Abnormal psychology

2115:, 1961). In this style of therapy, the therapist will focus on the patient themselves, as opposed to the patient's problem. The goal of this therapy is, by treating the patient as "human", rather than "client", to get to the source of the problem, and to resolve the problem in an effective manner. Humanistic therapy has been on the rise in recent years, and has been associated with numerous positive benefits. It is considered to be one of the core elements needed for therapeutic effectiveness, and a significant contributor to not only the well-being of the patient, but society as a whole. Some say that all of the therapeutic approaches today draw from the humanistic approach in some regard, and that humanistic therapy is the best way for treat a patient. Humanistic therapy can be used on people of all ages; it is very popular among children in its variant known as " 2155:. With CBT, the goal is to change the schemas that are causing the stress in the patients life, and replace them with more realistic ones. Once the negative schemas have been replaced, it will hopefully cause a remission of the patients symptoms. CBT is considered particularly effective in the treatment of depression, and has even been used in recent years in group settings. It is felt that using CBT in a group setting aids in giving its members a sense of support, and decreasing the likelihood of them dropping out of therapy before the treatment has had time to work properly. CBT has been found to be an effective treatment for many patients, even those who do not have diseases and disorders typically thought of as psychiatric ones. For example, patients with the disease 1128:, the id, ego, and superego are three theoretical constructs that define the way an individual interacts with the external world, as well as responding to internal forces The Id represents the instinctual drives of an individual that remain unconscious. The super-ego represents a person's conscience and their internalization of societal norms and morality. Finally, the ego serves to realistically integrate the drives of the id with the prohibitions of the super-ego. Lack of development in the Superego, or an incoherently developed Superego within an individual, will result in thoughts and actions that are irrational and abnormal, contrary to the norms and beliefs of society. 648:, this branch of psychology typically deals with behavior in a clinical context. There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant (statistically, functionally, morally, or in some other sense), and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken. The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical 778:. These early asylums often had miserable conditions. Patients were seen as a "burden" to society, locked away and treated almost like beasts to be dealt with, rather than patients needing treatment. However, many of the patients received helpful medical treatment. There was scientific curiosity into abnormal behavior, although it was rarely investigated in the early asylums. Inmates in these early asylums were often put on display for profit, as they were viewed as less than human. The early asylums were basically modifications of the existing criminal institutions. 2177:, the clinicians will "play" with their client, usually with toys, or a tea party. Playing is the typical behavior of a child, and therefore, playing with the therapist will come as a natural response to the child. In playing together, the clinician will ask the patient questions, and due to the setting, the questions seem less intrusive, more therapeutic, and more like a normal conversation. This should help the patient realize issues they have, and confess them to the therapist with less difficulty than they may experience in a traditional counselling setting. 679:. Behaviors that are maladaptive suggest that some problem(s) exist, and can also imply that the individual is vulnerable and cannot cope with environmental stress, which is leading them to have problems functioning in daily life in their emotions, mental thinking, physical actions and talks. Behaviors that are adaptive are ones that are well-suited to the nature of people, their lifestyles and surroundings, and to the people that they communicate with, allowing them to understand each other. 2181:

speak more comfortably with the therapist. Although somewhat controversial, due to data that suggests a lack of effectiveness in children older than 10 years old, play therapy has been shown to be a valuable treatment. This therapy is particularly useful for younger children under the age of 10, who are consciously aware of their environment. Play therapy is important, seeing as many therapeutic interventions that are effective for adults have shown to be less effective for children.

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However, the problems associated with a low IQ differ widely across individuals depending on their life circumstances. So, even when an individual is defined as psycho-metrically 'abnormal', this tells us little about their actual condition or problems. Furthermore, if one takes the other end of the IQ spectrum, a deviation of 30 points above the mean is generally not considered to be abnormal, or to indicate the presence of mental health problems.

36: 1914:. Monozygotic twins should be more likely than dizygotic twins to have the same disorder because they share 100% of their genetic material, whereas dizygotic twins share only 50%. For many disorders, this is exactly what research shows. But given that monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material, it may be expected of them to have the same disorders 100% of the time, but in fact they have the same disorders only about 50% of the time 6166: 4732: 1435: 1176:(explaining a disorder or other complex phenomena using only a single idea or perspective). Most mental disorders are composed of several factors, which is why one must take into account several theoretical perspectives, when attempting to diagnose or explain a particular behavioral abnormality or mental disorder. Explaining mental disorders with a combination of theoretical perspectives is known as multiple causality. 2017:. These ideas often represented repressed emotions and memories from a patient's childhood within their unconscious. According to psychoanalytic theory, these repressions cause the disturbances that people experience in their daily lives, and by finding the source of these disturbances, one should be able to eliminate the disturbance itself. This is accomplished by a variety of methods, with some popular ones being 6153: 2041:", in a particular stage. Dreams also played a major role in this form of therapy, as Freud viewed dreams as a way to gain insight into the unconscious mind. Patients were often asked to keep dream journals to bring in for discussion during the next therapy session. There are many potential problems associated with this style of therapy, including resistance to the repressed memory or feeling, and 2096:. While this reinforcement is normally for good behavior, it can also occur for maladaptive behavior. In this therapeutic view, the patients maladaptive behavior has been reinforced, which will cause the maladaptive behavior to be repeated. The goal of the therapy is to reinforce less maladaptive behaviors, so that with time, these adaptive behaviors will become the primary ones in the patient. 578: 1266:(ADHD) is characterized by high amounts of inattention and hyperactive impulsiveness. Inattentive symptoms include not listening, careless errors, disorganization, losing personal belongings, becoming easily distracted, and forgetfulness. Symptoms of hyperactive impulsiveness include fidgeting, talking excessively, and interrupting others. 1361:(PTSD) is described as physical and mental distress related to past traumatic experiences. PTSD can manifest a large variety of symptoms, including, but not limited to, nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance and/or physiological reactions related to stimuli regarding the trauma, shame, guilt, anger, hypervigilance, and social withdrawal. 1662:(WHO) Member States since 1994. Chapter five covers some 300 mental and behavioral disorders. The ICD-10's chapter five has been influenced by APA's DSM-IV and there is a great deal of concordance between the two. Beginning in January 2022, the ICD-11 will replace the ICD-10 in WHO member states. WHO maintains free access to the 2221:

One of the primary criticisms of the term "Abnormal Psychology" is its contribution to the stigmatization of individuals with mental health conditions. The label "abnormal" implies a deviation from a societal norm, which can reinforce negative stereotypes and social exclusion. Critics argue that such

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of the world around them. These negative schemas may cause distress in the life of the patient; for example, the schemas may give them unrealistic expectations for how well they should perform at their job, or how they should look physically. When these expectations are not met, it will often result

