Cultural psychology

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empathy and emotional empathy: taking on someone's feeling/experience. Duan, Wei, and Wang furthered this idea to include empathy in terms of being either dispositional (capacity for noticing/understanding empathy) or experiential (specific to a certain context or situation, observing the person and empathizing). This created four types of empathy to further examine: 1) dispositional intellectual empathy; 2) dispositional empathic emotion; 3) experienced intellectual empathy; and 4) experienced empathic emotion. These four branches allowed researchers to examine empathic proclivities among individuals of different cultures. While individualism was not shown to correlate with either types of dispositional empathy, collectivism was shown to have a direct correlation with both types of dispositional empathy, possibly suggesting that by having less focus on the self, there is more capacity towards noticing the needs of others. More so, individualism predicted experienced intellectual empathy, and collectivism predicted experienced empathic emotion. These results are congruent with the values of collectivistic and individualistic societies. The self-centered identity and egoistic motives prevalent in individualistic cultures perhaps acts as a hindrance in being open to (fully) experiencing empathy. Many individuals tend to harbor dislike towards those from different cultural backgrounds, often fixating on these differences. Failing to comprehend the diversity of others significantly impedes our understanding of their lives. This may happen as a result of unawareness when an individual is behaving in such way.

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and a Cultural Psychology section. The research aim of the latter was to study culture as a behavior regulating system, which in fact implied that culture was no longer seen as an explanatory concept, but as something to be explained. Instead of viewing culture as a domain in its own right, as something separate from individual human beings, culture was seen as the product of human interaction leading to patterned behavior characteristic of human groups. It looks so self-evident, but this shift has wide-reaching implications. The expression: "culture of...." – and one can fill in whatever nation or group – can no longer be used to explain behaviors. One has to look for other determinants of behavior than the ones associated with 'culture'. Expressions like: 'it is our culture to put women in a dependent position and men above them' can no longer be used. Such a way of reasoning obscures the real determinants of the behavioral patterning that causes this sex and gender related state of affairs. The main publication in the department in which this view is elaborated is the book

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wondered what was wrong with the singular fish and concluded that the school had kicked it out. Another study showed that in coverage of the same instance of violent crime, Western news focused on innate character flaws and the failings of the individual while Chinese news pointed out the lack of relationships of the perpetrator in a foreign environment and the failings of society. This is not to imply that collectivism and individualism are completely dichotomous, but these two cultural orientations are to be understood more so as a spectrum. Each representation is at either end; thus, some members of individualistic cultures may hold collectivistic values, and some collectivistic individual may hold some individualist values. The concepts of collectivism and individualism show a general idea of the values of a specific ethnic culture but should not be juxtaposed in competition.

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research for this specific selection of humans. It has also allowed us to divert from the idea that certain psychological processes can be considered basic or universal, and recognize humans' remarkable capacity to create cultures and then be shaped by them. Although cultural psychology has internalized the mutually constituting model, further implementation in our society is necessary. Being aware of this model promotes taking responsibility for one's actions and the effect that their actions have on their community. Through acceptance of ones responsibilities and conscious application, communities have opportunities for improvement which in turn supports the individuals within the community. These ideas can be found in the journal article "Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution" by Hazel Rose Markus and

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statements of businesses, schools, and foundations attempt to make promises regarding the environment and values that their establishment holds. However, these promises cannot be made in accordance with the mutually consisting theory without being upheld by all participants. The mission statement for the employees of Southwest Airlines, for example, claims that, "...We are committed to provide our Employees a stable work environment with equal opportunity for learning and personal growth". While the company can ensure the "equal opportunity for learning and personal growth", the aforementioned message cannot be promised. The work environment that Southwest provides includes paying consumers. While rules can be enforced to ensure

881:" or the tendency to explain people's behavior in terms of internal, inherent personality traits rather than external, situational considerations (e.g. attributing an instance of angry behavior to an angry personality). Outside W.E.I.R.D. cultures, however, this phenomenon is less prominent, as many non-W.E.I.R.D. populations tend to pay more attention to the context in which behavior occurs. Asians tend to reason holistically, for example by considering people's behavior in terms of their situation; someone's anger might be viewed as simply a result of an irritating day. Yet many long-standing theories of how humans think rely on the prominence of analytical thought. 865:

psychologies and therefore may not have enough intercultural expertise to claim, as it frequently does, that its theories have universal validity. Accordingly, cultural groups have diverse ways of defining emotional problems, as well as distinguishing between physical and mental distress. For example, Arthur Kleinman has shown how the notion of depression in Chinese culture has been associated with physiological problems, before becoming acknowledged more recently as an emotional concern. Furthermore, the type of therapy people pursue is influenced by cultural conceptions of privacy and shame, as well as the stigmas associated with specific problems.

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measurements to quantitatively collect data about culture products, such as painting and photos. These statistics data can also be national records, for example, Chiao & Blizinsky (2010) revealed that cultures of high collectivism is associated with lower prevalence of mood/anxiety disorders in study involving 29 countries. In addition to the experimental and statistics data, evidence from neuro-imaging studies, also help strengthen the reliability of cultural psychology research. For example, when thinking of mother, the brain region related to self-concept showed significant activation in Chinese, whereas no activation observed in Westerners.

1170:. This moves beyond merely accepting and understanding another culture, and also includes acknowledging how the values of a culture may affect empathy. This idea is meant to foster cultural empathy as well as engender cultural competence. One of the greatest barriers of empathy between cultures is people's tendency to operate from an ethnocentric point of view. Eysenck conceptualized ethnocentrism as using one's own culture to understand the rest of the world, while holding one's own values as correct. Concomitant with this barrier to intercultural empathy, Rasoal, Eklund, and Hansen posit five hindrances of intercultural empathy; these include: 917: 1054:

discouraging others. In Japanese kindergartens, children learn about important cultural values such as teamwork, group harmony, and cooperation. During "birthday month celebration," for example, the class celebrates all the children who have birthdays that month. This institutional practice underscores the importance of a group over an individual. In US kindergartens, children learn their personal value when they celebrate their birthdays one by one, enforcing the cultural value of uniqueness and individualism. Everyday institutional practices such as classroom birthday celebrations propagate prominent cultural themes.

