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cognitive factors behind the response data. Scott and Suppes studied relationship between the structure of data and the structure of numerical systems that represent the data. Coombs constructed formal cognitive models of the respondent in a measurement situation rather than statistical data processing algorithms, for example the unfolding model. Another breakthrough is the development of a new form of the psychophysical scaling function along with new methods of collecting psychophysical data, like
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perceptual, cognitive and motor processes as inferred from the 'average individual'. Furthermore, where psychometrics investigates the stochastic dependence structure between variables as observed in the population, mathematical psychology almost exclusively focuses on the modeling of data obtained from experimental paradigms and is therefore even more closely related to
711:. Mathematics in psychology is used extensively roughly in two areas: one is the mathematical modeling of psychological theories and experimental phenomena, which leads to mathematical psychology; the other is the statistical approach of quantitative measurement practices in psychology, which leads to
1206:
To better define the field of mathematical psychology, the mathematical models of the 1950s were brought together in sequence of volumes edited by Luce, Bush, and
Galanter: Two readings and three handbooks. This series of volumes turned out to be helpful in the development of the field. In the summer
1007:
The failure of Wundt's method of introspection led to the rise of different schools of thought. Wundt's laboratory was directed towards conscious human experience, in line with the work of
Fechner and Weber on the intensity of stimuli. In the United Kingdom, under the influence of the anthropometric
975:
Galton introduced bivariate normal distribution in modeling the traits of the same individual, he also investigated measurement error and built his own model, and he also developed a stochastic branching process to examine the extinction of family names. There is also a tradition of the interest in
917:
in the 19th century were mapping distances between stars by denoting the exact time of a star's passing of a cross-hair on a telescope. For lack of the automatic registration instruments of the modern era, these time measurements relied entirely on human response speed. It had been noted that there
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as a guiding principle, assuming that the human brain has evolved to solve problems in an optimized way. Central themes from cognitive psychology (e.g., limited vs. unlimited processing capacity, serial vs. parallel processing) and their implications are central in rigorous analysis in mathematical
1202:
for human stimulus detection, and Miller's approach to information processing. By the end of the 1950s, the number of mathematical psychologists had increased from a handful by more than a tenfold, not counting psychometricians. Most of these were concentrated at the
Indiana University, Michigan,
1136:
helped to establish the field in a world that was still dominated by behaviorists: A paper by Bush and
Mosteller instigated the linear operator approach to learning, and a paper by Estes that started the stimulus sampling tradition in psychological theorizing. These two papers presented the first
1028:
which studies individual differences by the variance and covariance. German psychology and
English psychology have been combined and taken over by the United States. The statistical methods dominated the field during the beginning of the century. There are two important statistical developments:
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Before the 1950s, psychometricians emphasized the structure of measurement error and the development of high-power statistical methods to the measurement of psychological quantities but little of the psychometric work concerned the structure of the psychological quantities being measured or the
722:
is a central topic in mathematical psychology. Mathematical psychology is therefore closely related to psychometrics. However, where psychometrics is concerned with individual differences (or population structure) in mostly static variables, mathematical psychology focuses on process models of
863:
The research developments in
Germany and England in the 19th century made psychology a new academic subject. Since the German approach emphasized experiments in the investigation of the psychological processes that all humans share and the English approach was in the measurement of individual
1744:
Dynamic systems models illustrate how many different features of a complex system may interact to yield emergent behaviors and abilities. Nonlinear dynamics has been applied to human systems specifically to address issues that require attention to temporality such as life transitions, human
1713:
Developmental psychology is concerned not only with describing the characteristics of psychological change over time but also seeks to explain the principles and internal workings underlying these changes. Psychologists have attempted to better understand these factors by using
1725:
Mathematical modeling is useful in developmental psychology for implementing theory in a precise and easy-to-study manner, allowing generation, explanation, integration, and prediction of diverse phenomena. Several modeling techniques are applied to development:
651:
and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior (in practice often constituted by task performance). The mathematical approach is used with the goal of deriving
832:
Choice and decision making theory are rooted in the development of statstics theory. In the mid 1600s, Blaise Pascal considered situations in gambling and further extended to Pascal's wager. In the 18th century, Nicolas
Bernoulli proposed the
995:
that Wundt introduced. Some of the problems resulted from individual differences in response speed found by astronomers. Although Wundt did not seem to take interest in these individual variations and kept his focus on the study of the
1745:
development, and behavioral or emotional change over time. Nonlinear dynamic systems is currently being explored as a way to explain discrete phenomena of human development such as affect, second language acquisition, and locomotion.
