Affective neuroscience

1320:, et al. 2006 examined 161 studies published between 1990 and 2001. The authors compared the consistency and specificity of prior meta-analytic findings specific to each notional basic emotion. Consistent neural patterns were defined by brain regions showing increased activity for a specific emotion (relative to a neutral control condition), regardless of the method of induction used (for example, visual vs. auditory cue). Specific neural patterns were defined as separate circuits for one emotion vs. the other emotions (for example, the fear circuit must be discriminable from the anger circuit, although both may include common brain regions). In general, the results supported Phan et al. and Murphy et al., but not specificity. Consistency was determined through the comparison of chi-squared analyses that revealed whether the proportion of studies reporting activation during one emotion was significantly higher than the proportion of studies reporting activation during the other emotions. Specificity was determined through the comparison of emotion-category brain-localizations by contrasting activations in key regions that were specific to particular emotions. Increased amygdala activation during fear was the most consistently reported across induction methods (but not specific). Both meta-analyses associated the anterior cingulate cortex with sadness, although this finding was less consistent (across induction methods) and was not specific. Both meta-analyses found that disgust was associated with the basal ganglia, but these findings were neither consistent nor specific. Neither consistent nor specific activity was observed across the meta-analyses for anger or happiness. This meta-analysis introduced the concept of the basic, irreducible elements of emotional life as dimensions such as approach and avoidance. 1248:

emotionally charged differences emerge. When intense emotions in a social situation were evoked for older adults, they tended to the situation in a more passive manner in comparison to middle aged adults. They also tend to rely more on their previous problem solving skills than both younger and older adults. This is because as people age, there tends to be a shift in preferences to maintain a more positive emotional affect. In fact, there seems to be a decrease in negative emotions felt by older adults once until they reach the age of 60, in which this decrease stops. It is important to note that while the frequency of negative emotion decreases with age, the intensity of the emotions experienced does not change. Additionally, emotional satisfaction is not lower just because they experience less frequent negative emotions.

1309:(KS3) statistics were used to compare rough spatial distributions of 3-D activation patterns to determine if statistically significant activations were specific to particular brain regions for all emotional categories. This pattern of consistently activated, regionally specific activations was identified in four brain regions: amygdala with fear (~40% of studies), insula with disgust (~70%), globus pallidus with disgust (~70%), and lateral orbitofrontal cortex with anger (80%). Other regions showed different patterns of activation across categories. For example, both the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex showed consistent activity across emotions (happiness ~50%, sadness ~50%, anger ~ 40%, fear ~30%, and disgust ~ 20%). 1225:(ACC) is an important area of the brain that is used for emotion regulation. The ACC has proven to be a key player in emotion regulation in not just young adults, but also in older adults. In older adults the ACC is important to create connections with from the vmPFC in order to regulate emotions. This connection was the most salient when negative emotions were reappraised. This demonstrates that older adults use the vmPFC to regulate their emotions in a more positive manner. Despite other areas of the brain decreasing in functionality as humans age, the connection between the vmPFC and ACC remains strong to reappraise negative emotions into more positive emotions. This is different from younger adults who rely on a more on other areas of the PFC. 1200:

that interact to produce emotion, perception, and cognition. One psychological operation critical for emotion is the network of brain regions that underlie valence (feeling pleasant/unpleasant) and arousal (feeling activated and energized). Emotions emerge when neural systems underlying different psychological operations interact (not just those involved in valence and arousal), producing distributed patterns of activation across the brain. Because emotions emerge from more basic components, heterogeneity affects each emotion category; for example, a person can experience many different kinds of fear, which feel differently, and which correspond to different neural patterns in the brain.

1260:. This theory highlights the role of social interactions in the ability to regulate emotions. Social interactions, while are often positive, can sometimes lead to negative emotional arousal. Since older adults have been alive longer, they have more dense social networks. This creates a drastic increase in social interaction that cause positive emotional arousal. On the chance they experience a negative emotional reaction from a social event, they are likely to be able to pair it with something that is more positively emotionally salient. This causes the negative emotion to be less potent, and therefore increase their hedonic perspective on life. 957:

while positive emotions are processed by the left. An alternative explanation is that the right hemisphere is dominant when it comes to feeling both positive and negative emotions. Recent studies indicate that the frontal lobes of both hemispheres play an active role in emotions, while the parietal and temporal lobes process them. Depression has been associated with decreased right parietal lobe activity, while anxiety has been associated with increased right parietal lobe activity. Based on the original valence model, increasingly complex models have been developed as a result of the increasing understanding of the different hemispheres.

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subcallosal cingulate, 46% of studies inducing sadness reported activity in this region, as compared to ~20% inducing happiness and ~20% inducing anger. This pattern of clear discriminability between emotion categories was in fact rare, with other patterns occurring in limbic regions, paralimbic regions, and uni/heteromodal regions. Brain regions implicated across discrete emotion included the basal ganglia (~60% of studies inducing happiness and ~60% of studies inducing disgust reported activity in this region) and medial prefrontal cortex (happiness ~60%, anger ~55%, sadness ~40%, disgust ~40%, and fear ~30%).

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use spider-related words than negatively charged words. Similar findings have been found for threat words related to other anxiety disorders. Even so, other studies have questioned these conclusions. When the words are matched for emotionality, anxious participants in some studies show the Stroop interference effect for both negative and positive words. In other words, the specificity effects of words for various disorders may be primarily due to their conceptual relation to the disorder's concerns rather than their emotionality.

1124:. This eyeblink reflex is an automatic defensive reaction to an abrupt elicitor, making it an objective indicator of fear. Typical FPS paradigms involve bursts of noise or abrupt flashes of light transmitted while an individual attends to a set of stimuli. Startle reflexes have been shown to be modulated by emotion. For example, healthy participants tend to show enhanced startle responses while viewing negatively valenced images and attenuated startle while viewing positively valenced images, as compared with neutral images. 5927: 1421:

emotions. Discriminability analyses identified brain regions that were differentially active under contrasting pairs of emotions. This meta-analysis examined PET or fMRI studies that reported whole brain analyses identifying significant activations for at least one of the five emotions relative to a neutral or control condition. The authors used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to perform spatially sensitive, voxel-wise (sensitive to the spatial properties of

11112: 8758: 895:– Cerebellum has many uses. Has a very important role in emotion perception and emotion attributions. Cerebellar dysfunction has been shown to decrease positive emotions during lesion studies. Over the course of evolution, the cerebellum may have evolved into a circuit that helps reduce fear in order to enhance survival.The cerebellum may also play a regulatory role in the neural response to rewarding stimuli, such as money, addictive drugs, and orgasm. 11138: 11125: 36: 9020: 929:– The brainstem is composed of three parts: ascending (sensory information), descending (motor information), and modulatory. The brainstem takes information from our environment (ascending) and creates a bodily response (descending) such as crying. The information from the environment and our body's responses to the information we receive is combined in the modulatory part of the brain stem and we are then able to label an emotion. 7566: 7560: 1027:, the emotional Stroop test measures how much attention you pay to emotional stimuli. In this task, participants are instructed to name the ink color of words while ignoring their meanings. Generally, people have trouble detaching their attention from words with an affective meaning compared with neutral words. It has been demonstrated in several studies that naming the color of neutral words results in a quicker response. 8770: 1562:

conceptualizations connecting the world and the body, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex facilitates executive attention. As well as playing an active role in conceptualizing, the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus also simulate previous experiences. In several studies, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which supports language, was consistently active during emotion perception and experience.

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adults had better emotion regulation skills, does not mean they live more stable daily lives. In fact, they tend to have more unstable negative emotions especially in comparison to the stability of their positive emotions. The major difference observed in how older adults and younger adults regulate their emotions when negative emotional stimuli are present can be explained by numerous theories.

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hypothesize that all mental states belonging to a single emotional category can be consistently and specifically localized to either a single brain region or a defined network of brain regions. Each basic emotion category also shares other universal characteristics: distinct facial behavior, physiology, subjective experience and accompanying thoughts and memories.

1221:(vmPFC) has a significant influence on emotion regulation, especially regarding high emotional arousing stimuli. Compared to other areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the vmPFC loses volume at a much lower rate . Due to this, an older persons emotion regulation abilities are not very heavily impacted by brain changes associated with aging. Additionally, the 948:

affects the right brain rather than the left brain, the right hemisphere is more connected to subcortical systems of autonomic arousal and attention. Right hemisphere disorders have been associated with abnormal patterns of autonomic nervous system responses. These findings suggest the right hemisphere and subcortical brain areas are closely related.

879:– The ventral striatum is a group of structures thought to play a role in emotion and behavior. An area of the ventral striatum known as the nucleus accumbens is involved in the experience of pleasure. It is common for individuals with addictions to exhibit increased activity in this area when they are exposed to the object of their 866:– The prefrontal cortex is the front of the brain, behind the forehead and above the eyes. It plays a role in regulating emotion and behavior by anticipating consequences. The prefrontal cortex also plays an important role in delayed gratification by maintaining emotions over time and organizing behavior toward specific goals. 1425:) statistical comparisons across studies. This technique allows for direct statistical comparison between activation maps associated with each discrete emotion. Thus, discriminability between the five discrete emotion categories was assessed on a more precise spatial scale than in prior meta-analyses. 1304:

Murphy, et al. 2003 analyzed 106 peer reviewed studies published between January 1994 and December 2001 to examine the evidence for regional specialization of discrete emotions (fear, disgust, anger, happiness and sadness) across a larger set of studies. Studies included in the meta-analysis measured

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This approach to emotion hypothesizes that emotions like happiness, sadness, fear, anger and disgust (and many others) are constructed mental states that occur when brain systems work together. In this view, networks of brain regions underlie psychological operations (e.g., language, attention, etc.)