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emphasizes the importance of applying multiple causality to psychopathology, by stressing that disorders are caused by both precipitating causes, and predisposing causes. A precipitating cause is an immediate trigger that instigates a person's action or behavior. A predisposing cause is an underlying

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Many modern psychological associations, diagnostic manuals, and academic texts have moved away from using the term "abnormal psychology." For instance, the American Psychological Association (APA) and other professional bodies advocate for the use of language that respects the dignity and humanity of

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launched the community health movement in the United States as a "bold new approach" to mental health care, aimed at coordinating mental health services for citizens in mental health centers. In the span of 40 years, the United States was able to see an about 90 percent drop in the number of patients

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in France. He pushed for the idea that the patients should be treated with kindness, and not the cruelty inflicted on them, as if they were animals or criminals. His experimental ideas, such as removing the chains from the patients, were met with reluctance. The experiments in kindness proved to be a

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development involves altering or creating relationships between parents and children, in attempts to create secure bases for the child, and to facilitate trust, independence, and positive perceptions of family relationships. We see these situations a lot more than we think which makes some spectrums

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Psychologists may use different perspectives to try to get better understanding on abnormal psychology. Some of them may just concentrate on a single perspective. But the professionals prefer to combine two or three perspectives together in order to get significant information for better treatments.

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The term sociocultural refers to the various circles of influence on the individual, ranging from close friends and family, to the institutions and policies of a country, or the world as a whole. Discriminations, whether based on social class, income, race and ethnicity, or gender, can influence the

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As the field of psychology has evolved, so has the understanding of mental health. Modern psychology recognizes the complexity and diversity of mental health conditions, advocating for more accurate and respectful terminology. Critics argue that continuing to use the term "abnormal psychology" fails

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Play therapy involves a therapist observing a child as the child plays with toys and interacts with their surrounding environment. The therapist plays an observational, as well as an interactional role, in the intervention. This process allows for the child to enact their problems through play, and

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The DSM-5 is the manual where most commonly discussed and researched information about this particular topic of abnormalities is included. There are various conditions that have been included in this manual and continue to be added to the DSM-5. The causes of many of these diseases are derived from

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DID has two main etiologies, which are the post-traumatic and socio-cognitive models. The post-traumatic model states that DID is caused by inescapable past trauma, such as child abuse. The child dissociates and forms alternate personalities as a coping mechanism, in response to the current trauma.

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are based on the belief that children's problems revolve around problems that occur within the family. Family systems therapy attempts to improve the relations between multiple people involved in specific families via therapeutic intervention. For the best effect, it is recommended that the entire

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According to RAND, therapies are difficult to provide to all patients in need. A lack of funding and understanding of symptoms provides a major roadblock that is not easily avoided. Individual symptoms and responses to treatments vary, which creates a disconnect between patient, society, and care

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Section I of the DSM-5 briefly prefaces purpose, content, structure, and use. This includes basics, introductions and cautionary statements for forensic use. Information is also given about the revision and review processes as well as the DSM-5's goals to harmonize with the ICD-11. An explanation

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The DSM-5 is the text where most commonly discussed and research information about this particle topic of abnormalities are added. Psychopathology is defined to be more common than expected and liked. There are varies conditions that have been included in this text and are still been added to the

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have an extreme fear and avoidance of various objects or situations. Specifically, fears become phobias when there is excessive and unreasonable fear that is disproportionate to the culture that the individual is in. Examples of specific phobias include, but are not limited to, phobias of school,

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There is a growing movement towards using person-first language, which emphasizes the individual rather than defining them by their condition. Terms like "mental health conditions" or "psychological disorders" are preferred as they focus on the person first and the condition second. This approach

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which promoted the physical well-being of the mental patients. "Dix, more than any other figure in the nineteenth century, made people in America and virtually all of Europe aware that the insane were being subjected to incredible abuses." Through this movement, millions of dollars were raised to

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The DSM-5 is the manual where most commonly discussed and researched information about this particular topic of abnormalities is included. Psychopathology is found to be more common than expected. There are various conditions that have been included in this manual and continue to be added to the

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Kendra Cherry, MSEd, states: "The medical approach to abnormal psychology focuses on the biological causes of mental illness. This perspective emphasizes understanding the underlying cause of disorders, which might include genetic inheritance, related physical disorders, infections, and chemical

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can be described as a cluster of personality traits that lead to specific outcomes, and violate the rights of other people. These personality traits include callousness, deceitfulness, lack of remorse, apathy, manipulation of others, impulsiveness, and grandiosity. Additional traits may include

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Children are often sent to therapy due to outbursts that they have in a school or home setting; the theory is that by treating the child in a setting that is similar to the area that they are having their disruptive behavior, the child will be more likely to learn from the therapy, and have an

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By 1939, there were over 400,000 patients in state mental hospitals in the US. Hospital stays were normally quite long for the patients, with some individuals being treated for many years. These hospitals, while better than the asylums of the past, were still lacking in the means of effective

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abnormality implicates abnormality as a deviation from a statistically determined norm, such as the population average IQ of 100. In this case, an IQ score less than about 70–75 may define someone as having a learning disability, and suggests they will have some difficulties coping with life.

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A more formalized response to spiritual beliefs about abnormality is the practice of exorcism. Performed by religious authorities, exorcism is thought of as another way to release evil spirits who cause pathological behavior within the person. In some instances, individuals exhibiting unusual

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The term "abnormal" is criticized for its lack of precision and specificity. Mental health conditions encompass a wide range of experiences and severities, which are not adequately captured by the broad and vague label of "abnormal." This lack of precision can result in oversimplification and

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was also passed, which was a program that funded mental health hospitals. Along with the Community Health Services Act of 1963, the Hill-Burton Acts helped with the creation of outpatient psychiatric clinics, inpatient general hospitals, and rehabilitation and community consultation centers.

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Section II of the DSM-5 Contains a wide range of diagnostic criteria and codes used for establishing, and diagnosing the vast amount of abnormal psychological constructs. This sections replaced the bulk of the axis system in the previous DSM versions and includes the following categories:

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SAD is also considered to be one of the more disabling mental disorders. Symptoms of this disorder include fear in most, if not all, social situations. SAD can develop after a traumatic and/or embarrassing experience has occurred while the person was being observed by other people.

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In the late twentieth century, however, a large number of mental hospitals were closed in many countries. In England, for example, only 14 of the 130 psychiatric institutions that had been created in the early 20th century remained open at the start of the 21st century. In 1963,

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The DSM-5 uses three main sections to organize its contents. These sections include I, II, and III. Section I includes the introduction, use, and basics of the DSM-5. Section II includes diagnostic criteria and codes. Section III includes emerging measures and models.

3036:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 1526:

DSM-5. The causes of many of these diseases are derived from variables such as genetic, biological, socio-cultural, systemic, and biopsychosocial factors. There are also various counseling theories that support and help explain the findings related to each illness.