1203:
Pennsylvania, and
Stanford. Some of these were regularly invited by the U.S. Social Science Research Counsel to teach in summer workshops in mathematics for social scientists at Stanford University, promoting collaboration.
1012:, interest focussed on individual differences between humans on psychological variables, in line with the work of Bessel. Cattell soon adopted the methods of Galton and helped laying the foundation of psychometrics.
1236:
Under the influence of developments in computer science, logic, and language theory, in the 1960s modeling gravitated towards computational mechanisms and devices. Examples of the latter constitute so called
1099:, brought together experimental psychologists, mathematicians, engineers, physicists, and economists. Out of this mix of different disciplines mathematical psychology arose. Especially the developments in
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to correlational data to infer causality, which is still a major research area today. Those statistical methods formed psychometrics. The
Psychometric Society was established in 1935 and the journal
1296:. This has been a general theme in the evolution in mathematical modeling of psychological processes: from deterministic relations as found in classical physics to inherently stochastic models.
968:, who interested in individual differences between humans on psychological variables. The math in English psychology is mainly statistics and the work and methods of Galton is the foundation of
2131:
945:, who recognized the potential of reaction times for more or less objectively quantifying the amount of time elementary mental operations required. Donders envisioned the employment of his
1207:
of 1963 the need was felt for a journal for theoretical and mathematical studies in all areas in psychology, excluding work that was mainly factor analytical. An initiative led by
1140:
Mathematical modeling of learning process were greatly developed in the 1950s as the behavioral learning theory was flourishing. One development is the stimulus sampling theory by
1184:
proposed the model of human solving problems. The development in artificial intelligence and human computer interface are active areas in both computer science and psychology.
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The area of language and thinking comes into the spotlight with the development of computer science and linguistics, especially information theory and computation theory.
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and associated reaction-time research, and turned the focus of psychological research entirely to learning theory. In Europe introspection survived in
991:, who amply used Donders' ideas. However, findings that came from the laboratory were hard to replicate and this was soon attributed to the method of
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from measurements of basic response speed that would cancel out individual differences from the astronomical calculations. Independently, physicist
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were small systematic differences in the times measured by different astronomers, and these were first systematically studied by German astronomer
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19:
This article is about the mathematical modeling of psychological theories and phenomena. For research design and methodology in psychology, see
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The origin of
English psychology can be traced to the theory of evolution by Darwin. But the emergence of English psychology is because of
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established the first experimental psychology laboratory. The math in German psychology is mainly applied in sensory and psychophysics.
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that are more exact and thus yield stricter empirical validations. There are five major research areas in mathematical psychology:
329:
1718:. A model must simply account for the means by which a process takes place. This is sometimes done in reference to changes in the
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1037:(ANOVA). Since factor analysis unable to make causal inferences, the method of structural equation modeling was developed by
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Important mathematical expressions for relations between physical characteristics of stimuli and subjective perception are
1242:
703:, the application of mathematics to psychology has been done in the hope of emulating the success of this approach in the
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Signal processing and detection theory are broadly used in perception, psychophysics and nonsensory area of cognition.
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2018:
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developed a system of mathematical theories in cognitive area to understand the mental process of consciousness.