839:. In addition to drawing from several other fields of psychology, cultural psychology in particular utilizes anthropologists, linguists, and philosophers to help in the pursuit of understanding a wide variety of cultural facets in a society. However, the constructivist perspective of cultural psychology, through which cultural psychologists study thought patterns and behaviors within and across cultures, tends to clash with the universal perspectives common in most fields of psychology, which seek to qualify fundamental psychological truths that are consistent across all of humanity. 970:. Psychologist Per Gjerde states that cultural psychology tends to "generalize about human development across nations and continents" and assigning characteristics to a culture promotes a disregard for heterogeneity and minimizes the role of the individual. Gjerde argues that individuals develop multiple perspectives about their culture, sometimes act in accord with their culture without sharing cultural beliefs, and sometimes outright oppose their culture. Stereotyping thus views individuals as homogeneous products of culture. 1036:

asked to describe themselves, Americans are likely to use adjectives to describe their personalities, such as "energetic", "friendly", or "hard-working". In Japan, studies show that individuals are more likely to think of themselves as "obligated to society", "interdependent", and "considerate". The self is adaptable to the situation. Japanese individuals are therefore more likely to describe themselves in relation to others, such as "I try not to upset anyone," or "I am a father, a son, and a brother."

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studies came from Western Industrialized countries, with 68% of them coming from the United States. This is largely because 99% of the authors of these journals were at Western Universities with 73% of them at American Universities. With this information, it is concluded that 96% of psychological findings come from W.E.I.R.D. countries. Findings from psychology research utilizing primarily W.E.I.R.D. populations are often labeled as universal theories and are inaccurately applied to other cultures.

1256:. This dissertation at the Amsterdam Free University Business School of Economics explores so called 'cultural change' and related practices in business boardrooms, institutions of care, but also in the customs of female sexual mutilation in African communities. The defence of these practices in terms of: "it is our culture" is cogently criticized. In cases of communal female circumcision practices this empirical program makes the replacement of these practices by alternative rituals more viable. 1083:

people, and norms of behavior". This environment is composed of several layers. A child's geographical context influences the history/anthropology of their greater community. This results in maintenance systems (i.e., sociological characteristics) that form a cultural learning environment. These factors inform learned behavior, or progressive expressive systems that take the form of religion, magic beliefs, ritual and ceremony, art, recreation, games and play, or crime rates.

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While this may be minimal in comparison to other people's oppression, it will still help with realizing that other people have been oppressed. The goal of bridging the gap should focus on building an alliance by finding the core commonalities of the human experience; this shows empathy to be a relational experience, not an independent one. Through this, the goal is that intercultural empathy can lend toward broader intercultural understanding across cultures and societies.

860:, there has been repeated failure to replicate Western psychology laboratory findings in non-Western settings. Therefore, a major goal of cultural psychology is to have many and varied cultures contribute to basic psychological theories in order to correct these theories so that they become more relevant to the predictions, descriptions, and explanations of all human behaviors, not just Western ones. This goal is shared by many of the scholars who promote the 6303: 36: 4230: 5038: 1236:

how important it is to have a variety of mental health care professionals in the work setting. However, it is also true that the primary demographic receiving more mental health services compromises the majority population. This reflects the lack of universal accessibility to mental health care. In the past years, we have observed an increase in validation and understanding of cultural psychology in the many aspects of life.

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self-views (the premise that people see themselves as self-contained entities) often emphasize self-esteem, confidence in one's own worth and abilities. With self-esteem seen as a main source of happiness in Western cultures, the motivation to self-enhance generally follows as a way to maintain one's positive view about oneself. Some strategies employed when self-enhancing often include

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it. The values, morals, and ways of life a society exemplifies will have an immediate impact on the way an individual is shaped as a person. The atmosphere that a society provides for the individual is a determining factor for how an individual will develop. Furthermore, mutual constitution is a cyclical model in which the society and the individual both influence one another.

812:. Even though both fields influence each other, cultural psychology is distinct from cross-cultural psychology in that cross-cultural psychologists generally use culture as a means of testing the universality of psychological processes rather than determining how local cultural practices shape psychological processes. So, whereas a cross-cultural psychologist might ask whether 578: 1045:

signs emphasize the impact that smoke has on others by illustrating the path of smoke as it affects surrounding people. In the US, no-smoking signs focus on individual action by simply saying "No Smoking". These signs reflect underlying cultural norms and values, and when people see them they are encouraged to behave in accordance with the greater cultural values.

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increasingly began seeing clients with different ethnic backgrounds. Many of the problems that contribute to therapy not being beneficial for people of color include; therapy having an individual focus, an emphasis on expressiveness, and an emphasis on openness. For more on intercultural competence, see

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The next layer of culture is made up of the institutions in which everyday interactions take place. These determine and enforce the rules for a society and include legal, government, economic, scientific, philosophical, and religious bodies. Institutions encourage certain practices and products while

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Cultural psychologist, Richard Shweder argues that the psyche and culture are mutually constructed and inseparable. The failure of replicating many psychology findings in other regions of the world supported the idea that the mind and environment are interdependent and different throughout the world.

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Past research has been conducted by middle-class North Americans analyzing culturally different societies by using comparisons mostly involving middle-class North Americans and/or aforementioned W.E.I.R.D. societies. What has been characterized as Euro-American centrism, resulted in a great volume of

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Instead of making promises that depend on all of their students and faculty, they make statements that can refer to only a part of their student/ faculty body. The statement focuses more on what they offer, and how they uphold these promises. By providing evidence they provide readers with an example

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Mutual constitution is the notion that society and the individual have an influencing effect on one another. Because a society is composed of individuals, the behavior and actions of the individuals directly impact the society. In the same manner, society directly impacts the individual living within

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describes populations that are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. Thus far, W.E.I.R.D. populations have been vastly overrepresented in psychological research. In an analysis of top journals in the psychology discipline, it was found that 96% of subjects who participated in those

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approach. In an attempt to show the interrelated interests of cultural and indigenous psychology, cultural psychologist Pradeep Chakkarath emphasizes that international mainstream psychology, as it has been exported to most regions of the world by the so-called West, is only one among many indigenous

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While self-enhancement is a person's motivation to view themselves positively, self-improvement is a person's motivation to have others view themselves positively. The distinction between the two modes of life is most evident between independent and collectivistic cultures. Cultures with independent

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Yale is committed to improving the world today and for future generations through outstanding research and scholarship, education, preservation, and practice. Yale educates aspiring leaders worldwide who serve all sectors of society. We carry out this mission through the free exchange of ideas in an

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Recent research is showing that cultures differ in many areas, such as logical reasoning and social values. The evidence that basic cognitive and motivational processes vary across populations has become increasingly difficult to ignore. For example, many studies have shown that Americans, Canadians

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Cultural psychology is also tightly related to the new field of "Historical Psychology" which aims to investigate how history and psychology build each other up in a dynamic way, seeking to better understand how collective behaviors, emotions, and cognitions vary over historical time periods and how

