Industrial Revolution

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first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain's. However, German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France.

8680: 897:, to provide excess manpower and food; a pool of managerial and entrepreneurial skills; available ports, rivers, canals, and roads to cheaply move raw materials and outputs; natural resources such as coal, iron, and waterfalls; political stability and a legal system that supported business; and financial capital available to invest. Once industrialisation began in Great Britain, new factors can be added: the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial expertise and the willingness to import the process. Britain met the criteria and industrialized starting in the 18th century, and then it exported the process to western Europe (especially Belgium, France, and the German states) in the early 19th century. The United States copied the British model in the early 19th century, and Japan copied the Western European models in the late 19th century. 5130:, the presence of a large number of European states, made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India by providing "an insurance against economic and technological stagnation". China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels of scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the 4234:, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years, the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows. 1354: 1950:, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low-pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere; use of a steam jacket; and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam. Likewise, the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder, also improving efficiency. These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton and Watt's engines used only 20–25% as much coal per horsepower-hour as Newcomen's. Boulton and Watt opened the 4985: 2016: 5399:, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan , and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed the same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker's word. If one religion only were allowed in England, the Government would very possibly become arbitrary; if there were but two, the people would cut one another's throats; but as there are such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace." 4214:

century this region (Flanders), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 percent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 percent in Wallonia, barely 10 percent in most West European countries, 16 percent in France, and 25 percent in Britain. Nineteenth-century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent... Also, in Wallonia, the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 percent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the

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was then twisted by the spindle. The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length. Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread. The top rollers were leather-covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight. The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers. The bottom rollers were wood and metal, with fluting along the length. The water frame was able to produce a hard, medium-count thread suitable for warp, finally allowing 100% cotton cloth to be made in Britain. Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in

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remove it. Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work. Few puddlers lived to be 40. Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace, coal or coke could be used as fuel. The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by mild steel. Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs, it was never successfully mechanised. Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron. Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a

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played a vital role in running farms and in some trades and landed estates. Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands. However, Clark argues, as capitalism expanded in the 17th century, there was more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home, and the wife was reduced to unpaid household work. Middle- and upper-class women were confined to an idle domestic existence, supervising servants; lower-class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Capitalism, therefore, had a negative effect on powerful women.

5015:. A recent account argued that Europeans have been characterized for thousands of years by a freedom-loving culture originating from the aristocratic societies of early Indo-European invaders. Many historians, however, have challenged this explanation as being not only Eurocentric, but also ignoring historical context. In fact, before the Industrial Revolution, "there existed something of a global economic parity between the most advanced regions in the world economy." These historians have suggested a number of other factors, including education, technological changes (see 5173: 2820: 4645: 3676:, were passed in Britain: children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the workday of youth under age 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law; however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult. About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers, child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century. 2031: 5756: 5528:

century before, all European countries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and France, even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. In other countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods.

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especially in textile mills children as young as eight proved useful in handling chores and adding to the family income. Indeed, children were taken out of school to work alongside their parents in the factories. However, by the mid-19th century, unskilled labor forces were common in Western Europe, and British industry moved upscale, needing many more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and handle complex situations. Literacy was essential to be hired. A senior government official told Parliament in 1870:

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and in spa towns such as Bath and Harrogate. Prosperity and expansion in manufacturing industries such as pottery and metalware increased consumer choice dramatically. Where once labourers ate from metal platters with wooden implements, ordinary workers now dined on Wedgwood porcelain. Consumers came to demand an array of new household goods and furnishings: metal knives and forks, for example, as well as rugs, carpets, mirrors, cooking ranges, pots, pans, watches, clocks, and a dizzying array of furniture. The age of

4812: 2392:, an employee of Boulton & Watt. The process consisted of the large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820. They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or 5960: 1883: 5504: 1613: 5407:

cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s. Based on science and experimentation from the continent, the steam engine was developed specifically for pumping water out of mines, many of which in Britain had been mined to below the water table. Although extremely inefficient they were economical because they used unsaleable coal. Iron rails were developed to transport coal, which was a major economic sector in Britain.

2653: 50: 1855: 14835: 2069:. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws, and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were laborious and costly, and precision was difficult to achieve. 1133:, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets closely, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. In order to promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the 1082:. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or occasionally in master weavers' shops. Wages in Lancashire were about six times those in India in 1770 when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India. In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines. The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, which increased to 588 million pounds in 1850. 2405: 4319:, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s. Between 1815 and 1850, the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries. This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in 1523:; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power—first horsepower and then water power—which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling) so that the supply of 1548: 3959: 23150: 16904: 15357: 2991:, say that the real effect of the Industrial Revolution was that "for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility." Others argue that while the growth of the economy's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution, 1430:, which he patented in 1770. It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles. The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel, by first clamping down on the fibres, then by drawing them out, followed by twisting. It was a simple, wooden framed machine that only cost about £6 for a 40-spindle model in 1792 and was used mainly by home spinners. The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft, not warp. 4189:." Professor Michel De Coster stated: "The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal-mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated." Many of the 19th-century coal mines in Wallonia are now protected as 5946: 5451: 1199: 1061: 3530:

1900, most industrial workers in the United States worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned 20–40% less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life; however, most workers in textiles, which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment, were women and children. For workers of the labouring classes, industrial life "was a stony desert, which they had to make habitable by their own efforts."

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spindle and the lead screw. Before its invention, screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs, some of which copied from a template. The slide rest lathe was called one of history's most important inventions. Although it was not entirely Maudslay's idea, he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw, slide rest, and change gears.

5535:, in which members met to discuss natural philosophy and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, "They were, if you like, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth-century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution". Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions. For example, the London-based 5932: 5307: 1319: 3499:

households. The second stage was the "family wage economy" of early industrialisation; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members, including husband, wife, and older children. The third or modern stage is the "family consumer economy", in which the family is the site of consumption, and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption.

5372:, and British society's greater receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism. (This point is also made in 4683: 3550: 3583:

transportation. Still, many did not find a satisfactory life in their new homes, leading 7 million of them to return to Europe. This mass migration had large demographic effects: in 1800, less than 1% of the world population consisted of overseas Europeans and their descendants; by 1930, they represented 11%. The Americas felt the brunt of this huge emigration, largely concentrated in the United States.

5303:). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical position—an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe. 1568: 23138: 16914: 15369: 2317: 721:. According to Cambridge historian Leigh Shaw-Taylor, Britain was already industrialising in the 17th century, and "Our database shows that a groundswell of enterprise and productivity transformed the economy in the 17th century, laying the foundations for the world's first industrial economy. Britain was already a nation of makers by the year 1700" and "the history of Britain needs to be rewritten". 3053: 4409: 1339: 5220:"An unprecedented explosion of new ideas, and new technological inventions, transformed our use of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country. Roads, railways and canals were built. Great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not only the country, but the world itself." 2054:; carpenters made wooden framing; and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded 150: 1104: 5403:

brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 1.2 to 2.0 ha (3 to 5 acres) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy.

7822: 137: 4185:...there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making...". Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830: "It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain." "The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth-making town of 5856:. Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected. This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non-native species to new areas through global travel. The ecosystem of the entire 1086:

manufactured in Britain was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.

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pumps. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, they opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century.

3337:. Scores of street sellers 'cried' merchandise from place to place, advertising the wealth of goods and services on offer. Milkmaids, orange sellers, fishwives and piemen, for example, all walked the streets offering their various wares for sale, while knife grinders and the menders of broken chairs and furniture could be found on street corners". An early 5365:. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry. 5148:

varied network of exchange in history", Europe advanced as the leader of the Industrial Revolution. In the Americas, Europeans found a windfall of silver, timber, fish, and maize, leading historian Peter Stearns to conclude that "Europe's Industrial Revolution stemmed in great part from Europe's ability to draw disproportionately on world resources."

2896:. Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories. 2270:) produced from hardwood ashes. These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions, replacing many small-scale operations with more cost-effective and controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Early uses for sulfuric acid included 3990:) given off by the Leblanc process used to produce soda ash. An alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution. The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke, grit, dust, and fumes under supervision. 7806: 2159:. These machines were all-metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops, he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as 3660:

industrial system was new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.

2308:, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry. Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860–1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students; instead, the practice was to hire German-trained chemists. 5675:, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences – areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies. 2914:, demanding new ideas for managing large groups of individuals. Visible poverty on one hand and growing population and materialistic wealth on the other caused tensions between the very rich and the poorest people within society. These tensions were sometimes violently released and led to philosophical ideas such as 2889:, linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool. The opening was marred by problems caused by the primitive nature of the technology being employed; however, problems were gradually solved, and the railway became highly successful, transporting passengers and freight. 1306:. Occasionally, the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver. Under the putting-out system, home-based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers, who often supplied the raw materials. In the off-season, the women, typically farmers' wives, did the spinning and the men did the weaving. Using the 4085:, especially Bohemia, became the centre of industrialisation due to its natural and human resources. The iron industry had developed in the Alpine regions after 1750, with smaller centers in Bohemia and Moravia. Hungary—the eastern half of the Dual Monarchy, was heavily rural with little industry before 1870. 1655:

contained harmful amounts. Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content. A minority of coals are coking. Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows. This limitation was overcome by the steam engine.

5683:, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. 5155:

around the end of the first millennium. The city-states were prosperous cities that were independent from feudal lords. They were largely republics whose governments were typically composed of merchants, manufacturers, members of guilds, bankers and financiers. The Italian city-states built a network

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by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising

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During the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy. The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were

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involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain. Eventually, effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to

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before 1712. Newcomen engines were installed for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a significant amount of capital to build, and produced upwards of 3.5 kW (5 hp). They were also used to power municipal water supply

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was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain, by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp.

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Puddling became widely used after 1800. Up to that time, British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies. Because of the increased British production, imports began to decline in 1785, and by the 1790s Britain eliminated

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In 1750, the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke. In 1796, the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were

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Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine. Marketing professor Ronald Fullerton suggested that innovative marketing

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in the east (except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In 'Breaking stereotypes', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say:

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The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812–1820. The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers. The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits. They usually lost and modified the worst practices. The City of London repeatedly

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The traditional centres of hand textile production such as India, parts of the Middle East, and later China could not withstand the competition from machine-made textiles, which over a period of decades destroyed the hand-made textile industries and left millions of people without work, many of whom

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Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law, but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child

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Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high-pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800. High-pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere, doing away with the condenser and cooling water. They were also much lighter weight and

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Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse-drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. The

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Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horseshoes, wagon tires, chains, etc., as well as structural shapes. A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves, and other items where

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held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s, and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the

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with respect to material advancement. The Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was

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The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a

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Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and Britain had the highest quality coal in Europe. Britain also had a large number of sites for water

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of the mid 14th century, followed by other epidemics, until the population reached a low in the 14th century. This created labour shortages and led to falling food prices and a peak in real wages around 1500, after which population growth began reducing wages. After 1540, increasing precious metals

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From 1850 to 1890, Sweden experienced its "first" Industrial Revolution with a veritable explosion in export, dominated by crops, wood, and steel. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873. Large infrastructural investments were

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In addition, between 1815 and 1939, 20% of Europe's population left home, pushed by poverty, a rapidly growing population, and the displacement of peasant farming and artisan manufacturing. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labour overseas, the ready availability of land, and cheap

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argues that when capitalism arrived in 17th-century England, it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance. Clark argues that in 16th-century England, women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture. The home was a central unit of production, and women

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and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million. Improved conditions led to the

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With the rapid growth of towns and cities, shopping became an important part of everyday life. Window shopping and the purchase of goods became a cultural activity in its own right, and many exclusive shops were opened in elegant urban districts: in the Strand and Piccadilly in London, for example,

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Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends are industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourers—and many of our labourers are utterly uneducated—are, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and

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The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans. They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off. It was common for women to take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work. Lack

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agricultural labourers. It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn, weave cloth and make their own clothing. Households also spun and wove for market production. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, India, China, and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the

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in 1828, was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron. By using preheated combustion air, the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one-third using coke or two-thirds using coal; the efficiency gains continued as the

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who, along with two partners, patented it in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built by Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. For each spindle the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers, each operating at a successively higher rotating speed, to draw out the fibre which

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in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". Although Engels wrote his book in the 1840s, it was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for

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Britain's population grew 280% from 1550 to 1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50–80%. Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain from 1750 to 1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton,

5119:. In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectors—agriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by monarchs prior to the British take over. 4357:

leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western-based education system for all young people, sent thousands of students to the United States

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Technological change accelerated industrialisation and urbanisation. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.76% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). However, in a comparison

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The Industrial Revolution in continental Europe came later than in Great Britain. It started in Belgium and France, then spread to the German states by the middle of the 19th century. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Typically, the

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mortality rates were reduced markedly. There was still limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the

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in England from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century had seen a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. With improvements in transport and manufacturing technology, opportunities for buying

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In the 18th century, there were relatively high levels of literacy among farmers in England and Scotland. This permitted the recruitment of literate craftsmen, skilled workers, foremen, and managers who supervised the emerging textile factories and coal mines. Much of the labour was unskilled, and

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Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century with new public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene, and home construction. In the introduction of his 1892 edition, Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved. For example, the

3116:

had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings. There were no sanitary facilities. The population density was extremely high. However, not everyone lived in such poor conditions. The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen, clerks, foremen, and engineers

3021:

Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norms for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France until the late 19th century. Until about 1750, malnutrition limited life expectancy in France to about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain. The United States population of

2715:

By the 1820s a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. The last major

2637:

The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread

1674:

to metal. This has the advantage that impurities (such as sulphur ash) in the coal do not migrate into the metal. This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an

5414:

has argued that high wages, cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur. These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development, and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies. However, two

5406:

In 1700, five-sixths of the coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none; so despite having Europe's best transport, lowest taxes, and most urbanised, well-paid, and literate population, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose

3937:

Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton; previously, it had primarily been consumed in subtropical regions where it was grown, with little raw cotton available for export. Consequently, prices of raw cotton rose. British production grew from 2 million pounds in 1700 to 5 million

3726:

in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than ten shillings per week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings per week and were due to be further reduced to

3529:

of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As late as

2967:

Some early spinning and weaving machinery, such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792, was affordable for cottagers. Later machinery such as spinning frames, spinning mules and power looms were expensive (especially if water-powered), giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories.

1654:

had generally replaced charcoal in the smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in glass production. In the smelting and refining of iron, coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal's sulfur content. Low sulfur coals were known, but they still

1233:

where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe. By the mid-1760s, cloth was over three-quarters of the East India Company's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in the North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available; however, the number of

5527:

Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the

5147:

In addition, Europe's monarchs desperately needed revenue, pushing them into alliances with their merchant classes. Small groups of merchants were granted monopolies and tax-collecting responsibilities in exchange for payments to the state. Located in a region "at the hub of the largest and most

4605:

from metal. Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms. The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory. Techniques for precision machining using machine

4056:

in 1867 included 23 million inhabitants in 1800, growing to 36 million by 1870. Nationally, the per capita rate of industrial growth averaged about 3% between 1818 and 1870. However, there were strong regional differences. The railway system was built in the 1850–1873 period. Before they arrived

3074:

and London. The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms. Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. People moved in so rapidly there was not

3006:

During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829. The effects on living conditions have been controversial and were hotly

2840:

A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment, that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration. Twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three

2747:

France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution; however, most of the roads on the European continent and in the UK were in bad condition and dangerously rutted. Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local

1538:

Although mechanisation dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth, by the mid-19th century machine-woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand-woven Indian cloth, in part because of the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India, which allowed high thread

1145:

Parts of India, China, Central America, South America, and the Middle East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD. In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown, most was grown by small farmers alongside their food

4296:

Germany's political disunity—with three dozen states—and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at

4213:

The Industrial Revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres at the beginning of the nineteenth

2147:

for the production of high-security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship. Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe. Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe, which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the

1774:

Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod. The decarburized iron, having a higher melting point than cast iron, was raked into globs by the puddler. When the glob was large enough, the puddler would

5878:

During the Industrial Revolution, an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialisation, urbanisation and the

3791:

workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such

2835:

Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800, the rolling mill for making rails, and the development of the high-pressure steam engine also around 1800. Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to

2293:, revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required (from months to days) for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk. Tennant's 1743:

In addition to lower cost and greater availability, coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials (iron ore, fuel, slag) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century.

737:

An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as their markets matured; and despite the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, and

5678:

Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the

2573:

The introduction of the steam pump by Thomas Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the

4479:

in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era, and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This mill was designed to use horsepower, but the operators quickly learned that the horse-drawn platform was economically

4014:

required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke. It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke. The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions, such as soot, ash, and gritty

3710:

forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. One British newspaper in 1834 described unions as "the most dangerous institutions that were ever permitted to take root, under shelter of law, in any country..."

3698:

to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost

3473:

and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities, compared to nearly 50% by the beginning of the 21st century.

3222:

was starting to become a common feature on dining tables. Rising prosperity and social mobility in the 18th century increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption, and the marketing of goods (of which Wedgwood was a pioneer) for individuals, as opposed to items for the

1840:. The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries, such as those making nails, hinges, wire, and other hardware items. The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries. 1085:

The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22.4% in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1% in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth

2995:

for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries and that in many ways workers' living standards declined under early capitalism: some studies have estimated that real wages in Britain only increased 15% between the 1780s and 1850s and that

2076:

invented by John Wilkinson in 1774. It was designed to bore the large cylinders on early steam engines. Wilkinson's machine was the first to use the principle of line-boring, where the tool is supported on both ends, unlike earlier designs used for boring cannon that relied on a less stable

3498:

argues that capitalism created the conditions for women's emancipation. Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women, finding three stages in English history. In the pre-industrial era, production was mostly for home use, and women produced much of the needs of the

1739:

as well as the use of low sulfur coal. The use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free-flowing slag. The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height.

1146:

crops and was spun and woven in households, largely for domestic consumption. In the 15th century, China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth. By the 17th century, almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing. Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a

1647:. However, the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods, such as pots and kettles. He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than theirs. 1181:

of Georgia and South Carolina but did poorly inland. Sea island cotton began being exported from Barbados in the 1650s. Upland green seeded cotton grew well on inland areas of the southern U.S. but was not economical because of the difficulty of removing seed, a problem solved by the

3422:) where there was a charge of one penny for carriage and delivery between any two places in the United Kingdom irrespective of distance—and the goods were delivered throughout the UK via the newly created railway system. As the railway network expanded overseas, so did his business. 4139:(French-speaking southern Belgium) took the lead. Starting in the middle of the 1820s, and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around 2699:

its construction cost £168,000 (£22,589,130 as of 2013), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as

3997:

In industrial cities local experts and reformers, especially after 1890, took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution, and initiating grass-roots movements to demand and achieve reforms. Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution. The

3759:

societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class. Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a

4158:

Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word "houille" was coined in Wallonia), the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its

10398:

The decrease beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5–10, 10–15, and 15–25 began in the mid-19th century, while that for the age group 0–5 began three decades

6574:

it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita

3667:

Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines and textile factories, and these helped to popularise the children's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers' welfare.

4331:

made during this period, mainly in the expanding railroad network, which was financed in part by the government and in part by private enterprises. From 1890 to 1930, new industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities,

4921:

The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and

3796:, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or 2964:, and were responsible for the sale of the goods. Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems. The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting-out system. 2846:

first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast-iron plates used). Horse-drawn public railways begin in the early 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs.

4327:. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced in 1842 (as the first country in the world), the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848. 1094:

The earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant but far less than that of cotton.

4465:, which has fast-moving rivers. The newer water-powered production lines proved more economical than horse-drawn production. In the late 19th century steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest. 3579:", and the world's first industrial city. Manchester experienced a six-times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831. Bradford grew by 50% every ten years between 1811 and 1851, and by 1851 only 50% of the population of Bradford were actually born there. 3204:

Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space heating. Coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe. The

5029:, by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners. China was also a totalitarian society. It also taxed transported goods heavily. Modern estimates of per capita income in Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in 3663:

Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders, 10–20% of an adult male's wage.

3356:

described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games". By the 1860s and 1870s more than one million boys' periodicals were sold per week. Labelled an "authorpreneur" by

2530:

Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass-producing agricultural equipment, such as reapers, binders, and combine harvesters.

1150:. In India, a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets, often produced by professional weavers. Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine quality. 3453: 2752:

were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust. New engineered roads were built by

4456:

The United States originally used horse-powered machinery for small-scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in

3141:

Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems, and pumping of water was done by water wheels. Pipes were typically made of wood. Steam-powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households.