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Luce, R. D., Bush, R. R. & Galanter, E. (Eds.) (1963). Handbook of mathematical psychology. Volumes I-III
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1064:, and largely refrained from inference on mental processes. Formal theories were mostly absent (except for
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measured reaction times to determine nerve conduction speed, developed resonance theory of hearing and the
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Mathematical psychologists are active in many fields of psychology, especially in psychophysics,
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was fascinated by these differences and started to work on them during his stay in England.
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Although psychology, as an independent subject of science, is a more recent discipline than
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1873:. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Mathematical modeling has a long history in psychology starting in the 19th century with
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883:(1801–1887) contributed theories in sensations and perceptions and one of them is the
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de Bot K (2007). "A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition".
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2014:
2007:
1981:
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The 1950s saw a surge in mathematical theories of psychological processes, including
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to scientifically infer the elements of complex cognitive activity by measurement of
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2424:"Entrainment to a real time fractal visual stimulus modulates fractal gait dynamics"
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Coombs, Clyde H. (1950). "Psychological scaling without a unit of measurement".
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Bush, R. R.; Mosteller, F. (1951). "A mathematical model for simple learning".
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that may correspond to changes in behavior over the course of the development.
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23:. For the theory and technique of measurement of psychological attributes, see
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1870:
New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology: Volume 1: Foundations and Methodology
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worked on modeling human memory, which is a precursor of the study of memory.
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2273:
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2155:
2039:
Batchelder, W. H. (2002). "Mathematical Psychology". In Kazdin, A. E. (ed.).
1766:. There are three annual conferences in the field, the annual meeting of the
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384:
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24:
2341:. Oxford Psychology Series. Vol. 8. New York: Oxford University Press.
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These two lines of work came together in the research of Dutch physiologist
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Batchelder, W. H.; Colonius, H.; Dzhafarov, E. N.; Myung, J., eds. (2016).
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182:
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1833:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2 ed.)
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111:
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807:
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665:
653:
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304:
200:
38:
2339:
Response Times: Their Role in Inferring Elementary Mental Organization
1176:
proposed the model of linguistics and computational hierarchy theory.
1020:
Many statistical methods were developed even before the 20th century:
3346:
3131:
3035:
2489:
from the Open Distance Learning initiative of the University of Bonn.
2265:
2198:
2116:
2081:
1485:
1224:
914:
827:
783:, and contribute to the work of other subareas of psychology such as
648:
454:
2422:
Rhea CK, Kiefer AW, D'Andrea SE, Warren WH, Aaron RK (August 2014).
2147:
46:
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to psychological processes. They thereby established the fields of
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As quantification of behavior is fundamental in this endeavor, the
681:
657:
479:
474:
434:
1916:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
864:
differences, the applications of mathematics were also different.
1060:. Behaviorism dominated American psychology until the end of the
987:
The first psychological laboratory was established in Germany by
976:
studying intelligence in English psychology started from Galton.
858:
817:
700:
685:
644:
2103:
Estes, W. K. (1950). "Toward a statistical theory of learning".
1866:
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1727:
1288:
for classical conditioning. While the first three laws are all
772:
673:
661:
1292:
in nature, later established relations are more fundamentally
2497:
1246:
1161:
establish the importance of game theory and decision making.
1144:, the other is linear operator models by Robert R. Bush, and
957:
Although there are developments in sensation and perception,
847:
An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances
16:
Mathematical modeling of psychological theories and phenomena
2421:
1137:
detailed formal accounts of data from learning experiments.
875:(1795–1878) created the first mathematical law of the mind,
3075:
2308:
Luce, R. D., Bush, R. R. & Galanter, E. (Eds.) (1963).
1630:
1558:
841:
proposed a modification to the solution later on. In 1763,
494:
2469:
British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology
1763:
British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology
1299:
837:
in decision making, Daniel Bernoulli gave a solution and
2492:
2310:
Readings in mathematical psychology. Volumes I & II.
2013:(Second ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1575:
1227:
resulted in the appearance of the first issue of the
2252:
Stevens, S. S. (1957). "On the psychophysical law".
1169:
contributed to the choice and decision making area.