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These differences in values across cultures suggests that understanding and expressing empathy may be manifested differently throughout varying cultures. Duan and Hill first discussed empathy in subcategories of intellectual empathy: taking on someone's thoughts/perspective, also known as cognitive

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cultures. People from an individualistic culture typically demonstrate an independent view of the self; the focus is usually on personal achievement. Members of a collectivistic society have more of a focus on the group (interdependent view of self), usually focusing on things that will benefit the

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The first "I" concerns how an individual thinks about and expresses itself. Studies show that in the United States, individuals are more likely think of themselves as "independent", "equal", and "individualistic". Individuals have characteristics that are consistent across time and situation. When

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accounts of knowledge and argued that cultural differences should be understood within their contexts. This influence was an important factor in the emergence of the cultural psychology movement. Leading scholars of this movement were, among others, Richard Shweder and Clifford Richards. The launch

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Cultural psychology aims to define culture, its nature, and its function concerning psychological phenomena. Gerd Baumann argues: "Culture is not a real thing, but an abstract analytical notion. In itself, it does not cause behavior but abstracts from it. It is thus neither normative nor predictive

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Already in 1956 the department of cultural psychology and psychology of religion was founded at the Radboud University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. One of its aims was to study culture and religion as psychological phenomena. In 1986 the department was split up in a Psychology of Religion section

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In some studies, there has been a correlation between client comfort and their therapists sharing a similar ethnicity. This occurs because the client may feel more at ease or feel a stronger sense of connection with their therapists. From 2010 through 2015 there was a research study that concluded

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The Whitings coined the term "cultural learning environment", to describe the surroundings that influence a child during development. Beatrice Whiting defined a child's environmental contexts as being "characterized by an activity in progress, a physically defined space, a characteristic group of

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level of the cycle, focuses on the big ideas that each culture has which answers the big questions of life, such as Why are we here, where did we come from, and where are we going. The culture around the ideas is what gives structure to the answers and allows for a greater understanding of what is

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In fact, cultural psychologists utilized multiple measurements and resources no different from other scientific researches – observation, experiment, data analysis etc. For example, Nisbett & Cohen (1996) investigated the relation between historical cultural background and regional aggression

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Another barrier to intercultural empathy is that there is often a power dynamic between different cultures. Bridging an oppressed culture with their (upper-echelon) oppressor is a goal of intercultural empathy. One approach to this barrier is to attempt to acknowledge one's personal oppression.

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Interactions with other people and products reinforce cultural behaviors on a daily basis. Stories, songs, architecture, and advertisements are all methods of interaction that guide individuals in a culture to promote certain values and teach them how to behave. For example, in Japan, no-smoking

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theory that the aggression is a defense mechanism which is rooted in the herding cultural origin for most of the southerners. In laboratory observations, Heine and his colleagues found that Japanese students spend more time than American students on tasks that they did poorly on, and the finding

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These four aspects may be especially helpful for practicing cultural competence in a clinical setting. Given that most psychological practices were founded on the parochial ideals of Euro-American psychologists, cultural competence was not considered much of a necessity until said psychologists

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was again shown as more common among Americans than Japanese individuals. This can be seen in a study involving an animation of fish, wherein Western viewers interpreted the scene of a fish swimming away from a school as an expression of individualism and independence, while Eastern individuals

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on their aircraft, customers will not be removed due to attitude or a lack of courtesy. This therefore contradicts the promise of a "stable work environment". On the contrary, some establishments do ensure that their mission statements agree with the mutually consistent model. For example, Yale

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Quantitative statistics of cultural products revealed that public media in western countries promote more individualistic components than East-Asian countries. These statistics are objective because it does not involve having people fill out questionnaire, instead, psychologists use physical

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While cultural psychology is reliant on this model, societies often fail to recognize this. Despite the overwhelming acceptance that people affect culture and that culture affects people, societal systems tend to minimize the effect that people form on their communities. For example, mission

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are among the earliest accounts of a cultural perspective within the discipline of psychology. He saw Völkerpsychologie as a cultural-developmental discipline that studied higher psychological processes in their social context. The proposed methods were comparative and historical analyses.

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By studying only W.E.I.R.D. populations, psychologists fail to account for a substantial amount of diversity of the global population as W.E.I.R.D. countries only represent 12% of the world's population. Applying the findings from W.E.I.R.D. populations to other populations can lead to a

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Self-reporting data is one of the easiest and most accessible methods of mass data collection, especially in cultural psychology. However, overemphasizing cross-cultural comparisons of self-reported attitudes and values can lead to relatively unstable and ultimately misleading data.

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In it, they refer to the mutually constitutive nature of culture and individual as a "culture cycle". The culture cycle consists of four layers (Individuals, Interactions, Institutions, Ideas) of cultural influence that help to explain the interaction between self and culture.

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Baumann, Gerd (1997). Dominant and demiotic discourses of culture. Their Relevance to Multi-Ethnic Alliances. In: P. Werbner & T. Modood (Eds.), Debating cultural hybridity. Multicultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism. London & New Jersey: Zed

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Some criticisms state that using self-report may be a relatively unreliable method, and could be misleading especially in different cultural contexts. Regardless of the fact that self-report is an important way to obtain mass data, it is not the only way.

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To understand the social world, people may use cultural models, which "consist of culturally derived ideas and practices that are embodied, enacted, or instituted in everyday life." Cultural psychologists develop models to categorize cultural phenomena.

816:'s stages of development are universal across a variety of cultures, a cultural psychologist would be interested in how the social practices of a particular set of cultures shape the development of cognitive processes in different ways. 682:

It is based on the premise that the mind and culture are inseparable and mutually constitutive. The concept involves two propositions: firstly, that people are shaped by their culture, and secondly, that culture is shaped by its people.

1249:. In this book a tool kit is presented, which can be helpful in replacing the idea of culture as an explanatory variable with concepts and research instruments by means of which the behavioral patterning can be understood much better. 1118:. In contrast, collectivistic cultures often emphasize self-improvement as a leading motivating factor in their lives. This motivation is often derived from a desire to not lose face and to appear positively among social groups. 997:

presents a self-improvement motivation often seen in East Asian that failure and success is interconvertible with effort. In terms of cognition styles, Chinese tend to perceive image using a holistic view compared to American.

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believed. In their book Hazel and Alana say, "In charting the course of your self, your postal code is just as important as your genetic code". The culture of the idea is just as important as the idea itself.

