554 7441:4628108 7424:: 594. 7390:4166896 7373:: 734. 7086:7053925 7036:7053925 6950:7351125 6849:4913359 6616:2107193 5935:4460802 5918:: 763. 5880:9546850 5734:13 July 5701:5082501 5652:4588607 5612:2166238 5475:3813949 5419:3570715 5370:8 March 5337:4879201 5295:8 March 5263:5409744 5243:Bibcode 5235:Science 5122:Bibcode 5032:2944383 5011:Bibcode 4768:4413295 4740:Bibcode 4717:3157751 4709:3608405 4674:4034346 4552:3600774 4501:6806000 4480:Bibcode 4472:Sci Rep 4453:9144251 4421:Bibcode 4385:8175861 4334:3717333 4227:8 March 3808:Feeling 3728:Portals 3594:Tai Chi 3575:sensory 3347:percept 3146:closure 3141:Closure 3114:stimuli 2963:hearing 2947:sensory 2891:mimicry 2862:Reality 2824:gravity 2772:is any 2752:lesions 2729:deja vu 2657:in the 2399:level. 2335:texture 2137:audible 2126:(i.e., 2112:Hearing 1940:target. 1936:target. 1886:percept 1833:science 1733:signals 1722:hearing 1708:of the 1686:sensory 1362:Thought 1302:Arousal 1104:Science 1059:History 985:Islamic 945:Russian 940:Italian 925:British 915:Western 908:Iranian 884:Vietnam 859:Chinese 832:African 770:Ancient 733:History 718:Outline 581:Outline 454:Traffic 449:Systems 384:Medical 217:Gestalt 101:History 96:Outline 11788:Visual 11739:Cilium 11485:Animal 11457:Nausea 11447:Thirst 11442:Hunger 11314:Spinal 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