1127:
gained a large influence on psychological thinking.
2132:"Foundational aspects of theories of measurement1"
2040:
2006:
849:", which is the milestone of Bayesian statistics.
828:Mathematics and psychology before the 19th century
1820:
1641:
3499:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1542:
1914:, in Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (eds.),
2047:. Washington/NY: APA/Oxford University Press.
1707:Developmental psychology § Mathematical models
859:Mathematics and psychology in the 19th century
2513:
2067:
2027:
1749:
613:
2293:
2291:
2000:
1998:
1996:
743:, mathematical psychology theory often uses
2487:Online tutorials on Mathematical Psychology
2298:Estes, W. K. (2002). History of the Society
2129:
1699:
898:(1801–1887) being among the first to apply
2520:
2506:
2130:Scott, Dana; Suppes, Patrick (June 1958).
2038:
1826:
1587:
620:
606:
2361:
2288:
1993:
1158:The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
1130:Two seminal papers on learning theory in
1960:, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 21,
1951:
1559:Sensation, perception, and psychophysics
816:
806:
2251:
1654:
1280:(borrowed from radar engineering), the
3500:
2475:European Mathematical Psychology Group
2386:
2184:
2004:
1793:Mathematical models of social learning
1772:European Mathematical Psychology Group
1300:Influential mathematical psychologists
1095:, and the military need to understand
2501:
2102:
1912:"Mathematical Psychology, History of"
1909:
1687:
1664:
1576:Stimulus detection and discrimination
879:, based on a variety of experiments.
2389:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
2336:
1862:
1860:
1776:Australasian Mathematical Psychology
1650:Serial exhaustive search (SES) model
1198:, Tanner and Swets' introduction of
2493:Society for Mathematical Psychology
1768:Society for Mathematical Psychology
707:, which dates back to at least the
13:
2481:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
1841:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.43059-x
1829:"Mathematical Psychology: History"
1757:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
1615:
1230:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
14:
3524:
2461:
1857:
1097:human performance and limitations
984:developed tests of intelligence.
2729:
1918:, Pergamon, pp. 9412–9416,
1705:This section is an excerpt from
1075:During the war, developments in
922:(1782–1846). Bessel constructed
587:
45:
2415:
2380:
2364:Computational social psychology
2355:
2330:
2325:Volume II from Internet Archive
2315:
2302:
2245:
2221:
2178:
1015:
2527:
2123:
2096:
2061:
1945:
1924:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/00647-1
1903:
1835:. Elsevier. pp. 808–815.
1694:Theory of conjoint measurement
1642:Memory scanning, visual search
887:, which modifies Weber's law.
1:
2825:Industrial and organizational
2136:The Journal of Symbolic Logic
1831:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
1813:
1543:Important theories and models
330:Industrial and organizational
3066:Human factors and ergonomics
1031:Structural Equation Modeling
485:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
2443:10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.006
1910:Estes, W. K. (2001-01-01),
1781:
1774:meeting in Europe, and the
1674:
1624:Level and change race model
1274:law of comparative judgment
10:
3529:
2043:Encyclopedia of Psychology
1827:Batchelder, W. H. (2015).
1750:Journals and organizations
1704:
1683:Stochastic learning theory
1278:theory of signal detection
1045:was published since 1936.
802:
737:computational neuroscience
639:research that is based on
18:
3452:
3389:
3096:
3006:
2918:
2755:Applied behavior analysis
2738:
2727:
2563:
2535:
2401:10.1017/S1366728906002732
1974:10.1088/2058-7058/33/3/24
1754:Central journals are the
260:Applied behavior analysis
2337:Luce, R. Duncan (1986).