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difference in the U.S. In this study, researchers designed laboratory experiment to observe participants' aggression, and crime rate, demographic statistics were analyzed. The experiment results supported the

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Yoshihisa Kashima talks about cultural psychology in two senses, as a tradition and as a movement that emerged in the late 20th century. Cultural psychology as a tradition is traced back to Western

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Many researchers have expanded upon the Whiting model, and the Whiting model's influence is clear in both modern psychology and anthropology. According to an article by Thomas Weisner in the

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Cultural empathy became broadly understood as concurrent understanding and acceptance of a culture different from one's own. This idea has been further developed with the concept of

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This image is a representation derived from ideas found in the journal article "Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution" by Hazel Rose Markus and Shinoba Kitayama.

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and western Europeans rely on analytical reasoning strategies, which separate objects from their contexts to explain and predict behavior. Social psychologists refer to the "

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John W. Berry, Ype H. Poortinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen, Cambridge University Press, 1992, Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications: Second Edition

694:, one of the major proponents of the field, writes, "Cultural psychology is the study of how cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the 5924: 3516:

Wang, Y.W.; Blier, J.; Davidson, M.; Savoy, H.; Tan, J.; Tan, J.; Yakushka, O. (2003). "The scale of ethnocultural empathy: Development, validation, and reliability".

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While in psychological research interest in culture had declined, in part due to the popularity of behaviorism in the US, some researchers in anthropology, like

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Ridely, C.R.; Lingle, D.W. (1996). "Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling: A multidimensional process model.". In Pedersen, P.B.; Draguns, J.G. (eds.).

1092:, "All these approaches share a common intellectual project: to take culture and context deeply and seriously into account in studies of human development." 1934: 2748:

Morling, Beth; Lamoreaux, Marika (2008-08-01). "Measuring Culture Outside the Head: A Meta-Analysis of Individualism—Collectivism in Cultural Products".

3085: 1079:, developed the "Whiting model" for child development during the 1970s and 1980s, which specifically focused on how culture influences development. 1275: 779:, started to explore the interaction between culture and personality. In the 1970s-1980s, there was an increasing call for an interpretive turn in 2633: 925:

as to how their school community members participate in the environment they promise, accepting the community's role in their school culture.

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Markus, H. R., & Conner, A. C. (2013). Clash! Eight Cultural Conflicts that Make Us Who We Are. New York: Penguin (Hudson Street Press).

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Shweder, R.A.; & Levine, R.A. (Eds., 1984). Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.

1734: 772:. They claimed that human activity is always embedded in a specific social and historical context and should therefore not be isolated. 3033:"John and Beatrice Whiting's Contributions to the Cross-Cultural Study of Human Development: Their Values, Goals, Norms, and Practices" 2909:

Fryberg, S.A.; Markus, H.R. (2007). "Cultural models of education in American Indian, Asian America, and European American contexts".

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has been shown to be more common in America (individualistic) as compared to in India (collectivistic). Along these same lines, the

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Turiel, Elliott (2002). The Culture of Morality: Social Development, Context, and Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Jovanović, Gordana; Allolio-Näcke, Lars; Ratner, Carl (2018-09-28). Jovanović, Gordana; Allolio-Näcke, Lars; Ratner, Carl (eds.).

1406:, second edition. Dov Cohen and Shinobo Kitayama, eds. New York: Guilford Press, 2019, 930 pp. $ 93.50, cloth. ISBN 9781462536238" 885:

miscalculation of psychological theories and may hinder psychologists' abilities to isolate fundamental cultural characteristics.

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Nisbett, R.E.; & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South. Denver, CO: Westview Press.

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These five points elucidate lack of both depth and breadth as hindrances in developing and practicing intercultural empathy.

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One of the most significant themes in recent years has been cultural differences between East Asians and North Americans in

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Zhu, Ying; Zhang, Li; Fan, Jin; Han, Shihui (2007-02-01). "Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation".

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group. Research has shown such differences of the self when comparing collectivistic and individualistic cultures: The

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Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: Cognition, culture and the problem of meaning. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Kim, Hyunji (February 2016). "The Role of Positive Self-Evaluation on Cross-Cultural Differences in Well-Being".

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Being cognizant of how different cultures are treated by larger entities such as the job market and the media

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Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft (Journal of Folk Psychology and Language Science

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Cole, M. (1998). Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

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The social tuning of behavior, written by Paul Voestermans and Theo Verheggen. Oxford, Blackwell, 2014.

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Dyche, L.; Zayas, L.H. (2001). "Cross-cultural empathy and training the contemporary psychotherapist".

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Beyond the idea of culture: Understanding and changing cultural practices in business and life matters

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Beyond the Idea of Culture: Understanding and Changing Cultural Practices in Business and Life Matters

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DeTurk, S. (2001). "Intercultural empathy: Myth, competency, or possibility for alliance building?".

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The Whitings' Concepts of Culture and How They Have Fared in Contemporary Psychology and Anthropology

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Worthman, C. M. (2010). "The Ecology of Human Development: Evolving Models for Cultural Psychology".

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Markus, Hazel Rose; Kitayama, Shinobu (2010). "Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution".

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Accepting differences in cultural choices regarding language, clothing preference, food choice, etc.

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Cultural psychology research informs and is informed by several fields within psychology, including

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Nisbett, R.; Miyamoto, Y. (2005). "The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception".

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A main distinction to understand when looking at psychology and culture is the difference between

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Heine, Steven J.; Raineri, Andres (January 2009). "Self-Improving Motivations and Collectivism".

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are seen as important early inspirations in thinking about the influence of culture on people.

555: 488: 378: 288: 243: 219: 194: 126: 114: 80: 3304:(1986). "The self-serving bias in attributions as a coping strategy: A cross-cultural study". 1823: 1611: 1552: 1265: 6243: 6161: 6034: 5858: 5736: 5681: 5671: 5661: 5535: 5391: 5343: 5233: 5198: 5075: 5055: 5011: 4917: 4912: 4597: 4539: 4491: 4318: 4283: 4258: 4149: 4038: 2691:

Jenkins, Lucas J.; Yang, Yung-Jui; Goh, Joshua; Hong, Ying-Yi; Park, Denise C. (2010-06-01).

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inability to bridge different cultures by understanding the commonalities and dissimilarities

1167: 861: 535: 530: 448: 313: 278: 253: 149: 50: 45: 1757: 6238: 6208: 6116: 6106: 6044: 6024: 5953: 5746: 5731: 5691: 5585: 5218: 5213: 4524: 4461: 4363: 4273: 4103: 4088: 3213: 2801:"Culture–gene coevolution of individualism–collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene" 2092: 843:

the roots of our current psychology are buried in deep cultural and historical processes.