1817:

technology improved. Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces, increasing their capacity. Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron. This meant that lower quality coal could be used in areas where

2496:

of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five. Tull's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an effect. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century.

1599:

production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons. In 1788, the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons. In 1806, charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons.

9949: 1924:

By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread to Hungary in 1722, and then to Germany, Austria, and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s the engineer

3022:

the time was adequately fed, much taller on average, and had a life expectancy of 45–50 years, although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century. Food consumption per capita also declined during an episode known as the

2805:. Productivity of road transport increased greatly during the Industrial Revolution, and the cost of travel fell dramatically. Between 1690 and 1840 productivity almost tripled for long-distance carrying and increased four-fold in stage coaching. 6059:

fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced every four to five years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor.

1491:

which he patented in 1785. In 1776, he patented a two-man operated loom. Cartwright's loom design had several flaws, the most serious being thread breakage. Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813. Horock's loom was improved by

5294:

of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the

4061:) regions, proto-industrialisation began by 1750 and became the center of the first phases of the Industrial Revolution after 1800. The textile industry was the main factor, utilising mechanisation, steam engines, and the factory system. In the 1702:

installed similar steam-pumped, water-powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768. The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country.

5246:

revolution. These advancements also greatly benefitted British society as a whole. Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions.

4480:

unstable, and had economic losses for years. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.

2523:, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labour. Lower labor requirements subsequently result in lowered wages and numbers of farm labourers, who faced near starvation, leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the 2432:. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. 1794:) for the furnace bottom, greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom. The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorus, but this was not understood at the time. Hall's process also used iron scale or 2841:

tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load.

1480:. Crompton's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost. Mule-spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as a warp and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities. 1268:

who did not consider cotton a threat. Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th-century Italy and 15th-century southern Germany, but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off. The

5763:

Primitivism argues that the Industrial Revolution have created an un-natural frame of society and the world in which humans need to adapt to an un-natural urban landscape in which humans are perpetual cogs without personal autonomy.

4618:. The Blanchard lathe, or pattern tracing lathe, was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks. The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardised and interchangeable parts became known as the 3574:

contributed to the growth of urban areas as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed

4770:

The New Industrialist movement advocates for increasing domestic manufacturing while reducing emphasis on a financial-based economy that relies on real estate and trading speculative assets. New Industrialism has been described as

3938:

pounds in 1781 to 56 million in 1800. The invention of the cotton gin by American Eli Whitney in 1792 was the decisive event. It allowed green-seeded cotton to become profitable, leading to the widespread growth of the large slave

1377:—with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747—doubled the output of a weaver, worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving. It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John's son, 4625:

Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanised the shoe industry and the watch industry. The industrialisation of the watch industry started in 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the

4538:, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1,100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's Mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's industrial and technological development. 5264:

in financing the Industrial Revolution. Williams argued that European capital amassed from slavery was vital in the early years of the revolution, contending that the rise of industrial capitalism was the driving force behind

3994:

indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity. The industry reached the U.S. around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits.

905:

The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:

3792:

unemployed workers, weavers, and others turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of

1496:

in 1822, and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts, Hill & Co. Roberts was additionally a maker of high-quality machine tools and a pioneer in the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.

2629:

had not yet been widely constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea. The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century, with

2250:. Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulfide. The process produced a large amount of pollution (the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the atmosphere, and calcium sulfide was a 3273:

became products for the masses, thanks to the Industrial Revolution and the consumers it created. By the mid-19th century, sweet biscuits were an affordable indulgence and business was booming. Manufacturers such as

8917: 3210:

and selling became faster and more efficient than previous. The expanding textile trade in the north of England meant the three-piece suit became affordable to the masses. Founded by potter and retail entrepreneur

1726:

had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine. In 1774 Wilkinson invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders. After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a

1539:

counts. However, the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand-spun and woven fabric in low-wage India, eventually destroying the Indian industry.

15916: 2182:

for firearms in the early 19th century. In the half-century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools, the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy, by value added.

18223: 4917:

cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine.

4662:

is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of

4999:. European 17th-century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th-century industrial growth. 3731:

to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. Six men were arrested, found guilty, and

2203:(James Watt's first partner) in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambers made of 955:

increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high-pressure engine had a high

4499:, England, and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. After founding Slater's Mill, he went on to own 13 textile mills. 2792:

was able to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad-wheeled carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of

4823:

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate. Geographic factors include Britain's vast mineral resources. In addition to metal ores, Britain had the highest quality

8575: 5590:

Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents. Foreign periodicals, such as the

1714:

for blast furnaces. The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by

9946: 12713: 4033:

in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of Britain. Most European governments provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases (such as

3593:

In other industries, the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was

1731:

steam engine in 1776, he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders. After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782, they were widely applied to blowing, hammering, rolling and slitting.

11491:

Bagnall, William R. The Textile Industries of the United States: Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period. Vol. I. The Riverside Press, 1893.

2480:

freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy. In contrast, per-capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century.

2096:

were developed in the early decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century.

5574:

contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. Foreign printed sources such as the

5299:

as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the

3348:

Increased literacy rates, industrialisation, and the invention of the railway created a new market for cheap popular literature for the masses and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale.

2574:

adoption of John Smeaton's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. The

1563:

is separated from the iron to prevent constituents of the coal, such as sulfur and silica, from becoming impurities in the iron. Iron production increased due to the ability to use mined coal directly.

9775: 2728:. However, it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways, which were quicker and often cheaper. 1965:

had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 3.5 to 7.5 kW (5 to 10 hp).

1961:

rotative type, which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful, and by 1800 the firm

4435:

in the United States. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts was the basis for the rise of the US as the world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.

20572: 1779:. A different use of rolling, which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag, was in the production of iron sheets, and later structural shapes such as beams, angles, and rails. 6516:

Szreter & Mooney; Mooney (February 1998). "Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities".

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Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size.

1984:

began to construct higher-pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting against the atmosphere. High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail

4675:

into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality. Bessemer steel was being displaced by the

3946:

were highly efficient and profitable and were able to keep up with demand. The U.S. Civil War created a "cotton famine" that led to increased production in other areas of the world, including

8726: 3157:. Snow's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems. 2668:

Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions, straightening curves, widening and deepening, and building navigation

16415: 3445:

population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 30 million in the 19th century. Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.

3033:(1815–1846) which imposed tariffs on imported grain. The laws were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers. The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the 1972:, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained rotative engines (readily removable but not on wheels) were developed, such as the 1512:. A man using a cotton gin could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would previously have taken two months to process, working at the rate of one pound of cotton per day. 4887:

of the 17th century. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.

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and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until the flour was discharged into a wagon. This is considered to be the first modern

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British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India's labour cost was approximately one-fifth to one-sixth that of Britain's. In 1700 and 1721, the British government passed

4257:. Instead, France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy-Leboyer: 10297: 7882:

Author Simon Winchester dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to 4 May 1776, the day that John Wilkinson presented James Watt with his precision-made cylinder. (19 August 2018)

2743:

Construction of the first macadam road in the United States in 1823. In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".

3970:

lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in

3942:

in the United States, Brazil, and the West Indies. In 1791 American cotton production was about 2 million pounds, soaring to 35 million by 1800, half of which was exported. America's

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of nearly 2,000 dollars) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars. India was essentially feudal, politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe.

5092:), resulting in very different worldviews. Other factors include the considerable distance of China's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable 5025:

was the world's most technologically advanced country for many centuries; however, China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the

2676:

to be economically transported long distances inland. This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart.

1913:). Savery's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes. Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century. 18209: 1722:

Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping.

3265:

New businesses in various industries appeared in towns and cities throughout Britain. Confectionery was one such industry that saw rapid expansion. According to food historian

2850:

smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines. A few of these early locomotives were used in mines. Steam-hauled public railways began with the

19127: 15921: 10402:. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the 5003:

One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China,

4945:

in 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the

2616: 1299:. Flax was used for the warp because wheel-spun cotton did not have sufficient strength, but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100% cotton and was more difficult to sew. 14582: 10049: 3112:

describes backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns, where people lived in crude shanties and shacks, some not completely enclosed, some with dirt floors. These

1636:, and coal was much more abundant than wood, supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century. 694:

began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries.

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By 1600, Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established. They were left alone by the

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following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favourable the coal was mined by means of an

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supply from the Americas caused coinage debasement (inflation), which caused land rents (often long-term leases that transferred to heirs on death) to fall in real terms.

1050: 341: 95: 3367:

used innovations from the revolution to sell his books, such as the new printing presses, enhanced advertising revenues, and the expansion of railroads. His first novel,

3007:

debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s. Over the course of the period from 1813 to 1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.

16844: 16069: 14616:"The Day the World Took Off" Six-part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did." 11104: 10964: 10907: 11649: 10843: 5194:

Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the Industrial Revolution. Key factors fostering this environment were:

3177:

if we leave our work–folk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in the competition of the world.

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annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century

2207:

sheets of lead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able to make around 50 kilograms (100 pounds) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase.

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found that industrialization happened in areas with low wages and high mechanical skills, whereas literacy, banks and proximity to coal had little explanatory power.

5349:

of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the

5007:, and the Middle East (which pioneered in shipbuilding, textile production, water mills, and much more in the period between 750 and 1100), or at other times like in 15665: 12395:

North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England".

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tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in the proper position, jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy. The

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Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the

2570:(a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity. 1222:, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region. 13453: 8565: 2731:

Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.

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The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "

4369:

toured Europe and the United States to learn Western ways. The result was a deliberate state-led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The

3512:, in which he states that the misery of the poorer classes was "voluntary and self-imposed—the results of idleness, thriftlessness, intemperance, and misconduct." 2679:

Canals began to be built in the UK in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the

1751:

built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III. However, most cast iron was converted to wrought iron. Conversion of cast iron had long been done in a

12553: 7783: 7146:

Broadberry, Stephen N.; Guan, Hanhui; Li, David D. (1 April 2017). "China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850".

5201:

There were no internal trade barriers, including between England and Scotland, or feudal tolls and tariffs, making Britain the "largest coherent market in Europe"

1342:

The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton, the mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour, now on display at

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credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of

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production. Skilled workers were difficult to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining.

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The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. According to

3102:

A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions. By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the socialist movement,

23042: 13491: 8759: 3044:. In Britain and the Netherlands, food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution with better agricultural practices; however, population grew as well. 2905: 9839: 5395:(1733), noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country's less religiously tolerant European neighbours. "Take a view of the 3655:

The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase, but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution, although

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in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder that distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth. This was important because the

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At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea.

2597:. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off 2113:

were manufacturers of machine tools who found success in exporting from England and are also notable for having developed the planer around the same time as

1706:

Steam engines made the use of higher-pressure and volume blast practical; however, the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace. In 1757, ironmaster

10820: 10474: 6619:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004" 1190:, in 1806 became the parent genetic material for over 90% of world cotton production today; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick. 22572: 20807: 19107: 16806: 12911: 10029: 8345: 8084: 7526: 7493: 6478:

Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). "Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution".

3621:. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. 8965: 8321: 6087: 4720:

The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation.

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in London. Although greatly improved and with many variations, the Fourdrinier machine is the predominant means of paper production today. The method of

1694:

where low sulfur coal was available (and not far from Coalbrookdale). These furnaces were equipped with water-powered bellows, the water being pumped by

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for the world. New Industrialists believe that the United States is not building enough productive capital and should invest more into economic growth.

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By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like

4564:. After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalised in a 4249:

The Industrial Revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries. Notably, most

3943: 3298:

of Birmingham was the first to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance when they produced a heart-shaped box of chocolates for

3185:

supported a massive expansion of newspaper and pamphlet publishing, which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.

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had ruined his import business but that demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, on his return to the United States, he set up the

4373:, founded in 1882, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the West. 2940:

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most of the workforce was employed in agriculture, either as self-employed farmers as landowners or tenants or as

2634:

being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century. Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed by 50% between 1750 and 1830.

2464:

demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes.

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was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a

1302:

On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving were done in households, for domestic consumption, and as a cottage industry under the

8718: 3823:

The Industrial Revolution generated an enormous and unprecedented economic division in the world, as measured by the share of manufacturing output.

3486:

Women's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women. Taking a pessimistic side,

21304: 18372: 18232: 16786: 14511: 5729:

Humanists and individualists criticise the Industrial revolution for mistreating women and children and turning men into work machines that lacked

371: 12430:

Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Møller, Jørgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2016). "Going historical: Measuring democraticness before the age of mass democracy".

2058:, such as machine screws, bolts, and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery, 17113: 16969: 15407: 14649: 11828: 9808: 9490: 8244: 4289:, which was unified in 1871, became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on 3962:

Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.

3590:

and built to serve local needs. Later, each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler.

2874: 2824: 18201: 14436:

The European revolutions and revolutionary waves of the 19th century: Their causes and consequences: Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century

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Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M. Neven and I. Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in

5841:, the mass destruction of the Industrial revolution has led to catastrophic impacts on the Earth. Most organisms are unable to adapt leading to 2191:

The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of

1747:

As cast iron became cheaper and widely available, it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings. A famous early example is the

998:

blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The

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The Industrial Revolution has been criticised for leading to immense ecological and habitat destruction. It has led to immense decrease in the

4614:, who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program. Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe, invented by 4029:

technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. By 1809, part of the

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made food production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the farmers who could no longer be self-sufficient in agriculture into

4196:

Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong socialist party and strong trade unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the

4124:

with Germany and Britain: the Austro-Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged considerably, as sustained modernisation had begun much later.

2396:. Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before. 23209: 22612: 21407: 21289: 21228: 21191: 21025: 16732: 13158: 10289: 9899: 5637:. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the 3744:

movement was the first large-scale organised working-class political movement that campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its

3104: 2601:

explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls.

1519:, of whom the best known is Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually developed by such people as Kay and 837: 791: 647:

were of British origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with

11500:"Made in Beverly – A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989. 9559: 3502:

Ideas of thrift and hard work characterised middle-class families as the Industrial Revolution swept Europe. These values were displayed in

3223:

household, started to appear, and the new status of goods as status symbols related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal.

3003:

The average height of the population declined during the Industrial Revolution, implying that their nutritional status was also decreasing.

2869:, which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity of the blast furnace. On 15 September 1830, the 21957: 21349: 20888: 19920: 18615: 18240: 16769: 16662: 16459: 15499: 15327: 11916: 11619: 10263: 8498: 6800: 4828:

reserves known at the time, as well as abundant water power, highly productive agriculture, and numerous seaports and navigable waterways.

2127:, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the 1849: 1782:

The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers, who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with

1698:. The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines alone could not produce a steady air blast. 5829:). Since the start of the Industrial revolution humanity has permanently changed the Earth, such as immense decrease in biodiversity, and 4949:, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as 2960:. Typical putting-out system goods included spinning and weaving. Merchant capitalists typically provided the raw materials, paid workers 1483:

Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers,

23067: 19172: 17650: 16752: 15605: 11880: 10067: 6293: 5283: 3070:

The rapid population growth in the 19th century included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as

2174:

The techniques to make mass-produced metal parts of sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the

2151:

Maudslay left Bramah's employment and set up his own shop. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the

751: 648: 533: 331: 59: 22980: 21273: 21133: 21032: 19953: 18975: 18922: 16449: 15695: 15469: 11374: 10759:

Ronald Bailey, "The other side of slavery: Black labor, cotton, and textile industrialization in Great Britain and the United States."

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its brittleness was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron, with substantial losses. Bar iron was made by the

1504:

in the Southern United States, who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed.

346: 13212: 8601: 7886: 7566: 22527: 21140: 20983: 20616: 16727: 16597: 16219: 9242: 3040:

The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized textiles, iron and coal, did little, if anything, to lower

14579: 13879:

The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America

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Selgin, George; Turner, John L. (2011). "Strong Steam, Weak Patents, or the Myth of Watt's Innovation-Blocking Monopoly, Exploded".

4376:

Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas.

3651:

A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain, laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.

2704:. Canals were hastily built with the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the 23012: 22703: 21801: 21297: 21214: 21184: 21067: 21060: 21004: 20997: 20865: 20554: 19654: 18833: 18440: 16779: 16722: 16550: 16039: 15959: 15944: 14911: 12040: 11793:

Fullerton, Ronald A. (January 1988). "How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era"".

11705: 10197: 10045: 6592: 6557: 5733:. Critics of the Industrial revolution promoted a more interventionist state and formed new organisations to promote human rights. 4358:

and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (

3587: 2878: 2688: 12867: 10695: 9634: 777:

systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.

21441: 21371: 20990: 20243: 20164: 19817: 19299: 19288: 18445: 18236: 15901: 15896: 15747: 13390:

Waters, C.N.; et al. (8 January 2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene".

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spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a

4590:, is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short-lived utopia-like 14570: 9596: 6853: 5779:

are all positive for humanity assuming they are controlled by and serve humanity and have no effect on the natural environment.

1399:. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their rolling machine powered by a donkey. In 1743, a factory opened in 21889: 21177: 21081: 21046: 20903: 20741: 20236: 18811: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18527: 16907: 16454: 16444: 16429: 16364: 15861: 15796: 15598: 15372: 10526: 10449: 9672: 5989: 5468: 3811:

burning was a popular activity. However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions and further pressure for reform.

3373:(1836), became a publishing phenomenon with its unprecedented success sparking numerous spin-offs and merchandise ranging from 526: 14618: 11932: 10956: 10899: 9121: 706:

in capitalist economies. Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in

666:. The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution. Developments in 22467: 20858: 20771: 20520: 20512: 18816: 18345: 16816: 16811: 16737: 16012: 15484: 15322: 14460: 14338: 14324: 14247: 14199: 14126: 14105: 14078: 14022: 13998: 13938: 13908: 13867: 13789: 13689: 13641: 13617: 13598: 12939: 12492: 12367: 12301: 12269: 12244: 12179: 12066: 12003: 11978: 11957: 11838: 11757: 11684: 11641: 11533: 11476: 11451: 11424: 11178: 10840: 10673: 10607: 10500: 10358: 10227: 9930: 9748: 9606: 9216: 8995: 8959: 8483: 8448: 8416: 8275: 8148: 8115: 8030: 7987: 7946: 7918: 7866: 7816: 7762: 7699: 7660: 7460: 7397: 7352: 7327: 7281: 7256: 7131: 7099: 7074: 7053: 7021: 6966: 6887: 6459: 6368: 6326: 6287: 6257: 6230: 6192: 6167: 5920:

reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry.

5860:

may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the

5508: 4831:

Some historians believe the Industrial Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of

4420:

important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.

4399: 1162: 1078:

In 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in

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J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 September 2002. Retrieved January 2007.

9966: 6941: 6622: 4630:, with the development of machine tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches. 1624:

A major change in the iron industries during the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with

22670: 19064: 16950: 16712: 16629: 13700: 8870:

Herbert L. Sussman (2009). "Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine". p. 2. ABC-CLIO, 2009

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Engels' book describes how untreated sewage created awful odours and turned the rivers green in industrial cities. In 1854

1403:

with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines. This operated until about 1764. A similar mill was built by

12373: 12203: 10623: 10005: 9870: 2672:. Britain had over 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of navigable rivers and streams by 1750. Canals and waterways allowed 1828:, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for cutting edge tools and for springs. 23184: 23179: 23072: 21206: 20475: 18165: 16801: 16717: 16570: 15574: 15400: 15312: 15246: 14642: 12223:

Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. May 2005. Retrieved January 2007.

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The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by

2647: 2254:

product). Nonetheless, this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that produced from burning specific plants (

1958: 1929:

built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.

757:

Rapid economic growth began to reoccur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the

725:

held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while

717:

The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and

13529: 13445: 9136: 8516: 7386:

From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

6698: 5577: 4038:), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted. 23142: 21235: 19793: 18960: 18019: 16747: 16398: 16386: 16342: 15856: 14961: 12777:

Stephenson, Judy Z. (13 May 2017). "'Real' wages? Contractors, workers, and pay in London building trades, 1650–1800".

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was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the

4541: 3783:

The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with

16575: 13360: 11101: 8046: 3690:

The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories, and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of

3075:

enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low-income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded

1735:

The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the

22964: 22632: 21364: 21170: 20822: 20689: 20439: 16859: 16762: 16707: 16486: 16469: 16439: 16204: 16054: 15717: 15712: 15434: 14594: 13237:

Smith, Mick (2002). "The State of Nature: The Political Philosophy of Primitivism and the Culture of Contamination".