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It is believed that the right hemisphere is more specialized in processing emotions than the left hemisphere. The right hemisphere is associated with nonverbal, synthetic, integrative, holistic and gestaltic mental strategies. As demonstrated by patients who have increased spatial neglect when damage

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Kober reviewed 162 neuroimaging studies published between 1990 and 2005 in order to determine if specific brain regions were activated when experiencing an emotion directly and (indirectly) through the experience of someone else. According to the study, six different functional groups showed similar

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plays many roles during learning. Deep, emotional attachment to a subject area allows a deeper understanding of the material and therefore, learning occurs and lasts. The emotions evoked when reading in comparison to the emotions portrayed in the content affects comprehension. Someone who is feeling

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is measured. Dots that appear on the same side of the screen as the image the participant was looking at will be identified more quickly. Thus, it is possible to discern which object the participant was attending to by subtracting the reaction time to respond to congruent versus incongruent trials.

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Many theories about the role of the right hemisphere in emotion has resulted in several models of emotional functioning.After observing decreased emotional processing after right hemisphere injuries, C.K. Mills hypothesized emotions are directly related to the right hemisphere. In 1992, researchers

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ventral anterior insula/frontal operculum/right temporal pole/ posterior orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior insula/ posterior orbitofrontal cortex, the ventral anterior insula/ temporal cortex/ orbitofrontal cortex junction, the midinsula/ dorsal putamen, and the ventral striatum /mid insula/ left

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was conducted. Two regions showed a statistically significant association. In the amygdala, 66% of studies inducing fear reported activity in this region, as compared to ~20% of studies inducing happiness, ~15% of studies inducing sadness (with no reported activations for anger or disgust). In the

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The best documented research with the dot probe paradigm involves attention to threat related stimuli, such as fearful faces, in individuals with anxiety disorders. Anxious individuals tend to respond more quickly to congruent trials, which may indicate vigilance to threat and/or failure to detach

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Selective attention to negative or threatening stimuli, which are often related to psychological disorders, is commonly tested with this task. Different mental disorders have been associated with specific attentional biases. Participants with spider phobia, for example, tend to be more inclined to

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According to the valence hypothesis, although the right hemisphere is involved in emotion, it is primarily involved in the processing of negative emotions, while the left hemisphere is involved in processing positive emotions. In one explanation, negative emotions are processed by the right brain,

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How older adults handle emotionally salient events or stimuli are often vastly different from younger adults, and even middle aged adults. There does not appear to be many differences in ways that younger, middle, and older adults handle social situations; however, when a social situation becomes

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have demonstrated that the same area of the brain that is activated when feeling disgust is activated when observing another's disgust. In a traditional learning environment, the teacher's facial expression can play a critical role in language acquisition. Showing a fearful facial expression when

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The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a portion of the prefrontal cortex that has shown to have a significant influence on emotion regulation. Through studies, the vmPFC has shown high activation when presented with highly emotional stimuli. This suggests that this portion of the brain is

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The authors suggest that certain brain areas traditionally assigned to certain emotions are incorrect and instead correspond to different emotion categories. There is some evidence that the amygdala, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex all contribute to "core affect", which are feelings of

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In the first neuroimaging meta-analysis of emotion, Phan et al. (2002) analyzed the results of 55 peer reviewed studies between January 1990 and December 2000 to determine if the emotions of fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and happiness were consistently associated with activity in specific brain

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These approaches hypothesize that emotion categories (including happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust) are biologically basic. In this view, emotions are inherited, biologically based modules that cannot be separated into more basic psychological components. Models following this approach

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As people age, most cognitive functions decline. This is not the case when it comes to emotion regulation. A study conducted by Carstensen and colleagues (2000) found that as people increase in age so does their ability to regulate their emotions. It is important to note that just because older

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People typically associate aging with a decline in the functioning of all mental processing abilities; however, this is not the case for emotion regulation. Older adults typically have a stronger drive to maintain and improve on their emotional well being. Thus providing them to utilize emotion

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to and failure to detach attention from affective stimuli. The paradigm begins with a fixation cross at the center of a screen. An emotional stimulus and a neutral stimulus appear side by side, after which a dot appears behind either the neutral stimulus (incongruent condition) or the affective

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Emotion go/no-go tasks are used to study behavioral inhibition, especially how it is influenced by emotion. A "go" cue tells the participant to respond rapidly, but a "no-go" cue tells them to withhold a response. Because the "go" cue occurs more frequently, it can be used to measure how well a

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Vytal, et al. 2010 examined 83 neuroimaging studies published between 1993–2008 to examine whether neuroimaging evidence supports biologically discrete, basic emotions (i.e. fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness). Consistency analyses identified brain regions associated with individual

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The startle response to a particular stimulus is greater under conditions of threat. A common example given to indicate this phenomenon is that one's startle response to a flash of light will be greater when walking in a dangerous neighborhood at night than it would under safer conditions. In

1047:. Black and white photographs of 10 actors (6 male, 4 female) are presented, with each actor displaying each emotion. Participants are usually asked to respond quickly with the name of the displayed emotion. The task is a common tool to study deficits in emotion regulation in patients with 1428:

Consistency was first assessed by comparing the cross-study ALE map for each emotion to ALE maps generated by random permutations. Discriminability was assessed by pair-wise contrasts of emotion maps. Consistent and discriminable activation patterns were observed for the five categories.

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The anterior cingulate and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex play a key role in attention, which is closely related to core affect. By using sensory information, the anterior cingulate directs attention and motor responses. According to psychological constructionist theory, emotions are

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The neurobiological basis of emotion is still disputed. The existence of basic emotions and their defining attributes represents a long lasting and yet unsettled issue in psychology. The available research suggests that the neurobiological existence of basic emotions is still tenable and

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and affective neuroscience have emerged as separate fields for studying the neural basis of non-emotional and emotional processes. Despite the fact that fields are classified according to how the brain processes cognition and emotion, the neural and mental mechanisms behind emotional and

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is a statistical approach to synthesizing results across multiple studies. Included studies investigated healthy, unmedicated adults and that used subtraction analysis to examine brain areas that were more active during emotional processing than during a neutral (control) condition.

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Lindquist, et al. reviewed 91 PET and fMRI studies published between January 1990 and December 2007. Induction methods were used to elicit fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and happiness. The goal was to compare basic emotions approaches with psychological constructionist approaches.

923:– This brain area is important in processing sound, speech, and language use, as well as helping us understand others faces and others emotions based on facial cues. The temporal cortex is responsible for determining the quality and content of our emotional memories. 1514:

It was found that many brain regions activated consistently or selectively for one emotion category when experienced or perceived. As predicted by constructionist models, no region demonstrated functional specificity for fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, or anger.

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techniques to investigate higher-order mental processing of emotion (studies of low-order sensory or motor processes were excluded). The authors' tabulated the number of studies that reported activation in specific brain regions. For each brain region, statistical

889:– This area of the brain plays a significant role in bodily emotions due to its connections to other neural structures that control automatic functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion. The insula is also implicated in empathy and awareness of emotion. 4638:

Gotlib, I.H., Roberts, J.E., & Gilboa, E. (1996). Cognitive interference in depression. in I.G. Sarason, G.R. Pierce, & B.R. Sarason (Eds.), Cognitive interference: Theories, methods, and findings, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, pp.

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Borod, J. C., Koff, E., & Caron, H. S. (1983). Right hemispheric specialization for the expression and appreciation of emotion: A focus on the face. In E. Perecman (Ed.), Cognitive functions in the right hemisphere (pp. 83-110). New York: Academic

716:. They are known to be very important for negative emotions, especially fear. Amygdala activation often happens when we see a potential threat. The amygdala uses our past and related memories to help us make decisions about what is currently happening. 4889:

Soeiro-de-Souza, M.G.; Bio, D.S.; David, D.P.; Santos, D.R.; Kerr, D.S.; Moreno, R.A.; Machado-Vieira, Rodrigo; Moreno, Ricardo Albeto (2012). "COMT Met (158) modulates facial emotion recognition in bipolar I disorder mood episodes".

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Emotions are thought to be related to activity in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and help us make decisions about our environment. Early stages of research on emotions and the brain was conducted by

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Ibarretxe-Bilbao, N.; Junque, C.; Tolosa, E.; Marti, M.; Valldeoriola, F.; Bargalloand, N.; Zareio, M. (2009). "Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired decision-making and facial emotion recognition in early Parkinson's disease".

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Heilman, K. M. (February 1982). Discussant comments. In J. C. Borod & R. Buck (Chairs), Asymmetries in facial expression: Method and meaning. Symposium conducted at the International Neuropsychological Society, Pittsburgh,

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found that emotional expression and understanding may be controlled by smaller brain structures in the right hemisphere. These findings were the basis for the right hemisphere hypothesis and the valence hypothesis.