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of abnormal psychology more normal, and more common. These goals are often achieved by creating understanding regarding behaviors, creating opportunities for attachment, and increasing the family's ability to think about their history and relationships.

1008:, demons, and spirits and suggested that people's mind and behaviors were influenced by the movements of the moon and stars. This tradition is still alive today. Some people, especially in the developing countries, as well as some followers of religious 1196:– when a certain behavior/characteristic is relevant to a low percentage of the population. However, this does not necessarily mean that such individuals have mental illness (for example, statistical abnormalities such as extreme wealth/attractiveness) 1320:

is characterized by a constant, chronic state of worry and anxiety that is related to a large variety of situations, and is difficult to control. Additional symptoms may include irritability, fatigue, concentration difficulties, and restlessness.

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Even when the trauma ends, the personalities continue to disrupt the person's life longterm. The socio-cognitive model states that people will implicitly act as if they have multiple personalities and that it is done to align with cultural norms.

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DSM-5. The cause of many of these disease are derived from variables such as genetics, biological, socio-cultural, systematic, and biopsychosocial factors. There are also many theories that prove and help answer this findings of each illness.

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have found a lot of help using CBT. The treatment often helps the patients cope with the disorder they have, and how they can adapt to their new lives without developing new problems, such as depression, or negative schemas about themselves.

1040:, the practice of cutting a hole into the individual's skull in order to release the malevolent spirits. Although it has been difficult to define abnormal psychology, one definition includes characteristics such as statistical infrequency. 4142:, Dennison L, Landau S, Yardley L, Silber E, Chalder T (April 2013). "A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adjusting to multiple sclerosis (the saMS trial): does CBT work and for whom does it work?". 1488:

variables such as genetic, biological, socio-cultural, systemic, and biopsychosocial factors. There are also various counseling theories that support and help explain the findings related to each illness. In North America this is the

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PTSD symptoms can arise due to various experiences that involve actual or threatened violence, injury, or death. Firsthand experience, witnessing, or learning about traumatic experiences can possibly lead to the development of PTSD.

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Family management skills can be taught by family therapists, and include methods such as improving supervision, disciplinary practices, and creating environments that allow for positive interactions between parents and children.

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Barbato A, D'Avanzo B, Vadilonga F, Cortinovis M, Lombardi S, Pili F, et al. (November 2020). "Systemic family therapy integrated with attachment interventions for adoptive families. Development of a treatment manual".

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The number of different theoretical perspectives in the field of psychological abnormality has made it difficult to properly explain psychopathology. The attempt to explain all mental disorders with the same theory leads to

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Deinstitutionalisation ended the long-term confinement of patients in isolating mental hospitals, which could and did cause long-term negative adaptations. For instance, institutionalizing people with schizophrenia worsens

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factor that interacts with the immediate factors to result in a disorder. Both causes play a key role in the development of a psychological disorder. For example, high neuroticism antedates most types of psychopathology.

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paradigm. The psychological paradigm focuses more on the humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral causes and effects of psychopathology. The biological paradigm includes theories that focus more on physical factors, such as

1054:(Latin for "The Hammer Against Witches"), which was used by many Inquisitors and witch-hunters. It contained an early taxonomy of perceived deviant behavior, and proposed guidelines for prosecuting deviant individuals. 3862:

Generalizations about cultural practices and beliefs may fail to capture the diversity that exists within and across cultural groups, so we must be extremely careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural

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theory posits four such humors: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Each humor was associated with a particular temperament: too much phlegm causes a person to be fatigued, too much black bile causes

851:. However, the practice is sometimes criticised for a perceived rise in homelessness amongst people who were previously institutionalized, or are presumed that they would have been in the institution era. 1963:

about cultural practices and beliefs may fail to capture the diversity that exists within and across cultural groups, so we must be extremely careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural group

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Bratton SC, Ceballos PL, Sheely-Moore AI, Meany-Walen K, Pronchenko Y, Jones LD (2013). "Head start early mental health intervention: Effects of child-centered play therapy on disruptive behaviors".

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In the first supernatural tradition, also called the demonological method, abnormal behaviors are attributed to agents outside human bodies. According to this model, abnormal behaviors are caused by

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McEnery C, Lim MH, Tremain H, Knowles A, Alvarez-Jimenez M (June 2019). "Prevalence rate of social anxiety disorder in individuals with a psychotic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

817:. The book called attention to the conditions which mental patients faced, and helped to spark concern in the general public to create more humane mental health care in these overcrowded hospitals. 4104:

Hans E, Hiller W (February 2013). "Effectiveness of and dropout from outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for adult unipolar depression: a meta-analysis of nonrandomized effectiveness studies".

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Sánchez de Ribera O, Kavish N, Katz IM, Boutwell BB, Back M (September 2019). "Untangling Intelligence, Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Conduct Problems: A Meta–Analytic Review".

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Smit Y, Huibers MJ, Ioannidis JP, van Dyck R, van Tilburg W, Arntz A (March 2012). "The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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individuals with mental health conditions. Critics argue that adhering to contemporary standards in terminology is crucial for promoting an inclusive and progressive approach to mental health.

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family be included in the therapy. The treatments include family management skill development, and child–parent attachment development. These interventions help to improve family functioning.

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to make the body uninhabitable to witches, demons, and spirits. The belief that witches, demons, and spirits are responsible for the abnormal behavior continued into the 15th century. Swiss

2130:(CBT) aims to influence thought and cognition (Beck, 1977). This form of therapy relies on not only the components of behavioral therapy as mentioned before, but also the elements of 2648:

Page J, Petrovich J, Kang SY (December 2012). "Characteristics of homeless adults with serious mental illnesses served by three street-level federally funded homelessness programs".

1070:. The medical or biological perspective holds the belief that most or all abnormal behavior can be attributed to a medical factor; assuming all psychological disorders are diseases. 798:

build new institutions to house the mentally ill. Mental hospitals began to grow substantially in numbers during the 20th century, as care for the mentally ill increased in them.

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The major international nosologic system for the classification of mental disorders can be found in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). The

1289:(DID) involves one individual having multiple personalities. Those with DID are described as having multiple selves that each have their own consciousness and awareness. 1377: – abnormality is seen as a result of biological disorders in the brain. This approach has led to the development of radical biological treatments, e.g. lobotomy. 2324: 1646:

Section III of the DSM-5 contains the various methods and strategies that are used to make clinical decisions, understand culture, and explore emerging diagnoses.