11874: 11781: 11144: 11132: 11058: 10251: 9699: 9192: 9108: 6678: 6655: 5490: 874: 512: 15891: 14385:

Rethinking the industrial revolution: five centuries of transition from agrarian to industrial capitalism in England

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increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50. Large gains in productivity also occurred in

22718: 22462: 21823: 20609: 20221: 19393: 18806: 18150: 17745: 16695: 16474: 15754: 15337: 10375: 9831: 8382: 5797:

of life on Earth. The Industrial revolution has been said to be inherently unsustainable and will lead to eventual

5660: 5238:

There were two main values that drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These values were self-interest and an

4619: 4391: 2870: 893:

Six factors facilitated industrialisation: high levels of agricultural productivity, such as that reflected in the

14014:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

12602: 9435: 7939:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

6386:

Kiely, Ray (November 2011). "Industrialization and Development: A Comparative Analysis". UGL Press Limited: 25–26.

3978:

in industrial centres; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of

1821:

was unavailable or too expensive; however, by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably.

1415:

machines in 1748. Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first

1202:

European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, superimposed upon modern political boundaries

799:

states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in

23113: 23047: 22562: 22497: 21542: 21011: 20785: 20272: 19787: 19165: 19024: 18231: 18175: 17778: 17643: 16849: 16796: 16657: 16602: 16434: 16337: 15816: 15764: 15690: 15332: 15122: 14418: 10817: 10466: 10430: 5157: 5136:

of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the

4856: 3016: 2851: 2473: 2175: 894: 644: 570: 477: 11199: 10367: 10025: 8342: 8076: 1976:. Around the start of the 19th century, at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired, the Cornish engineer 23194: 23174: 23062: 21753: 21199: 21163: 21074: 20976: 19946: 19608: 19491: 18758: 17962: 17795: 17733: 16869: 16774: 16680: 16533: 16381: 16369: 16290: 15776: 15393: 15361: 15036: 14635: 9985: 8939: 8812:

Gerhold, Dorian (August 1996). "Productivity Change in Road Transport before and after Turnpiking, 1690–1840".

8316: 7389: 7168:

Nicholas Crafts, "The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox."

6079: 5613:

class which believed in progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked to the

5472: 5333:

of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain,

4148: 4109: 2956:

was practised, by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for a market in their homes, often described as

1707: 14606: 12123:

Bond, Eric; Gingerich, Sheena; Archer-Antonsen, Oliver; Purcell, Liam; Macklem, Elizabeth (17 February 2003).

10812:

Joel A. Tarr, "Toxic Legacy: The Environmental Impact of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States."

8328:

Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 17 October 2007.

7208:

Bond, Eric; Gingerich, Sheena; Archer-Antonsen, Oliver; Purcell, Liam; Macklem, Elizabeth (17 February 2003).

3099:

were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as the one that devastated Ireland in the 1840s.

1905:

in 1698. He constructed in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump that generated about one

1889:

was the first practical piston steam engine; subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution.

1595:

In the UK in 1720, there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke. In 1750

1395:

system for drawing wool to a more even thickness. The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of

994:) in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power. The 695: 21906: 21400: 21335: 21039: 20910: 20851: 20704: 18786: 18502: 18170: 18079: 17479: 16791: 16700: 16639: 16565: 16352: 16332: 16111: 15635: 15621: 15549: 12656: 5937: 5141: 5073: 4003: 2754: 1878:

suited to industrial applications; Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.

1353: 487: 11727: 11569: 5531:

Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies, like the

4717:, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany. 4648: 1284:

the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India.

1225:

One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and sold in

1040:

possible, although it took several decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.

23214: 22517: 22502: 22397: 21102: 20946: 20939: 20896: 20844: 20778: 20376: 19831: 19769: 19452: 18668: 17063: 16854: 16675: 16538: 16516: 16496: 16425: 16347: 16224: 16214: 16209: 15881: 15846: 15702: 15559: 15479: 14703: 14689: 8566:"The speed of Europe's 18th-century sailing ships is revamping history's view of the Industrial Revolution" 6843:"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850" 5994: 5626: 4984: 4639: 4553: 3599: 3541:, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. 1230: 758: 562: 439: 419: 376: 366: 291: 251: 145: 13958: 4135:

was the second country in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe:

3087:, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and 23204: 23199: 23087: 23077: 22990: 22896: 21923: 21434: 21258: 21250: 20924: 20917: 20837: 20764: 20756: 20748: 20726: 20125: 19757: 19745: 19714: 18982: 18764: 18696: 18129: 18124: 17740: 17588: 17128: 16690: 16670: 16511: 16374: 16156: 16059: 15769: 15742: 15722: 15444: 15057: 14710: 5655:

found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England's

5649:, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures. 5532: 5417: 4791:. New Industrialism calls for building enough housing to satisfy demand in order to reduce the profit in 4615: 4280: 3999: 2485: 2353: 1995:

Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread

1695: 820: 336: 14496: 5852:

Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the

4548:, memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810. Realising that the 4155:

integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825.

3748:

of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.

2972:

of adequate transportation, long hours, and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers.

2892:

The success of the inter-city railway, particularly in the transport of freight and commodities, led to

1658:

Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution, based on innovations by

23219: 23189: 22959: 21794: 21517: 21242: 21147: 20953: 20631: 20394: 19874: 19643: 19545: 19509: 19503: 19411: 19333: 19158: 19039: 19014: 18869: 18864: 18823: 18791: 18578: 18496: 18185: 18180: 17636: 17295: 16889: 16501: 15707: 15554: 14991: 14814: 13751: 12923: 10410: 8475: 5984: 4966:, whom Boulton and Watt sued, from introducing improved steam engines, thereby retarding the spread of 4891:

techniques, business practices, and competition also influenced changes in the manufacturing industry.

4561: 4545: 4476: 4462: 4423:

Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the

4315:

with larger agricultural estates, new crops, and farming tools and commercialisation of farming, and a

4306: 4244: 4065:, the "first mechanical loom followed in Varnsdorf in 1801", with the first steam engines appearing in 4047: 2421: 2160: 2114: 2015: 1787: 1493: 424: 9800: 9494: 5595:, published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours. 4010:, frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke. Although there were earlier pieces of legislation, the 22869: 22693: 22442: 22402: 21843: 21357: 21281: 21053: 20536: 19939: 19910: 19345: 19059: 19049: 18796: 18155: 17909: 17870: 17423: 17235: 17098: 16521: 16359: 16295: 16285: 16280: 14956: 14951: 13781: 13631: 12018: 11275: 11051:

The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe

8739:

Six years in the making, the world's largest navigation canal gives the city direct access to the sea

8305:

Knowledge and competitive advantage: the co-evolution of firms, technology, and national institutions

8241: 4772: 4728: 4500: 4348: 3642: 3322:

shops emerged across the country in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.

3286:

in Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations". In 1847

3181:

The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of

2945:

Middle East produced most of the world's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods.

2705: 2477: 2140: 1666:

known as cupolas. These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture,

1374: 914: 20528: 14344: 5695:, mental illness, pollution and detrimental social systems. It has also been criticised for valuing 5176:

As the Industrial Revolution developed, British manufacturing output surged ahead of other economies

22874: 22663: 22542: 22270: 22032: 21992: 21982: 21930: 21018: 20681: 20653: 20490: 19811: 19799: 19429: 19363: 18949: 18737: 17204: 17168: 16943: 15786: 15539: 15534: 15459: 14754: 14662: 14256:

Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry

14097: 14093: 12329: 7562: 5226: 5160:. Italian commerce was supported by schools that taught numeracy in financial calculations through 4780: 4535: 4531: 4516: 4468: 4097: 3311: 2836:

wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate-covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon, England.

2294: 1287:

The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced

917:

869:

created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the

620:. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and the rate of 574: 482: 429: 414: 409: 356: 17379: 13808:

Gatrell, Peter (2004). "Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution".

13138: 9895: 9550: 3706:. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In Britain, the 3633:

was completed in 1766) were other prominent early industrialists who employed the factory system.

2444:

A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by

1771:

in 1783 and puddling in 1784. Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost.

22816: 22320: 22228: 21527: 21522: 21393: 21311: 20815: 20718: 20319: 19862: 19823: 19751: 19533: 19521: 19357: 19054: 19044: 19034: 19029: 19019: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18410: 18160: 17818: 17568: 17462: 16998: 16194: 15781: 15732: 15342: 15067: 15062: 14871: 14675: 14472:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson)" 8603:

The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport

7629:

R. Ray Gehani (1998). "Management of Technology and Operations". p. 63. John Wiley and Sons, 1998

7001: 5974: 5888: 5879:

wretchedness of the working classes. Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet

5461: 5207:

A straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint-stock companies (corporations)

5127: 5030: 4565: 4508: 4492: 4413: 4035: 3487: 3441: 2709: 2669: 2290: 1894: 854: 681:

The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history, comparable only to humanity's

656: 308: 235: 140: 15979: 13899:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power

12977:

Jelinski, L. W.; Graedel, T. E.; Laudise, R. A.; McCall, D. W.; Patel, C. K. (1 February 1992).

12581:

Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World

11913: 11611: 10515: 10267: 8502: 7090:

Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2008). "Protoindustrialization". In Durlauf, Steven; Blume, Lawrence (eds.).

5703:. Multiple movements have arisen which reject aspects of the industrial revolution, such as the 3261:, the primary street for retail in Britain in towns and cities rapidly grew in the 18th century. 2739: 22985: 22943: 22938: 22821: 22698: 22492: 22482: 22071: 22002: 21987: 21468: 21427: 21386: 21088: 20483: 20334: 20327: 20279: 20265: 19981: 19856: 19836: 19805: 19781: 19697: 19467: 19351: 18801: 18731: 18563: 17984: 17813: 17538: 17533: 17448: 17418: 16879: 15564: 15494: 15317: 15210: 15107: 12484: 12343:

The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia

10064: 8802:

Richard Brown (1991). "Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850" p. 136. Routledge, 1991

8267: 8261: 7962: 5768: 5742: 5520: 5396: 5391: 5330: 5318: 5256: 5099:

In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the

4989: 4816: 4595: 4557: 4446: 4011: 4007: 3971: 3967: 3947: 3534: 3431: 3378: 3342: 3122: 3034: 2539: 2156: 2073: 1813: 1768: 1029: 1007: 785:

The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" was in July 1799 by French envoy

454: 444: 404: 386: 281: 187: 180: 14185: 13950:

From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts

11897:

Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869–1912; Switzerland, 1850–1907

11877: 11416: 11410: 8408: 7689: 7155: 6681: 6451: 6277: 6247: 5539:

published an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its annual

4285:

Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories,

2424:, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832 this process was used by the 23052: 22916: 22755: 22602: 22577: 22507: 22190: 21918: 21691: 21619: 21318: 20711: 20565: 20228: 20137: 20116: 19880: 19868: 19775: 19557: 19479: 19381: 19375: 19255: 19227: 19202: 18987: 18970: 18965: 18954: 18917: 18912: 18906: 18486: 18384: 17929: 17598: 17573: 17558: 17489: 17474: 17309: 17275: 17198: 17183: 16983: 16634: 16624: 16391: 16239: 16106: 16084: 16017: 15727: 15416: 15307: 15185: 15170: 15041: 14946: 14881: 14316:

Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts: A Book for Old and Young

13990: 12951: 12576: 10699: 10342: 8022: 8016: 7910: 7904: 6600: 6584: 6561: 5999: 5641:

of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the

5614: 5604: 5536: 5425:

sector or the construction sector, casting doubt on Allen's explanation. A 2022 study in the

5016: 4942: 4927: 4884: 4739:

enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s.

4627: 4602: 4591: 4569: 4512: 4428: 4395: 3733: 3130: 2717: 2661: 2461: 2179: 2085: 2059: 1886: 1764: 1663: 1617: 1552: 1378: 1070: 1037: 999: 957: 651:

in North America and the Caribbean. Britain had major military and political hegemony on the

598: 507: 313: 165: 17193: 14012: 13701:"The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox" 13509:

The development of French romanticism: the impact of the industrial revolution on literature

12476: 11366: 10097:

Thomas, Janet (1988). "Women and Capitalism: Oppression or Emancipation? A Review Article".

9012: 8374:

Hentie Louw, "Window-glass making in Britain c. 1660–c. 1860 and its architectural impact."

7858: 7850: 6316: 3193: 960:, making it suitable for transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800. 23082: 23037: 23005: 23000: 22926: 22901: 22857: 22597: 22352: 22265: 22243: 22166: 22162: 22091: 22007: 21952: 21947: 21770: 21614: 21503: 21265: 21095: 20639: 20251: 20156: 20148: 20060: 19551: 19485: 19417: 19369: 19327: 18553: 18398: 18119: 18114: 18054: 17989: 17894: 17215: 17178: 17053: 17018: 16614: 16607: 16262: 16199: 16171: 16146: 16141: 16116: 16074: 15876: 15831: 15826: 15655: 15579: 15544: 15439: 15092: 14819: 14306:

The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France

14070: 13399: 13281: 13181: 12990: 11900: 9282:

Gregory Clark, "Shelter from the storm: housing and the industrial revolution, 1550–1909".

8793:

US Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration (Accessed 10 October 2008)

8610: 8570: 7883: 7575: 7196:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies Vol 4 part 2

5900: 5551: 5172: 4116:, and therefore celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the 3797: 3707: 3275: 2819: 2778: 2770: 2445: 2409: 2365: 2282: 2196: 2098: 1871: 1756: 1187: 1167: 786: 747: 682: 459: 202: 17078: 14627: 14539:

Wrigley, E. Anthony (2018). "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales".

14090:

The Founders of Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy

10578: 9233: 5833:

caused by the Industrial revolution. The effects include permanent changes to the Earth's

4875:

of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of

4819:

per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution.

3533:

Harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place.

1882: 8: 23153: 22931: 22762: 22713: 22656: 22622: 22487: 22357: 22147: 22076: 21833: 21806: 21789: 21777: 21599: 21555: 21221: 20931: 20829: 20734: 20594: 20446: 20364: 20198: 20023: 19670: 19632: 19614: 19587: 19569: 19339: 19304: 19243: 19217: 18652: 18507: 18415: 18367: 18335: 18316: 18084: 18014: 17957: 17874: 17700: 17528: 17523: 17408: 17240: 17210: 17023: 17003: 16936: 16234: 16189: 16181: 16126: 16034: 15969: 15660: 15569: 15489: 14191: 12947: 11276:"Proto-industrialisation and factories: Textiles in Sweden in the mid-nineteenth century" 10799:

Leslie Tomory, "The Environmental History of the Early British Gas Industry, 1812–1830."

10437:". Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST. 5846: 5788: 5746: 5708: 5692: 5638: 5434: 5369: 5326: 5152: 5137: 5008: 5004: 4963: 4880: 4714: 4676: 4601:

A major U.S. contribution to industrialisation was the development of techniques to make

4432: 4190: 3369: 3287: 3206: 2782: 2777:

in 1816. The first macadam road in the U.S. was the "Boonsborough Turnpike Road" between

2373: 2267: 2089: 2035: 2023: 1837: 1033: 1025: 990:. The steam engine began being used to power blast air (indirectly by pumping water to a 926: 652: 633: 569:

towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the

449: 381: 14373: 14314: 13821: 13544: 13403: 13285: 12994: 12359:

Mokyr, J.: A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. (eBook and Hardcover)

12037: 11701: 11675:

Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500–1850

10194: 8439:

Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 1500–1850

5198:

The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland

4909:

and that "the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock". He also cites the

4783:

in 2001. The movement strengthened after the reduction of manufacturing jobs during the

4775:" or embracing the idea of "Building More Stuff". New Industrialism developed after the 3270: 881:, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that the term 754:

and the United States, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of economic growth.

23057: 22995: 22783: 22772: 22750: 22745: 22734: 22342: 22258: 22248: 22081: 22044: 21974: 21913: 21896: 21850: 21760: 21674: 21488: 20104: 19638: 19626: 19581: 19539: 19435: 19423: 19282: 19212: 19137: 19122: 19112: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19071: 18389: 18357: 18190: 18094: 17878: 17830: 17825: 17728: 17718: 17675: 17667: 17548: 17369: 17300: 17260: 17123: 16310: 16300: 16267: 16166: 16136: 16029: 16004: 15964: 15291: 15026: 14824: 14696: 14410: 14219: 13423: 13297: 13254: 13204: 13106: 13060: 13038:"The Dangers of Decoupling: Earth System Crisis and the 'Fourth Industrial Revolution'" 12859: 12821: 12802: 12744: 12234: 12168: 11810: 11348: 10938: 10122: 10114: 9358: 9305: 9032: 9013:"The Diminution of Physical Stature of the British Male Population in the 18th-Century" 8909: 8821: 8635: 8212: 8204: 7381: 6721: 6495: 6421: 6358: 6009: 5884: 5664: 5652: 5322: 5188: 4955: 4800: 4691: 4132: 3728: 3719: 3415: 3414:

catalogues, with customers able to order by mail for the first time—this following the

3299: 2992: 2953: 2762: 2725: 2684: 2433: 2030: 1977: 1824:

Shortly before the Industrial Revolution, an improvement was made in the production of

1818: 1347: 1303: 1219: 1173: 1147: 987: 812: 687: 663: 578: 276: 222: 13182:"'The Future in the Past': Anarcho-primitivism and the Critique of Civilization Today" 12535:"Eric Williams' Economic Interpretation of British Abolitionism – Seventy Years After 12292:

The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success

11003: 9197: 7714:

G.E. Mingay (1986). "The Transformation of Britain, 1830–1939". p. 25. Routledge, 1986

7209: 4954:

ingenuity and rewarding inventors. Watt's monopoly prevented other inventors, such as

3586:

For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills which were typically

3478:

had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million.

1682:

Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755–56, when Darby's son

1592:

process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century.

730:

United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and

678:

in Britain, which after 1800, was emulated in Belgium, the United States, and France.

23032: 22906: 22799: 22708: 22472: 22374: 22362: 22347: 22327: 22238: 22185: 22157: 22139: 21942: 21818: 21811: 21624: 21572: 21550: 21478: 20190: 20173: 20074: 19886: 19515: 19462: 19441: 19405: 19387: 19293: 19249: 18858: 18852: 18846: 18452: 18425: 18362: 18350: 18311: 18280: 18069: 18044: 18024: 18004: 17994: 17884: 17866: 17835: 17768: 17685: 17659: 17518: 17389: 17384: 17341: 17285: 17255: 17220: 17163: 17028: 16079: 16049: 15449: 15281: 15266: 15220: 15072: 15016: 15011: 14986: 14941: 14916: 14906: 14876: 14851: 14567: 14456: 14334: 14243: 14235: 14225: 14195: 14122: 14101: 14074: 14018: 13994: 13934: 13904: 13897: 13863: 13851: 13785: 13755: 13685: 13679: 13637: 13613: 13594: 13590: 13564: 13427: 13415: 13338: 13301: 13208: 13064: 13018: 13013: 12978: 12935: 12905: 12863: 12851: 12806: 12794: 12748: 12736: 12679: 12488: 12477: 12457: 12412: 12363: 12297: 12290: 12265: 12240: 12175: 12062: 11999: 11974: 11953: 11870: 11834: 11777: 11753: 11680: 11577: 11551: 11529: 11523: 11472: 11447: 11441: 11420: 11352: 11340: 11174: 11128: 11054: 10603: 10354: 10247: 10223: 10126: 9926: 9744: 9602: 9212: 9188: 9104: 9036: 8991: 8955: 8951: 8913: 8901: 8479: 8444: 8412: 8401: 8271: 8216: 8196: 8144: 8111: 8026: 7983: 7942: 7914: 7862: 7812: 7758: 7695: 7656: 7456: 7411: 7403: 7393: 7348: 7323: 7277: 7252: 7151: 7127: 7095: 7070: 7049: 7027: 7017: 6962: 6954: 6933: 6883: 6842: 6808: 6674: 6651: 6455: 6444: 6413: 6396:

North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (May 1977). "The First Economic Revolution".