917:– The somatosensory cortex is involved in each stage of emotional processing. We use it to collect information that helps us in identifying and creating emotion, and then regulate that emotion once it has started. 1329:

activation patterns. The psychological functions of each group were discussed in more basic terms. These regions may also play a role in processing visual information and paying attention to emotional signals.

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Drevets, W.C.; Raichle, M.E. (1998). "Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: Implications for interactions between emotion and cognition".

818:. The parts of the cingulate gyrus have different functions, and are involved with affect, visceromotor control, response selection, skeletomotor control, visuospatial processing, and in memory access. The 4269:

Elliott, R.; Ogilvie, A.; Rubinsztein, J.S.; Calderon, G.; Dolan, R.J.; Sahakian, B.J. (2004). "Abnormal ventral frontal response during performance of an affective go/no go task in patients with mania".

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attention from threatening stimuli. A specificity effect of attention has also been noted, with individuals attending selectively to threats related to their particular disorder. For example, those with

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Mills, C. K. (1912b). "The cortical representation of emotion, with a discussion of some points in the general nervous mechanism of expression in its relation to organic nervous disease and insanity".

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Norrholm, S.D.; Anderson, K.M.; Olin, I.W.; Jovanovic, T.; Kwon, C.; Warren, Victor T.; Bradley, B.; Bosshardt, Lauren; Sabree, Justin; Duncan, Erica J.; Rothbaum, Barbara O.; Bradley, Bekh (2011).

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Cousens, G.A.; Kearns, A.; Laterza, F.; Tundidor, J. (2012). "Excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala attenuate olfactory fear-potentiated startle and conditioned freezing behavior".

5243:"Linking dimensional models of internalizing psychopathology to neurobiological systems: Affect-modulated startle as an indicator of fear and distress disorders and affiliated traits" 2223:"Individual differences in trait anxiety are associated with white matter tract integrity in fornix and uncinate fasciculus: Preliminary evidence from a DTI based tractography study" 4973:

Koster, E.H.W.; Crombez, G.; Verschuere, B.; De Houwer, J. (2004). "Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage".

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poles. The amygdalae are involved in detecting and learning which parts of our surroundings are important and have emotional significance. They are critical for the production of

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Borod, J.C.; Cicero, B.A.; Obler, L.K.; Welkowitz, J.; Erhan, H.M.; Santschi, C.; et al. (1998). "Right hemisphere emotional perception: Evidence across multiple channels".

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Engels, AS; Heller, W; Mohanty, A; Herrington, JD; Banich, MT; Webb, AG; Miller, GA (2007). "Specificity of regional brain activity in anxiety types during emotion processing".

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Research has shown the limbic system is directly related to emotion, but there are other brain areas and structures that are important for producing and processing emotion.

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Grillon, C.; Ameli, R.; Woods, S. W.; Merikangas, K.; Davis, M. (1991). "Fear-potentiated startle in humans: Effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex".

1015:. Several studies, including go/no-go studies, suggest that sections of the prefrontal cortex are involved in controlling emotional responses to stimuli during inhibition. 1011:

This task is often used in combination with neuroimaging in healthy individuals and patients with affective disorders to identify relevant brain functions associated with

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Harmon-Jones E, & Winkielman P. (Eds.) Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior. New York: Guilford Publications.

1143:. FPS studies have demonstrated that PTSD patients have enhanced startle responses during both danger cues and neutral/safety cues as compared with healthy participants. 3822:

Yokoyama, K.; Jennings, R.; Ackles, P.; Hood, B. S.; Boiler, F. (1987). "Lack of heart rate changes during an attention-demanding task after right hemisphere lesions".

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Davidson, R.; Ekman, P.; Saron, C. D.; Senulis, J. A.; Friesen, W V (1990). "Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology I".

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Picard, R. W.; Papert, S; Bender, W; Blumberg, B; Breazeal, C; Cavallo, D; Machover, T; Resnick, M; Roy, D; Strohecker, C (2004). "Affective Learning – a manifesto".

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Panksepp J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Series in Affective Science). Oxford University Press, New York, New York.

854:– Basal ganglia are groups of nuclei found on either side of the thalamus. Basal ganglia play an important role in motivation, action selection and reward learning. 1934:

Breiter, Hans C; Etcoff, Nancy L; Whalen, Paul J; Kennedy, William A; Rauch, Scott L; Buckner, Randy L; Strauss, Monica M; Hyman, Steven E; Rosen, Bruce R (1996).

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Asmundson, G.J.G.; Stein, M.B. (1994). "Selective processing of social threat in patients with generalized social phobia: Evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm".

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Phan, K.L.; Wager, T.D.; Taylor, S.F.; Liberzon, I. (2002). "Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI".

910:– Using our emotions, the lateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for helping us reach our goals by suppressing harmful behaviors or selecting productive ones. 1139:(PTSD) and other anxiety disorders. In fear conditioning studies, an initially neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an aversive one, borrowing from 4323:

Elliott, R.; Rubinsztein, J.S.; Sahakian, B.J.; Dolan, R.J. (2000). "Selective attention to emotional stimuli in a verbal go/no-go task: An fMRI study".

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Jovanovic, T; Norrholm, Seth D.; Fennell, Jennifer E.; Keyes, Megan; Fiallos, Ana M.; Myers, Karyn M.; Davis, Michael; Duncan, Erica J. (15 May 2009).

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Wentura, D.; Rothermund, K.; Bak, P. (2000). "Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach and avoidance-related social information".

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reading passages that contain fearful tones facilitates students learning of the meaning of certain vocabulary words and comprehension of the passage.

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sad understands a sad passage better than someone feeling happy. Therefore, a student's emotion plays an important role during the learning process.

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symptoms initially show attentional bias to compulsive threat, but this bias is attenuated in later trials due to habituation to the threat stimuli.

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Turner, Beth M.; Paradiso, Sergio; Marvel, Cherie L.; Pierson, Ronald; Boles Ponto, Laura L.; Hichwa, Richard D.; Robinson, Robert G. (2007-03-25).

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Carstensen (2003) hypothesized that the reason that older adults tended to have better emotion regulation skills than younger adults is due to the

3610:"Frontal and temporal lobe contributions to emotional enhancement of memory in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease" 4925:

Ebert, A.; Haussleiter, I.S.; Juckel, G.; Brune, M.; Roser, P. (2012). "Impaired facial emotion recognition in a ketamine model of psychosis".

8678: 608: 5191:"Assessing emotion sensitivity in female offenders with borderline personality symptoms: Results from a fear-potentiated startle paradigm" 1352:

left amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray/thalamus regions, and amygdala/ventral striatum/ventral globus pallidus/thalamus regions

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Adamaszek, Michael; Manto, Mario; Schutter, Dennis J. L. G. (2022), Adamaszek, Michael; Manto, Mario; Schutter, Dennis J. L. G. (eds.),

736:– The hypothalamus is involved in producing a physical response (for example, crying) with an emotion. The hypothalamus is also used in 10684: 1386:

right frontal operculum, the right interior frontal gyrus, and the pre-supplementray motor area/ left interior frontal gyrus, regions

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selectively attend to social threats but not physical threats. However, this specificity may be even more nuanced. Participants with

860:– The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decision making and helping us understand how emotions have influenced our decision making. 6702:

Vytal, K.; Hamann, S. (2010). "Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions: A voxel-based meta-analysis".

10972: 10574: 9113: 6854: 318: 754:. It works to make new memories and also connects senses such as visual input, smell or sound to memories. The hippocampus allows 899: 9717: 9208: 8150: 3236:"Changes in brain activation associated with reward processing in smokers and nonsmokers. A positron emission tomography study" 545: 5154:

Davis, M. (1986). "Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm".

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Martin, M.; Williams, R. M.; Clark, D. M. (1991). "Does anxiety lead to selective processing of threat-related information?".

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activity in the whole brain and regions of interest (activity in individual regions of particular interest to the study). 3-D

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Norrholm, S.; Jovanovic, Tanja (2011). "Translational fear inhibition models as indices of trauma-related psychopathology".

4222:"Does the emotional go/no-go task really measure behavioral inhibition? Convergence with measures on a non-emotional analog" 2221:

Modi, Shilpi; Trivedi, Richa; Singh, Kavita; Kumar, Pawan; Rathore, Ram K.S.; Tripathi, Rajendra P.; Khushu, Subash (2013).

10664: 9872: 8808: 2483:"Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Resolves Conflict from Distracting Stimuli by Boosting Attention toward Relevant Events" 1055:, and other cognitively degenerative disorders. The task has been used to analyze recognition errors in disorders such as 10444: 10369: 10296: 10272: 10220: 9645: 9276: 7891: 7795: 4562:

Williams, J.M.; Broadbent, K. (1986). "Distraction by emotional stimuli: use of a Stroop task with suicide attempters".

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Cacioppo, J.T., Tassinary, L.G., & Berntson, G.G. (2007). Handbook of Psychophysiology. Cambridge University Press.

1766: 5362:"Versatility of fear-potentiated startle paradigms for assessing human conditioned fear extinction and return of fear" 4719:

Mogg, K.; Mathews, A. M.; Weinman, J. (1989). "Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states: A replication".