985:, demons, and spirits caused abnormal behaviors. People with psychological disorders were thought to be possessed by evil spirits that had to be exorcised through 1213:– this is not always a sign of mental illness, as mental illness can occur without deviant behavior, and such behavior may occur in the absence of mental illness. 4410:

Zvolensky MJ, Kotov R, Antipova AV, Schmidt NB (April 2005). "Diathesis stress model for panic-related distress: a test in a Russian epidemiological sample".

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Zvolensky MJ, Kotov R, Antipova AV, Schmidt NB (April 2005). "Diathesis stress model for panic-related distress: a test in a Russian epidemiological sample".

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also played a key role in this form of therapy, as he would often believe that the problems the patient was experiencing were due to them becoming stuck, or "

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imbalances. Medical treatments are often pharmacological in nature, although medication is often used in conjunction with some other type of psychotherapy."

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In the biological tradition, psychological disorders are attributed to biological causes. In the psychological tradition, disorders are attributed to faulty

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is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand, and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice. The theoretical field known as

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language can lead to individuals feeling marginalized, perpetuating a sense of "otherness" and reinforcing the stigma associated with mental health issues.

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used to place his patients in a darkened room with music playing, then enter it wearing a flamboyant outfit and poke the "infected" body areas with a stick.

2298: 1305:(SAD) have a very intense fear of social situations. This fear stems from the belief that the person will be evaluated negatively or embarrass themselves. 1255:. Schizophrenia is known to have a genetic etiology, as well as other biological components, such as brain disruptions in the prenatal development period. 1081:

between 450 and 350 BC, in which they suggested that abnormal behaviors can be treated like any other disease. Hippocrates viewed the brain as the seat of

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was also created, which provided support for the training of hospital employees, and research into the conditions of the patients. During this period, the

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extended these ideas and developed a strong and influential school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well into the 18th century.

1219:– including distress, dysfunction, distorted psychological processes, inappropriate responses in given situations, and causing/risking harm to oneself. 2061:. While psychoanalysis has fallen out of favor to more modern forms of therapy, it is still used by some clinical psychologists to varying degrees. 1028:

Throughout time, societies have proposed several explanations of abnormal behavior within human beings. Beginning in some hunter-gatherer societies,

701:(disease process), which assumes the medical model of mental disturbance and as such, is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty known as 1077:, who is considered to be the father of Western medicine, played a major role in the biological tradition. Hippocrates and his associates wrote the 2033:, or emotional release in the patient, which should indicate that the source of the problem has been tapped, and it can then be treated. Freud's 2634:,Branislav Mancevski; John Keilp; Matthew Kurzon; Robert M. Berman; Vladimir Ortakov; Jill Harkavy-Friedman; Gorazd Rosoklija; Andrew J. Dwork. 1135:

promotes dignity, respect, and a more humane perspective, reducing the risk of dehumanization that can be associated with the term "abnormal."

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treatment for the patients. Even though the reform movement had occurred, patients were often still met with cruel and inhumane treatment.

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Institutionalization would continue to improve throughout the 19th and 20th century, as a result of the work of many humanitarians such as

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regarding the change from the previous multi-axial classification system to the current three section system is also included here.

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Kube T, Berg M, Kleim B, Herzog P (June 2020). "Rethinking post-traumatic stress disorder - A predictive processing perspective".

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Investigated through family studies, mainly of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, often in the context of

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Cognitive – the perspective focus on how internal thoughts, perceptions and reasoning contribute to psychological disorders

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in London. This hospital, nicknamed Bedlam, was famous for its deplorable conditions. Asylums remained popular throughout the

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Boysen GA, VanBergen A (January 2013). "A review of published research on adult dissociative identity disorder: 2000-2010".

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from society, or worse. Perceived witchcraft, for example, has been punished by death. Two Catholic Inquisitors wrote the

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ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. (10th revision, Fifth edition.)

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The DSM-5 identifies three key elements that must be present to constitute a mental disorder. These elements include:

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In the late 18th century, the idea of humanitarian treatment for the patients gained much favor, due to the work of

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People have tried to explain and control abnormal behavior for thousands of years. Historically, there have been

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Symptoms that stem from internal dysfunctions (i.e. specifically having biological and/or psychological roots).

1456: 1411:) treatments were all derived from this paradigm. This approach has, as well, led to some esoteric treatments: 1358: 1286: 989:

rituals. If exorcism failed, some authorities advocated steps such as confinement, beating, and other types of

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may form a backdrop to such work, but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term

520: 348: 5462: 3636:"Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders" 2902:"Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Irrational and Rational Beliefs, and the Mental Health of Athletes" 2589:

Osborn LA (December 2009). "From beauty to despair: the rise and fall of the American State Mental Hospital".

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These categories are used to organize the various Abnormal psychological concepts based on their similarity.

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Schneider KJ, Längle A (December 2012). "The renewal of humanism in psychotherapy: summary and conclusion".

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Lin YW, Bratton SC (January 2015). "A Meta-Analytic Review of Child-Centered Play Therapy Approaches".

2084:. Behaviorism arose in the early 20th century, from the work of psychologists such as James Watson and 1925: 1180: 1020:, the supernatural tradition has been largely replaced by the biological and psychological traditions. 750:, yellow bile causes a quick temper, and too much blood causes optimism, cheerfulness, and confidence. 66: 2053:. Many others have also gone on to elaborate on Freud's original theory, and to add their own take on 5812: 5540: 5399: 5391: 5021: 4755: 4631: 2139: 1960: 1659: 860: 515: 506: 428: 248: 129: 4001: 6145: 5993: 5983: 5780: 5506: 4641: 4609: 4545: 4513: 2034: 1875:

secondary mental or behavioral syndromes associated with disorders or diseases classified elsewhere

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great success, which helped to bring about a reform in the way mental institutions would be run.

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that are considered to be forms of Abnormal Psychology. These include, but are not limited to:

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and believed that disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain.

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is a similar term to abnormal psychology, but may have more of an implication of an underlying

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onto the therapist. Psychoanalysis was carried on by many after Freud, including his daughter

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Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence

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The ICD-11 is the most recent version of the International Classification of Diseases. The

759: 676: 433: 358: 268: 103: 88: 4468: 3763:"International Classification of Diseases for mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11)" 8: 6115: 6109: 6035: 5950: 5895: 5635: 5581: 4870: 4860: 4845: 4810: 4805: 4790: 4770: 4765: 4636: 4506: 2135: 1050: 1004:(1493–1541), on the other hand, rejected the idea that abnormal behaviors were caused by 825: 682: 363: 353: 338: 303: 298: 283: 263: 258: 134: 4314:"Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship" 3634:

Reed GM, First MB, Kogan CS, Hyman SE, Gureje O, Gaebel W, et al. (February 2019).

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Irrational beliefs are driven by unconscious fears and can result in abnormal behavior.

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Mental or behavioral disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium

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The act of placing individuals with mental illness in a separate facility known as an

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Ormel J, Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Bos EH, Hankin B, et al. (July 2013).