1952:McKenzie, James (2020),
1803:Psychological statistics
1700:Developmental psychology
906:in general, and that of
21:Psychological statistics
3508:Mathematical psychology
3031:Behavioral neuroscience
2595:Behavioral neuroscience
2009:A History of Psychology
1808:Quantitative psychology
1788:Computational cognition
1770:in the U.S, the annual
1588:Stimulus identification
1582:Signal detection theory
1243:production rule systems
1239:cognitive architectures
1200:signal detection theory
1196:Luce's theory of choice
1052:arose in opposition to
1000:, Wundt's U.S. student
904:experimental psychology
779:, and the quantitative
725:experimental psychology
633:Mathematical psychology
450:Behavioral neuroscience
107:Behavioral neuroscience
3081:Psychology of religion
3021:Behavioral engineering
2958:Human subject research
2614:Cognitive neuroscience
2580:Affective neuroscience
2431:Human Movement Science
2005:Leahey, T. H. (1987).
1048:In the United States,
932:Young-Helmholtz theory
835:St. Petersburg Paradox
824:
814:
793:educational psychology
745:statistical optimality
500:Psychology of religion
440:Behavioral engineering
126:Cognitive neuroscience
92:Affective neuroscience
3457:Wiktionary definition
2993:Self-report inventory
2988:Quantitative research
2362:Vallacher RR (2017).
1879:10.1017/9781139245913
1798:Outline of psychology
1680:Linear operator model
1670:Linear operator model
1636:Decision field theory
1602:/connectionist models
1317:William H. Batchelder
928:Hermann von Helmholtz
845:published the paper "
820:
810:
720:theory of measurement
641:mathematical modeling
594:Psychology portal
2983:Qualitative research
2938:Behavior epigenetics
2254:Psychological Review
2187:Psychological Review
2105:Psychological Review
2070:Psychological Review
1655:Error response times
1526:Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
1360:Jean-Claude Falmagne
1286:Rescorla–Wagner rule
1133:Psychological Review
1121:stochastic processes
1085:computability theory
1035:analysis of variance
1008:developments led by
1002:James McKeen Cattell
978:James McKeen Cattell
953:simple reaction time
900:functional equations
812:Ernst Heinrich Weber
781:analysis of behavior
729:cognitive psychology
3513:Applied mathematics
3462:Wiktionary category
3026:Behavioral genetics
2998:Statistical surveys
2855:Occupational health
2590:Behavioral genetics
2323:. New York: Wiley.
1966:2020PhyW...33c..21M
1413:James L. McClelland
1322:Michael H. Birnbaum
1312:Richard C. Atkinson
1270:Stevens's power law
1190:Stevens' power law.
1146:Frederick Mosteller
797:psychology of music
785:clinical psychology
709:seventeenth century
445:Behavioral genetics
360:Occupational health
102:Behavioral genetics
33:Part of a series on
3434:Schools of thought
3337:Richard E. Nisbett
3217:Donald T. Campbell
2895:Sport and exercise
1688:Measurement theory
1665:Sequential effects
1608:Random walk models
1593:Accumulator models
1565:Stevens' power law
1506:Louis L. Thurstone
1471:Stanley S. Stevens
1448:David E. Rumelhart
1438:Robert M. Nosofsky
1398:Philip Marcus Levy
1355:William Kaye Estes
1125:mathematical logic
1105:information theory
1081:mathematical logic
1058:Gestalt psychology
998:general human mind
948:mental chronometry
924:personal equations
825:
815:
635:is an approach to
562:Schools of thought
400:Sport and exercise
246:Applied psychology
3495:
3494:
3472:Wikimedia Commons
3399:Counseling topics
3362:Ronald C. Kessler
3352:Shelley E. Taylor
3277:Lawrence Kohlberg
3252:Stanley Schachter
3051:Consumer behavior
2933:Archival research
2701:Psycholinguistics
2585:Affective science
1933:978-0-08-043076-8
1888:978-1-107-02908-8
1850:978-0-08-097087-5
1740:dynamical systems
1627:Recruitment model
1570:Weber–Fechner law
1536:Thomas D. Wickens
1501:James T. Townsend
1350:Ehtibar Dzhafarov
1262:Weber–Fechner law
1233:in January 1964.
1142:Williams K. Estes
1101:signal processing
934:of color vision.