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Borod, J. C. (1992). "Intel-hemispheric and intrahemispheric control of emotion: A focus on unilateral brain damage".

11170: 10484: 8658: 8005: 1257: 652:. The basis of emotions and what emotions are remains an issue of debate within the field of affective neuroscience. 4492:

Pratto, F.; John, O. P. (1991). "Automatic vigilance: The attention grabbing power of negative social information".

1842:"Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (Visceral brain)" 11117: 10724: 10509: 10301: 9794: 9697: 7807: 6786:

Panksepp, J. (1992). "A critical role for affective neuroscience in resolving what is basic about basic emotions".

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35 clusters - especially, left medial frontal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus

601: 525: 6183:"The central extended amygdala in fear and anxiety: Closing the gap between mechanistic and neuroimaging research" 5994:

Panksepp, J.; Watt, D. (2011). "What is basic about basic emotions? Lasting lessons from affective neuroscience".

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laboratory studies, the threat of receiving shock is enough to potentiate startle, even without any actual shock.

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has been investigated without emotion until the late 1990s, focusing instead on non-emotional processes such as

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Identifying whether external sensory information is motivationally relevant, new, or evokes uncertainty

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V8 and V4 areas of the primary visual cortex, the medial temporal lobe, and the lateral occipital cortex

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Describes the core affective feelings, mostly driven by body sensations, across all emotion categories

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stimulus (congruent condition). Participants are asked to indicate when they see this dot, and

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reaction in both animals and humans. FPS is most often assessed through the magnitude of the

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13 clusters - bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, and in right parahippocampal gyrus

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Contributes to motivation, especially in reward, by making stimuli more valuable.

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Plays a role in both the generation and regulation of emotion.

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3415:"Pathological laughter and crying: A link to the cerebellum" 2366:"Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and memory" 2173: 750:– The hippocampus is a structure that is mainly involved in 9364: 7352: 7313: 7296: 7199: 7126: 7106: 6914: 6424: 5410: 5240: 4924: 4648: 4365: 4051: 3176: 2589:"The Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Mood Disorders" 2270:"Re-evaluating the role of the mammillary bodies in memory" 1194: 1131:

Fear potentiated startle paradigms are often used to study

1113: 483: 8315: 5665: 5472: 3821: 1933: 1237: 1112:(FPS) has been utilized as a psychophysiological index of 7281: 6969: 5768: 3981: 3946: 3728:

Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia

3288: 1043:

faces task is used to measure emotion recognition of six

6241:

Allard, Eric; Kensinger, Elizabeth (November 10, 2014).

6181:

Fox, Andrew S.; Shackman, Alexander J. (February 2019).

5873: 5241:

Vaidyanathan, U.; Patrick, C.J.; Cuthbert, B.N. (2009).

5236: 5234: 3550: 3454:"Prefrontal Cortex Integration of Emotion and Cognition" 3291:"Activation of reward circuitry in human opiate addicts" 1697: 5989: 5987: 5985: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 3607: 2976:"The functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness" 2864:"Affective neuroscience: the emergence of a discipline" 2823:"Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex" 1242: 1213:

Role of the vmPFC in emotion regulation of older adults

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Murphy, F.C.; Nimmo-Smith, I.; Lawrence, A.D. (2003).

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6469: 5569: 5567: 5231: 4452: 4187: 4185: 2701:"The role of the basal ganglia in motivated behavior" 2220: 726:. The thalamus plays an important role in regulating 6134:"The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review" 5982: 5869: 5867: 5865: 4590: 4526: 3864: 3493: 3452:

Barbas, Helen; García-Cabezas, Miguel Ángel (2017),

3451: 2698: 2586: 1251: 808:) and memory that is connected with specific smells. 6566:

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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Oxford University Press. 1733: 1715: 960: 845: 666: 16:Study of the neural mechanisms of emotion 10973:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 6785: 6063: 4135: 2480: 1819:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1937.02260220069003 1756: 1655: 1505: 1195:Psychological constructionist approaches 3412: 2820: 1982: 1839: 1238:Theories of emotion regulation in aging 994:non-emotional processes often overlap. 900:cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome 11158: 6328: 6326: 6236: 6234: 6022: 4564:British Journal of Clinical Psychology 4412: 3744: 3725: 3195:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.023 2286:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.019 1886: 1312: 1070: 1034: 782:– Mammillary bodies are important for 10465:Psychological effects of Internet use 9790: 8790: 8132: 6836: 6028: 5522:Lang, P. J.; McTeague, L. M. (2009). 5153: 3766: 3022: 2422: 2126: 1800: 1781: 1299: 951: 870:essential for high emotional arousal. 8769: 6068:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5366:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 4810:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4760:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4226:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 3669:"The Brainstem in Emotion: A Review" 3614:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 3353: 3295:The European Journal of Neuroscience 2370:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2314: 2267: 1807:Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1415: 1323: 1243:Passive method of emotion regulation 800:– The olfactory bulbs are the first 10445:Digital media use and mental health 6862: 6463: 6418: 6323: 6256: 6231: 3911: 1905:10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001233 1276: 1135:and extinction in individuals with 1018: 1002: 933: 13: 10076:Automatic and controlled processes 6742: 5690:10.1023/b:bttj.0000047603.37042.33 5425:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x 4663:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb01985.x 4576:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00678.x 4415:Journal of Experimental Psychology 2437:10.1016/b978-0-444-64196-0.00002-9 14: 11192: 10485:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 8659:Development of the nervous system 6704:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6380:"Emotion Regulation in Older Age" 5724:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2032:Steriade, M; Llinás, R R (1988). 1803:"A Proposed Mechanism of Emotion" 1258:socioemotional selectivity theory 1252:Socioemotional selectivity theory 1179: 1120:reflex, which can be measured by 11136: 11123: 11111: 11110: 10510:Mobile phones and driving safety 9018: 8768: 8757: 8756: 8314: 8158: 7564: 7558: 6671:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.059 6371: 6174: 6108:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00411.x 5930: This article incorporates 5925: 5703: 4860:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06892.x 4848:European Journal of Neuroscience 4337:10.1097/00001756-200006050-00028 4070:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00064.x 4031:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00518.x 3307:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00522.x 3084:Journal of Comparative Neurology 1263: 691: 576: 34: 10413:Computer-mediated communication 5811: 5762: 5711: 5659: 5610: 5515: 5466: 5439: 5404: 5353: 5318: 5283: 5182: 5147: 5098: 5071: 5036: 5001: 4918: 4882: 4838: 4797: 4788: 4747: 4712: 4677: 4642: 4632: 4555: 4520: 4485: 4406: 4359: 4316: 4262: 4213: 4129: 4094: 4045: 4010: 3975: 3940: 3905: 3858: 3815: 3805: 3795: 3738: 3719: 3660: 3601: 3544: 3500:Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 3487: 3445: 3406: 3354:Zhou, Huan-Xiang (2008-11-05). 3347: 3282: 3227: 3170: 3120: 3071: 3023:Rolls, Edmund T. (2016-12-01). 3016: 2967: 2902: 2868:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2855: 2814: 2747: 2692: 2637: 2580: 2523: 2474: 2416: 2357: 2308: 2261: 2214: 2167: 2145:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102334 2120: 2072: 2025: 1889:"Emotion: Clues from the Brain" 1057:borderline personality disorder 10690:Empathising–systemising theory 9993:female intrasexual competition 9930:Evolutionarily stable strategy 8816: 5635:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.12.014 5491:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.013 5327:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 5195:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 5111:Behaviour Research and Therapy 5045:Behaviour Research and Therapy 5010:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4975:Behaviour Research and Therapy 4939:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.034 4892:Journal of Affective Disorders 4721:Behaviour Research and Therapy 4686:Behaviour Research and Therapy 4436:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5ADB-7 4384:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.038 4284:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.007 4115:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191 1976: 1927: 1880: 1833: 1801:PAPEZ, JAMES W. (1937-10-01). 1794: 1775: 1750: 1691: 1649: 1219:ventromedial prefrontal cortex 1137:post-traumatic stress disorder 804:. They are involved in smell ( 1: 11050:Standard social science model 10103:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 9114:Industrial and organizational 8500:Social cognitive neuroscience 6763:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01265-0 6245:. The Journals of Gerontology 6138:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5788:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2 5057:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00063-1 4651:British Journal of Psychology 3356:"The debut of PMC Biophysics" 2481:Weissman, D.H. (2004-07-06). 2192:10.1016/S0361-9230(02)00940-1 2050:10.1152/physrev.1988.68.3.649 1953:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80219-6 1642: 1394:Occipital/ Visual Association 1186:Emotion § Basic emotions 1099:obsessive-compulsive disorder 319:Industrial and organizational 10898:Missing heritability problem 10490:Social aspects of television 10113:Evolution of nervous systems 10081:Computational theory of mind 9355:Human factors and ergonomics 8475:Molecular cellular cognition 8073:Social emotional development 6751:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6199:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.056 5528:Anxiety, Stress & Coping 5092:10.1016/0887-6185(94)90009-4 5080:Journal of Anxiety Disorders 4733:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90001-6 4698:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90043-3 4058:Soc Personal Psychol Compass 3883:10.1016/0278-2626(86)90035-7 3141:10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_19 2880:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80029-8 2781:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005062 2705:Reviews in the Neurosciences 2536:Brain Structure and Function 2334:10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.012 1858:10.1016/0013-4694(52)90073-4 474:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 11144:Evolutionary biology portal 8694:Neurodevelopmental disorder 8669:Neural network (biological) 8664:Neural network (artificial) 7319: 5168:10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.814 4541:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1024 4103:Annual Review of Psychology 3512:10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0183 3466:10.1007/978-4-431-56508-6_4 3240:Experimental Brain Research 3041:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.07.002 2650:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2268:Vann, Seralynne D. (2010). 1893:Annual Review of Psychology 1670:10.1007/978-94-009-1990-7_4 1565: 1474:left inferior frontal gyrus 1146: 943:Right hemisphere hypothesis 10: 11197: 11105:Evolutionary psychologists 10978:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 10893:Human–animal communication 10605:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 10455:Imprinted brain hypothesis 10423:Human–computer interaction 8221:Computational neuroscience 6800:10.1037/0033-295x.99.3.554 6351:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644 6290:10.1038/s41598-021-97751-0 5576:Behavioural Brain Research 5460:10.2174/157340011797183193 5448:Current Psychiatry Reviews 5339:10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.487 5304:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377 5123:10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.020 4987:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.001 4506:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380 4459:Clinical Psychology Review 3996:10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.446 3961:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.330 3926:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.863 3781:10.1037/0022-006x.60.3.339 3413:Parvizi, J. (2001-09-01). 2935:10.1038/s41598-021-97751-0 2821:Bechara, A. (2000-03-01). 2760:PLOS Computational Biology 2717:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0063 2227:Behavioural Brain Research 1887:LeDoux, Joseph E. (1995). 1637:Wirehead (science fiction) 1617:Outline of the human brain 1455:9 regional brain clusters 1282:regions. All studies used 1183: 740:which are associated with 11099: 11025:Environmental determinism 10996:Cultural selection theory 10988: 10883:Evolutionary epistemology 10870: 10797:evolutionary neuroscience 10759: 10752: 10650: 10525: 10470:Rank theory of depression 10393: 10317: 10219: 10025: 10018: 9972:Parent–offspring conflict 9881: 9824: 9741: 9678: 9385: 9295: 9207: 9044:Applied behavior analysis 9027: 9016: 8852: 8824: 8752: 8689:Neurodegenerative disease 8646: 8533:Evolutionary neuroscience 8508: 8448: 8323: 8312: 8184: 8166: 8116: 7635: 7573: 7556: 6875: 6150:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 5588:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.011 5540:10.1080/10615800802478247 5022:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15 4904:10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.021 4823:10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.024 4773:10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.024 4618:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 4471:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.005 4293:21.11116/0000-0001-A247-8 4238:10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.001 3673:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 3316:21.11116/0000-0001-A04C-5 2605:10.1017/S1092852900013754 2548:10.1007/s00429-010-0265-x 2423:Rolls, Edmund T. (2019), 2239:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.007 2127:Rolls, Edmund T. (2022). 2010:10.4249/scholarpedia.1583 1840:MacLean, Paul D. (1952). 1519:pleasure or discomfort. 1463:left medial frontal gyrus 1223:anterior cingulate cortex 1170: 908:Lateral prefrontal cortex 820:anterior cingulate cortex 249:Applied behavior analysis 11171:Branches of neuroscience 10918:Cultural group selection 10802:Biocultural anthropology 10495:Societal impacts of cars 10428:Media naturalness theory 10118:Fight-or-flight response 8654:Brain–computer interface 8603:Neuromorphic engineering 8528:Educational neuroscience 8435:Nutritional neuroscience 8340:Clinical neurophysiology 8236:Integrative neuroscience 8006:in virtual communication 6443:10.1093/geronb/59.6.p261 6396:10.1177/0963721410388395 6043:10.1177/1754073911410737 6008:10.1177/1754073911410741 5968:10.1177/1754073911410740 5893:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01432 5379:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00077 3686:10.3389/fnana.2017.00015 3627:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00225 3431:10.1093/brain/124.9.1708 3133:The Emotional Cerebellum 2383:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00238 2133:Progress in Neurobiology 1717:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01432 1612:Outline of brain mapping 1383:Cognitive/ Motor Network 1372:Medial Prefrontal Cortex 1203: 1110:Fear-potentiated startle 1105:Fear potentiated startle 786:. They are found by the 624:is the study of how the 11118:Evolutionary psychology 11082:Sociocultural evolution 10923:Dual inheritance theory 10380:Personality development 9841:Theoretical foundations 9818:Evolutionary psychology 9320:Behavioral neuroscience 8884:Behavioral neuroscience 8465:Behavioral neuroscience 6716:10.1162/jocn.2009.21366 6488:10.1023/A:1024569803230 5880:Frontiers in Psychology 5840:10.1126/science.1136930 5156:Behavioral Neuroscience 4207:10.1080/026999398379646 2840:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 2644:Dalgleish, Tim (2004). 