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Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors

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can be described as a disorder that causes extreme loss of touch with reality. The

946: 737:(460–377 BCE) hypothesized that the body and mind become unwell when the so-called 388: 343: 328: 323: 204: 179: 665: 6055: 5822: 5817: 5630: 5342: 5307: 5247: 5197: 4686: 3560: 3262: 3216: 1343: 1330: 1229: 942: 839: 694: 641: 184: 675:

The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: adaptive and

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to reflect these advancements and the current understanding of mental health.

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to reflect these advancements and the current understanding of mental health.

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Effects of urban/rural dwelling, gender and minority status on state of mind

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Medical – the perspective focus on biological causes on mental illness

1496:. The current version of the book is known as the DSM-5. It lists a set of 1412: 1335: 1173: 1105: 1090: 1032:

have believed that people demonstrating abnormal behavior are possessed by

1013: 910:

misunderstanding of the complexities inherent in mental health conditions.

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and provides detailed descriptions on what constitutes a mental disorder.

945:, to literally cut the evil spirits out of the victim's head. Conversely, 6072: 5960: 5885: 5802: 5721: 5714: 5571: 5377: 5167: 5152: 5117: 4973: 4900: 4600: 2293: 2112: 2073: 1982:

Negatively Expressed Emotion playing a part in schizophrenic relapse and

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Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling

2453: 2436: 2046: 1459: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1347: 1037: 1001: 982: 938: 868: 763: 702: 625: 293: 189: 27: 4199: 3879: 3762: 3651: 3356: 3339: 1507:

Symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions.

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Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

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helps to drive irrational and maladaptive beliefs out of one's mind.

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Tyrer P, Baldwin D (December 2006). "Generalised anxiety disorder".

1969:

Encounters with environments that involve actual or threatened death

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These ideas of Hippocrates and his associates were later adopted by

969:, mental illnesses were thought to be caused by an imbalance of the 35: 5061: 5056: 5016: 3936:

Kovacevic F (2013). "A Lacanian approach to dream interpretation".

3154: 3035: 2022: 1911: 1396: 1248: 1017: 986: 978: 958: 889: 876: 738: 725: 629: 468: 463: 423: 6165: 5498: 2088:. Behaviorism states that all behaviors humans do is because of a 5647: 2152: 2122: 2026: 1679:

Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use

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Medication induced movement disorders and effects of medication.

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Behavioral – the perspective focus on observable behaviors

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superficial charm, sexual promiscuity, and pathological lying.

1094: 3340:"Meta-analysis of functional brain imaging in specific phobia" 957:

believed that these were evil demons or spirits and advocated

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

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Child–parent attachment development (Family systems therapy)

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Family management skill development (Family systems therapy)

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Mental, behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental disorders section

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which lead treatments like the draining of fluids from the

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traditions. Abnormal psychology revolves around two major

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Symptoms associated with personal distress or impairment.

1383: – abnormality is caused by psychological problems. 660:. Abnormal includes three different categories; they are 656:. There have also been different approaches in trying to 4311: 3556:"Identifying Psychological Disorders: What is Abnormal?" 3248: 3034:

Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (October 2016).

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Neurotransmitter and hormonal imbalances in the brain

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Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

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Disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors

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in the developed countries, continue to believe that

1966:

Experiences with child physical and or sexual abuse.

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Treating the Homeless: Urban Psychiatry's Challenge

2393:Bridges JW (1930). "What is abnormal psychology?". 1750:

Mental, behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental disorders

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Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders

741:, vital fluids in the body, become unbalanced. The 4290: 3559: 2974: 2972: 2494: 2013:is heavily based on the theory of the neurologist 1764:Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders 981:period, many Europeans believed that the power of 3805: 2647: 2632:Lifelong Course of Positive and Negative Symptoms 2475: 1818:Disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience 1697:Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders 1247:nature of schizophrenia manifests itself through 1187: 644:. Although many behaviors could be considered as 6200: 3566:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. 2950: 2695:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. 1673:Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders 854: 4484:Abnormal Psychology Students Practice Resources 4038: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3337: 3244: 3242: 3202: 2969: 2330:. Pearson International Schools. Archived from 3198: 3196: 3194: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 2895: 2893: 2503: 2123:Cognitive behavioural therapy (Ellis and Beck) 2099: 1666:. Below are the main categories of disorders: 805:Things began to change in the year 1946, when 5514: 4514: 4366:"Understanding behavior makes it more normal" 4288: 4144:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 4106:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3850:. Belmont, CA: Jon-David Hague. p. 110. 3333: 3331: 3080: 3027: 2978: 2715: 2558: 2395:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2064: 1794:Disorders specifically associated with stress 1119: 1016:powers influence human behaviors. In Western 602: 4489:Psychology Terms – a 600-page dictionary pdf 4364:Ahn WK, Novick LR, Kim NS (September 2003). 4363: 4234:Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach 4231: 3868: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3291: 3239: 2841: 2839: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2434: 2370:Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach 2167: 1932: 937:, planets, and stars. During the Stone Age, 920: 4072: 4070: 3191: 3113: 2890: 2437:"Psychopathology: re-humanizing psychiatry" 2184: 2029:. The goal of these methods is to induce a 1709:Disorders of adult personality and behavior 1634:Other Mental disorders and additional Codes 1529: 1157: 5521: 5507: 4521: 4507: 4103: 4076: 3830: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3699: 3328: 2538:. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press Inc. p. 3. 2419: 2348: 1990: 1833:Disruptive behavior or dissocial disorders 1642:Section III (Emerging Measures and Models) 1539:Section II (Diagnostic Criteria and Codes) 1057: 640:, which could possibly be understood as a 609: 595: 4392: 4337: 3935: 3845: 3808:Abnormal Psychology in the changing world 3783: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3659: 3539:American Psychiatric Association (2013). 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3436: 3380: 3355: 3338:Ipser JC, Singh L, Stein DJ (July 2013). 3205:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2927: 2917: 2873: 2863: 2836: 2805:A Beginner's Guide to Abnormal Psychology 2732:. Toronto: Veronica Visentin. p. 3. 2584: 2582: 2580: 2522: 2452: 2218:Stigmatization and Negative Connotations 2005: 1951: 1788:Obsessive-compulsive or related disorders 1746:highlights forms of abnormal psychology. 1619:Substance Related and Addictive Disorders 1475:Learn how and when to remove this message 913:Evolution of Psychological Understanding 899:Evolution of Psychological Understanding 832: 4067: 3554:Schacter D, Gilbert D, Wegner D (2010). 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 2249:International Classification of Diseases 1839:personality disorders and related traits 1264:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 1259:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 4250: 4079:Journal of Counseling & Development 3999: 3923: 3463: 3139:Understanding abnormal Child Psychology 3107: 2727: 2478:Abnormal Psychology in a changing world 2392: 1996:Illness dependent on stress "triggers". 1944:Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity 933:, or spirits, or the influences of the 809:published the influential novel titled 6201: 4269: 3711: 3676: 3396:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2899: 2817: 2752: 2588: 2577: 2367: 1721:Disorders of psychological development 1559:Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 1138:Alignment with Contemporary Standards 5502: 4502: 4202:International Journal of Play Therapy 3810:. New York: Pearson. pp. 41–42. 3469: 3344:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2690: 2533: 2508:(6th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2480:. New York, NY: Pearson. p. 11. 1917:These studies allow calculation of a 1580:Trauma and Stressor related disorders 1166: 1145: 1036:. This idea has been associated with 879:for explaining mental disorders, the 6152: 3806:Nevid J, Rathus S, Greene B (2018). 2845: 2476:Nevid J, Rathus S, Greene B (2018). 1457:adding citations to reliable sources 1428: 5528: 2304:List of organizations in psychology 1973: 1947:Physical deprivation or disruption 1880:Perspectives of abnormal psychology 1163:development of abnormal behaviour. 1131:Advocacy for Person-First Language 822:National Institute of Mental Health 13: 4356: 3707:. World Health Organization. 2016. 3543:. American Psychiatric Publishing. 3445:] (in German). Leipzig: Abel. 3136: 2424:(6th ed.). US: Prentice Hall. 2143:in maladaptive behaviors, such as 14: 6230: 4448: 4373:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2951:Whitbourne SK, Halgin RP (2013). 1782:Anxiety or fear related disorders 1613:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and 1490:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 1419: 1251:, as well as auditory and visual 1152:Rational emotive behavior therapy 628:that studies unusual patterns of 6175: 6164: 6151: 6140: 6139: 4730: 4253:Abnormal and Clinical Psychology 4091:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00180.x 3773:from the original on 2018-06-19. 3081:Gilles-Thomas, David L. (1989). 1494:American Psychiatric Association 1433: 1044:thoughts or behaviors have been 693:in reference to their practice. 576: 34: 6194: 6094:List of social science journals 4494:A Course in Abnormal Psychology 4193: 4170: 4132: 4097: 4032: 3993: 3958: 3929: 3917: 3839: 3824: 3799: 3777: 3627: 3580: 3547: 3457: 3430: 3408:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.014 3285: 3157:European Journal of Personality 3101: 3074: 2984: 2944: 2811: 2746: 2721: 2709: 2684: 2650:Community Mental Health Journal 2641: 2638:(2007), vol. 40, no. pp. 83-92 2625: 1444:needs additional citations for 1275:Antisocial personality disorder 1270:Antisocial personality disorder 941:was performed on those who had 6051:Science and technology studies 4528: 4412:Behaviour Research and Therapy 4272:"What Is Abnormal Psychology?" 2993:Behaviour Research and Therapy 2820:"What Is Abnormal Psychology?" 2755:"Malleus maleficarum (review)" 2559:Rimm DC, Somervill JW (1977). 2552: 2469: 2441:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2428: 2413: 2386: 2317: 2232:Outline of abnormal psychology 1359:Post-traumatic stress disorder 1354:Post-traumatic stress disorder 1287:Dissociative identity disorder 1282:Dissociative identity disorder 1188:Recent concepts of abnormality 815:popular movie of the same name 1: 4826:Industrial and organizational 4232:Barlow DH, Durand VM (2004). 4224: 3306:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69865-6 2759:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 2128:Cognitive behavioural therapy 1548:Diagnostic Criteria and codes 1368: 1124:According to Sigmund Freud's 855:Explaining abnormal behaviour 319:Industrial and organizational 5067:Human factors and ergonomics 4474:Resources in other libraries 4289:Hansell J, Damour L (2005). 4006:History of Political Economy 3263:10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.045 3217:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827aaf81 3083:"Definitions of Abnormality" 2563:. New York: Academic Press. 2435:Stanghellini G (June 2013). 2244:Cognitive behavioral therapy 2072:relies on the principles of 2000: 1758:Neurodevelopmental disorders 1592:Feeding and Eating Disorders 1552:Neurodevelopmental Disorders 1318:Generalized anxiety disorder 1313:Generalized anxiety disorder 768:St. Mary of Bethlehem asylum 474:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 3761:World Health Organization. 