6364: 6322: 6283: 6253: 6226: 6188: 6163: 5951: 5798: 5776: 5634: 5556: 5378: 5362: 5334: 5180: 5116: 5034: 4898: 4840: 4788: 4706: 4523: 4504: 4344: 4250: 4161: 3987: 3766: 3737: 3603: 3395: 3315: 3023: 2886: 2862: 2680: 2657: 2594: 2508: 2453: 2275: 2243: 2239: 2000: 1947: 1909:(hp) and was used in numerous waterworks and in a few mines (hence its "brand name", 1859: 1829: 1699: 1484: 1434: 675: 621: 594: 500: 351: 196: 20: 22617: 11693: 10522: 10489: 10446: 9664: 9473:

Fairchilds, Cissie. "Review: Consumption in Early Modern Europe. A Review Article".

7851: 7194:

Phyllis Deane "The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain" in Carlo M. Cipolla ed.,

7120: 6499: 5204:

The rule of law (enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts)

4644: 4311:

During the period 1790–1815, Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an

3250: 2436:

is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure.

698:

was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern

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Shock cities: the environmental transformation and reform of Manchester and Chicago

10665: 10406:

in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, p. 28). Population size statistics from

10106: 9668: 9296:

Dyos, H. J. (1968). "The Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London".

9151: 9024: 8947: 8893: 8467: 8188: 8136: 7531: 7498: 6713: 6538: 6533: 6525: 6487: 6405: 6273: 6223:

Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life

5354: 5350: 5278: 5239: 5026: 4979: 4876: 4860: 4792: 4787:

and when the U.S. was not able to manufacture enough tests or facemasks during the

4747: 4732: 4527: 4057:

transportation was very slow and expensive. In the Alpine and Bohemian (modern-day

3979: 3752: 3630: 3525:

In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a

3508: 3359: 3303: 3229: 3126: 3109: 2988: 2979:; however, he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology. 2631: 2417: 2384:

Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale introduction of

2271: 2219: 2168: 1962: 1728: 1683: 1461: 1423: 1334:

in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.

1331: 1207: 870: 850: 832: 796: 762: 625: 586: 434: 361: 16592: 13200: 12639:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

12196: 10651: 10496: 9427:

Robert Allan Houston, "The Development of Literacy: Northern England, 1640–1750."

7543: 7510: 6988:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

6207:

E. Anthony Wrigley, "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales".

5755: 5663:). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official 4705:

This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the

819:

applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in

23118: 22879: 22607: 22547: 22432: 22280: 22275: 22253: 22173: 22127: 21884: 21838: 21736: 21713: 21696: 21669: 21454: 21115: 20965: 20800: 20646: 20602: 20501: 20002: 19846: 19708: 19676: 19598: 19473: 19399: 19181: 19008: 18998: 18748: 18689: 18684: 18678: 18270: 18099: 18074: 17862: 17845: 17690: 17603: 17593: 17563: 17469: 17103: 17013: 16560: 16481: 15886: 15851: 15841: 15811: 15685: 15454: 15190: 14971: 14896: 14891: 14861: 14622: 14610: 14598: 14586: 14574: 14471: 14452: 14116: 13928: 13495: 12124: 12109: 12102: 12044: 12025: 11920: 11884: 11735: 11673: 11108: 10847: 10824: 10585: 10453: 10434: 10414: 10376:"Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation" 10201: 10071: 10053: 10033: 10012: 9992: 9973: 9953: 9439: 8641: 8437: 8386: 8349: 8325: 8248: 7890: 6927: 6760: 6618: 6249:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

5853: 5842: 5830: 5772: 5646: 5642: 5630: 5411: 5314: 5296: 5270: 5053: 4959: 4902: 4784: 4724: 4607: 4587: 4556:. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at 4450: 4442: 4366: 4093: 4053: 3983: 3982:. The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain's 3715: 3685: 3626: 3622: 3436: 3364: 3242: 3211: 2997: 2911: 2858: 2547: 2425: 2389: 2337: 2324:, which opened in 1843; concrete was used in the world's first underwater tunnel. 2286: 2247: 2231: 2223: 2215: 1996: 1943: 1933: 1917: 1836:

technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the

1748: 1640: 1571: 1449: 1134: 1126: 1115: 1065: 878: 789:, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise. In his 1976 book 774: 766: 703: 671: 296: 286: 246: 116: 15590: 13719: 13154: 5959: 5583: 5019:

in Europe), "modern" government, "modern" work attitudes, ecology, and culture.

4901:, much earlier than most estimates. He explains that the model for standardised 4811: 3064: 2143:

which was the first industrial size lathe in the UK. Maudslay was hired away by

1901:

The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was patented by

1612: 1547: 1234:

cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century.

23123: 22637: 22557: 22512: 22452: 22417: 22209: 22122: 22027: 21935: 21726: 21560: 21483: 20880: 20792: 20697: 20067: 20046: 19915: 19763: 19740: 19664: 19620: 19575: 19563: 18297: 18275: 18049: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18009: 17999: 17914: 17857: 17750: 17713: 17321: 17265: 17245: 17083: 17038: 16993: 16988: 16587: 16131: 15871: 15759: 15650: 15645: 15200: 15195: 15180: 15165: 15155: 15021: 14866: 14041: 13982: 13888:

The Chemical Industry: 1900–1930: International Growth and Technological Change

13847: 13250: 12357: 10627: 9862: 8646: 8642:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 8472:

The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy

7535: 7502: 7046:

Histoire de l'économie politique en Europe depuis les anciens jusqu'à nos jours

6004: 5422: 5389:

wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society,

5373: 5291: 5274: 5085: 5057: 4906: 4796: 4687: 4668: 4526:

retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The

4472: 4105: 4058: 3761: 3571: 3349: 3326: 3080: 2935: 2802: 2758: 2749: 2575: 2235: 2164: 2136: 2124: 2106: 2019: 1940: 1833: 1711: 1676: 1659: 1465: 1427: 1388: 1370: 1323: 1307: 1226: 1178: 800: 617: 111: 74: 13560: 13293: 12675: 12408: 10549:"Two steps forward, one step back - History of Occupational Safety and Health" 10110: 9028: 8897: 8208: 7415: 6491: 5822: 5503: 3598:, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the 3391:. It defined its own, a new one that we have learned to call "entertainment". 2578:, developed in the 1810s, was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine. 2476:

is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved

1604:

24,600 tons. In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons.

1310:, it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one handloom weaver. 1014:

greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades.

23168: 22862: 22811: 22592: 22477: 22392: 22337: 22197: 22117: 22012: 21862: 21855: 21748: 21701: 21594: 21450: 20543: 20468: 20461: 20454: 20432: 20416: 20408: 20401: 20387: 20357: 20350: 20343: 20301: 20294: 20287: 20258: 20097: 20090: 20016: 19988: 19900: 19321: 18725: 18719: 18710: 18704: 18646: 18637: 18628: 18610: 18599: 18587: 18557: 18379: 18145: 17944: 17553: 17428: 17346: 17250: 17118: 17088: 17058: 16464: 16244: 16022: 15974: 15954: 15866: 15140: 15082: 15001: 14996: 14966: 13859: 13653:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies

13535: 12855: 12798: 12740: 12683: 12522:

Julian Hoppit, "The Nation, the State, and the First Industrial Revolution,"

12461: 12443: 12416: 11581: 11344: 9064:"Measures of Progress and Other Tall Stories: From Income to Anthropometrics" 8905: 8520: 8200: 7274:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

6995: 6812: 6417: 5880: 5724: 5696: 5251: 5100: 4894: 4836: 4484: 4370: 4201: 4015:

particles, and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations.

3975: 3804: 3703: 3503: 3495: 3469:

The growth of the modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive

3458: 3319: 3291: 3266: 3096: 2949: 2893: 2828: 2652: 2617:

Productivity improving technologies (economic history) § Infrastructures

2563: 2512: 2449: 2369: 2340:

which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves

2329: 2321: 2227: 2192: 2144: 2128: 1902: 1644: 1596: 1501: 1453: 1343: 1296: 1292: 1281: 983: 862: 808: 770: 722: 718: 711: 707: 691: 614: 582: 79: 21419: 16491: 14834: 13831:

Holyoke Massachusetts A Case History Of The Industrial Revolution In America

13411: 13123:

Robert B. Bain "Children and the industrial revolution: Changes in policy."

13093:

Thompson, E. P. (1967). "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism".

13056: 9523: 9101:

Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution

8783: 8140: 6529: 5671:, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The 5337:

stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king

4779:

that resulted in lost manufacturing jobs in the U.S. after China joined the

4108:). The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of 3765:

support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British

2910:

On a structural level the Industrial Revolution asked society the so-called

1854: 1527:

increased greatly. Steam power was then applied to drive textile machinery.

49: 22911: 22627: 22427: 22332: 22178: 22152: 22061: 21743: 21731: 21679: 21639: 21634: 21498: 21493: 20872: 20623: 20424: 19995: 19905: 19527: 19197: 19192: 18469: 18462: 18457: 18326: 18321: 18265: 18104: 17934: 17805: 17723: 17499: 17453: 17433: 17364: 17225: 17173: 17008: 16582: 16229: 16101: 15286: 15256: 15241: 15205: 15117: 15006: 14931: 14926: 14784: 14592:

National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities

14053: 14008: 13568: 13525: 13441: 13419: 13356: 13342: 13102: 13022: 10403: 9736: 9204: 9155: 9128: 8844: 8788: 5965: 5916: 5911: 5861: 5814: 5794: 5680: 5672: 5610: 5561: 5547: 5266: 5112: 5093: 5049: 5041: 4946: 4759: 4751: 4530:

and its tributaries, which cover more than 70 kilometres (45 mi) from

4438: 4354: 3673: 3576: 3554: 3538: 3526: 3470: 3383: 3334: 3330: 3283: 3238: 3088: 2941: 2882: 2590: 2559: 2385: 2200: 2066: 1981: 1973: 1951: 1926: 1867: 1752: 1716: 1532: 1520: 1516: 1404: 1358: 1218:

to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the British founded the

1154: 1021: 1003: 979: 952: 858: 726: 659: 610: 606: 585:, from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from 207: 106: 55: 14591: 14402:

The Present and the Past in the English Industrial Revolution 1880–1980".

14330:

Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England

13769:

Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700–1850

13361:"Climate change driving species out of habitats much faster than expected" 13003: 12170:

The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World

11148: 4586:

miles) of canals and 7,500 kilowatts (10,000 horsepower) delivered by the

4073:

just a few years later. The textile production flourished particularly in

2404: 632:

became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and

22794: 22567: 22315: 22310: 22302: 22287: 22112: 22017: 21828: 21664: 21629: 21609: 21589: 21567: 21532: 21126: 20583: 20182: 20039: 20009: 19687: 19276: 19237: 18879: 18435: 18394: 18340: 18089: 17967: 17952: 17924: 17760: 17618: 17403: 17326: 17316: 17143: 17093: 17043: 16273: 16121: 16096: 16089: 15910: 15737: 15276: 15236: 15215: 15150: 14976: 14744: 14739: 14552: 14360: 13627: 13333: 13316: 12047:|The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 October 2006 – Accessed January 2007 11317:

Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (2018).

10774: 10669: 10656: 10548: 10428:

Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills

6753: 6576: 6020: 5873: 5750: 5609:

Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an

5368:

The stable political situation in Britain from around 1689 following the

5358: 5012: 4967: 4910: 4872: 4844: 4776: 4611: 4549: 4520: 4488: 4458: 4332: 4117: 4113: 4082: 4062: 3756: 3695: 3595: 3419: 3307: 3258: 3113: 3041: 2788:

The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the

2701: 2586: 2543: 2524: 2429: 1969: 1776: 1651: 1629: 1505: 1457: 1416: 1400: 1277: 1215: 1211: 1010:

was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828,

991: 967: 804: 256: 15385: 13258: 10929:

Carter, F. W. (1973). "The Industrial Development of Prague 1800–1850".

10382: 8379: 8133:

The Industrial Development of Birmingham and the Black Country 1860–1927

6763:

by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006.

6686: 5659:

at the time (although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland's

5523:

depicting informal philosophical societies spreading scientific advances

4930:, they survived in Russia until 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain. 4511:

in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the US (The first was in

4495:. He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in 4002:

was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental

3958: 3727:

six. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to Prime Minister

1578:, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron, opened in 1781. 1535:

during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.

1273:

in Spain grew, spun, and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century.

1251: 1165:

growing unknown species of excellent quality cotton: sea island cotton (

885:

is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians.

734:

emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.

22679: 22098: 22086: 22056: 22022: 21962: 21644: 18663: 17852: 17438: 17413: 17351: 17138: 16959: 15949: 15514: 15175: 15102: 15097: 15031: 14981: 14804: 14794: 14774: 14048:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 14017:. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 13759: 13662:

An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820–1850

12846: 12452: 11814: 10942: 9432: 9362: 9309: 8859:

The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: From 1603 to the 1990s

8825: 8363:

Glass making in the Greco-Roman world: results of the ARCHGLASS project

7941:. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 7201: 7115: 7009: 6725: 6694: 6425: 5892: 5834: 5475: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5430: 5300: 5123: 4950: 4743: 4496: 4424: 4320: 3939: 3610: 3559: 3475: 3462: 3411: 3399: 3338: 3254: 3084: 2961: 2798: 2789: 2721: 2696: 2673: 2493: 2489: 2457: 2333: 2262:), which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash, and also to 2152: 2118: 2078: 2043: 1985: 1936: 1906: 1863: 1783: 1760: 1723: 1575: 1528: 1509: 1488: 1443: 1408: 1396: 1384: 1183: 1122: 1107: 1079: 922: 918: 699: 640: 602: 261: 212: 14443:

Hawke, Gary (1993). "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution".

14414: 13110: 12932:

Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation

12790: 12732: 12594: 11335: 11318: 10427: 10118: 9416:

The birth of a new Europe: State and society in the nineteenth century

9390:

House and home in the Victorian city: working-class housing, 1850–1914

4843:

in the 17th century, although feudalism began to break down after the

1767:

process. Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes:

22849: 22532: 22369: 22104: 22066: 21659: 21473: 18474: 18405: 18306: 18302: 17899: 17613: 17543: 17513: 17443: 17188: 17133: 17108: 17073: 15836: 15328:

Timeline of clothing and textiles technology

14809: 14779: 14759: 14400: 13747: 12197:"Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 – Simulating early modern growth" 11191: 11121:

Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794–1914)

7757:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156. 7727: 6775:"Industrial Revolution began in 17th not 18th century, say academics" 5857: 5700: 5618: 5346: 5338: 5061: 5045: 4852: 4832: 4710: 4699: 4144: 4081:(German: Brünn), which was considered the 'Moravian Manchester'. The 3986:, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous 3723: 3279: 3219: 3146: 3071: 3030: 2976: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2866: 2827:

in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned

2794: 2598: 2516: 2349: 2341: 2047: 2007:-powered and horse-powered workshop, and light industrial machinery. 1989: 1809: 1802:, reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50% to around 8%. 1798:

which reacted with carbon in the molten iron. Hall's process, called

1556: 1327: 1011: 995: 739: 271: 192: 19150: 17628: 14239: 13545:"Mathematical Investigations of the Escape from the Malthusian Trap" 11806: 11053:

Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham 2005, pp. 37–38

8131:

Allen, G. C. (10 January 2018), "Economic Development before 1860",

6958: 6717: 6409: 5450: 1198: 1060: 702:

economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita

670:

also facilitated the revolution, such as courts ruling in favour of

22921: 22844: 22805: 22522: 22218: 22039: 21867: 21782: 21721: 21684: 19974: 19931: 18109: 17904: 15087: 15077: 14603: 12837: 12152:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

12122: 12116: 11996:

The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress

11262:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

10861:

An environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution

9335:

P. Kemp, "Housing landlordism in late nineteenth-century Britain".

9269:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

8192: 7853:

The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention

7207: 6801:"Industrial Revolution started in 17th century, historians suggest" 6318:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)

5802: 5730: 5720: 5668: 5656: 5622: 5386: 5243: 5089: 4934: 4914: 4897:

has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the

4672: 4652: 4610:, a fundamental machine tool, is believed to have been invented by 4324: 4227: 4205: 4178: 4136: 3793: 3741: 3215: 3197: 3182: 3166: 3000:

in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s.

2622: 2582: 2551: 2452:

is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers, brothers Sealy and

2393: 2361: 2132: 2055: 2051: 1875: 1791: 1687: 1633: 1616:

Horizontal (lower) and vertical (upper) cross-sections of a single

1589: 1439: 1242: 975: 971: 743: 217: 14032:

Lucas, R.E. (2002). "The industrial revolution: Past and future".

13987:

Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013

13959:"The Industrial Revolution as the Escape from the Malthusian Trap" 12264:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 20–32. 11528:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. 8242:

http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Graphs-and-Tables.PDF

8240:

Economics 323–2: Economic History of the United States Since 1865

6579:

in all societies were stagnated at around $ 400 to $ 800 per year.

6282:. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 5945: 5156:

of branch banks in leading western European cities and introduced

5140:. Political institutions could contribute to the relation between 4231: 4182: 4140: 3153:

in London to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home

1968:

Until about 1800, the most common pattern of steam engine was the

1381:, invented the dropbox, which facilitated changing thread colors. 22437: 22292: 22204: 17979: 17790: 17494: 17356: 16884: 15271: 15160: 14912:

Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater

14799: 14769: 14138:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850-1914

10523:"The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England" 7014:

The industrial revolution in national context: Europe and the USA

5838: 5306: 5261: 5104: 5069: 5065: 4868: 4867:, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed 4864: 4290: 4286: 4152: 4101: 4070: 4066: 3788: 3778: 3618: 3614: 3567: 3407: 3325:

In addition to goods being sold in the growing number of stores,

3295: 3154: 3092: 2774: 2766: 2692: 2625:

were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but

2298: 2255: 2004: 1632:

required much less labour than cutting wood and converting it to

1412: 1411:, but this burnt down. Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented 1318: 1288: 1247: 930: 674:. An entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution helped drive 629: 590: 566: 266: 14229: 11570:"Opinion | The Economic Mistake the Left Is Finally Confronting" 11443:

The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business

11038:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914

10887:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914

8407:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 7691:

Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America

7407: 7031: 6937: 4682: 3549: 2372:. Concrete was used on a large scale in the construction of the 2218:

succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of

1932:

A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by

1214:

beginning around the 16th century. Following the discovery of a

22826: 22457: 17148: 15906: 14749: 14211:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920

14067:

The History of Lloyd's and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain

13578:

The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe

13272:

Smith, Mick (2007). "Wild-life: anarchy, ecology, and ethics".

11542: 11316: 10447:

The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England

9403:

Cruel habitations: a history of working-class housing 1780–1918

9377:

The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London

8110:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 104. 7251:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 218. 5931: 5161: 5081: 4938: 4926:

on goods traded among them. Internal tariffs were abolished by

4923: 4219: 4170: 4089: 4074: 3807:

disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and

3403: 2507:

of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough. The

2503: 2357: 2356:

it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and

2316: 2263: 2211: 2093: 1957:

In 1783, the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a

1691: 1567: 1477: 1392: 942: 10987:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700–1920

7982:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 92. 7655:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 63. 7347:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. 7183:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700–1920

6437: 6435: 5759:

A primitive lifestyle living outside the Industrial Revolution

5714: 3381:

puzzles, Weller boot polish and joke books. Nicholas Dames in

3345:, began in 1845 by selling drinks in London in a wheelbarrow. 3052: 2585:

in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the

22648: 22422: 22412: 22407: 21879: 21874: 16928: 16619: 15145: 14789: 14174:

Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970

13317:"Climate change, human health, and unsustainable development" 12082:

Vries, Pier (2001). "Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial?".