836: 433: 358: 268: 105: 90: 3887: 3808: 2043: 2015: 749: 8: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6014: 5904: 5889: 5776: 5766: 5741: 5676: 5651: 5605: 5545: 5453: 5353: 5333: 5249: 5228: 4368: 4358: 4343: 4308: 4303: 4288: 4268: 4263: 4073: 4004: 3597: 2381:"Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at new look" 2129: 1517: 769: 695: 363: 353: 338: 303: 298: 283: 263: 258: 75: 5666: 3217: 3032: 2693:"Cultural differences in the lateral occipital complex while viewing incongruent scenes" 2096: 1505: 1463: 687:

but a heuristic means towards explaining how people understand and act upon the world."

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Understanding the verbal/behavioral expression that occurs during ethnocultural empathy

1076: 910:

ethical, interdependent, and diverse community of faculty, staff, students, and alumni.

679:

is the study of how cultures reflect and shape their members' psychological processes.

458: 403: 398: 333: 273: 234: 164: 4955: 1631:

The Challenges Of Cultural Psychology: Historical Legacies and Future Responsibilities

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Markus, H.R.; Kitayama, S. (2003). "Culture, Self, and the Reality of the Social".

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which emerged in the 1920s. It is mostly associated with the Russian psychologists

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Prooijen, J. (2013). "Individualistic and social motives for justice judgments".

1475: 857: 765: 698:. This results less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in 691: 184: 3970: 3317: 6079: 6004: 5999: 5969: 5948: 5873: 5806: 5630: 5610: 5173: 5090: 4880: 4800: 4795: 4760: 4735: 4705: 4700: 4685: 4680: 4660: 4655: 4635: 4426: 3939: 3875: 3678: 3529: 3399: 2602: 2560: 2350: 2193: 1963: 734: 3665:

Sue, D.W.; Sue, D. (1977). "Barriers to effective cross-cultural counseling".

3643: 3559: 3462:

Duan, C.; Wei, M.; Wang, L. (2008). "The role of individualism-collectivism".

2922: 2652: 2034: 1896:"Evading chronicity: Paradoxes in counseling psychology in contemporary China" 1773: 1373:

Shweder, Richard (1991). Thinking Through Cultures. Harvard University Press.

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Heine, Steven (1999). "Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?".

3048: 2984: 2824: 2769: 2761: 2716: 2634:"Validity problems of cross-cultural value comparison and possible solutions" 2488:"The Study of Diversity in Human Development: Culture, Urgencies, and Perils" 2297: 1781: 1429: 1132: 963: 792:

of a new journal and the publication of multiple major works, like Shweder's

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Heine, S. (2011). Cultural Psychology. San Francisco: W. W. Norton & Co.

2399: 6253: 6198: 6186: 6171: 6141: 6054: 5994: 5600: 5284: 5264: 5259: 5208: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4790: 4780: 4720: 4690: 4670: 4569: 4466: 4169: 4053: 3978: 3911:"Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation" 3738: 3448: 3233: 3155: 2887: 2842: 2816: 2777: 2734: 2610: 2568: 2407: 2358: 2305: 2201: 2156: 2114: 2052: 1971: 1849:"Neurasthenia and depression: A study of somatization and culture in China" 1692: 1126: 967: 780: 761: 478: 169: 2708: 1935:"The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American" 1872: 1639: 6263: 6166: 6136: 5821: 5279: 5178: 5085: 4875: 4665: 4650: 4615: 4471: 4398: 4098: 3086:"High self-esteem may be culturally universal, international study shows" 813: 715: 393: 100: 3373:

Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values

2473: 1252:

In 2020 an empirical program was launched by Ernst Graamans in his book

5328: 5106: 4810: 4645: 4441: 4298: 4189: 4027: 3225: 1864: 1266:

Institute of Cultural Psychology and Qualitative Social Research (ikus)

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Duan, C.; Hill, C.E. (1996). "The current state of empathy research".

2506: 6156: 5555: 4845: 4630: 4534: 3993:

Nisbett, R.E. (2003). The Geography of Thought. New York: Free Press.

3613: 3430: 1230: 955: 947: 443: 2474:

Emphasis on 'culture' in psychology fuels stereotypes, scholar says.

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Fiske, A.; Kitayama, S.; Markus, H.R.; & Nisbett, R.E. (1998).

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Bruner, Jerome (1990). Acts of Meaning. Harvard University Press.

3147: 1684: 803: 5027: 3952:"Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. analytic cognition" 2805:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

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John and Beatrice Whiting, along with their research students at

703: 1296: 5338: 4229: 3255:

Hui, C.H. (1988). "Measurement of individualism-collectivism".

2670:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 253–254. 3996: 3857:"The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts" 2074: 2072: 2070: 729:

Its institutional origin started with the publication of the

3474: 3455: 3012:." Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology.Paper 501. 2582:

Heine, S.J.; Lehman, D.R.; Peng, K.; Greenholtz, J. (2002).

2379:

Kitayama, S.; Duffy, S.; Kawamura, T.; Larsen, J.T. (2003).

1735:"Cultural Psychology: Studying More Than the 'Exotic Other'" 1627: 1062:

The final cycle, which houses the highest and most abstract

4574: 3541: 3539: 2378: 1568:"Origins and basic principles of Wundt's Völkerpsychologie" 699: 483: 4996: 3950:

Nisbett, R.E.; Peng, K.; Choi, I.; Norenzayan, A. (2001).

3755:. Psychologisch Laboratorium, Universiteit Nijmegen, 1991. 3489: 3483:

Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence

3406: 2067: 1209:

Taking the perspective of someone from a different culture

1180:(general) experience with other cultures outside one's own 1161: 3949: 3841:

The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Cambridge.

2581: 1794: 1293:

for Cultural Psychology and Historical Anthropology (KKC)

1285: 3602:

Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology

3536: 3495: 1271:

Institute of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University Vienna

1186:(specific) experiences regarding other people's cultures 1127:

Cultural orientation: collectivistic and individualistic

1100: 903:

University promises within its mission statement that:

3515: 3379: 2799:

Chiao, Joan Y.; Blizinsky, Katherine D. (2010-02-22).

2013: 1671:

Heine, S.; Ruby, M. B. (2010). "Cultural Psychology".

1183:(specific) knowledge regarding other people's cultures 966:, have argued that this research is based on cultural 851: 3598:"Toward a conceptualization of ethnocultural empathy" 3511: 3509: 3507: 3485:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1818:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 71–95. 1470:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 347–352, 3658: 1297:

Culture and Self Lab, University of British Columbia

1024:

Clash! 8 Cultural Conflicts That Make Us Who We Are.

933:

which are also represented in the graphic provided.