2289:Seasonal affective disorder 2225: 2100:Humanistic therapy (Rogers) 1941:Constitutional liabilities 1904: 1806:Feeding or eating disorders 1733:Unspecified mental disorder 1223: 715:History of mental disorders 10: 6235: 4424:10.1016/j.brat.2004.09.001 4318:Clinical Psychology Review 3967:Clinical Psychology Review 3846:Mash EJ, Wolfe DA (2013). 3439:Compendium der Psychiatrie 3005:10.1016/j.brat.2004.09.001 2718:, pp. Ch 3. pp. 30–33 2229: 2065:Behavioral therapy (Wolpe) 1120:Psychological explanations 863:to abnormal behavior: the 843:in psychiatric hospitals. 764:King Henry VIII of England 753: 723: 712: 708: 6135: 6102: 6086: 5833: 5559: 5536: 5453: 5390: 5097: 5007: 4919: 4756:Applied behavior analysis 4739: 4728: 4564: 4536: 4469:Resources in your library 4330:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 4255:. Open University Press. 3979:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.003 3883:Journal of Family Therapy 3848:Abnormal Child Psychology 3835:. SAGE. pp. 204–205. 3052:10.1017/S0033291716001653 2979:Hansell & Damour 2005 2716:Hansell & Damour 2005 2662:10.1007/s10597-011-9473-y 2603:10.1007/s11126-009-9109-3 2591:The Psychiatric Quarterly 2504:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2013). 2168:Play therapy (Humanistic) 1933:Biological causal factors 1924:Genetic vulnerabilities ( 1827:Impulse control disorders 1737: 1660:World Health Organization 1649: 1228:There is a wide range of 1064:psychological development 921:Supernatural explanations 840:President John F. Kennedy 719: 658:classify mental disorders 249:Applied behavior analysis 4270:Cherry K (May 9, 2016). 4183:Health Services Research 4018:10.1215/00182702-3619262 3833:Sociology of Sexualities 2919:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423 2900:Turner MJ (2016-09-20). 2865:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00666 2818:Cherry K (May 9, 2016). 2420:Sarason IG, Sarason BR. 2310: 2190:Family systems therapies 2185:Family systems therapies 1919:heritability coefficient 1899: 1857:Neurocognitive disorders 1715:Intellectual Disability 1622:Neurocognitive Disorders 1530:Section I (DSM-5 Basics) 1424: 1200:Psychometric abnormality 1158:Sociocultural influences 813:, which was made into a 5739:international relations 5032:Behavioral neuroscience 4596:Behavioral neuroscience 3895:10.1111/1467-6427.12278 3443:Textboook of Psychiatry 2981:, pp. Ch 3. pp. 37 2906:Frontiers in Psychology 2852:Frontiers in Psychology 2846:Boag S (July 1, 2014). 2801:"Perspectives: Medical" 1991:Biopsychosocial factors 1303:social anxiety disorder 1297:Social anxiety disorder 1194:Statistical abnormality 1058:Biological explanations 1024:Supernatural traditions 795:mental hygiene movement 439:Behavioral neuroscience 94:Behavioral neuroscience 6066:Quantum social science 5082:Psychology of religion 5022:Behavioral engineering 4959:Human subject research 4615:Cognitive neuroscience 4581:Affective neuroscience 3784:Davila J, Fincham FD. 3251:Schizophrenia Research 3040:Psychological Medicine 2264:Mental Health Act 2007 2259:Mental Health Act 1983 2173:effective outcome. In 2164:givers/professionals. 2006:Psychoanalysis (Freud) 1952:Socio-cultural factors 1926:Diathesis stress Model 1800:Dissociative disorders 1583:Dissociative Disorders 1181:diathesis–stress model 833:Deinstitutionalisation 489:Psychology of religion 429:Behavioral engineering 113:Cognitive neuroscience 79:Affective neuroscience 6103:Other categorizations 5956:International studies 5941:History of technology 5876:Communication studies 5759:public administration 5458:Wiktionary definition 4994:Self-report inventory 4989:Quantitative research 4297:. Von Hoffman Press. 4236:. Thomson Wadsworth. 3831:Fitzgerald K (2020). 3786:"Abnormal Psychology" 3088:University of Buffalo 2325:"Abnormal Psychology" 2279:Outline of psychology 2274:Models of abnormality 2149:obsessive compulsions 2140:distorted perceptions 2043:negative transference 2011:Psychoanalytic theory 1812:Elimination Disorders 1625:Personality Disorders 1595:Elimination Disorders 1589:and Related Disorders 1577:and related Disorders 1565:and related Disorders 1401:Humanistic Psychology 1346:, small animals, and 961:. By the time of the 861:three main approaches 677:maladaptive behaviors 583:Psychology portal 6219:Behavioural sciences 5936:Historical sociology 4984:Qualitative research 4939:Behavior epigenetics 4012:(suppl 1): 170–197. 3588:abanormal Psychology 3437:Kraepelin E (1883). 3141:. Haboken NJ: Wiley. 2132:cognitive psychology 2082:operant conditioning 2076:, such as involving 1851:Factitious disorders 1845:Paraphilic disorders 1628:Paraphilic Disorders 1599:Sleep Wake Disorders 1575:Obsessive-Compulsive 1568:Depressive Disorders 1453:improve this article 1073:The Greek physician 820:That same year, the 762:dates to 1547, when 16:Branch of psychology 6214:Clinical psychology 6209:Abnormal psychology 6116:Geisteswissenschaft 6110:Behavioral sciences 6036:Political sociology 5951:Information science 5896:Development studies 5463:Wiktionary category 5027:Behavioral genetics 4999:Statistical surveys 4856:Occupational health 4591:Behavioral genetics 4460:Abnormal psychology 4293:Abnormal Psychology 2730:Abnormal Psychology 2728:Davison GC (2008). 2561:Abnormal Psychology 2506:Abnormal Psychology 2422:Abnormal Psychology 2035:psychosexual stages 1604:Sexual Dysfunctions 1051:Malleus Maleficarum 687:abnormal psychology 683:Clinical psychology 622:Abnormal psychology 434:Behavioral genetics 349:Occupational health 89:Behavioral genetics 22:Part of a series on 6171:Society portal 5658:auxiliary sciences 5435:Schools of thought 5338:Richard E. Nisbett 5218:Donald T. Campbell 4896:Sport and exercise 4385:10.3758/bf03196541 4251:Bennett P (2003). 4000:Edwards J (2016). 2771:10.1353/mrw.0.0161 2454:10.1111/acps.12091 2157:multiple sclerosis 2109:self-actualization 2105:Humanistic therapy 2055:defense mechanisms 1167:Multiple causality 1146:Irrational beliefs 1079:Hippocratic Corpus 1034:malevolent spirits 997:, astrologer, and 906:Lack of Precision 551:Schools of thought 389:Sport and exercise 235:Applied psychology 6191: 6190: 6031:Political economy 6026:Political ecology 5881:Community studies 5871:Cognitive science 5834:Interdisciplinary 5734:Political science 5496: 5495: 5473:Wikimedia Commons 5400:Counseling topics 5363:Ronald C. Kessler 5353:Shelley E. Taylor 5278:Lawrence Kohlberg 5253:Stanley Schachter 5052:Consumer behavior 4934:Archival research 4702:Psycholinguistics 4586:Affective science 4455:Library resources 4304:978-0-471-38982-8 4262:978-0-335-21236-1 4243:978-0-534-63362-2 3857:978-1-111-83449-4 3817:978-0-134-44758-2 3652:10.1002/wps.20611 3615:Missing or empty 3603:Missing or empty 3573:978-1-4292-3719-2 3357:10.1111/pcn.12055 3300:(9553): 2156–66. 3046:(14): 2883–2906. 2962:978-0-07-803527-2 2753:Herzig T (2010). 2739:978-0-470-84072-6 2702:978-0-88048-080-2 2691:Jones BE (1986). 2570:978-0-12-588840-0 2545:978-1-312-34920-9 2534:Fadul JA (2014). 2487:978-0-134-44758-2 2379:978-1-111-34362-0 2368:Barlow D (2012). 1658:has been used by 1615:Conduct Disorders 1571:Anxiety Disorders 1485: 1484: 1477: 1329:Individuals with 951:Ancient Egyptians 883:paradigm and the 849:negative symptoms 743:four temperaments 730:Four temperaments 654:mind–body problem 652:in regard to the 624:is the branch of 619: 618: 516:Counseling topics 459:Consumer behavior 200:Psycholinguistics 84:Affective science 6226: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6155: 6154: 6143: 6142: 6046:Regional science 5891:Cultural studies 5866:Business studies 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5430:Research methods 5373:Richard Davidson 5368:Joseph E. LeDoux 5243:George A. Miller 5233:David McClelland 5228:Herbert A. Simon 5128:Edward Thorndike 4949:Content analysis 4734: 4707:Psychophysiology 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4443: 4406: 4396: 4370: 4351: 4341: 4308: 4296: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4266: 4247: 4218: 4217: 4214:10.1037/a0030318 4197: 4191: 4190: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4156:10.1037/a0029132 4136: 4130: 4129: 4118:10.1037/a0031080 4101: 4095: 4094: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4053:10.1037/a0028026 4036: 4030: 4029: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3952:10.1037/a0032206 3933: 3927: 3926:, pp. 17–26 3921: 3915: 3914: 3877: 3866: 3865: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3758: 3709: 3708: 3701: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3640:World Psychiatry 3631: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3359: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3200: 3189: 3188: 3169:10.1002/per.2207 3152: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3031: 3025: 3024: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2931: 2921: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2877: 