2180:Brain Research Bulletin 1757:Panksepp, Jaak (2004). 1704:Frontiers in Psychology 1662:Psychobiology of Stress 1656:Panksepp, Jaak (1990), 439:Behavioral neuroscience 94:Behavioral neuroscience 11040:Social constructionism 11035:Psychological nativism 11010:Biological determinism 10958:Recent human evolution 10953:Punctuated equilibrium 10776:Behavioral epigenetics 10771:evolutionary economics 10740:Variability hypothesis 10685:Emotional intelligence 10418:Engineering psychology 10108:Evolution of the brain 9370:Psychology of religion 9310:Behavioral engineering 9247:Human subject research 8903:Cognitive neuroscience 8869:Affective neuroscience 8460:Affective neuroscience 8241:Molecular neuroscience 8196:Behavioral epigenetics 7623: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7220: 7186: 6531:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 6476:Motivation and Emotion 5247:Psychological Bulletin 4606:Psychological Bulletin 4160:10.1006/brcg.1999.1170 3557:Schizophrenia Bulletin 2315:Imai, Takeshi (2014). 2112:: CS1 maint: others ( 1141:classical conditioning 991:Cognitive neuroscience 961:Cognitive neuroscience 846:Other brain structures 667:Affective neuroscience 661:cognitive neuroscience 632:. This field combines 622:Affective neuroscience 489:Psychology of religion 429:Behavioral engineering 113:Cognitive neuroscience 80:Affective neuroscience 11067:Multilineal evolution 11030:Nature versus nurture 10989:Theoretical positions 10837:Functional psychology 10832:Evolutionary medicine 10807:Biological psychiatry 10515:Texting while driving 10505:Lead–crime hypothesis 10365:Cognitive development 10350:Caregiver deprivation 9861:Gene selection theory 9746:Wiktionary definition 9282:Self-report inventory 9277:Quantitative research 8523:Cultural neuroscience 8518:Consumer neuroscience 8360:Neurogastroenterology 8216:Cellular neuroscience 6064:Panksepp, J. (1998). 5668:BT Technology Journal 5479:Biological Psychiatry 4372:Biological Psychiatry 4272:Biological Psychiatry 4195:Cognition and Emotion 3914:American Psychologist 3569:10.1093/schbul/sbq046 3373:10.1186/1757-5036-1-1 3252:10.1007/s002210100751 2646:"The emotional brain" 2500:10.1093/cercor/bhh125 2038:Physiological Reviews 1506:Lindquist et al. 2012 728:sleep and wakefulness 583:Psychology portal 11020:Cultural determinism 10827:Evolutionary biology 10812:Cognitive psychology 10760:Academic disciplines 10408:Cognitive ergonomics 10375:Language acquisition 10355:Childhood attachment 10168:Wason selection task 10062:Behavioral modernity 9851:Cognitive revolution 9834:Evolutionary thought 9272:Qualitative research 9227:Behavior epigenetics 8495:Sensory neuroscience 8335:Behavioral neurology 8306:Systems neuroscience 8043:Group affective tone 6788:Psychological Review 6579:10.3758/cabn.3.3.207 6187:Neuroscience Letters 5292:Psychological Review 3836:10.1212/wnl.37.4.624 1983:Sherman, S. (2006). 1552:Orbitofrontal cortex 1293:chi-squared analysis 1013:emotional regulation 858:Orbitofrontal cortex 11087:Unilineal evolution 10852:Population genetics 10637:Sexy son hypothesis 10575:Hormonal motivation 10555:Concealed ovulation 10096:Dual process theory 9967:Parental investment 9751:Wiktionary category 9315:Behavioral genetics 9287:Statistical surveys 9144:Occupational health 8879:Behavioral genetics 8638:Social neuroscience 8538:Global neurosurgery 8415:Neurorehabilitation 8385:Neuro-ophthalmology 8370:Neurointensive care 8201:Behavioral genetics 8096:constructed emotion 7766:functional accounts 6827:Brain and Cognition 6622:10.1093/scan/nsm015 6281:2021NatSR..1118225S 5832:2007Sci...316.1002N 5826:(5827): 1002–1005. 5623:Psychiatry Research 4927:Psychiatry Research 4138:Brain and Cognition 3871:Brain and Cognition 3029:Brain and Cognition 2927:2021NatSR..1118225S 2772:2016PLSCB..12E5062M 2001:2006SchpJ...1.1583S 1582:Affect (psychology) 1524: 1434: 1334: 1313:Barrett et al. 2006 1071:Dot probe (emotion) 1035:Ekman 60 faces task 915:sensorimotor cortex 836:depressive episodes 828:subgenual cingulate 784:recollective memory 774:executive functions 638:psychological study 434:Behavioral genetics 349:Occupational health 89:Behavioral genetics 22:Part of a series on 11045:Social determinism 10928:Fisher's principle 10888:Great ape language 10878:Cultural evolution 10847:Philosophy of mind 10680:Division of labour 10642:Westermarck effect 10590:Mating preferences 10500:Distracted driving 10234:Literary criticism 10091:Domain specificity 10071:modularity of mind 9723:Schools of thought 9626:Richard E. Nisbett 9506:Donald T. Campbell 9184:Sport and exercise 8714:Neuroimmune system 8608:Neurophenomenology 8548:Neural engineering 8271:Neuroendocrinology 8251:Neural engineering 7996:in decision-making 7237:(sense of purpose) 6269:Scientific Reports 5737:10.3758/bf03194085 2980:Discovery Medicine 2915:Scientific Reports 1607:Neuroendocrinology 1592:Experience machine 1577:Affective spectrum 1522: 1432: 1360:Lateral Paralimbic 1332: 1307:Kolmogorov-Smirnov 1300:Murphy et al. 2003 1077:dot-probe paradigm 952:Valence hypothesis 756:long term memories 551:Schools of thought 389:Sport and exercise 235:Applied psychology 11166:Affective science 11153: 11152: 11131:Psychology portal 11095: 11094: 10938:Hologenome theory 10908:Unit of selection 10903:Primate cognition 10817:Cognitive science 10748: 10747: 10619:Sexual attraction 10595:Mating strategies 10360:Cinderella effect 10290:Moral foundations 10194:Visual perception 10086:Domain generality 10055:Facial expression 10003:Sexual dimorphism 9962:Natural selection 9908:Hamiltonian spite 9784: 9783: 9761:Wikimedia Commons 9688:Counseling topics 9651:Ronald C. Kessler 9641:Shelley E. Taylor 9566:Lawrence Kohlberg 9541:Stanley Schachter 9340:Consumer behavior 9222:Archival research 8990:Psycholinguistics 8874:Affective science 8784: 8783: 8633:Paleoneurobiology 8568:Neuroepistemology 8543:Neuroanthropology 8509:Interdisciplinary 8395:Neuropharmacology 8355:Neuroepidemiology 8126: 8125: 7713:Appeal to emotion 7491:Social connection 6710:(12): 2864–2885. 4981:(10): 1183–1192. 4278:(12): 1163–1170. 3475:978-4-431-56506-2 3150:978-3-030-99549-2 3096:10.1002/cne.23368 3090:(15): 3371–3388. 2446:978-0-444-64196-0 2091:978-1-107-31401-6 1784:Rev. Anthropology 1679:978-94-010-7390-5 1572:Affective science 1559: 1558: 1503: 1502: 1416:Vytal et al. 2010 1413: 1412: 1324:Kober et al. 2008 1023:Adapted from the 864:Prefrontal cortex 742:positive emotions 659:, at a time when 619: 618: 516:Counseling topics 459:Consumer behavior 200:Psycholinguistics 84:Affective science 11188: 11140: 11127: 11114: 11113: 10757: 10756: 10753:Related subjects 10540:Adult attachment 10067:Cognitive module 10023: 10022: 10010:Social selection 9984:Costly signaling 9979:Sexual selection 9866:Modern synthesis 9811: 9804: 9797: 9788: 9787: 9718:Research methods 9661:Richard Davidson 9656:Joseph E. LeDoux 9531:George A. Miller 9521:David McClelland 9516:Herbert A. Simon 9416:Edward Thorndike 9237:Content analysis 9022: 8995:Psychophysiology 8811: 8804: 8797: 8788: 8787: 8772: 8771: 8760: 8759: 8674:Detection theory 8558:Neurocriminology 8485:Neurolinguistics 8400:Neuroprosthetics 8318: 8281:Neuroinformatics 8231:Imaging genetics 8153: 8146: 8139: 8130: 8129: 8101:discrete emotion 8001:in the workplace 7897:Empathy quotient 7628: 7568: 7562: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7324: 7225: 7191: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6811: 6782: 6736: 6735: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6682: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6633: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6581: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6310: 6292: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6101: 6081: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6026: 6020: 6019: 5991: 5980: 5979: 5951: 5940: 5929: 5923: 5913: 5895: 5871: 5860: 5859: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5790: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5739: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5683: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5629:(1–2): 151–160. 5614: 5608: 5607: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5413:Psychophysiology 5408: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5381: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5259:10.1037/a0017222 5238: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5207:10.1037/a0026753 5186: 5180: 5179: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4970: 4959: 4958: 4933:(2–3): 724–727. 4922: 4916: 4915: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4854:(6): 1162–1171. 4842: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4601: 4588: 4587: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4535:(6): 1024–1037. 4524: 4518: 4517: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4427:10.1037/h0054651 4410: 4404: 4403: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4331:(8): 1739–1744. 4320: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4153: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4019:Psychophysiology 4014: 4008: 4007: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3688: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3629: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3563:(6): 1281–1294. 3548: 3542: 3541: 3531: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3425:(9): 1708–1719. 3410: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3375: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3318: 3301:(3): 1042–1048. 3286: 3280: 3279: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3189:(6): 1331–1341. 3183:Neuropsychologia 3174: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3107: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3003: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2783: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2711:(5–6): 747–767. 2696: 2690: 2689: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2624: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2567: 2542:(5–6): 535–549. 2527: 2521: 2520: 2502: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2429:Cingulate Cortex 2420: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2385: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2336: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2280:(8): 2316–2327. 2274:Neuropsychologia 2265: 2259: 2258: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2012: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1955: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1719: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1653: 1627:Psychophysiology 1525: 1521: 1435: 1431: 1404:Medial Posterior 1335: 1331: 1277:Phan et al. 2002 1122:electromyography 1118:eyeblink startle 1086:response latency 1065:bipolar disorder 1019:Emotional Stroop 1003:Emotion go/no-go 934:Right hemisphere 611: 604: 597: 581: 580: 579: 546:Research methods 205:Psychophysiology 67:Basic psychology 38: 19: 18: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11181:Neuropsychology 11156: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11091: 11077:Neoevolutionism 10984: 10968:Species complex 10933:Group selection 10871:Research topics 10866: 10842:Neuropsychology 10744: 10730:Substance abuse 10652:Sex differences 10646: 10560:Coolidge effect 10521: 10433:Neuroergonomics 10398: 10389: 10313: 10215: 10149:Folk psychology 10030: 10014: 9884: 9877: 9820: 9815: 9785: 9780: 9737: 9713:Psychotherapies 9674: 9631:Martin Seligman 9596:Daniel Kahneman 9536:Richard Lazarus 9486:Raymond Cattell 9390: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9291: 9203: 9030: 9023: 9014: 8975:Neuropsychology 8855: 8848: 8820: 8815: 8785: 8780: 8748: 8734:Neurotechnology 8729:Neuroplasticity 8724:Neuromodulation 8719:Neuromanagement 8642: 8613:Neurophilosophy 8510: 8504: 8490:Neuropsychology 8451: 8444: 8405:Neuropsychiatry 8365:Neuroimmunology 8350:Neurocardiology 8326: 8319: 8310: 8301:Neurophysiology 8291:Neuromorphology 8246:Neural decoding 8187: 8180: 8162: 8157: 8127: 8122: 8112: 8053:Jealousy in art 7796:in conversation 7718:Amygdala hijack 7631: 7569: 7563: 7554: 7543:sense of wonder 6871: 6861: 6745: 6743:Further reading 6740: 6739: 6700: 6696: 6665:(2): 998–1031. 