9863:"The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry" 9324:

The British building industry since 1800: An economic history

8234: 6032: 5826: 5818: 5704: 5077: 5060:

thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like

5022: 4913:

emphasis on order and time-keeping, as well as the fact that

4755: 4695: 4664: 4659: 4408: 4223: 4215: 4186: 4174: 4166: 2626: 2567: 2520: 2251: 2204: 2110: 2102: 2065:

The demand for metal parts led to the development of several

1825: 1671: 1667: 1362: 1338: 1270: 1265: 1237: 1130: 1111: 938: 921:

increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40. The

866: 100: 15313:

History of the British canal system

13744:

The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948

13179: 12976: 11821: 10407: 10351:

From Coal Mine Upwards: or Seventy Years of an Eventful Life

10222:. Vol. 3. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. p. 65. 8946:, Harvard University Press, 1 October 2013, pp. 27–68, 8944:

Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790–1810

8841:

Railroads of the United States, Their History and Statistics

7322:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. 6990:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 18. 6038:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

5421:

showed that wages were not particularly high in the British

4441:

invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used

2865:'s successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of 2801:

carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on

2364:. Portland cement concrete was used by the English engineer 1103: 1051:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

22552: 14764: 14734: 14657: 11525:

The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States

10749:. Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. p. 103. 8021:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 7909:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 7058: 6432: 5108: 4825: 4736: 4713:(refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the 4078: 4030: 3784: 3150: 3076: 3029:

Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the

2555: 2416:

Glass was made in ancient Greece and Rome. A new method of

2345: 2259: 1916:

The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by

1795: 1736: 1625: 1560: 1524: 1473: 1469: 934: 846:, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term. 731: 149: 41: 37: 14242:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( 14156:

The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective

12595:"Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English" 9925:. New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, Inc. p. 3. 9768:"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games" 6961:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( 6515: 5691:

The industrial revolution has been criticised for causing

3814: 3647: 3520: 2289:

in about 1800, based on the discoveries of French chemist

2038:, developed around 1818 by Robert Johnson and Simeon North 1002:

produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the

136: 15323:

List of United Kingdom-related topics

14568:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution

13778:

A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day

13681:

A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World

13671:

The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815–1914

12541:

International Journal of Business Management and Commerce

11750:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

10588:". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 9986:

BBC – History – Victorian Medicine – From Fluke to Theory

9462:

Civic literacy: How informed citizens make democracy work

9122:

Wage rates and living standards in pre-industrial England

8609:. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from 8403:

A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America 1965–1925

6546: 5250:

A debate sparked by Trinidadian politician and historian

4598:, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour. 4404:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

4018: 3808: 2660:, which proved very commercially successful, crossed the 2305: 1456:

in 1779, so called because it is a hybrid of Arkwright's

667: 14365:

The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730–1810

14147:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

13920:

Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West

12186:

A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China

10985:

Martin Moll, "Austria-Hungary" in Christine Rider, ed.,

10874:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

10046:

Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer

9601:. Guinness World Records. 8 September 2016. p. 90. 5311:

William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe

2748:

parishes, but from the 1720s (and occasionally earlier)

2581:

Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of

2135:. He worked as an apprentice at the Royal Arsenal under 2072:

The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder

2042:

Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen—

1508:

responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive

22537: 15247:

History of the cooperative Movement

14265:

Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology

14234:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( 12657:"Explaining the first Industrial Revolution: two views" 10579:

Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor

9947:

The UK population: past, present and future – Chapter 1

9418:(University of North Carolina Press, 1989) pp. 148–174. 8292:

State, Cartels and Growth: The German Chemical Industry

8047:"Steel Production | History of Western Civilization II" 7336: 7008:

Crouzet, François (1996). "France". In Teich, Mikuláš;

6953:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( 6692: 6183:

Horn, Jeff; Rosenband, Leonard; Smith, Merritt (2010).

6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6040:, a good description of the early industrial revolution 3827:

Share of total world manufacturing output (percentage)

3310:

across Britain; one of the first was opened in 1796 by

2336:

turned builder, patented a chemical process for making

2214:

on a large scale became an important goal as well, and

1643:

made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at

900: 23043:

International Conference on Population and Development

13487:

ICONS – a portrait of England. Icon: Jerusalem (hymn)

10323:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 331–332. 8719:"1 January 1894: Opening of the Manchester ship canal" 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 4758:

joined the railroad and ship companies on the world's

4365:

In 1871, a group of Japanese politicians known as the

3932: 3387:

writes, "Literature" is not a big enough category for

2906:

Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution

1055: 807:, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as 20280:

Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks

13139:"What are human rights? Six historical controversies" 12954:

made the industrial revolution possible, for example.

12483:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 12429: 12345:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. 11998:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–44. 11973:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 13–14. 11702:"The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England" 9349:

Dyos, H. J. (1967). "The Slums of Victorian London".

9209:

The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100

8673: 7094:. Vol. 6. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 711–714. 6560:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from 5587:

explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates.

5103:, with the major ones in its aftermath including the 3702:

The main method the unions used to effect change was

3602:

and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the

2857:

The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829

1582: 14495:

Kelly, Morgan; Mokyr, Joel; Cormac Ó, Gráda (2020).

14375:

An Introduction to the Industrial History of England

12820:

Kelly, Morgan; Mokyr, Joel; Grada, Cormac O (2022).

12712:

Humphries, Jane; Schneider, Benjamin (23 May 2018).

11072:

Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

6993:"There exist everywhere roads suitable for hauling". 6511: 6509: 5927: 5782: 4799:, and to develop advanced technology to manufacture 4568:, one of the first uses of it in the United States. 4323:, textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden, and forestry in 628:

was the first to use modern production methods, and

14187:

Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution

14058:

The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century

13846: 12038:

The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England

9241:. London: Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project. 9185:

The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800–1850

9103:, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, p. 30 8988:

History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective

8501:. Rotherham: The Unofficial Website. Archived from 7455:. US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. 6352: 6350: 6102: 3402:business, an idea which would change the nature of 2304:After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in 2246:and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and 1939:. With financial support from his business partner 1433:The spinning frame or water frame was developed by 1161:in the Americas. The early Spanish explorers found 1036:. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of 14494: 14469: 13896: 13840:Short History of the British Industrial Revolution 12711: 12593:Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) . 12289: 12167: 12012: 11889: 11672: 11550: 10467:"Child Labor | History of Western Civilization II" 9549: 8779: 8777: 8436: 8400: 7126:, Stanford University Press, pp. 7, 113–199, 7119: 6852:. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. 6443: 6182: 6162:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 5277:debates among historians, with American historian 4671:invented a new furnace which could convert molten 4524:Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor 4264:industrialisation, along with Britain (1815–1860), 4261:French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1789–1815), 3481: 2611:Transport during the British Industrial Revolution 2301:, became the largest chemical plant in the world. 1500:The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to 1177:. Sea island cotton grew in tropical areas and on 16598:Glasgow International Financial Services District 15620: 14224:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 11926:"Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008" 10957:"On the Industrial History of the Czech Republic" 10900:"On the Industrial History of the Czech Republic" 10497:"Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission" 10220:Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day 9896:"Pryce-Jones: Pioneer of the Mail Order Industry" 9551:"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit" 8985: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7313: 6932:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 6671:Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England 6610: 6506: 6027:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 5625:and the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the 3333:country. Matthew White: "Crowds swarmed in every 2873:, the first inter-city railway in the world, was 1422:In 1764, in the village of Stanhill, Lancashire, 1313: 1186:. A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to 1121:Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was 849:Economic historians and authors such as Mendels, 565:, was a period of global transition of the human 23166: 12910:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 12641:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 12512:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 36. 10266:. Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Archived from 10256: 10141:Working life of women in the seventeenth century 9795: 9793: 8462: 8460: 7446: 7444: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7145: 6552: 6473: 6471: 6450:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 6347: 5273:motivations. These arguments led to significant 3418:in 1840 and the invention of the postage stamp ( 2716:canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the 2687:, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by 2641: 17114:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 15338:Timeline of materials technology 13963:Journal of European Economic History 29, No 2-3 13092: 12983:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 12892:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 12819: 12019:Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? 11730:". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 10640:From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 November 2006. 10602:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. p. 49. 10187: 9720: 9485: 9483: 8774: 8430: 8428: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 5546:There were publications describing technology. 4633: 4151:, a transplanted Englishman . His factories at 3718:extended the vote in Britain but did not grant 3352:were created in the 1830s to meet this demand. 2825:opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1806:imports and became a net exporter of bar iron. 15123:Stockton and Darlington Railway 14447:. Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault: 54–78. 13807: 13801:The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848 13587:Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk 12283: 12281: 11752:. 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Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 10440: 10244:The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth 9790: 9524:"Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here" 8457: 8339:A history of the introduction of gas lighting 7848: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7290: 6642: 6640: 6468: 5771:, while others argue that technology such as 3643:Child labour § The Industrial Revolution 3566:Industrialisation led to the creation of the 3544: 3105:The Condition of the Working Class in England 2720:, which upon opening in 1894 was the largest 2352:to about 1,400 °C (2,552 °F), then 2274:(removing rust from) iron and steel, and for 2062:, and standardization of threaded fasteners. 1954:for the manufacture of such engines in 1795. 838:The Condition of the Working Class in England 792:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 534: 14604:Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution 14580:BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution 14497:"The mechanics of the Industrial Revolution" 14308:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 14118:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 13926: 13894: 13708:Journal of the European Economic Association 13389: 13383: 12950:in an entrepreneurial culture following the 12822:"The Mechanics of the Industrial Revolution" 11786: 11557:. Cambridge, MA and London: The M.I.T Press. 11503: 11494: 11408: 11214: 11127:, Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pp. 233–276 10236: 10058: 9959: 9860: 9762: 9760: 9480: 9137:"Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750–1913" 8705: 8628: 8532: 8530: 8425: 8229: 8178: 7568:Technological Transformations and Long Waves 7557: 7555: 7553: 7530:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7497:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7421: 7276:. University of Chicago Press. p. 149. 7170:Journal of the European Economic Association 7083: 5849:, as a result of the Industrial revolution. 4723:A new revolution began with electricity and 4431:, which was aided by the development of the 2712:which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively. 1850:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution 1157:for Europe to obtain before it was grown on 824: 23068:United Nations world population conferences 14144: 14135: 13575: 12617: 12296:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. 12278: 11962: 11952:, p. 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. 11747: 11227: 11043: 10420: 10373: 9998: 9939: 9885: 9113: 8260:Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan L. (June 1952). 7837: 7780:"Danny Boyle's intro on Olympics programme" 7717: 6972: 6921: 6919: 6395: 6185:Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution 5767:Certain primitivists argue for a return to 5715:Individualism humanism and harsh conditions 5231:Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here 5131: 4427:and the development of a system for making 3241:, The rise of consumerism", Matthew White, 1887:Newcomen's steam-powered atmospheric engine 1607: 982:production. Using coke also allowed larger 750:, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s 22981:Population and housing censuses by country 22671: 22657: 21442: 21428: 19954: 19940: 19173: 19159: 18224: 18210: 17651: 17637: 16951: 16937: 15613: 15599: 15408: 15394: 14650: 14636: 14510:(1). Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault. 14279:The Industrial Revolution in World History 14060:(First English translation 1928 ed.). 13895:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 13612:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. 12776: 12510:The Industrial Revolution in World History 12322: 11968: 11123:, in B. Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors), 10456:, Laura Del Col, West Virginia University. 10246:, Methuen and Co., 1971, pp. 339–341 10154:Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution 10099:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9477:, Vol. 35, No. 4. (October 1993), pp. 851. 9475:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9010: 8847:: John. E. Potter and Co. pp. 12, 13. 8595: 8593: 7593: 7016:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6699:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" 6665: 6663: 6637: 6080:"Industrial History of European Countries" 4694:, the most important technique for making 4386:Industrial Revolution in the United States 4360:Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan 4112:as a king of Bohemia, which took place in 2815:History of rail transport in Great Britain 2546:, started early. Before the steam engine, 2368:several years later when constructing the 1999:in the early 20th century. These included 1759:was developed, but this was superseded by 1238:Pre-mechanized European textile production 541: 527: 48: 21229:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 15415: 14398: 13607: 13584: 13542: 13534:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 13476:Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity 13332: 13012: 13002: 12845: 12474: 12451: 12094: 11906: 11859: 11792: 11334: 11319:"Wealth inequality in Sweden, 1750–1900†" 11113: 11077: 10616: 10571: 9757: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9177: 8638:inflation figures are based on data from 8527: 8014: 7902: 7857:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 7550: 7380: 7210:"The Industrial Revolution – Innovations" 6850:International Institute of Social History 6616: 6537: 6477: 5821:or mass extinction coming from humanity ( 5491:Learn how and when to remove this message 5096:that connects these deposits to the sea. 3679: 2724:in the world, and opened Manchester as a 1946:, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting 22704:Estimates of historical world population 14957:John Kay (spinning frame) 14952:John Kay (flying shuttle) 14887:Thomas and George Cranege 14297:Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? 14180: 14046:The World Economy: Historical Statistics 14040: 13981: 12882: 12156:Based on the works of Joseph Needham> 12056: 11469:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 11439: 11415:. New York: W.W. 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An improved refining process known as 1679:is a different, and later, innovation.) 1611: 1566: 1546: 1446:in 1771, giving the invention its name. 1352: 1337: 1317: 1241: 1197: 1102: 1059: 15907:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 15847:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 14538: 14532:Understanding the Industrial Revolution 14323: 14303: 14276: 14253: 14171: 14165:Understanding the industrial revolution 14052: 13837: 13766: 13668: 13659: 13650: 13626: 13180:Chamsy el-Ojeili; Dylan Taylor (2020). 12507: 11670: 11605: 11603: 11548: 11521: 11412:A New Economic View of American History 11145:"European Route of Industrial Heritage" 10766: 10744: 10720: 10374:Bar, Michael; Leukhina, Oksana (2007). 9585:. 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The term 23167: 21134:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 20904:South American economic crisis of 2002 20801:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) 15343:Timeline of steam power 14482:from the original on 21 September 2019 14433: 14409:(Reprint ed.). pp. 131–172. 14382: 14294: 14262: 14114: 14087: 14064: 14007: 13969:from the original on 30 September 2022 13798: 13775: 13698: 13524: 13355: 13035: 12929: 12654: 12650: 12648: 12636: 12432:International Political Science Review 12316: 12259: 12232: 12165: 12149: 12059:The Uniqueness of Western Civilization 11971:The Concept of Energy Simply Explained 11938:from the original on 12 September 2022 11642:"The Next Big Idea in Economic Growth" 11466: 11409:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). 11397:Short Economic History of Modern Japan 11243: 11090: 10928: 10885:Alan Milward and Samuel Berrick Saul, 10725:. New York: Random House. p. 149. 10318: 10183:. London: John Murray. pp. 30–40. 10178: 10096: 9920: 9743:. 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Cambridge MA, London: MIT Press. 6015:Law of the handicap of a head start 5808: 5699:and corporate growth over life and 5621:) and the particular status of the 5570:(1802–1819) contain much of value. 5142:democratization and economic growth 4973: 3933:Cotton and the expansion of slavery 3494:In a more positive interpretation, 2877:and was attended by Prime Minister 2648:History of the British canal system 1056:British textile industry statistics 941:, but they were not as great as in 13: 21178:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 21082:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis 21054:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis 21047:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 20742:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis 20237:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 18528:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 14221:English and American Tool Builders 13922:. 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New technologies such as the 478:Timeline of historic inventions 23063:United Nations Population Fund 22678: 21328:Chinese property sector crisis 21236:2015–2016 stock market selloff 21164:August 2011 stock markets fall 21075:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 20772:1990s Swedish financial crisis 20521:Weimar Republic hyperinflation 19492:Western Australian gold rushes 18020:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 17963:Christianity in the modern era 17734:Christianity in late antiquity 16958: 16870:Federation of Small Businesses 15428:History of technology cultures 15093:Derwent Valley Mills 14962:Francis Cabot Lowell 13933:. Oxford University Press US. 13684:. Princeton University Press. 13610:Problems of Industrial Society 13608:Chambliss, William J. (1973). 13589:(Reprint ed.). New York: 13478:(Duke University Press, 2001). 12362:. Princeton University Press. 12356:Mokyr, Joel (6 January 2018). 12100:Jackson J. 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It was founded by artist 3948:European colonies in Africa 3772: 3751:Working people also formed 3736:. They became known as the 3189:Clothing and consumer goods 3160: 2808: 2689:The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater 2311: 2199:invented by the Englishman 2060:interchangeability of parts 1357:The interior of Marshall's 1110:'s silk mill site today in 873:. Some historians, such as 559:First Industrial Revolution 277:Third Industrial Revolution 242:First Industrial Revolution 10: 23236: 23185:19th century in technology 23180:18th century in technology 22960:Population and Environment 21290:Sri Lankan economic crisis 21148:Energy crisis in Venezuela 21127:2009 Dubai debt standstill 20977:2007–2008 financial crisis 20632:Latin American debt crisis 20395:Paris Bourse crash of 1882 19875:Australian property bubble 19510:Tierra del Fuego gold rush 19394:Colorado River mining boom 19334:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush 18759:Post–World War I recession 18579:Post-Napoleonic Depression 18186:Military history of Europe 18181:Maritime history of Europe 16890:UK Payments Administration 15842:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 15666:Government-owned companies 15186:Reverberatory furnace 15113:Quarry Bank Mill 14902:Abraham Darby II 14815:Economies of agglomeration 14367:. London: Faber and Faber. 14277:Stearns, Peter N. (1998). 14213:. 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In the 1860s, 3312:Harding, Howell & Co. 3218:fine china and porcelain 2987:Some economists, such as 2952:in the 16th century, the 2823:A portrait depicting the 2706:Leeds and Liverpool Canal 2534: 2478:agricultural productivity 2141:horizontal boring machine 1140: 645:architectural innovations 488:Complete list by category 144: 134: 126: 88: 67: 58:in a weaving shed in the 47: 35: 30: 22875:Compulsory sterilization 22543:Lancaster House Treaties 22033:Christian existentialism 21993:Ancient Roman philosophy 21983:Ancient Greek philosophy 21019:Subprime mortgage crisis 20682:Brazilian hyperinflation 20654:Brazilian hyperinflation 20491:Financial crisis of 1914 20199:Mississippi bubble crash 19812:Canadian property bubble 19800:Romanian property bubble 19639:1930s Kakamega gold rush 19430:Vermilion Lake gold rush 18950:1990s United States boom 18738:Financial crisis of 1914 15902:2009 bank rescue package 15897:2008 bank rescue package 15862:1929–39 Great Depression 15733:HM Revenue & Customs 15641:Employee-owned companies 15540:History of communication 15535:History of biotechnology 15211:Stephenson's Rocket 14585:25 December 2019 at the 14319:. 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(1992). 6221:Reisman, George (1998). 6017:– Dialectics of progress 5397:Royal Exchange in London 5210:Free market (capitalism) 5158:double entry bookkeeping 4781:World Trade Organization 4536:Providence, Rhode Island 4532:Worcester, Massachusetts 4517:Watertown, Massachusetts 4487:(1768–1835) founded the 4338: 3734:transported to Australia 3604:early socialist movement 3095:from polluted water and 2734: 2515:in 1784, displaced hand 1608:Iron process innovations 857:in parts of Europe, the 853:, and Kridte argue that 655:; particularly with the 483:Technological revolution 430:History of manufacturing 415:History of communication 410:History of biotechnology 22817:Malthusian growth model 22321:Equality before the law 21528:Romano-Germanic culture 21394:List of economic crises 21312:2020 stock market crash 21305:Financial market impact 21274:Turkish economic crisis 20889:9/11 stock market crash 20845:October 1997 mini-crash 20816:1994 bond market crisis 20808:Yugoslav hyperinflation 20719:Savings and loan crisis 20320:European potato failure 19863:Lebanese housing bubble 19824:Lebanese housing bubble 19818:Chinese property bubble 19752:Spanish property bubble 19609:1920s Florida land boom 19534:Cripple Creek Gold Rush 19522:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 19463:1870s Lapland gold rush 19358:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 18765:Depression of 1920–1921 18697:Depression of 1882–1885 18611:Early Victorian Britain 18346:Real and nominal values 18161:History of Christianity 17569:Individualist anarchism 16070:List of counties by GVA 15852:1873–79 Long Depression 15817:Agricultural Revolution 15782:UK Statistics Authority 15027:Richard Trevithick 14597:12 October 2009 at the 14434:Grinin, Leonid (2022). 14288:Energy in World History 13948:Kisch, Herbert (1989). 13678:Clark, Gregory (2007). 13412:10.1126/science.aad2622 13143:Journal of Human Rights 13125:OAH Magazine of History 13057:10.1111/1758-5899.12791 12508:Stearns, Peter (1998). 12150:Temple, Robert (1986). 12043:2 November 2015 at the 11734:28 October 2009 at the 11274:Schön, Lennart (1982). 11125:Histoire de la Wallonie 11107:29 October 2008 at the 10823:19 October 2017 at the 10598:Evatt, Herbert (2009). 10553:www.historyofosh.org.uk 10353:. 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(2016). 5975:Proto-industrialization 5889:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 5385:The French philosopher 5313:a 1716 illustration by 5128:political fragmentation 5031:purchasing power parity 4596:Great Famine of Ireland 4509:Uxbridge, Massachusetts 4493:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 4414:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 4317:proto industrialisation 4313:agricultural revolution 2710:Thames and Severn Canal 2291:Claude Louis Berthollet 1895:stationary steam engine 1893:The development of the 1468:in the same way that a 1153:Cotton was a difficult 1127:water-powered silk mill 1098: 1089: 855:proto-industrialisation 811:in the early 1790s and 714:of animals and plants. 683:adoption of agriculture 587:hand production methods 571:Agricultural Revolution 236:Proto-industrialization 141:Proto-industrialisation 22944:Zero population growth 22939:Sustainable population 22863:Malthusian catastrophe 22822:Overshoot (population) 22699:Demographic transition 22483:Eastern European Group 22072:Continental philosophy 22003:Judeo-Christian ethics 21988:Hellenistic philosophy 21469:Cradle of civilization 21387:List of banking crises 21156:Syrian economic crisis 21089:Blue Monday Crash 2009 20698:Chilean crisis of 1982 20529:Shōwa financial crisis 20335:Highland Potato Famine 20191:South Sea bubble crash 19982:Commodity price shocks 19857:2000s commodities boom 19837:Uranium bubble of 2007 19806:Polish property bubble 19782:2000s commodities boom 19698:1970s commodities boom 19468:Coromandel Gold Rushes 19352:Australian gold rushes 18870:Recession of 1969–1970 18865:Recession of 1960–1961 18824:Recession of 1937–1938 17985:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17534:Collectivist anarchism 17449:Social venture capital 17419:Freedom of association 16880:Institute of Directors 16845:Business organisations 16770:Science and technology 16663:International students 16375:Working Time Directive 15748:Debt Management Office 15565:History of measurement 15435:Prehistoric technology 15282:Rochdale Pioneers 15267:Industrial unrest 15073:Bridgewater Canal 15017:Robert Stephenson 15012:George Stephenson 14987:William Radcliffe 14942:Benjamin Huntsman 14917:William Fairbairn 14877:Edmund Cartwright 14852:Richard Arkwright 14755:Industry/Manufacturing 14609:15 August 2009 at the 14530:More, Charles (2000). 14304:Szostak, Rick (1991). 13838:Griffin, Emma (2010). 13776:Davies, Glyn (1997) . 13767:Daunton, M.J. (1995). 13669:Clapham, J.H. (1921). 13660:Clapham, J.H. (1930). 13274:Environmental Politics 12537:Capitalism and Slavery 12288:Stark, Rodney (2005). 12262:The Unbound Prometheus 12233:Landes, David (1999). 11522:Thomson, Ross (1989). 10816:55#1 (2014): 107–147. 10814:Technology and culture 10745:Beckert, Sven (2014). 10721:Kennedy, Paul (1987). 10433:9 January 2006 at the 10200:4 January 2012 at the 10052:8 October 2009 at the 9991:17 August 2021 at the 9832:"Was Dickens a Thief?" 9581:Mintz, Sidney (2015). 9156:10.1006/exeh.1994.1007 8435:Overton, Mark (1996). 8318:Properties of Concrete 8108:The Unbound Prometheus 7980:The Unbound Prometheus 7653:The Unbound Prometheus 7536:10.1093/ref:odnb/47971 7503:10.1093/ref:odnb/75296 7476:Hopkins, Eric (2000). 7451:Beckert, Sven (2014). 7345:The Unbound Prometheus 7249:The Unbound Prometheus 7172:3.2–3 (2005): 525–534. 6591:Lucas, Robert (2003). 6357:Landes, David (1999). 6315:Ray, Indrajit (2011). 6160:The Unbound Prometheus 5825:is the Greek root for 5769:pre-industrial society 5760: 5743:Pre-industrial society 5524: 5521:Joseph Wright of Derby 5392:Letters on the English 5342: 5331:English Bill of Rights 5257:Capitalism and Slavery 5222: 5191: 5177: 5132: 5000: 4820: 4731:. The introduction of 4702: 4656: 4558:Waltham, Massachusetts 4416: 4236: 4012:Public Health Act 1875 4008:William Blake Richmond 3968:environmental movement 3963: 3680:Organisation of labour 3652: 3609:By 1746 an integrated 3563: 3558:, an 1840 portrait of 3535:Pre-industrial society 3466: 3262: 3248: 3201: 3200:tea and coffee service 3123:Public Health Act 1875 3067: 2843: 2832: 2744: 2665: 2413: 2325: 2285:) by Scottish chemist 2176:U.S. Department of War 2157:Portsmouth Block Mills 2039: 2027: 1890: 1879: 1866:, who transformed the 1814:James Beaumont Neilson 1696:Newcomen steam engines 1664:reverberatory furnaces 1621: 1579: 1564: 1531:acquired the nickname 1373:, patented in 1733 by 1366: 1350: 1335: 1261: 1231:Indonesian archipelago 1203: 1118: 1075: 966:– the substitution of 825: 821:Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui 763:steel-making processes 613:; and the rise of the 595:chemical manufacturing 445:History of measurement 405:History of agriculture 372:Medieval Islamic world 282:Digital transformation 23195:History of technology 23175:Industrial Revolution 23053:Population Connection 22917:Mere addition paradox 22756:Physiological density 22603:Three Seas Initiative 22578:Pacific Islands Forum 22443:British–Irish Council 22191:Greek Orthodox Church 21650:Industrial Revolution 21620:Scientific Revolution 20712:Black Saturday (1983) 20566:Kennedy Slide of 1962 20138:Commercial revolution 19881:Cryptocurrency bubble 19869:Corporate debt bubble 19776:Irish property bubble 19558:Mount Baker gold rush 19480:Black Hills gold rush 19382:Similkameen Gold Rush 19376:Pennsylvania oil rush 19364:Pike's Peak gold rush 19256:Bengal Bubble of 1769 19228:Commercial revolution 19203:Irrational exuberance 18988:Early 2000s recession 18955:Early 1990s recession 18907:Early 1980s recession 18487:Commercial revolution 18385:Nominal interest rate 18065:Industrial Revolution 17599:Post-scarcity economy 17574:Libertarian socialism 17559:Free-market socialism 17490:Market fundamentalism 17475:Capitalist propaganda 17069:Industrial Revolution 16984:Anarchy of production 16875:Industry trade groups 16635:London Stock Exchange 16625:London Metal Exchange 16392:Trades Union Congress 16085:East London Tech City 15929:Cost-of-living crisis 15867:1948–52 Marshall Plan 15822:Industrial Revolution 15510:Industrial Revolution 15417:History of technology 15252:Cottage industry 14937:Eaton Hodgkinson 14922:James Hargreaves 14857:Thomas Boulsover 14295:Snooks, G.D. (2000). 14286:Smil, Vaclav (1994). 14258:. U of Chicago Press. 14121:. London: Routledge. 14071:Macmillan and Company 13655:. Vol. 4 part 1. 13591:John Wiley & Sons 13498:Accessed 28 June 2021 13444:(14 September 2012). 13004:10.1073/pnas.89.3.793 12952:commercial revolution 12577:Barrington Moore, Jr. 12166:Merson, John (1990). 12108:27 March 2023 at the 11728:Scientific Revolution 11671:Overton, Mar (1996). 10906:. Council of Europe. 10859:Brian William Clapp, 10846:15 March 2021 at the 10801:Environmental history 10624:"General Strike 1842" 10600:The Tolpuddle Martyrs 10452:13 March 2008 at the 10319:Hoeder, Dirk (2002). 