2867: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2645: 2639: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2586: 2575: 2574: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2531: 2520: 2519: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2407:10.1037/h0074965 2390: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2254:Insanity defense 2136:negative schemas 2107:aims to achieve 2070:Behavior therapy 2019:free association 1984:anorexia nervosa 1974:Systemic factors 1609:Gender Dysphoria 1480: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1437: 1429: 1331:specific phobias 1230:mental disorders 1211:Deviant behavior 1126:structural model 826:Hill-Burton Acts 766:established the 611: 604: 597: 581: 580: 579: 546:Research methods 205:Psychophysiology 67:Basic psychology 38: 19: 18: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6163: 6131: 6098: 6082: 6056:Science studies 5840:Administration 5829: 5555: 5532: 5530:Social sciences 5527: 5497: 5492: 5449: 5425:Psychotherapies 5386: 5343:Martin Seligman 5308:Daniel Kahneman 5248:Richard Lazarus 5198:Raymond Cattell 5102: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5003: 4915: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4687:Neuropsychology 4567: 4560: 4532: 4527: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4368: 4359: 4357:Further reading 4354: 4305: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4244: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4198: 4194: 4175: 4171: 4137: 4133: 4102: 4098: 4075: 4068: 4037: 4033: 3998: 3994: 3963: 3959: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3878: 3869: 3858: 3844: 3840: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3759: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3677: 3632: 3628: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3552: 3548: 3537: 3470: 3466:, pp. 7–10 3462: 3458: 3435: 3431: 3392: 3381: 3336: 3329: 3290: 3286: 3247: 3240: 3201: 3192: 3153: 3146: 3135: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3032: 3028: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2949: 2945: 2898: 2891: 2844: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2816: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2689: 2685: 2646: 2642: 2636:Psychopathology 2630: 2626: 2587: 2578: 2571: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2532: 2523: 2516: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2474: 2470: 2433: 2429: 2418: 2414: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2366: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2269:M'Naghten Rules 2234: 2228: 2208: 2199: 2187: 2170: 2125: 2102: 2067: 2008: 2003: 1993: 1976: 1961:Generalizations 1954: 1935: 1907: 1902: 1882: 1740: 1691:Mood disorders 1652: 1644: 1587:Somatic Symptom 1541: 1532: 1481: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1450: 1438: 1427: 1422: 1371: 1325:Specific phobia 1226: 1190: 1169: 1160: 1148: 1122: 1060: 947:Ancient Chinese 923: 857: 835: 776:Renaissance era 756: 732: 724:Main articles: 722: 717: 711: 695:Psychopathology 642:mental disorder 615: 577: 575: 568: 567: 566: 565: 541:Psychotherapies 509: 499: 498: 419: 411: 410: 409: 408: 237: 227: 226: 225: 224: 185:Neuropsychology 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6232: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5999:social science 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Global studies 5928: 5926:Gender studies 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5909:social science 5905:Environmental 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:macroeconomics 5601: 5599:microeconomics 5591: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383:Roy Baumeister 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318:Michael Posner 5315: 5310: 5305: 5303:Elliot Aronson 5300: 5298:Walter Mischel 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5263:Albert Bandura 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5238:Leon Festinger 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5208:Neal E. Miller 5205: 5203:Abraham Maslow 5200: 5195: 5190: 5188:Ernest Hilgard 5185: 5183:Donald O. Hebb 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5163:J. P. Guilford 5160: 5158:Gordon Allport 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:John B. Watson 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:Animal testing 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Cross-cultural 4629: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449:External links 4447: 4445: 4444: 4407: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4324:(5): 686–697. 4309: 4303: 4286: 4267: 4261: 4248: 4242: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4192: 4169: 4131: 4096: 4066: 4031: 3992: 3957: 3928: 3916: 3889:(4): 539–540. 3867: 3856: 3838: 3823: 3816: 3798: 3776: 3710: 3675: 3626: 3579: 3572: 3546: 3468: 3456: 3429: 3379: 3327: 3284: 3238: 3190: 3163:(5): 529–564. 3144: 3112: 3110:, pp. 3–5 3100: 3073: 3026: 2983: 2968: 2961: 2943: 2889: 2835: 2810: 2792: 2765:(1): 135–138. 2745: 2738: 2720: 2708: 2701: 2683: 2656:(6): 699–704. 2640: 2624: 2576: 2569: 2551: 2544: 2521: 2515:978-0078035388 2514: 2493: 2486: 2468: 2427: 2412: 2385: 2378: 2347: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2284:Parapsychology 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2230:Main article: 2227: 2224: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2186: 2183: 2169: 2166: 2124: 2121: 2101: 2098: 2066: 2063: 2059:dream analysis 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1979:Family systems 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1776:Mood Disorders 1771: 1765: 1759: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1483: 1482: 1441: 1439: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420:Classification 1418: 1417: 1416: 1409:Abraham Maslow 1385:Psychoanalytic 1378: 1370: 1367: 1253:hallucinations 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1197: 1189: 1186: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1121: 1118: 1068:social context 1059: 1056: 943:mental illness 922: 919: 894:neurochemistry 856: 853: 834: 831: 807:Mary Jane Ward 783:Philippe Pinel 755: 752: 721: 718: 713:Main article: 710: 707: 617: 616: 614: 613: 606: 599: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 570: 569: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 511: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 238: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 130:Cross-cultural 127: 122: 121: 120: 110: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 72: 71: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 59: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6231: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:Human science 6120: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6078:Vegan studies 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Public health 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975:Philosophies 5974: 5972: 5971:Media studies 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Human ecology 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:Anthrozoology 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781:developmental 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:public policy 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705:legal systems 5703: 5701: 5700:legal history 5698: 5696: 5695:jurisprudence 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Psychologists 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Organizations 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358:John Anderson 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:Ulric Neisser 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Endel Tulving 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Robert Zajonc 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Jerome Bruner 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5178:B. F. Skinner 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Clark L. Hull 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123:Sigmund Freud 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113:William James 5111: 5109: 5108:Wilhelm Wundt 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100:Psychologists 5096: 5088: 5087:Psychometrics 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047:Consciousness 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4979:Psychophysics 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4921:Methodologies 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4881:Psychotherapy 4879: 4877: 4876:Psychometrics 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 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