789:social psychology
705:physical sciences
630:
629:
527:Counseling topics
470:Consumer behavior
211:Psycholinguistics
97:Affective science
3520:
3429:Research methods
3372:Richard Davidson
3367:Joseph E. LeDoux
3242:George A. Miller
3232:David McClelland
3227:Herbert A. Simon
3127:Edward Thorndike
2948:Content analysis
2733:
2706:Psychophysiology
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2455:
2454:
2428:
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2413:
2412:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:New York: Wiley.
2306:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2266:10.1037/h0046162
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2199:10.1037/h0060984
2182:
2176:
2175:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:10.1037/h0058559
2100:
2094:
2093:
2082:10.1037/h0054388
2065:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1954:"Pascal's wager"
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1824:
1660:Fast guess model
1596:Diffusion models
1555:
1554:
1550:
1496:Joshua Tenenbaum
1463:Richard Shiffrin
1453:Herbert A. Simon
1327:Jerome Busemeyer
1089:computer science
1062:Second World War
1054:introspectionism
1022:Charles Spearman
941:and his student
920:Friedrich Bessel
894:(1795–1878) and
622:
615:
608:
592:
591:
590:
557:Research methods
216:Psychophysiology
78:Basic psychology
49:
30:
29:
3528:
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3523:
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3521:
3519:
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3517:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3448:
3424:Psychotherapies
3385:
3342:Martin Seligman
3307:Daniel Kahneman
3247:Richard Lazarus
3197:Raymond Cattell
3101:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3002:
2914:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2686:Neuropsychology
2566:
2559:
2531:
2526:
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2416:
2385:
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2307:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2233:psycnet.apa.org
2227:
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2222:
2183:
2179:
2148:10.2307/2964389
2128:
2124:
2101:
2097:
2066:
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2055:
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2003:
1994:
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1950:
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1816:
1784:
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1710:
1702:
1690:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:Push-down stack
1644:
1618:
1616:Simple decision
1590:
1578:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1476:George Sperling
1467:Philip L. Smith
1390:D. R. J. Laming
1370:Daniel Kahneman
1346:Adele Diederich
1302:
1255:neural networks
1026:factor analysis
1018:
943:J. J. de Jaager
913:Researchers in
910:in particular.
861:
830:
805:
765:decision-making
761:problem solving
678:decision-making
643:of perceptual,
626:
588:
586:
579:
578:
577:
576:
552:Psychotherapies
520:
510:
509:
430:
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248:
238:
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196:Neuropsychology
80:
28:
17:
12:
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5:
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3382:Roy Baumeister
3379:
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3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Michael Posner
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:Elliot Aronson
3299:
3297:Walter Mischel
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Albert Bandura
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Leon Festinger
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Neal E. Miller
3204:
3202:Abraham Maslow
3199:
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3189:
3187:Ernest Hilgard
3184:
3182:Donald O. Hebb
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:J. P. Guilford
3159:
3157:Gordon Allport
3154:
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3137:John B. Watson
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2928:Animal testing
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2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Cross-cultural
2628:
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2597:
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2587:
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2462:External links
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2373:978-1138951655
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2301:
2287:
2260:(3): 153–181.
2244:
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2193:(3): 145–158.
2177:
2142:(2): 113–128.
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2076:(5): 313–323.
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1611:Renewal models
1609:
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1600:Neural network
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1443:Roger Ratcliff
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1403:R. Duncan Luce
1400:
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1394:Michael D. Lee
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1303:
1301:
1298:
1272:, Thurstone's
1209:R. C. Atkinson
1163:R. Duncan Luce
1109:linear systems
1017:
1014:
1010:Francis Galton
966:Francis Galton
959:Johann Herbart
896:Gustav Fechner
881:Gustav Fechner
860:
857:
829:
826:
822:Gustav Fechner
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3419:Psychologists
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3409:Organizations
3407:
3405:
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3357:John Anderson
3355:
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3308:
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3298:
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3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Ulric Neisser
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Endel Tulving
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Robert Zajonc
3255:
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3250:
3248:
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3235:
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3212:Jerome Bruner
3210:
3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3177:B. F. Skinner
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3140:
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3122:Sigmund Freud
3120:
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3112:William James
3110:
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3107:Wilhelm Wundt
3105:
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3099:Psychologists
3095:
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3086:Psychometrics
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3046:Consciousness
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2641:Developmental
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2366:. Routledge.