6651: 6647: 6602: 6595: 6558: 6554: 6515: 6511: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6453: 6423: 6419: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6331: 6324: 6261: 6257: 6248: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6179: 6175: 6130: 6123: 6099:10.1.1.470.7762 6082: 6073: 6062: 6058: 6027: 6023: 5992: 5983: 5952: 5943: 5872: 5863: 5816: 5812: 5767: 5763: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5681:10.1.1.110.3308 5664: 5660: 5615: 5611: 5572: 5565: 5520: 5516: 5471: 5467: 5444: 5440: 5409: 5405: 5358: 5354: 5323: 5319: 5288: 5284: 5239: 5232: 5187: 5183: 5152: 5148: 5103: 5099: 5076: 5072: 5041: 5037: 5006: 5002: 4971: 4962: 4923: 4919: 4887: 4883: 4843: 4839: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4752: 4748: 4717: 4713: 4682: 4678: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4602: 4591: 4560: 4556: 4525: 4521: 4490: 4486: 4451: 4444: 4411: 4407: 4364: 4360: 4321: 4317: 4267: 4263: 4218: 4214: 4190: 4183: 4151:10.1.1.487.9015 4134: 4130: 4099: 4095: 4050: 4046: 4015: 4011: 3984:Neuropsychology 3980: 3976: 3945: 3941: 3910: 3906: 3863: 3859: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3765: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3724: 3720: 3665: 3661: 3606: 3602: 3549: 3545: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3450: 3446: 3411: 3407: 3352: 3348: 3287: 3283: 3232: 3228: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3161: 3151: 3125: 3121: 3076: 3072: 3021: 3017: 2986:(49): 579–587. 2972: 2968: 2907: 2903: 2860: 2856: 2827:Cerebral Cortex 2819: 2815: 2766:(9): e1005062. 2752: 2748: 2697: 2693: 2662:10.1038/nrn1432 2642: 2638: 2585: 2581: 2528: 2524: 2487:Cerebral Cortex 2479: 2475: 2467: 2465: 2447: 2421: 2417: 2362: 2358: 2313: 2309: 2266: 2262: 2219: 2215: 2172: 2168: 2125: 2121: 2105: 2104: 2092: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2030: 2026: 1981: 1977: 1932: 1928: 1885: 1881: 1838: 1834: 1799: 1795: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1755: 1751: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1568: 1544:Anterior insula 1508: 1418: 1326: 1315: 1302: 1279: 1266: 1254: 1245: 1240: 1231: 1215: 1206: 1197: 1188: 1182: 1173: 1158:Emotion can be 1149: 1107: 1073: 1037: 1021: 1005: 1000: 983:problem solving 963: 954: 945: 936: 921:Temporal cortex 848: 816:corpus callosum 812:Cingulate gyrus 780:Mammillary body 770:episodic memory 738:reward circuits 724:cerebral cortex 694: 682:Paul D. MacLean 669: 615: 577: 575: 568: 567: 566: 565: 541:Psychotherapies 509: 499: 498: 419: 411: 410: 409: 408: 237: 227: 226: 225: 224: 185:Neuropsychology 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11194: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11134: 11121: 11108: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10782: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10656: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10621: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10531: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10460:Mind-blindness 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10404: 10402: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10260: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10225: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10155: 10153:theory of mind 10146: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10064: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10036: 10034: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9986: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9920:Baldwin effect 9917: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9814: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9791: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9671:Roy Baumeister 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9606:Michael Posner 9603: 9598: 9593: 9591:Elliot Aronson 9588: 9586:Walter Mischel 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9551:Albert Bandura 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9526:Leon Festinger 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9496:Neal E. Miller 9493: 9491:Abraham Maslow 9488: 9483: 9478: 9476:Ernest Hilgard 9473: 9471:Donald O. Hebb 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9451:J. P. Guilford 9448: 9446:Gordon Allport 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9426:John B. Watson 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9391: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9217:Animal testing 9213: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9025: 9024: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8920:Cross-cultural 8917: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8900: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8814: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8791: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8766: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8744:Self-awareness 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8699:Neurodiversity 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8598:Neuromarketing 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8573:Neuroesthetics 8570: 8565: 8563:Neuroeconomics 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8410:Neuroradiology 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8390:Neuropathology 8387: 8382: 8380:Neuro-oncology 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8321: 8320: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8266:Neurochemistry 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8106:somatic marker 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8080: 8078:Stoic passions 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8026:social sharing 8023: 8018: 8016:self-conscious 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7959:thought method 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7924:lateralization 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7751:classification 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7471:Sentimentality 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7307:at first sight 7304: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7231: 7226: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7045:Disappointment 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6783: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6694: 6645: 6616:(2): 150–158. 6593: 6572:(3): 207–233. 6552: 6525:(2): 331–348. 6509: 6482:(2): 103–123. 6462: 6417: 6390:(6): 352–357. 6370: 6345:(4): 644–655. 6322: 6255: 6230: 6173: 6144:(3): 121–143. 6121: 6071: 6056: 6037:(4): 371–378. 6031:Emotion Review 6021: 6002:(4): 387–396. 5996:Emotion Review 5981: 5962:(4): 364–370. 5956:Emotion Review 5941: 5861: 5810: 5781:(3): 655–664. 5761: 5730:(3): 436–441. 5710: 5674:(4): 253–269. 5658: 5609: 5582:(2): 427–432. 5563: 5514: 5485:(6): 556–563. 5465: 5454:(3): 194–204. 5438: 5419:(5): 588–595. 5403: 5352: 5333:(4): 487–491. 5317: 5298:(3): 377–395. 5282: 5253:(6): 909–942. 5230: 5201:(2): 477–483. 5181: 5162:(6): 814–824. 5146: 5117:(2): 153–157. 5097: 5086:(2): 107–117. 5070: 5051:(9): 809–848. 5035: 5000: 4960: 4917: 4898:(3): 370–376. 4881: 4837: 4816:(4): 459–464. 4796: 4787: 4766:(4): 459–464. 4746: 4727:(4): 317–323. 4711: 4692:(2): 147–160. 4676: 4641: 4631: 4589: 4570:(2): 101–110. 4554: 4519: 4500:(3): 380–391. 4484: 4465:(4): 316–328. 4442: 4421:(6): 643–662. 4405: 4378:(6): 624–632. 4358: 4315: 4261: 4232:(2): 151–160. 4212: 4201:(3): 353–385. 4181: 4128: 4093: 4064:(1): 135–153. 4044: 4025:(3): 352–363. 4009: 3990:(3): 446–458. 3974: 3955:(2): 330–341. 3939: 3920:(8): 863–872. 3904: 3877:(3): 322–353. 3857: 3830:(4): 624–630. 3814: 3804: 3794: 3775:(3): 339–348. 3756: 3737: 3718: 3659: 3600: 3543: 3506:(3): 261–269. 3486: 3474: 3444: 3405: 3360:PMC Biophysics 3346: 3281: 3246:(3): 278–286. 3226: 3169: 3149: 3119: 3070: 3015: 2966: 2901: 2874:(2): 217–224. 2854: 2833:(3): 295–307. 2813: 2746: 2691: 2656:(7): 583–589. 2636: 2599:(8): 663–681. 2579: 2522: 2493:(2): 229–237. 2473: 2445: 2415: 2356: 2307: 2260: 2213: 2186:(5): 387–392. 2166: 2119: 2090: 2071: 2044:(3): 649–742. 2024: 1975: 1946:(5): 875–887. 1926: 1899:(1): 209–235. 1879: 1852:(4): 407–418. 1832: 1793: 1774: 1768:978-0195178050 1767: 1749: 1690: 1678: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1632:S.M. (patient) 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1564: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1325: 1322: 1314: 1311: 1301: 1298: 1278: 1275: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1180:Basic emotions 1178: 1172: 1169: 1148: 1145: 1106: 1103: 1075:The emotional 1072: 1069: 1045:basic emotions 1036: 1033: 1020: 1017: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 987:mental imagery 962: 959: 953: 950: 944: 941: 935: 932: 931: 930: 924: 918: 911: 905: 904: 903: 890: 884: 873: 872: 871: 861: 855: 847: 844: 840: 839: 809: 802:cranial nerves 798:Olfactory bulb 795: 777: 766:spatial memory 759: 745: 731: 717: 693: 690: 668: 665: 617: 616: 614: 613: 606: 599: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 570: 569: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 511: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 238: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 130:Cross-cultural 127: 122: 121: 120: 110: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 78: 72: 71: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 59: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11193: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11146: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11133: 11132: 11126: 11122: 11120: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11072:Neo-Darwinism 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11057:Functionalism 11055: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11015:Connectionism 11013: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11005:indeterminism 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10725:Schizophrenia 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10710:Mental health 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:Mate guarding 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10545:Age disparity 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10475:Schizophrenia 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10400:Mental health 10396: 10395:Human factors 10392: 10386: 10385:Socialization 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345:paternal bond 10342: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10209:Naïve physics 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10175:Motor control 10173: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10133:Ophidiophobia 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10123:Arachnophobia 10121: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10050:Display rules 10048: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9952:Kin selection 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846:Adaptationism 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9805: 9800: 9798: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9708:Psychologists 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9698:Organizations 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9646:John Anderson 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9576:Ulric Neisser 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9561:Endel Tulving 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9546:Robert Zajonc 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9501:Jerome Bruner 