10294:History Learning Site 9801:"The Sam Weller Bump" 9438:16 April 2021 at the 9431:(1982) 35#2: 199–216 9414:Theodore S. Hamerow, 9286:62#2 (2002): 489–511. 8523:on 24 September 2015. 8385:18 April 2021 at the 8307:(2003) pp. 53–54 8247:19 April 2021 at the 7889:14 April 2021 at the 7181:Christine Rider, ed. 7148:CEPR Discussion Paper 6603:on 27 November 2007. 6086:. Council of Europe. 6000:History of capitalism 5758: 5657:only two universities 5615:Protestant work ethic 5605:Protestant work ethic 5599:Protestant work ethic 5537:Royal Society of Arts 5506: 5441:Transfer of knowledge 5309: 5290:Instead, the greater 5218: 5183: 5175: 5017:Scientific Revolution 4987: 4943:Statute of Monopolies 4928:Henry VIII of England 4885:scientific revolution 4814: 4729:electrical industries 4685: 4647: 4628:Waltham Watch Company 4603:interchangeable parts 4592:Waltham-Lowell system 4570:Lowell, Massachusetts 4566:public stock offering 4513:Hartford, Connecticut 4429:interchangeable parts 4411: 4396:Interchangeable parts 4226:valleys, between the 4211: 4177:valleys, between the 4165:, "Especially in the 4098:List of world's fairs 3980:untreated human waste 3961: 3954:Effect on environment 3650: 3552: 3456: 3442:population of England 3276:Huntley & Palmers 3253: 3225: 3196: 3165:Further information: 3131:byelaw terraced house 3055: 2861:, which demonstrated 2838: 2822: 2742: 2718:Manchester Ship Canal 2662:Manchester Ship Canal 2655: 2593:and independently by 2488:invented an improved 2462:continuous production 2407: 2319: 2210:The production of an 2180:interchangeable parts 2033: 2018: 1885: 1857: 1615: 1570: 1553:reverberatory furnace 1550: 1487:developed a vertical 1356: 1341: 1321: 1245: 1201: 1106: 1071:Industry and Idleness 1063: 1038:precision metal parts 958:power-to-weight ratio 817:Industrial Revolution 761:. These included new 752:in the United Kingdom 609:; the development of 555:Industrial Revolution 508:Outline of technology 399:By type of technology 326:By historical regions 314:Emerging technologies 174:By technological eras 166:History of technology 31:Industrial Revolution 23083:World Population Day 23038:Church of Euthanasia 22927:Non-identity problem 22902:Political demography 22858:Human overpopulation 22598:Special Relationship 22008:Christian philosophy 21953:Western Christianity 21615:Age of Enlightenment 21489:Hellenistic Kingdoms 21266:Ghana banking crisis 21096:European debt crisis 20881:Dot-com bubble crash 20793:Cuban Special Period 20252:Copper Panic of 1789 20157:The Great Debasement 20149:Great Bullion Famine 19552:Kobuk River Stampede 19486:Colorado Silver Boom 19418:West Coast gold rush 19370:Rock Creek Gold Rush 19328:California gold rush 18554:Copper Panic of 1789 18120:European debt crisis 18115:European integration 18055:Age of Enlightenment 17895:Republic of Florence 17054:Financial Revolution 17019:Economic development 16669:Entertainment & 15892:Late-2000s recession 15887:1992 Black Wednesday 15827:Financial Revolution 15656:FTSE Fledgling Index 15580:History of transport 15545:History of computing 15191:Sheffield plate 14992:Richard Roberts 14972:Thomas Newcomen 14892:Samuel Crompton 14862:Matthew Boulton 14820:Economies of density 14553:10.1162/jinh_a_01230 14534:. London: Routledge. 14313:Timbs, John (1860). 14299:. London: Routledge. 14192:Simon & Schuster 14154:Mokyr, Joel (2018). 14073:. pp. 161–374. 13754:. pp. 239–316. 13742:Craig, John (1953). 13593:. pp. 135–193. 13334:10.1057/jphp.2010.12 13239:Environmental Values 13103:10.1093/past/38.1.56 12948:wealth concentration 12341:Jones, Eric (1981). 11994:Mokyr, Joel (1990). 11901:Princeton University 11883:4 April 2023 at the 11748:Baten, Jörg (2016). 11704:. Historyguide.org. 11648:. 16 February 2016. 11222:Breaking stereotypes 11074:pp 292–296, 437–453. 10761:Agricultural History 10670:10.1162/BFLR_a_00183 10349:Dunn, James (1905). 10336:America in the World 10011:6 April 2009 at the 9921:Hudson, Pat (1992). 9322:Christopher Powell, 9119:Woodward, D. (1981) 8517:"The Rotherham Plow" 8499:"The Rotherham Plow" 8376:Construction History 8348:4 April 2023 at the 8266:. Ayer Co. pp. 7065:Hudson, Pat (1992). 6841:Gupta, Bishnupriya. 5901:Percy Bysshe Shelley 5469:improve this article 5225:– British historian 4990:London Coal Exchange 4879:and accumulation of 4515:, and the second at 4191:World Heritage Sites 4092:organised the first 3708:Combination Act 1799 3137:Water and sanitation 3091:among young adults. 2446:Louis-Nicolas Robert 2376:a generation later. 2366:Marc Isambard Brunel 2295:factory at St Rollox 2283:calcium hypochlorite 2197:lead chamber process 2024:screw-cutting lathes 1872:reciprocating motion 1757:potting and stamping 1417:cotton spinning mill 1387:patented the roller 1291:, a cloth with flax 1188:Natchez, Mississippi 1168:Gossypium barbadense 1159:colonial plantations 951:– the efficiency of 787:Louis-Guillaume Otto 748:electrical telegraph 657:proto-industrialised 472:Technology timelines 460:History of transport 203:Neolithic Revolution 23215:Revolutions by type 22932:Reproductive rights 22763:Population dynamics 22714:Population momentum 22623:West Nordic Council 22488:Eastern Partnership 22077:Analytic philosophy 21778:Classical tradition 21600:Early modern period 21556:Classical antiquity 21551:European Bronze Age 21222:2015 Nepal blockade 20932:2000s energy crisis 20830:Mexican peso crisis 20735:Black Monday (1987) 20595:1970s energy crisis 20555:Post–WWII expansion 20229:Bengal bubble crash 20024:Financial contagion 19688:The Great Inflation 19671:Porcupine Gold Rush 19655:Post–WWII expansion 19633:Porcupine Gold Rush 19615:Fairbanks Gold Rush 19588:Porcupine Gold Rush 19570:Fairbanks Gold Rush 19340:Victorian gold rush 19305:Chilean silver rush 19218:Stock market bubble 18890:1973–1975 recession 18834:Post–WWII expansion 18508:Great Frost of 1709 18336:Neutrality of money 18317:Classical dichotomy 18233:Economic expansions 18085:Revolutions of 1848 18015:Early modern France 17796:Anglo-Saxon England 17701:Classical antiquity 17529:Anarcho-syndicalism 17524:Anarcho-primitivism 17409:Economic inequality 17024:Economic liberalism 16365:Equal opportunities 15970:Economic liberalism 15872:1974 Three-Day Week 15857:1926 general strike 15661:FTSE SmallCap Index 15570:History of medicine 15201:Spinning jenny 15196:Spinning frame 15166:Flying shuttle 15156:Crucible steel 15037:John Wilkinson 15022:Thomas Telford 14867:James Brindley 14404:Past & Present, 13993:. pp. 50–142. 13404:2016Sci...351.2622W 13286:2007EnvPo..16..470S 13127:15.1 (2000): 48–56. 12995:1992PNAS...89..793J 12963:Robert Green, ed., 12890:"The Lunar Society" 12554:"Old Naval College" 11036:Millward and Saul, 10889:(Harvard UP, 1977). 10876:(Harvard UP, 1973). 10803:17#1 (2012): 29–54. 10763:68.2 (1994): 35–50. 10652:"A Nod to Ned Ludd" 10584:11 May 2021 at the 10388:on 27 November 2007 10321:Cultures in Contact 10083:Eleanor Amico, ed. 9388:Martin J. Daunton, 8303:Johann P. Murmann, 8263:Chemical Revolution 7967:. 1879. p. 20. 7382:Hounshell, David A. 6564:on 27 November 2007 6211:49.01 (2018): 9–42. 5847:evolutionary rescue 5799:collapse of society 5789:Ecological collapse 5747:Anarcho-primitivism 5693:ecological collapse 5639:Glorious Revolution 5410:Economic historian 5370:Glorious Revolution 5327:Glorious Revolution 5153:Italian city-states 5138:Republic of Letters 5122:Economic historian 5054:Judaeo-Christianity 5040:Historians such as 5033:(and Britain had a 5009:Classical Antiquity 4964:Jonathan Hornblower 4733:hydroelectric power 4715:automotive industry 4707:chemical industries 4677:open hearth furnace 3966:The origins of the 3828: 3562:'s factory chimneys 3426:Population increase 3370:The Pickwick Papers 3343:R. White's Lemonade 3294:. Their competitor 3207:consumer revolution 2983:Standards of living 2783:Boonsboro, Maryland 2550:were often shallow 2484:The English lawyer 2374:London sewer system 2268:potassium carbonate 1838:cementation process 1045:Textile manufacture 1026:screw-cutting lathe 653:Indian subcontinent 450:History of medicine 342:Indian subcontinent 23205:Late modern Europe 23200:Industrial history 23058:Population Matters 22773:Population pyramid 22751:Population density 22746:Population decline 22082:Post-structuralism 22045:Christian humanism 21675:Universal suffrage 20484:Panic of 1910–1911 20328:Great Irish Famine 20266:Panic of 1796–1797 20105:Stock market crash 19627:Cobalt silver rush 19582:Cobalt silver rush 19540:Klondike Gold Rush 19436:Kildonan Gold Rush 19424:Big Bend Gold Rush 19283:Carolina gold rush 19244:Mississippi bubble 19213:Real-estate bubble 19072:COVID-19 recession 18732:Panic of 1910–1911 18564:Panic of 1796–1797 18390:Real interest rate 18358:Economic expansion 18191:Crusading movement 18095:Russian Revolution 17930:Hundred Years' War 17826:Maritime republics 17729:Early Christianity 17719:Hellenistic period 17676:Paleolithic Europe 17549:Economic democracy 17370:Private foundation 16780:Telecommunications 15945:Economic geography 15292:Industrial warfare 15141:Blast furnace 15002:Samuel Slater 14997:Thomas Savery 14967:Lunar Society 14825:Economies of scale 13957:Kmlos, J. (2000). 13862:. pp. 29–59. 13852:Wooldridge, Adrian 13633:Alexander Hamilton 13450:The New York Times 13359:(18 August 2011). 13189:Rethinking Marxism 13095:Past & Present 12967:(D.C. Heath, 1973) 11574:The New York Times 11181:, pp. 122–123 11169:Michel De Coster, 11070:Milward and Saul, 10863:(Routledge, 2014). 10070:5 May 2015 at the 9078:on 26 October 2018 8725:. 1 January 1894. 8708:, pp. 192–193 8636:Retail Price Index 8505:on 14 August 2014. 7811:. Metals Society. 7728:"Ironbridge Gorge" 7198:(1973) pp 161–174. 6998:on roads in France 6669:Joseph E Inikori. 6010:Industrial society 5885:William Wordsworth 5761: 5525: 5343: 5192: 5189:William Bell Scott 5178: 5001: 4956:Richard Trevithick 4873:colonial expansion 4821: 4735:generation in the 4703: 4692:Bessemer converter 4669:Sir Henry Bessemer 4657: 4443:control mechanisms 4417: 4200:, which runs from 3964: 3944:cotton plantations 3911:Rest of the world 3826: 3753:friendly societies 3720:universal suffrage 3653: 3564: 3467: 3416:Uniform Penny Post 3263: 3202: 3068: 3056:Housing in London 3035:Great Irish Famine 3011:Food and nutrition 2954:putting-out system 2833: 2831:due to its success 2765:, with the first ' 2745: 2685:North West England 2666: 2500:Joseph Foljambe's 2434:The Crystal Palace 2414: 2326: 2226:was a reaction of 2040: 2028: 1978:Richard Trevithick 1963:Boulton & Watt 1911:The Miner's Friend 1891: 1880: 1686:built furnaces at 1675:air furnace. (The 1622: 1580: 1565: 1391:and the flyer-and- 1367: 1351: 1348:Greater Manchester 1336: 1304:putting-out system 1262: 1220:East India Company 1204: 1194:Trade and textiles 1174:Gossypium hirsutum 1148:medium of exchange 1119: 1076: 1024:invented were the 988:economies of scale 688:standard of living 664:East India Company 579:continental Europe 387:Renaissance Europe 23220:Stages of history 23190:Age of Revolution 23162: 23161: 23033:7 Billion Actions 22907:Population ethics 22800:Carrying capacity 22709:Population growth 22646: 22645: 22473:Council of Europe 22375:International law 22328:Constitutionalism 22186:Eastern Orthodoxy 21692:Post–Cold War era 21625:Age of Revolution 21479:Greco-Roman world 21417: 21416: 21298:COVID-19 pandemic 20183:Tulip mania crash 20174:Kipper und Wipper 20151:(c. 1400–c. 1500) 19929: 19928: 19887:Everything bubble 19536:(c. 1890–c. 1910) 19516:Cayoosh Gold Rush 19506:(c. 1880–c. 1930) 19494:(c. 1880–c. 1900) 19476:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 19474:Cassiar Gold Rush 19470:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 19442:Omineca Gold Rush 19406:Cariboo Gold Rush 19388:Stikine Gold Rush 19324:(c. 1840–c. 1850) 19294:Georgia Gold Rush 19279:(c. 1790–c. 1810) 19182:Financial bubbles 19148: 19147: 18859:Recession of 1958 18853:Recession of 1953 18847:Recession of 1949 18544:Thirteen Colonies 18351:Velocity of money 18281:Paradox of thrift 18199: 18198: 18125:COVID-19 pandemic 18070:French Revolution 18045:Habsburg monarchy 18025:Cossack Hetmanate 18005:Portuguese Empire 17995:Absolute monarchy 17990:Thirty Years' War 17885:Holy Roman Empire 17810:Bulgarian Empire 17769:Early Middle Ages 17686:Bronze Age Europe 17660:History of Europe 17626: 17625: 17519:Anarcho-communism 17390:Spontaneous order 17385:Social alienation 17342:Economic mobility 17029:Economic planning 16926: 16925: 16829: 16828: 16608:Lloyd's of London 16319: 16318: 16291:Industrialisation 16205:Industrialisation 15988: 15987: 15917:COVID-19 pandemic 15837:1815–46 Corn Laws 15588: 15587: 15383: 15382: 15257:Factory Acts 15242:Child labour 15206:Steam engine 15118:Soho Foundry 15007:John Smeaton 14932:Thomas Highs 14927:Hawks family 14462:978-0-521-43154-5 14340:978-1-4191-2952-0 14290:. Westview Press. 14281:. Westview Press. 14248:978-0-917914-73-7 14201:978-1-4165-7091-2 14182:Rappleye, Charles 14128:978-0-415-14792-7 14107:978-0-674-06692-2 14080:978-0-341-78124-0 14024:978-0-521-09418-4 14000:978-1-4088-6856-0 13940:978-0-19-507738-4 13910:978-0-262-08198-6 13869:978-0-7352-2244-1 13791:978-0-7083-1351-0 13691:978-0-691-12135-2 13643:978-0-14-303475-9 13619:978-0-201-00958-3 13600:978-0-471-29563-1 13538:on 12 March 2017. 13526:Ashton, Thomas S. 13398:(6269): aad2622. 12941:978-0-9518382-4-2 12920:guide, Bob Miles. 12791:10.1111/ehr.12491 12733:10.1111/ehr.12693 12494:978-0-520-23500-7 12369:978-0-691-18096-0 12303:978-0-8129-7233-7 12271:978-0-521-09418-4 12246:978-0-393-31888-3 12181:978-0-87951-397-9 12068:978-90-04-23276-1 12061:. Leiden: Brill. 12005:978-0-19-507477-2 11980:978-0-486-21071-1 11958:978-0-521-87928-6 11840:978-0-15-688254-5 11759:978-1-107-50718-0 11686:978-0-521-56859-3 11535:978-0-8078-1867-1 11478:978-0-87332-101-3 11453:978-0-674-94052-9 11426:978-0-393-96315-1 11336:10.1111/ehr.12576 11239:Cahiers de l'ISEA 11179:978-2-296-03394-8 11119:Philippe Raxhon, 10989:(2007) pp. 24–27. 10835:Harold L. Platt, 10609:978-0-586-03832-1 10360:978-1-4344-6870-3 10229:978-1-56584-561-9 9932:978-0-7131-6531-9 9750:978-0-14-004116-3 9741:Boys Will be Boys 9608:978-1-910561-34-8 9375:Anthony S. Wohl, 9351:Victorian Studies 9298:Victorian Studies 9218:978-0-521-80878-1 8997:978-0-7656-2599-1 8961:978-0-674-73325-1 8706:Kindleberger 1993 8485:978-0-691-09010-8 8468:Pomeranz, Kenneth 8450:978-0-521-56859-3 8418:978-0-8018-6502-2 8361:Patrick Degryse, 8277:978-0-8369-1909-7 8150:978-1-351-25134-1 8117:978-0-521-09418-4 8032:978-0-521-27367-1 7989:978-0-521-09418-4 7948:978-0-521-09418-4 7920:978-0-521-27367-1 7868:978-0-671-62028-8 7818:978-0-904357-06-6 7764:978-0-8018-6816-0 7701:978-0-8018-8272-2 7662:978-0-521-09418-4 7542:(Subscription or 7509:(Subscription or 7462:978-0-375-71396-5 7399:978-0-8018-2975-8 7354:978-0-521-09418-4 7329:978-0-901462-88-6 7283:978-0-226-72634-2 7258:978-0-521-09418-4 7133:978-0-8047-0876-0 7101:978-0-230-22642-5 7076:978-0-7131-6531-9 7054:978-0-543-94762-8 7023:978-0-521-40940-7 6967:978-0-917914-73-7 6889:978-0-87332-101-3 6461:978-0-674-01601-9 6370:978-0-393-31888-3 6328:978-1-136-82552-1 6289:978-0-19-516520-3 6274:Esposito, John L. 6259:978-1-317-13522-7 6232:978-0-915463-73-2 6194:978-0-262-51562-7 6169:978-0-521-09418-4 5952:Technology portal 5803:resource scarcity 5661:four universities 5635:English Civil War 5593:Annales des Mines 5557:Lexicon Technicum 5501: 5500: 5493: 5429:by Morgan Kelly, 5379:The Servile State 5363:Scottish Lowlands 5335:absolute monarchy 5275:historiographical 5168:Causes in Britain 5117:Kingdom of Mysore 5044:and sociologists 5035:per capita income 4899:Early Middle Ages 4877:financial markets 4855:movement and the 4841:English Civil War 4789:COVID-19 pandemic 4766:New Industrialism 4655:, Germany in 1868 4505:Blackstone Valley 4412:Slater's Mill in 4345:Meiji Restoration 4251:French historians 4198:Sillon industriel 4162:Sillon industriel 4147:. The leader was 3988:hydrochloric acid 3930: 3929: 3738:Tolpuddle Martyrs 3516:Labour conditions 3398:formed the first 3396:Pryce Pryce-Jones 3269:: "chocolate and 3127:38 & 39 Vict. 3024:Antebellum Puzzle 2887:George Stephenson 2863:Robert Stephenson 2761:and most notably 2681:Bridgewater Canal 2658:Bridgewater Canal 2632:steam locomotives 2595:George Stephenson 2509:threshing machine 2454:Henry Fourdrinier 2244:calcium carbonate 2240:hydrochloric acid 1980:and the American 1860:Watt steam engine 1830:Benjamin Huntsman 1700:Abraham Darby III 1485:Edmund Cartwright 1435:Richard Arkwright 1032:machine, and the 676:industrialisation 622:population growth 551: 550: 357:Hellenistic world 352:Maya civilization 160: 159: 156: 155: 21:Industrialisation 23227: 23152: 23151: 23140: 23139: 23109:Green Revolution 22890:Two-child policy 22885:One-child policy 22808: 22768:Population model 22724:World population 22673: 22666: 22659: 22650: 22649: 22518:EU Customs Union 22050:Secular humanism 21998:Christian ethics 21948:East–West Schism 21931:Physical culture 21655:Great Divergence 21605:Age of Discovery 21444: 21437: 21430: 21421: 21420: 21410: 21403: 21396: 21389: 21374: 21367: 21360: 21353: 21345: 21338: 21331: 21321: 21314: 21307: 21300: 21293: 21285: 21277: 21269: 21261: 21254: 21246: 21238: 21231: 21224: 21217: 21210: 21202: 21195: 21187: 21180: 21173: 21166: 21159: 21151: 21143: 21136: 21129: 21105: 21098: 21091: 21084: 21077: 21070: 21063: 21056: 21049: 21042: 21035: 21028: 21021: 21014: 21007: 21000: 20993: 20986: 20979: 20957: 20949: 20942: 20935: 20927: 20920: 20913: 20906: 20899: 20892: 20884: 20876: 20868: 20861: 20854: 20847: 20840: 20833: 20825: 20818: 20811: 20803: 20796: 20788: 20781: 20774: 20767: 20760: 20752: 20744: 20737: 20730: 20722: 20714: 20707: 20700: 20693: 20685: 20671:Great Regression 20666:Great Moderation 20657: 20649: 20642: 20635: 20627: 20619: 20612: 20605: 20598: 20575: 20568: 20546: 20539: 20532: 20524: 20516: 20493: 20486: 20479: 20471: 20464: 20457: 20450: 20442: 20435: 20428: 20420: 20412: 20404: 20397: 20390: 20368: 20360: 20353: 20346: 20337: 20330: 20323: 20304: 20297: 20290: 20283: 20275: 20268: 20261: 20254: 20247: 20239: 20232: 20224: 20202: 20194: 20186: 20178: 20168: 20160: 20152: 20129: 20107: 20100: 20093: 20084: 20077: 20070: 20063: 20056: 20054:Liquidity crisis 20049: 20042: 20033: 20031:Social contagion 20026: 20019: 20012: 20005: 19998: 19991: 19984: 19977: 19963:Financial crises 19956: 19949: 19942: 19933: 19932: 19731:Great Regression 19726:Great Moderation 19703:Mexican oil boom 19498:Indiana gas boom 19250:South Sea bubble 19208:Social contagion 19175: 19168: 19161: 19152: 19151: 18940:Great Regression 18935:Great Moderation 18781:Great Depression 18770:Roaring Twenties 18291:Underconsumption 18261:Effective demand 18252:Aggregate demand 18226: 18219: 18212: 18203: 18202: 18060:Great Divergence 17975:Age of Discovery 17920:Late Middle Ages 17890:High Middle Ages 17801:Byzantine Empire 17784:Christianization 17774:Migration Period 17709:Classical Greece 17681:Neolithic Europe 17653: 17646: 17639: 17630: 17629: 17609:Social anarchism 17584:Market socialism 17579:Market anarchism 17485:Critique of work 17375:Private property 17337:Economic freedom 17332:Decentralization 17310:Cultural aspects 17271:Regulated market 17049:Financial crisis 17034:Entrepreneurship 16953: 16946: 16939: 16930: 16929: 16916: 16915: 16906: 16905: 16865:Co-operatives UK 16455:Hydroelectricity 16430:Renewable energy 16412: 16411: 16296:Renewable energy 16277: 16225:Renewable energy 16013:Atlantic Gateway 16001: 16000: 15832:Panic of 1796–97 15802: 15801: 15615: 15608: 15601: 15592: 15591: 15505:Great Divergence 15410: 15403: 15396: 15387: 15386: 15371: 15370: 15359: 15358: 15262:Great Divergence 15216:Water frame 15151:Cotton mill 14977:Robert Owen 14837: 14805:Water power 14785:Steam power 14740:Coal mining 14718:Potential future 14652: 14645: 14638: 14629: 14628: 14556: 14535: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14516: 14501: 14491: 14489: 14487: 14478:. 15 (January). 14466: 14439: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14388: 14379: 14368: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14343:. Archived from 14320: 14309: 14300: 14291: 14282: 14271: 14259: 14233: 14214: 14205: 14177: 14168: 14163:More, C (2002). 14159: 14150: 14141: 14132: 14111: 14084: 14061: 14049: 14037: 14028: 14009:Landes, David S. 14004: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13953: 13944: 13923: 13914: 13902: 13891: 13882: 13873: 13843: 13834: 13825: 13804: 13795: 13772: 13763: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13728: 13714:(2–3): 525–534. 13705: 13695: 13674: 13665: 13656: 13647: 13623: 13604: 13581: 13572: 13539: 13512: 13505: 13499: 13485: 13479: 13472: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13461: 13438: 13432: 13431: 13387: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13376: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13336: 13312: 13306: 13305: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13234: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13217: 13186: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13134: 13128: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13073: 13042: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13016: 13006: 12974: 12968: 12961: 12955: 12945: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12909: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12849: 12817: 12811: 12810: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12763: 12758:on 19 April 2021 12757: 12751:. Archived from 12718: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12692: 12661: 12652: 12643: 12642: 12634: 12628: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12599:www.bartleby.com 12590: 12584: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12566:on 26 June 2007. 12565: 12559:. Archived from 12558: 12550: 12544: 12533: 12527: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12482: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12455: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12353: 12347: 12346: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12319:, pp. 34–35 12314: 12308: 12307: 12295: 12285: 12276: 12275: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12230: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12208: 12201: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12173: 12163: 12157: 12155: 12147: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12120: 12114: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12054: 12048: 12035: 12029: 12016: 12010: 12009: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11966: 11960: 11951: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11937: 11930: 11910: 11904: 11893: 11887: 11865:Deane, Phyllis. 11863: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11790: 11784: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11745: 11739: 11738:31 October 2009. 11724: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11678: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11607: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11498: 11492: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11406: 11400: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11338: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11271: 11265: 11260:Allan Mitchell, 11258: 11252: 11247: 11241: 11231: 11225: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11188: 11182: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11141: 11135: 11117: 11111: 11094: 11088: 11081: 11075: 11068: 11062: 11047: 11041: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11006:on 16 March 2012 11002:. Archived from 10996: 10990: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10937:(123): 243–275. 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10896: 10890: 10883: 10877: 10870: 10864: 10857: 10851: 10833: 10827: 10810: 10804: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10770: 10764: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10742: 10736: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10702:on 26 March 2012 10698:. Archived from 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10626:. Archived from 10620: 10614: 10613: 10595: 10589: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10463: 10457: 10444: 10438: 10424: 10418: 10401: 10395: 10393: 10387: 10381:. Archived from 10380: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10260: 10254: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10215: 10209: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10176: 10170: 10163: 10157: 10150: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10094: 10088: 10081: 10075: 10062: 10056: 10042: 10036: 10022: 10016: 10002: 9996: 9983: 9977: 9963: 9957: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9892: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9805:The Paris Review 9797: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9764: 9755: 9754: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9694:White, Matthew. 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9669:Historic England 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9553: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9520: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9497:on 19 April 2021 9487: 9478: 9471: 9465: 9458: 9452: 9451:Hamerow, p. 159. 9449: 9443: 9425: 9419: 9412: 9406: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9327: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9293: 9287: 9280: 9274: 9272: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9247: 9240: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9205:Fogel, Robert W. 9201: 9195: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9164: 9141: 9132: 9126: 9117: 9111: 9097: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8990:. PHI Learning. 8983: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8809: 8803: 8800: 8794: 8781: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8734: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8615: 8608: 8597: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8561: 8555: 8548: 8539: 8534: 8525: 8524: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8442: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8406: 8396: 8390: 8372: 8366: 8359: 8353: 8341:(W. King, 1907) 8335: 8329: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8295: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8257: 8251: 8238: 8232: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8176: 8170: 8163: 8154: 8153: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7934: 7925: 7924: 7900: 7894: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7856: 7846: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7782:. Awards Daily. 