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1733:
1732:connectionist
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1645:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:Cascade model
1620:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Elke U. Weber
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:John A. Swets
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Roger Shepard
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Roger E. Kirk
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Hans Colonius
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:John Anderson
1305:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:deterministic
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:connectionist
1249:) as well as
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1182:Herbert Simon
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1167:Howard Raiffa
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:filter theory
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
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1067:
1063:
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1044:
1043:Psychometrika
1040:
1039:Sewall Wright
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
993:introspection
990:
989:Wilhelm Wundt
985:
983:
979:
973:
971:
970:psychometrics
967:
962:
960:
955:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
939:F. C. Donders
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
911:
909:
908:psychophysics
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
885:Fechner's law
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Wilhelm Wundt
865:
856:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
823:
819:
813:
809:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
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778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
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749:
748:psychology.
746:
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734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
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713:psychometrics
710:
706:
702:
697:
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679:
675:
671:
670:psychophysics
667:
663:
659:
655:
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637:psychological
634:
623:
618:
616:
611:
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604:
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584:
583:
582:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
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550:
548:
547:Psychologists
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:Organizations
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
519:
514:
513:
506:
505:Psychometrics
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
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483:
481:
478:
476:
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471:
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466:
465:Consciousness
463:
461:
458:
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453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
426:
425:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Psychotherapy
383:
381:
380:Psychometrics
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
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271:
268:
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258:
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253:
252:
247:
242:
241:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
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189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Developmental
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
79:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
26:
25:Psychometrics
22:
3332:Larry Squire
3327:Bruce McEwen
3322:Amos Tversky
3292:Jerome Kagan
3282:Noam Chomsky
3222:Hans Eysenck
3192:Harry Harlow
3172:Erik Erikson
3071:Intelligence
2968:Neuroimaging
2711:Quantitative
2676:Mathematical
2675:
2671:Intelligence
2661:Experimental
2656:Evolutionary
2646:Differential
2555:Psychologist
2480:
2468:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2042:
2008:
1985:, retrieved
1957:
1947:
1937:, retrieved