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9466:B. F. Skinner 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Clark L. Hull 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411:Sigmund Freud 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:William James 9399: 9397: 9396:Wilhelm Wundt 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388:Psychologists 9384: 9376: 9375:Psychometrics 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9335:Consciousness 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267:Psychophysics 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9209:Methodologies 9206: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9169:Psychotherapy 9167: 9165: 9164:Psychometrics 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9026: 9021: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930:Developmental 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8805: 8800: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8777: 8776: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8628:Neurotheology 8626: 8624: 8623:Neurorobotics 8621: 8619: 8618:Neuropolitics 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8583:Neuroethology 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8480:Motor control 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8470:Chronobiology 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430:Neurovirology 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8322: 8317: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276:Neurogenetics 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8211:Brain-reading 8209: 8207: 8206:Brain mapping 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8142: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8120: 8115: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860:dysregulation 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7808:interpersonal 7806: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7661:in psychology 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646:consciousness 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455:Schadenfreude 7451: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321:Mono no aware 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7173:Joie de vivre 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142:Gratification 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7070:Embarrassment 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6975:Belongingness 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6794:(3): 554–60. 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6244: 6237: 6235: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6126: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4447: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4325:Brain Imaging 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3808: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:CNS Spectrums 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1602:Music therapy 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1587:Endocrinology 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523:Core affects 1520: 1516: 1512: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485:left amygdala 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433:Associations 1430: 1426: 1424: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1310: 1308: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1274: 1271: 1270:meta-analysis 1264:Meta-analyses 1261: 1259: 1249: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:fear learning 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:social phobia 1090: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1061:schizophrenia 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1009: 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 958: 949: 940: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 912: 909: 906: 901: 897: 896: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 878: 874: 868: 867: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 852:Basal ganglia 850: 849: 843: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810: 807: 803: 799: 796: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 760: 757: 753: 749: 746: 743: 739: 735: 732: 729: 725: 721: 718: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 695: 692:Limbic system 689: 687: 686:limbic system 683: 679: 675: 664: 662: 658: 657:Jaak Panksepp 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 612: 607: 605: 600: 598: 593: 592: 590: 589: 584: 574: 573: 572: 571: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 536:Psychologists 534: 532: 529: 527: 526:Organizations 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 508: 503: 502: 495: 494:Psychometrics 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 454:Consciousness 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Psychotherapy 372: 370: 369:Psychometrics 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 236: 231: 230: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 140:Developmental 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 109: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 68: 63: 62: 57: 54: 52: 49: 47: 44: 43: 42: 41: 37: 33: 32: 29: 26: 25: 21: 20: 11142: 11129: 11116: 11103: 10862:Sociobiology 10784: 10720:Neuroscience 10700:Intelligence 10246:Anthropology 10199:Color vision 10184:Multitasking 10163:Flynn effect 10158:Intelligence 10140:Folk biology 9883:Evolutionary 9621:Larry Squire 9616:Bruce McEwen 9611:Amos Tversky 9581:Jerome Kagan 9571:Noam Chomsky 9511:Hans Eysenck 9481:Harry Harlow 9461:Erik Erikson 9360:Intelligence 9257:Neuroimaging 9000:Quantitative 8965:Mathematical 8960:Intelligence 8950:Experimental 8945:Evolutionary 8935:Differential 8868: 8844:Psychologist 8773: 8761: 8709:Neuroimaging 8704:Neurogenesis 8588:Neurohistory 8553:Neurobiotics 8459: 8452:neuroscience 8420:Neurosurgery 8345:Epileptology 8327:neuroscience 8296:Neurophysics 8286:Neurometrics 8261:Neurobiology 8256:Neuroanatomy 8226:Connectomics 8160:Neuroscience 8118: 8058:Meta-emotion 7971:Emotionality 7944:responsivity 7892:and bullying 7887:intelligence 7697:Affectivity 7681:neuroscience 7680: 7651:in education 7234: 7195:Homesickness 7171: 7097:Enthrallment 7082:Emotion work 6945:Anticipation 6826: 6791: 6787: 6757:(1): 11–21. 6754: 6750: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6613: 6609: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6454:. Retrieved 6434: 6430: 6420: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6362:. Retrieved 6342: 6338: 6275:(1): 18225. 6272: 6268: 6258: 6247:. Retrieved 6190: 6186: 6176: 6141: 6137: 6092:(2): 79–85. 6089: 6085: 6065: 6059: 6034: 6030: 6024: 5999: 5995: 5959: 5955: 5924: 5883: 5879: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5579: 5575: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5250: 5246: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5016:(1): 15–20. 5013: 5009: 5003: 4978: 4974: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4790: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4634: 4609: 4605: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4462: 4458: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4375: 4371: 4368:Glover, G.H. 4361: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4198: 4194: 4144:(1): 89–92. 4141: 4137: 4131: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4022: 4018: 4012: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3797: 3772: 3768: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3479:, retrieved 3457: 3447: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3162:, retrieved 3132: 3122: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3032: 3028: 3018: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2921:(1): 18225. 2918: 2914: 2904: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2466:, retrieved 2428: 2418: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2080: 2074: 2041: 2037: 2027: 1992: 1989:Scholarpedia 1988: 1978: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1758: 1752: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1683:, retrieved 1661: 1651: 1560: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1427: 1419: 1327: 1316: 1303: 1280: 1267: 1255: 1246: 1232: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1174: 1157: 1150: 1130: 1126: 1108: 1091: 1074: 1038: 1029: 1022: 1010: 1006: 964: 955: 946: 937: 841: 734:Hypothalamus 670: 654: 634:neuroscience 621: 620: 479:Intelligence 210:Quantitative 175:Mathematical 170:Intelligence 160:Experimental 155:Evolutionary 145:Differential 11001:Determinism 10913:Coevolution 10857:Primatology 10695:Gender role 10600:Orientation 10480:Screen time 10337:Affectional 10319:Development 9998:Mate choice 9925:By-products 9893:Adaptations 9856:Cognitivism 9693:Disciplines 9666:Susan Fiske 9556:Roger Brown 9456:Carl Rogers 9441:Jean Piaget 9406:Ivan Pavlov 9262:Observation 9242:Experiments 9189:Suicidology 9084:Educational 9039:Anomalistic 9010:Theoretical 8985:Personality 8915:Comparative 8898:Cognitivism 8889:Behaviorism 8578:Neuroethics 8425:Neurotology 7986:and culture 7791:recognition 7776:homeostatic 7676:forecasting 7625:Weltschmerz 7598:Misanthropy 7375:grandiosity 7257:Inspiration 7247:Infatuation 7215:Humiliation 7137:Frustration 7010:Contentment 5534:(1): 5–25. 4612:(1): 3–24. 4109:: 191–214. 2327:: 180–188. 2233:: 188–192. 1995:(9): 1583. 1364:hippocampus 1349:Core limbic 1053:Parkinson's 834:and during 768:functions, 748:Hippocampus 678:James Papez 642:personality 521:Disciplines 394:Suicidology 289:Educational 244:Anomalistic 220:Theoretical 195:Personality 125:Comparative 108:Cognitivism 99:Behaviorism 11160:Categories 10948:Population 10943:Lamarckism 10789:behavioral 10767:Behavioral 10715:Narcissism 10660:Aggression 10450:Hypophobia 10440:Depression 10327:Attachment 10309:Universals 10273:Psychology 10251:Biological 10239:Musicology 10229:Aesthetics 10128:Basophobia 9935:Exaptation 9913:Reciprocal 9756:Wikisource 9601:Paul Ekman 9436:Kurt Lewin 9330:Competence 9252:Interviews 9232:Case study 9109:Humanistic 9089:Ergonomics 9074:Counseling 9049:Assessment 9031:psychology 8980:Perception 8940:Ecological 8856:psychology 8834:Philosophy 8818:Psychology 8739:Neurotoxin 8440:Psychiatry 8063:Pathognomy 7964:well-being 7880:and gender 7875:expression 7870:exhaustion 7855:detachment 7840:competence 7821:Emotional 7803:regulation 7786:perception 7781:in animals 7731:and memory 7667:Affective 7575:Worldviews 7437:melancholy 7422:Resentment 7292:Loneliness 7267:Irritation 7252:Insecurity 7242:Indulgence 7117:Excitement 7102:Enthusiasm 7035:Depression 6995:Confidence 6990:Compassion 6965:Attraction 6890:Admiration 6885:Acceptance 6659:NeuroImage 6519:NeuroImage 6456:2023-10-26 6364:2023-10-26 6249:2023-10-25 5747:2066/55501 4657:: 97–108. 3753:: 297–300. 3734:: 381–390. 3481:2022-11-27 3164:2023-11-16 2468:2022-11-27 2139:: 102334. 1985:"Thalamus" 1813:(4): 725. 1790:: 385–498. 1685:2022-11-27 1643:References 1622:Psychiatry 979:perception 893:Cerebellum 824:motivation 788:brain stem 706:hippocampi 674:Paul Broca 628:processes 449:Competence 314:Humanistic 294:Ergonomics 279:Counseling 254:Assessment 190:Perception 150:Ecological 28:Psychology 10793:cognitive 10785:Affective 10670:Cognition 10624:Sexuality 10610:Pair bond 10370:Education 10027:Cognition 9945:Inclusive 9885:processes 9873:Criticism 9776:Wikibooks 9766:Wikiquote 9636:Ed Diener 9421:Carl Jung 9325:Cognition 9154:Political 9064:Community 8894:Cognitive 8684:Neurochip 8450:Cognitive 8375:Neurology 8091:appraisal 8031:sociology 7982:Emotions 7954:symbiosis 7939:reasoning 7909:isolation 7850:contagion 7835:blackmail 7761:expressed 7756:evolution 7746:and sleep 7736:and music 7671:computing 7618:Reclusion 7613:Pessimism 7588:Defeatism 7518:Suffering 7464:Sehnsucht 7407:Rejection 7358:self-pity 7333:Nostalgia 7302:limerence 7272:Isolation 7210:Hostility 7167:Happiness 7147:Gratitude 7092:Emptiness 7075:vicarious 7025:Curiosity 7000:Confusion 6940:Annoyance 6920:Amusement 6910:Agitation 6905:Affection 6900:Aesthetic 6895:Adoration 6504:143149171 6496:1573-6644 6404:0963-7214 6299:2045-2322 6207:0304-3940 6193:: 58–67. 6094:CiteSeerX 6051:144037625 6016:144198152 5936:CC BY 4.0 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