3839:Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline. 3595: 3504: 3136:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science 2690: 2014:Henrich, J.; Heine, S. J.; Norenzayan, A. (2010). 1673:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 1544:Culture and Psychology: Words and Ideas in History 1286:Centre for Cultural Psychology, Aalborg University 1231:Cultural Influences in the mental health treatment 958:, and social psychological phenomena such as the 1797:Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion 798:Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline 6352: 3780:(PhD-Thesis - Research and graduation internal). 3751:Kempen, H., Paul Voestermans & V.J. Welten. 3697:"Cultural influences in mental health treatment" 3690: 3688: 3625: 3623: 2747: 1276:Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC) 3299: 2631: 2169: 2163: 1795:Shweder, R.A. & Levine, R.A., eds. 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Oxford University Press. 1932: 1816:The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology 1281:Culture and Cognition, University of Michigan 1177:(general) knowledge outside one's own culture 748:expanded on this concept, and his volumes on 602: 3823:Kitayama, Shinobu, & Cohen, Dov (2010). 3412: 3168: 2591:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2450: 2448: 2339:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1755: 3461: 3275: 3008:Edwards, Carolyn P. and Bloch, M. (2010). " 2966: 2964: 2697:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2325: 2323: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1762:Current Directions in Psychological Science 1599: 1590: 808:Cultural psychology is often confused with 5019: 5005: 4019: 4005: 3695:Huang, Cindy Y; Zane, Nolan (April 2016). 3545: 3287:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 3248: 3206:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3004: 3002: 2632:Peng, K.; Nisbett, R.E.; Wong, N. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. 1612:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396430.013.0003 1553:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396430.013.0002 1162:Intercultural and ethnocultural empathy 6353: 3834:Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 3664: 3629: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2222: 1926: 1732: 1540: 1503: 1121: 1013: 888: 5000: 4000: 3337: 3335: 3133: 3069: 2665: 2286:Perspectives on Psychological Science 1623: 1621: 1336:New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1101:Self-enhancement vs. self-improvement 973: 6314: 5915:Role of Christianity in civilization 3848:. Oxford University Press: New York. 3341: 3306:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 3281: 3171:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 3037:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2973:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2472:McNulty, Jennifer (2004, July 26). 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Some psychologists, such as 829:cultural-historical psychology 758:cultural-historical psychology 1: 4324:Industrial and organizational 3701:Current Opinion in Psychology 2149:10.1126/science.328.5986.1627 2023:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1912:10.1080/1683478X.2016.1164353 1541:Jahoda, Gustav (2012-05-02). 1319: 1142:Fundamental Attribution Error 936: 879:fundamental attribution error 846: 319:Industrial and organizational 6132:Culture and social cognition 5117:Cross-cultural communication 4565:Human factors and ergonomics 3814:Resources in other libraries 3713:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.009 3548:Clinical Social Work Journal 3269:10.1016/0092-6566(88)90022-0 2172:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1476:10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_64 474:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 6214:Intercultural communication 5026: 3971:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.291 3500:. Thousands Oaks: CA: Sage. 3464:Asian Journal of Counseling 3318:10.1177/0022002186017001006 2081:"Most people are not WEIRD" 1606:. Oxford University Press. 1547:. Oxford University Press. 1302: 744:, first published in 1860. 10: 6387: 5657:Cross cultural sensitivity 5324:Resistance through culture 3940:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 3876:10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506 3844:Matsumoto, D (Ed) (2001). 3679:10.1037/0022-0167.24.5.420 3530:10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.221 3400:10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261 3375:. 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(2008). 1096:Culture and motivation 921: 489:Psychology of religion 429:Behavioral engineering 115:Cognitive neuroscience 81:Affective neuroscience 6244:Participatory culture 6035:Cultural evolutionism 5859:Multiracial democracy 5737:Cultural intelligence 5682:Cultural conservatism 5672:Cultural backwardness 5662:Cultural assimilation 5536:Cultural reproduction 5392:Cultural appreciation 5344:Far-right subcultures 5234:Transcultural nursing 5199:Philosophy of culture 5076:Cultural neuroscience 5056:Cultural anthropology 4956:Wiktionary definition 4492:Self-report inventory 4487:Quantitative research 3371:Hofstede, G. (1980). 2641:Psychological Methods 2388:Psychological Science 1942:American Psychologist 1708:Psychological Inquiry 1640:10.4324/9781315559667 1464:"Cultural Psychology" 1334:Cultural Psychology. 1332:Heine, S. J. 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(2000). 837:cognitive psychology 677:Cultural psychology 6090:Culture speculation 6085:Cultural relativism 6015:Cultural competence 5905:Cultural Christians 5777:Cultural Revolution 5767:Cultural radicalism 5742:Cultural liberalism 5677:Cultural Bolshevism 5652:Consumer capitalism 5606:Relational mobility 5546:Cultural technology 5454:Cultural dissonance 5371:Culture by location 5334:Alternative culture 5250:Constructed culture 5229:Theology of culture 5169:Cultural psychology 5149:Cultural entomology 4961:Wiktionary category 4525:Behavioral genetics 4497:Statistical surveys 4354:Occupational health 4089:Behavioral genetics 3800:Cultural psychology 3218:2013NYASA1299...60V 2709:10.1093/scan/nsp056 2668:Cultural psychology 2486:Wainryb, C (2004). 2267:"Mission Statement" 2097:2010Natur.466...29H 1510:Cultural Psychology 1122:Culture and empathy 1014:4 I's culture cycle 889:Mutual constitution 794:Cultural Psychology 434:Behavioral genetics 349:Occupational health 91:Behavioral genetics 22:Part of a series on 6249:Permission culture 6182:Disability culture 6162:Children's culture 6030:Cultural diversity 5990:Circuit of culture 5772:Cultural retention 5752:Cultural pessimism 5707:Cultural exception 5697:Cultural diplomacy 5687:Cultural contracts 5647:Colonial mentality 5576:Manuscript culture 5551:Cultural universal 5521:Cultural pluralism 5501:Cultural landscape 5496:Cultural invention 5464:Cultural framework 5366:Vernacular culture 5164:Cultural mediation 5144:Cultural economics 5139:Cultural analytics 5071:Cultural geography 5061:Cultural astronomy 4933:Schools of thought 4836:Richard E. Nisbett 4716:Donald T. Campbell 4394:Sport and exercise 3342:Zimbardo, Philip. 3226:10.1111/nyas.12143 2253:Southwest Airlines 2128:Jones, D. (2010). 1900:Asian Anthropology 1894:Hizi, Gil (2016). 1865:10.1007/BF00051427 1512:. pp. 38–69. 