1915:
1905:
1869:
1832:
1822:
1778:conference.
1775:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1724:
1712:
1521:Dirk Vorberg
1511:Amos Tversky
1433:Allen Newell
1428:Louis Narens
1385:D. H. Krantz
1337:C. H. Coombs
1282:matching law
1259:
1235:
1228:
1205:
1193:
1186:
1178:Allen Newell
1171:
1156:
1150:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1074:
1047:
1042:
1019:
1016:20th century
1006:
997:
986:
982:Alfred Binet
974:
963:
956:
952:
946:
936:
923:
912:
889:
867:In Germany,
866:
862:
853:Robert Hooke
851:
831:
750:
741:econometrics
733:psychonomics
717:
698:
632:
631:
490:Intelligence
221:Quantitative
187:Mathematical
183:Intelligence
173:Experimental
168:Evolutionary
158:Differential
3404:Disciplines
3377:Susan Fiske
3267:Roger Brown
3167:Carl Rogers
3152:Jean Piaget
3117:Ivan Pavlov
2973:Observation
2953:Experiments
2900:Suicidology
2795:Educational
2750:Anomalistic
2721:Theoretical
2696:Personality
2626:Comparative
2609:Cognitivism
2600:Behaviorism
1605:Race models
1516:Rolf Ulrich
1418:Jeff Miller
1365:B. F. Green
1342:Robyn Dawes
1266:Ekman's law
1253:systems or
1217:W. K. Estes
1153:Von Neumann
1117:game theory
1093:mathematics
1077:engineering
1050:behaviorism
892:Ernst Weber
877:Weber's law
873:Ernst Weber
690:measurement
532:Disciplines
405:Suicidology
300:Educational
255:Anomalistic
231:Theoretical
206:Personality
138:Comparative
121:Cognitivism
112:Behaviorism
3502:Categories
3467:Wikisource
3312:Paul Ekman
3147:Kurt Lewin
3041:Competence
2963:Interviews
2943:Case study
2820:Humanistic
2800:Ergonomics
2785:Counseling
2760:Assessment
2742:psychology
2691:Perception
2651:Ecological
2567:psychology
2545:Philosophy
2529:Psychology
2238:2019-12-09
1987:2019-11-24
1939:2019-11-23
1814:References
1408:David Marr
1375:Eric Maris
1294:stochastic
1221:R. D. Luce
1213:R. R. Bush
1033:(SEM) and
757:perception
666:perception
654:hypotheses
460:Competence
325:Humanistic
305:Ergonomics
290:Counseling
265:Assessment
201:Perception
163:Ecological
39:Psychology
3487:Wikibooks
3477:Wikiquote
3347:Ed Diener
3132:Carl Jung
3036:Cognition
2865:Political
2775:Community
2605:Cognitive
2437:: 20–34.
2274:1939-1471
2229:"PsycNET"
2207:1939-1471
2156:0022-4812
1982:216213892
1958:Knowledge
1423:Jay Myung
1225:P. Suppes
1024:invented
915:astronomy
753:sensation
649:cognitive
455:Cognition
370:Political
280:Community
117:Cognitive
67:Subfields
3482:Wikinews
3439:Timeline
3061:Feelings
3056:Emotions
3016:Behavior
3007:Concepts
2885:Religion
2870:Positive
2860:Pastoral
2845:Military
2810:Forensic
2805:Feminist
2790:Critical
2780:Consumer
2770:Coaching
2765:Clinical
2740:Applied
2636:Cultural
2575:Abnormal
2451:24911782
2409:33567516
2395:: 7–21.
2282:13441853
2215:15417683
2172:20138712
2090:14883244
1897:63723309
1782:See also
1760:and the
1742:models.
1728:symbolic
1675:Learning
1155:'s book
777:language
769:learning
686:thinking
682:language
658:learning
567:Timeline
480:Feelings
475:Emotions
435:Behavior
429:Concepts
390:Religion
375:Positive
365:Pastoral
350:Military
315:Forensic
310:Feminist
295:Critical
285:Consumer
275:Coaching
270:Clinical
148:Cultural
87:Abnormal
3414:Outline
2910:Traffic
2905:Systems
2840:Medical
2666:Gestalt
2540:History
2164:2964389
1962:Bibcode
1241:(e.g.,
1174:Chomsky
1070:hearing
839:Laplace
803:History
735:. Like
701:physics
694:scaling
645:thought
542:Outline
415:Traffic
410:Systems
345:Medical
178:Gestalt
62:History
57:Outline
3444:Topics
2890:School
2815:Health
2716:Social
2619:Social
2565:Basic
2550:Portal
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1716:models
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1284:, and
1276:, the
1223:, and
1066:vision
795:, and
773:memory
731:, and
688:, and
674:choice
662:memory
572:Topics
395:School
320:Health
226:Social
131:Social
3391:Lists
2850:Music
2835:Media
2830:Legal
2681:Moral
2427:(PDF)
2405:S2CID
2168:S2CID
2160:JSTOR
1978:S2CID
1893:S2CID
1720:brain
1247:ACT-R
843:Bayes
518:Lists
355:Music
340:Media
335:Legal
191:Moral
3076:Mind
2447:PMID
2368:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2278:PMID
2270:ISSN
2211:PMID
2203:ISSN
2152:ISSN
2086:PMID
2049:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1631:SPRT
1549:edit
1180:and
1165:and
1123:and
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