1077:Harvard University 974:Faulty methodology 922: 551:Schools of thought 389:Sport and exercise 235:Applied psychology 6361:Social psychology 6348: 6347: 6177:Death and culture 6070:Cultural movement 6060:Cultural literacy 5920:Eastern Orthodoxy 5832:Dominator culture 5827:Deculturalization 5727:Cultural hegemony 5717:Cultural genocide 5712:Cultural feminism 5531:Cultural property 5526:Cultural practice 5511:Cultural leveling 5506:Cultural learning 5491:Cultural industry 5486:Cultural identity 5469:Cultural heritage 5459:Cultural emphasis 5444:Cultural conflict 5417:Cultural behavior 5407:Cultural artifact 5319:Primitive culture 5295:Political culture 4994: 4993: 4971:Wikimedia Commons 4898:Counseling topics 4861:Ronald C. Kessler 4851:Shelley E. Taylor 4776:Lawrence Kohlberg 4751:Stanley Schachter 4550:Consumer behavior 4432:Archival research 4200:Psycholinguistics 4084:Affective science 3795:Library resources 2811:(1681): 529–537. 2677:978-0-393-91283-8 2507:10.1159/000077986 2495:Human Development 2249:"About Southwest" 2234:978-0-19-513133-8 1649:978-1-315-55966-7 1603:Völkerpsychologie 1527:978-0-19-934380-5 1485:978-1-4614-5582-0 1314:Indian psychology 1146:self-serving bias 1020:Hazel Rose Markus 825:social psychology 750:Völkerpsychologie 739:Heymann Steinthal 674: 673: 666: 640:used on Knowledge 638:encyclopedic tone 619: 618: 516:Counseling topics 459:Consumer behavior 200:Psycholinguistics 86:Affective science 6378: 6371:Cultural studies 6329: 6328: 6317: 6316: 6305: 6304: 6194:Drinking culture 6147:Culture industry 6095:Cultural tourism 6075:Cultural mulatto 6050:Cultural jet lag 5985:Cannabis culture 5942:Cultural Muslims 5864:Pluriculturalism 5847:Multiculturalism 5837:Interculturalism 5812:Culture minister 5802:Cultural Zionism 5797:Cultural subsidy 5792:Cultural silence 5667:Cultural attaché 5626:Transculturation 5581:Material culture 5571:Interculturality 5427:Cultural capital 5412:Cultural baggage 5349:Youth subculture 5290:Official culture 5255:Dominant culture 5194:Internet culture 5159:Cultural mapping 5154:Cultural history 5081:Cultural studies 5066:Cultural ecology 5040: 5039: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4928:Research methods 4871:Richard Davidson 4866:Joseph E. LeDoux 4741:George A. Miller 4731:David McClelland 4726:Herbert A. Simon 4626:Edward Thorndike 4447:Content analysis 4232: 4205:Psychophysiology 4021: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3956: 3943: 3933: 3915: 3894: 3892: 3886:. Archived from 3861: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3732: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3614:10.1037/h0099278 3593: 3587: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3513: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3442: 3431:10.1037/a0017399 3410: 3404: 3403: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2968: 2959: 2956: 2947: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2917:(2): 1381–2890. 2906: 2900: 2899: 2873: 2864:(3): 1310–1316. 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2728: 2703:(2–3): 236–241. 2688: 2682: 2681: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2546: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2517:. Archived from 2492: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2418:. Archived from 2385: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2361:. Archived from 2336: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2187: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2076: 2065: 2064: 2046: 2020: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1982:. Archived from 1957: 1939: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1597: 1588: 1587: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1459: 1442: 1441: 1397: 1382: 1371: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1343: 1337: 1330: 994:culture of honor 931:Shinobu Kitayama 720:Giambatista Vico 669: 662: 658: 655: 649: 648:for suggestions. 644:See Knowledge's 629: 628: 621: 611: 604: 597: 581: 580: 579: 546:Research methods 205:Psychophysiology 67:Basic psychology 38: 19: 18: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6293: 6284:Western culture 6279:Welfare culture 6204:Eastern culture 6065:Cultural mosaic 6020:Cultural critic 6010:Cultural center 5958: 5932:Cultural Hindus 5878: 5869:Polyculturalism 5842:Monoculturalism 5817:Culture of fear 5787:Cultural safety 5782:Cultural rights 5762:Cultural racism 5757:Cultural policy 5635: 5541:Cultural system 5516:Cultural memory 5449:Cultural cringe 5375: 5307:Popular culture 5238: 5174:Cultural values 5095: 5044: 5030: 5025: 4995: 4990: 4947: 4923:Psychotherapies 4884: 4841:Martin Seligman 4806:Daniel Kahneman 4746:Richard Lazarus 4696:Raymond Cattell 4600: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4501: 4413: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4185:Neuropsychology 4065: 4058: 4030: 4025: 3954: 3931:10.1.1.320.1159 3913: 3890: 3859: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3789:Further reading 3786: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3693: 3686: 3663: 3659: 3628: 3621: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3544: 3537: 3514: 3505: 3494: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3460: 3456: 3411: 3407: 3384: 3380: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3298: 3294: 3280: 3276: 3253: 3249: 3202: 3198: 3167: 3163: 3132: 3128: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3000: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2907: 2903: 2871:10.1.1.125.9234 2854: 2850: 2797: 2793: 2746: 2742: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2664: 2660: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2521: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2282: 2278: 2271:Yale University 2265: 2264: 2260: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2221: 2217: 2178:(10): 467–473. 2168: 2164: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2106:10.1038/466029a 2077: 2068: 2029:(2–3): 61–135. 2018: 2012: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1955:10.1.1.455.5296 1937: 1931: 1927: 1892: 1888: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1808: 1804: 1793: 1789: 1754: 1750: 1731: 1727: 1704: 1700: 1669: 1665: 1650: 1626: 1619: 1598: 1591: 1564: 1560: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1460: 1445: 1398: 1385: 1372: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1305: 1262: 1242: 1240:Nijmegen school 1233: 1164: 1155: 1133:individualistic 1129: 1124: 1103: 1098: 1073: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1016: 1007: 1005:Cultural models 985: 976: 944: 939: 891: 858:Richard Shweder 854: 849: 806: 712: 692:Richard Shweder 670: 659: 653: 650: 643: 634:This section's 630: 626: 615: 577: 575: 568: 567: 566: 565: 541:Psychotherapies 509: 499: 498: 419: 411: 410: 409: 408: 237: 227: 226: 225: 224: 185:Neuropsychology 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6384: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080:Cultural probe 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6005:Cross-cultural 6002: 6000:Coffee culture 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5970:Animal culture 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5874:Transculturism 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5807:Culture change 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5631:Visual culture 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5611:Safety culture 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5432:Cross-cultural 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5091:Culture theory 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881:Roy Baumeister 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4816:Michael Posner 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Elliot Aronson 4798: 4796:Walter Mischel 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:Albert Bandura 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4736:Leon Festinger 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Neal E. Miller 4703: 4701:Abraham Maslow 4698: 4693: 4688: 4686:Ernest Hilgard 4683: 4681:Donald O. Hebb 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4661:J. P. Guilford 4658: 4656:Gordon Allport 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4636:John B. Watson 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:Animal testing 4423: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4130:Cross-cultural 4127: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3965:(2): 291–310. 3947: 3944: 3906: 3895: 3893:on 2013-05-13. 3852: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3766: 3757: 3744: 3684: 3673:(5): 420–429. 3657: 3638:(4): 374–384. 3619: 3588: 3573: 3554:(3): 245–258. 3535: 3524:(2): 221–234. 3503: 3488: 3473: 3454: 3425:(6): 874–884. 3405: 3378: 3363: 3331: 3302:Triandis, H.C. 3292: 3274: 3247: 3196: 3177:(1): 158–163. 3161: 3142:(2): 254–266. 3126: 3091: 3077: 3062: 3043:(4): 499–509. 3023: 3014: 2998: 2979:(4): 546–562. 2960: 2948: 2936: 2901: 2848: 2791: 2756:(3): 199–221. 2740: 2683: 2676: 2658: 2624: 2574: 2527: 2524:on 2011-11-10. 2501:(3): 131–137. 2478: 2465: 2456: 2444: 2435: 2371: 2368:on 2013-12-24. 2319: 2292:(4): 420–430. 2276: 2258: 2240: 2233: 2215: 2162: 2120: 2066: 1999: 1948:(7): 602–614. 1925: 1886: 1859:(2): 117–190. 1839: 1832: 1802: 1787: 1768:(2): 176–183. 1748: 1725: 1698: 1679:(2): 254–266. 1663: 1648: 1617: 1589: 1578:(4): 303–313. 1558: 1533: 1526: 1496: 1484: 1443: 1422:10.1086/708409 1416:(3): 369–371. 1383: 1361: 1351: 1338: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1137:collectivistic 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1072: 1069: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1003: 984: 981: 975: 972: 943: 940: 938: 935: 914: 913: 912: 911: 890: 887: 853: 850: 848: 845: 805: 802: 785:constructivist 735:Moritz Lazarus 711: 708: 672: 671: 633: 631: 624: 617: 616: 614: 613: 606: 599: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 570: 569: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 511: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 238: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 134: 132:Cross-cultural 129: 124: 123: 122: 112: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 71: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 59: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6383: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6290: 6289:Youth culture 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274:Urban culture 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Remix culture 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Media culture 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:Languaculture 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6152:Culture shock 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112:Cultural turn 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5980:Bennett scale 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Protestantism 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5852:Biculturalism 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616:Technoculture 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596:Print culture 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Enculturation 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Cultural icon 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422:Cultural bias 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Cultural area 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Acculturation 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361:Super culture 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5275:Legal culture 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Sound culture 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Psychologists 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Organizations 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856:John Anderson 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4786:Ulric Neisser 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Endel Tulving 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4756:Robert Zajonc 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4711:Jerome Bruner 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:B. F. Skinner 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:Clark L. Hull 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Sigmund Freud 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:William James 4609: 4607: 4606:Wilhelm Wundt 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598:Psychologists 4594: 4586: 4585:Psychometrics 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Consciousness 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Psychophysics 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4419:Methodologies 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Psychotherapy 4377: 4375: 4374:Psychometrics 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4231: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4140:Developmental 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3924:(2): 224–53. 3923: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3903:0-674-00360-8 3900: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870:(3): 506–20. 3869: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3394:(3): 261–74. 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3300:Kashima, Y.; 3296: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:10.1002/wcs.7 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3018: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2647:(4): 329–41. 2646: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597:(6): 903–18. 2596: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2439: 2425:on 2013-12-24 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394:(3): 201–06. 2393: 2389: 2382: 2375: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345:(5): 922–34. 2344: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2273:. 2015-09-03. 2272: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 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Guilford. 3707:: 131–136. 3608:(1): 1–13. 3470:(3): 57–81. 3351:Learner.org 1031:Individuals 814:Jean Piaget 796:and Cole's 716:Romanticism 521:Disciplines 394:Suicidology 289:Educational 244:Anomalistic 220:Theoretical 195:Personality 127:Comparative 110:Cognitivism 101:Behaviorism 6355:Categories 5329:Subculture 5107:Bioculture 4966:Wikisource 4811:Paul Ekman 4646:Kurt Lewin 4540:Competence 4462:Interviews 4442:Case study 4319:Humanistic 4299:Ergonomics 4284:Counseling 4259:Assessment 4241:psychology 4190:Perception 4150:Ecological 4066:psychology 4044:Philosophy 4028:Psychology 3356:26 January 2858:NeuroImage 2429:2013-09-29 1993:2013-09-28 1491:2022-08-09 1320:References 952:perception 937:Criticisms 870:W.E.I.R.D. 847:Importance 789:relativist 654:April 2022 449:Competence 314:Humanistic 294:Ergonomics 279:Counseling 254:Assessment 190:Perception 150:Ecological 28:Psychology 6157:Culturgen 5925:Mormonism 5883:Religions 5556:Cultureme 5474:Destroyed 5100:Subfields 4986:Wikibooks 4976:Wikiquote 4846:Ed Diener 4631:Carl Jung 4535:Cognition 4364:Political 4274:Community 4104:Cognitive 3926:CiteSeerX 3721:2352-250X 3652:144949477 3326:145222207 3242:196583933 3121:146919675 3107:: 85–99. 3057:145703685 2931:143689413 2866:CiteSeerX 2825:0962-8452 2770:1088-8683 2717:1749-5016 2515:143136441 2180:CiteSeerX 2091:(5): 29. 2061:220918842 1950:CiteSeerX 1920:147094764 1906:: 68–81. 1782:0963-7214 1658:158949622 1438:243495819 1430:0091-7710 956:cognition 948:attention 444:Cognition 359:Political 269:Community 106:Cognitive 56:Subfields 6308:Category 5890:Buddhism 5640:Politics 5049:Sciences 4981:Wikinews 4938:Timeline 4560:Feelings 4555:Emotions 4515:Behavior 4506:Concepts 4384:Religion 4369:Positive 4359:Pastoral 4344:Military 4309:Forensic 4304:Feminist 4289:Critical 4279:Consumer 4269:Coaching 4264:Clinical 4239:Applied 4135:Cultural 4074:Abnormal 3987:17739645 3979:11381831 3884:18670762 3739:29506788 3568:34783510 3449:20001130 3234:25708080 3191:35773418 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