7775: 7769: 7768: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7715: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7616: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7559: 7548: 7547: 7539: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7506: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7448: 7419: 7418: 7378: 7359: 7358: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7315: 7288: 7287: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7205: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7125: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7062: 7056: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7005: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6970: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6923: 6894: 6893: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6847: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6703: 6690: 6684: 6667: 6658: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6599:. Archived from 6588: 6582: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6554:Robert Lucas Jr. 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6449: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6354: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6155: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6076: 6060: 6056: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5935: 5934: 5809:The Anthropocene 5519:illustration by 5518: 5515: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5453: 5445: 5415:2018 studies in 5355:English Midlands 5351:North of England 5279:Seymour Drescher 5234: 5135: 5027:Age of Discovery 4998: 4995: 4988:Interior of the 4980:Great Divergence 4974:Causes in Europe 4861:cottage industry 4793:land speculation 4748:General Electric 4616:Thomas Blanchard 4585: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4560:, second to the 4528:Blackstone River 4204:in the west, to 3972:coal consumption 3829: 3825: 3631:Soho Manufactory 3600:New Lanark mills 3406:. Selling Welsh 3360:The Paris Review 3304:department store 3282:of Carlisle and 3246: 3239:Georgian Britain 3230:mass consumption 3110:Friedrich Engels 3062: 3059: 2993:living standards 2989:Robert Lucas Jr. 2958:cottage industry 2879:Arthur Wellesley 2422:cylinder process 2418:glass production 2410:Great Exhibition 2388:was the work of 2222:(soda ash). The 2220:sodium carbonate 2178:which perfected 2169:Joseph Whitworth 1948:his steam engine 1729:Boulton and Watt 1684:Abraham Darby II 1462:James Hargreaves 1424:James Hargreaves 1365:, West Yorkshire 1332:James Hargreaves 1260: 1257: 1229:, including the 1208:Age of Discovery 1163:Native Americans 1000:puddling process 871:Great Divergence 833:Friedrich Engels 828: 797:Raymond Williams 626:textile industry 543: 536: 529: 435:Maritime history 367:Byzantine Empire 162: 161: 152: 139: 132: 52: 28: 27: 23235: 23234: 23230: 23229: 23228: 23226: 23225: 23224: 23165: 23164: 23163: 23158: 23128: 23092: 23026: 23024: 23017: 22969: 22948: 22897:Overconsumption 22880:Family planning 22837: 22831: 22804: 22788: 22785: 22777: 22739: 22736: 22728: 22682: 22677: 22647: 22642: 22608:UKUSA Agreement 22548:Lublin Triangle 22433:Baltic Assembly 22385: 22379: 22297: 22134: 21969: 21839:Eurolinguistics 21708: 21697:Information age 21670:Interwar period 21537: 21457: 21448: 21418: 21413: 21406: 21399: 21392: 21385: 21377: 21370: 21363: 21356: 21348: 21341: 21334: 21326: 21317: 21310: 21303: 21296: 21288: 21280: 21272: 21264: 21257: 21249: 21241: 21234: 21227: 21220: 21213: 21205: 21198: 21190: 21183: 21176: 21169: 21162: 21154: 21146: 21139: 21132: 21125: 21118: 21116:Information Age 21110: 21101: 21094: 21087: 21080: 21073: 21066: 21059: 21052: 21045: 21038: 21031: 21024: 21017: 21010: 21003: 20996: 20989: 20982: 20975: 20968: 20966:Great Recession 20960: 20952: 20945: 20938: 20930: 20923: 20916: 20909: 20902: 20895: 20887: 20879: 20871: 20864: 20857: 20850: 20843: 20836: 20828: 20821: 20814: 20806: 20799: 20791: 20784: 20777: 20770: 20763: 20755: 20747: 20740: 20733: 20725: 20717: 20710: 20703: 20696: 20688: 20680: 20673: 20669: 20660: 20652: 20647:1979 oil crisis 20645: 20638: 20630: 20622: 20615: 20608: 20603:1973 oil crisis 20601: 20593: 20586: 20584:Great Inflation 20578: 20571: 20564: 20557: 20549: 20542: 20535: 20527: 20519: 20511: 20504: 20502:Interwar period 20496: 20489: 20482: 20474: 20467: 20460: 20453: 20445: 20438: 20431: 20423: 20415: 20407: 20400: 20393: 20386: 20379: 20371: 20363: 20356: 20349: 20342: 20333: 20326: 20318: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20278: 20271: 20264: 20257: 20250: 20242: 20235: 20227: 20220: 20213: 20205: 20197: 20189: 20181: 20171: 20163: 20155: 20147: 20140: 20132: 20124: 20110: 20103: 20096: 20089: 20080: 20073: 20066: 20059: 20052: 20045: 20038: 20029: 20022: 20015: 20008: 20003:Currency crisis 20001: 19994: 19987: 19980: 19973: 19965: 19960: 19930: 19925: 19892: 19849: 19847:Information Age 19841: 19733: 19729: 19720: 19709:Silver Thursday 19690: 19682: 19677:Poseidon bubble 19657: 19649: 19601: 19599:Interwar period 19593: 19455: 19447: 19400:Otago gold rush 19310: 19269: 19261: 19230: 19222: 19184: 19179: 19149: 19144: 19009:Great Recession 19001: 18999:Information Age 18993: 18942: 18938: 18929: 18882: 18880:Great Inflation 18874: 18836: 18828: 18751: 18749:Interwar period 18743: 18679:Long Depression 18671: 18667: 18658: 18618: 18614: 18605: 18520: 18512: 18489: 18481: 18446:U.S. recessions 18441:U.K. recessions 18373:U.S. expansions 18243: 18230: 18200: 18195: 18134: 18100:Interwar period 18075:Napoleonic Wars 17939: 17910:Mongol invasion 17863:Crown of Aragon 17755: 17695: 17691:Iron Age Europe 17662: 17657: 17627: 17622: 17604:Sharing economy 17594:Post-capitalism 17564:Green anarchism 17503: 17470:Anti-capitalism 17457: 17393: 17304: 17296:State-sponsored 17153: 17129:Property rights 17104:Nationalization 17014:Economic bubble 16972: 16962: 16957: 16927: 16922: 16894: 16837: 16835: 16825: 16733:Pharmaceuticals 16646: 16561:Baltic Exchange 16552: 16545: 16417: 16403: 16325: 16315: 16271: 16249: 16176: 16158: 16151: 15996: 15994: 15984: 15980:Nationalisation 15933: 15791: 15686:Bank of England 15678: 15676: 15670: 15624: 15619: 15589: 15584: 15519: 15490:Medieval Europe 15419: 15414: 15384: 15379: 15347: 15296: 15225: 15176:Power loom 15133: 15127: 15103:New Lanark 15046: 15042:John Wyatt 15032:James Watt 14982:Lewis Paul 14882:Henry Cort 14844: 14838: 14829: 14723: 14666: 14656: 14623:Wayback Machine 14611:Wayback Machine 14599:Wayback Machine 14587:Wayback Machine 14575:Wayback Machine 14564: 14559: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14499: 14485: 14483: 14463: 14424: 14422: 14395: 14350: 14348: 14347:on 3 March 2016 14341: 14325:Toynbee, Arnold 14202: 14129: 14108: 14081: 14042:Maddison, Angus 14025: 14001: 13983:Kynaston, David 13972: 13970: 13941: 13911: 13870: 13848:Greenspan, Alan 13792: 13732: 13730: 13726: 13703: 13692: 13644: 13620: 13601: 13520: 13518:Further reading 13515: 13506: 13502: 13496:Wayback Machine 13486: 13482: 13473: 13469: 13459: 13457: 13439: 13435: 13388: 13384: 13374: 13372: 13354: 13350: 13313: 13309: 13270: 13266: 13235: 13231: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13164: 13162: 13135: 13131: 13122: 13118: 13091: 13087: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13040: 13034: 13030: 12975: 12971: 12962: 12958: 12942: 12928: 12924: 12903: 12902: 12895: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12883: 12873: 12871: 12818: 12814: 12775: 12771: 12761: 12759: 12755: 12716: 12710: 12706: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12659: 12653: 12646: 12635: 12631: 12622: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12591: 12587: 12575: 12571: 12563: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12547: 12534: 12530: 12521: 12517: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12473: 12469: 12428: 12424: 12393: 12389: 12379: 12377: 12370: 12354: 12350: 12339: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12304: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12258: 12254: 12247: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12190: 12182: 12164: 12160: 12148: 12144: 12134: 12132: 12121: 12117: 12110:Wayback Machine 12099: 12095: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12055: 12051: 12045:Wayback Machine 12036: 12032: 12026:Wayback Machine 12017: 12013: 12006: 11992: 11988: 11981: 11967: 11963: 11949: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11928: 11924: 11921:Wayback Machine 11911: 11907: 11894: 11890: 11885:Wayback Machine 11864: 11860: 11850: 11848: 11841: 11827: 11826: 11822: 11807:10.2307/1251689 11791: 11787: 11771: 11767: 11760: 11746: 11742: 11736:Wayback Machine 11725: 11721: 11711: 11709: 11698: 11694: 11687: 11669: 11665: 11655: 11653: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11625: 11623: 11608: 11601: 11591: 11589: 11566: 11562: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11499: 11495: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11471:. M.E. Sharpe. 11465: 11461: 11454: 11438: 11434: 11427: 11407: 11403: 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11272: 11268: 11259: 11255: 11248: 11244: 11232: 11228: 11219: 11215: 11205: 11203: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11152: 11151:on 31 July 2013 11143: 11142: 11138: 11118: 11114: 11109:Wayback Machine 11095: 11091: 11082: 11078: 11069: 11065: 11048: 11044: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10984: 10980: 10970: 10968: 10955: 10954: 10950: 10927: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10884: 10880: 10871: 10867: 10858: 10854: 10848:Wayback Machine 10834: 10830: 10825:Wayback Machine 10811: 10807: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10771: 10767: 10758: 10754: 10743: 10739: 10735:Beckert, p. 86. 10734: 10730: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10664:(23): 120–128. 10648: 10644: 10633: 10631: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10610: 10596: 10592: 10586:Wayback Machine 10576: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10547: 10546: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10506: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10465: 10464: 10460: 10454:Wayback Machine 10445: 10441: 10435:Wayback Machine 10425: 10421: 10415:Wayback Machine 10391: 10389: 10385: 10378: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10347: 10343: 10332: 10328: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10270:on 9 March 2012 10262: 10261: 10257: 10242:R.M. Hartwell, 10241: 10237: 10230: 10216: 10212: 10202:Wayback Machine 10192: 10188: 10177: 10173: 10164: 10160: 10152:Ivy Pinchbeck, 10151: 10147: 10138: 10134: 10095: 10091: 10082: 10078: 10072:Wayback Machine 10063: 10059: 10054:Wayback Machine 10043: 10039: 10034:Wayback Machine 10023: 10019: 10013:Wayback Machine 10003: 9999: 9993:Wayback Machine 9984: 9980: 9974:Wayback Machine 9964: 9960: 9954:Wayback Machine 9944: 9940: 9933: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9894: 9893: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9828: 9824: 9814: 9812: 9799: 9798: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9766: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9734: 9730: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9692: 9688: 9678: 9676: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9618: 9616: 9609: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9556:Financial Times 9548: 9547: 9543: 9533: 9531: 9522: 9521: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9481: 9472: 9468: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9440:Wayback Machine 9426: 9422: 9413: 9409: 9400: 9396: 9387: 9383: 9374: 9370: 9347: 9343: 9334: 9330: 9321: 9317: 9294: 9290: 9281: 9277: 9265: 9261: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9202: 9198: 9183:R.M. Hartwell, 9182: 9178: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9139: 9133: 9129: 9118: 9114: 9099:Mabel C. Buer, 9098: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9068:World Economics 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8984: 8980: 8971: 8969: 8962: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8923: 8921: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861:(2nd ed. 1999). 8856: 8852: 8837: 8833: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8782: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8732: 8730: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8616:on 1 March 2012 8613: 8606: 8598: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8562: 8558: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8397: 8393: 8387:Wayback Machine 8373: 8369: 8360: 8356: 8350:Wayback Machine 8336: 8332: 8326:Wayback Machine 8315: 8311: 8302: 8298: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8258: 8254: 8249:Wayback Machine 8239: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8177: 8173: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8104: 8100: 8090: 8088: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7976: 7972: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7901: 7897: 7891:Wayback Machine 7884:Fareed Zakaria 7881: 7877: 7869: 7847: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7581:on 1 March 2012 7578: 7571: 7560: 7551: 7541: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7489: 7485: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7449: 7422: 7400: 7379: 7362: 7355: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7316: 7291: 7284: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7189: 7180: 7176: 7167: 7163: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7063: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7024: 7006: 7002: 6984: 6973: 6947: 6945: 6924: 6897: 6890: 6882:. M.E. Sharpe. 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6771: 6767: 6761:Wayback Machine 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6718:10.2307/2598327 6701: 6691: 6687: 6668: 6661: 6646:Eric Hobsbawm, 6645: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6615: 6611: 6595:Past and Future 6589: 6585: 6567: 6565: 6551: 6547: 6514: 6507: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6440: 6433: 6410:10.2307/2595144 6394: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6355: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6290: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6219: 6215: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6156: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6043: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5876: 5870: 5854:geologic record 5843:mass extinction 5831:mass extinction 5811: 5791: 5785: 5773:modern medicine 5753: 5741:Main articles: 5739: 5727: 5719:Main articles: 5717: 5689: 5665:Anglican Church 5647:Bank of England 5611:entrepreneurial 5607: 5601: 5516: 5497: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5466: 5454: 5443: 5329:and signed the 5315:James Thornhill 5297:Napoleonic Wars 5240:entrepreneurial 5236: 5224: 5170: 4996: 4982: 4976: 4960:William Murdoch 4903:mass production 4809: 4795:, to invest in 4785:Great Recession 4768: 4725:electrification 4642: 4636: 4608:milling machine 4588:Merrimack River 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4451:mass production 4433:milling machine 4406: 4388: 4382: 4367:Iwakura Mission 4351: 4343:Main articles: 4341: 4309: 4303: 4283: 4277: 4247: 4241: 4130: 4054:Austria-Hungary 4050: 4044: 4042:Austria-Hungary 4026: 4021: 3956: 3935: 3817: 3781: 3775: 3688: 3682: 3645: 3639: 3627:Matthew Boulton 3623:Josiah Wedgwood 3613:was working at 3547: 3523: 3518: 3484: 3451: 3437:The Fatal Shore 3428: 3365:Charles Dickens 3350:Penny dreadfuls 3300:Valentine's Day 3247: 3243:British Library 3236: 3212:Josiah Wedgwood 3191: 3169: 3163: 3139: 3060: 3050: 3019: 3013: 2998:life expectancy 2985: 2938: 2932: 2912:social question 2908: 2902: 2859:Rainhill trials 2817: 2811: 2750:turnpike trusts 2737: 2650: 2644: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2537: 2470: 2448:in France. The 2442: 2426:Chance Brothers 2420:, known as the 2402: 2390:William Murdoch 2382: 2338:portland cement 2314: 2287:Charles Tennant 2276:bleaching cloth 2248:calcium sulfide 2232:sodium chloride 2224:Leblanc process 2216:Nicolas Leblanc 2189: 2161:Richard Roberts 2115:Richard Roberts 2094:shaping machine 2090:milling machine 2086:planing machine 2036:milling machine 2034:The Middletown 2013: 1997:electrification 1944:Matthew Boulton 1918:Thomas Newcomen 1876:rotating motion 1852: 1846: 1610: 1585: 1572:The Iron Bridge 1545: 1494:Richard Roberts 1450:Samuel Crompton 1326:in a museum in 1322:A model of the 1316: 1258: 1240: 1196: 1179:barrier islands 1143: 1135:Tower of London 1116:Derby Silk Mill 1101: 1092: 1066:William Hogarth 1058: 1053: 1047: 1034:milling machine 1028:, the cylinder 986:, resulting in 903: 891: 879:Nicholas Crafts 783: 775:electrical grid 767:mass production 704:economic growth 672:property rights 599:iron production 573:. Beginning in 547: 518: 517: 503: 501:Article indices 493: 492: 473: 465: 464: 400: 392: 391: 382:Medieval Europe 327: 319: 318: 309:Post-industrial 297:Imagination Age 287:Information Age 247:Standardization 175: 130: 122: 117:Iron production 84: 63: 40: – c. 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 23233: 23223: 23222: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23160: 23159: 23157: 23156: 23146: 23133: 23130: 23129: 23127: 23126: 23124:Sustainability 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23100: 23098: 23097:Related topics 23094: 23093: 23091: 23090: 23085: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23029: 23027: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23016: 23015: 23010: 23009: 23008: 23003: 22998: 22988: 22986:Largest cities 22983: 22977: 22975: 22971: 22970: 22968: 22967: 22962: 22956: 22954: 22950: 22949: 22947: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22935: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22919: 22914: 22904: 22899: 22894: 22893: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22867: 22866: 22865: 22855: 22847: 22841: 22839: 22833: 22832: 22830: 22829: 22824: 22819: 22814: 22809: 22806:I = P × A × T 22802: 22797: 22791: 22789: 22782: 22779: 22778: 22776: 22775: 22770: 22765: 22760: 22759: 22758: 22748: 22742: 22740: 22733: 22730: 22729: 22727: 22726: 22721: 22716: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22690: 22688: 22684: 22683: 22676: 22675: 22668: 22661: 22653: 22644: 22643: 22641: 22640: 22638:Westernization 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22618:Visegrád Group 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22560: 22558:Nordic Council 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22453:Bucharest Nine 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22418:Arctic Council 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22389: 22387: 22381: 22380: 22378: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22366: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22330: 22325: 22324: 22323: 22313: 22307: 22305: 22299: 22298: 22296: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22284: 22283: 22278: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22262: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22216: 22215: 22214: 22213: 22212: 22202: 22201: 22200: 22195: 22194: 22193: 22183: 22182: 22181: 22171: 22170: 22169: 22144: 22142: 22136: 22135: 22133: 22132: 22131: 22130: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22109: 22108: 22096: 22095: 22094: 22084: 22079: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22054: 22053: 22052: 22047: 22037: 22036: 22035: 22028:Existentialism 22025: 22020: 22015: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21985: 21979: 21977: 21971: 21970: 21968: 21967: 21966: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21950: 21940: 21939: 21938: 21928: 21927: 21926: 21921: 21911: 21910: 21909: 21899: 21894: 21893: 21892: 21887: 21882: 21872: 21871: 21870: 21860: 21859: 21858: 21848: 21847: 21846: 21841: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21815: 21814: 21804: 21799: 21798: 21797: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21775: 21774: 21773: 21763: 21758: 21757: 21756: 21746: 21741: 21740: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21718: 21716: 21710: 21709: 21707: 21706: 21705: 21704: 21699: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21607: 21602: 21592: 21587: 21586: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21565: 21564: 21563: 21561:Late antiquity 21553: 21547: 21545: 21539: 21538: 21536: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21514: 21513: 21512: 21511: 21506: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21476: 21471: 21465: 21463: 21459: 21458: 21447: 21446: 21439: 21432: 21424: 21415: 21414: 21412: 21411: 21404: 21397: 21390: 21382: 21379: 21378: 21376: 21375: 21368: 21361: 21354: 21352:(2022–present) 21346: 21339: 21332: 21330:(2020–present) 21324: 21323: 21322: 21315: 21308: 21294: 21292:(2019–present) 21286: 21284:(2019–present) 21278: 21276:(2018–present) 21270: 21262: 21255: 21247: 21239: 21232: 21225: 21218: 21211: 21203: 21196: 21194:(2013–present) 21188: 21181: 21174: 21167: 21160: 21158:(2011–present) 21152: 21150:(2010–present) 21144: 21137: 21130: 21122: 21120: 21119:(2009–present) 21112: 21111: 21109: 21108: 21107: 21106: 21099: 21092: 21085: 21078: 21071: 21064: 21057: 21050: 21043: 21036: 21029: 21022: 21015: 21008: 21001: 20994: 20987: 20984:September 2008 20972: 20970: 20962: 20961: 20959: 20958: 20956:(2007–present) 20950: 20943: 20936: 20928: 20921: 20914: 20907: 20900: 20893: 20885: 20877: 20869: 20862: 20855: 20848: 20841: 20834: 20826: 20819: 20812: 20804: 20797: 20789: 20782: 20775: 20768: 20761: 20753: 20745: 20738: 20731: 20723: 20715: 20708: 20701: 20694: 20686: 20677: 20675: 20662: 20661: 20659: 20658: 20650: 20643: 20636: 20628: 20620: 20613: 20606: 20599: 20590: 20588: 20580: 20579: 20577: 20576: 20569: 20561: 20559: 20551: 20550: 20548: 20547: 20540: 20533: 20525: 20517: 20508: 20506: 20498: 20497: 20495: 20494: 20487: 20480: 20472: 20465: 20458: 20451: 20443: 20436: 20429: 20421: 20413: 20405: 20398: 20391: 20383: 20381: 20373: 20372: 20370: 20369: 20361: 20354: 20347: 20340: 20339: 20338: 20331: 20315: 20313: 20309: 20308: 20306: 20305: 20298: 20291: 20284: 20276: 20269: 20262: 20255: 20248: 20246:(c. 1780–1795) 20240: 20233: 20225: 20217: 20215: 20207: 20206: 20204: 20203: 20195: 20187: 20179: 20169: 20167:(c. 1600–1760) 20161: 20153: 20144: 20142: 20134: 20133: 20131: 20130: 20121: 20119: 20112: 20111: 20109: 20108: 20101: 20094: 20087: 20086: 20085: 20078: 20071: 20064: 20050: 20047:Hyperinflation 20043: 20036: 20035: 20034: 20020: 20013: 20006: 19999: 19992: 19985: 19978: 19970: 19967: 19966: 19959: 19958: 19951: 19944: 19936: 19927: 19926: 19924: 19923: 19918: 19916:Unicorn bubble 19913: 19908: 19903: 19897: 19894: 19893: 19891: 19890: 19884: 19878: 19872: 19866: 19860: 19853: 19851: 19850:(2007–present) 19843: 19842: 19840: 19839: 19834: 19828: 19827: 19821: 19815: 19809: 19803: 19797: 19791: 19785: 19779: 19778:(c. 2000–2007) 19773: 19767: 19764:Dot-com bubble 19761: 19755: 19749: 19743: 19741:1980s oil glut 19737: 19735: 19722: 19721: 19719: 19718: 19717:(c. 1980–1982) 19712: 19706: 19700: 19694: 19692: 19684: 19683: 19681: 19680: 19674: 19673:(1945–c. 1960) 19668: 19667:(1945–c. 1950) 19665:Texas oil boom 19661: 19659: 19651: 19650: 19648: 19647: 19641: 19636: 19630: 19629:(1918–c. 1930) 19624: 19621:Texas oil boom 19618: 19617:(1918–c. 1930) 19612: 19611:(c. 1920–1925) 19605: 19603: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19591: 19585: 19579: 19576:Texas oil boom 19573: 19572:(c. 1900–1918) 19567: 19564:Nome Gold Rush 19561: 19560:(1897–c. 1925) 19555: 19549: 19543: 19537: 19531: 19525: 19519: 19513: 19507: 19501: 19500:(c. 1880–1903) 19495: 19489: 19483: 19477: 19471: 19465: 19459: 19457: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19445: 19439: 19433: 19427: 19421: 19415: 19409: 19403: 19397: 19391: 19385: 19379: 19373: 19367: 19361: 19355: 19349: 19343: 19342:(1851–c. 1870) 19337: 19331: 19325: 19318: 19316: 19312: 19311: 19309: 19308: 19302: 19297: 19296:(1828–c. 1840) 19291: 19286: 19280: 19273: 19271: 19263: 19262: 19260: 19259: 19253: 19247: 19241: 19234: 19232: 19224: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19178: 19177: 19170: 19163: 19155: 19146: 19145: 19143: 19142: 19141: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19128:United Kingdom 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19069: 19068: 19067: 19062: 19060:United Kingdom 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19005: 19003: 19002:(2007–present) 18995: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18985: 18980: 18979: 18978: 18973: 18971:United Kingdom 18968: 18963: 18952: 18946: 18944: 18931: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18920: 18918:United Kingdom 18915: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18897: 18895:United Kingdom 18886: 18884: 18876: 18875: 18873: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18856: 18850: 18844: 18840: 18838: 18830: 18829: 18827: 18826: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18814: 18812:United Kingdom 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18778: 18775: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18755: 18753: 18745: 18744: 18742: 18741: 18735: 18729: 18723: 18717: 18714: 18708: 18702: 18699: 18694: 18693: 18692: 18687: 18685:United Kingdom 18675: 18673: 18660: 18659: 18657: 18656: 18650: 18644: 18641: 18635: 18632: 18626: 18622: 18620: 18607: 18606: 18604: 18603: 18597: 18594: 18591: 18585: 18582: 18576: 18573: 18570: 18567: 18561: 18551: 18548: 18547: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18524: 18522: 18514: 18513: 18511: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18493: 18491: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18479: 18478: 18477: 18467: 18466: 18465: 18460: 18450: 18449: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18403: 18402: 18401: 18392: 18387: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18355: 18354: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18300: 18298:Business cycle 18295: 18294: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18276:Overproduction 18273: 18268: 18263: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18229: 18228: 18221: 18214: 18206: 18197: 18196: 18194: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18142: 18140: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18050:Russian Empire 18047: 18042: 18040:British Empire 18037: 18035:Dutch Republic 18032: 18030:Swedish Empire 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18010:Spanish Empire 18007: 18002: 18000:Ottoman Empire 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17971: 17970: 17960: 17955: 17949: 17947: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17915:Serbian Empire 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17849: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17823: 17822: 17821: 17816: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17787: 17786: 17776: 17771: 17765: 17763: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17751:Late antiquity 17748: 17743: 17738: 17737: 17736: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17714:Roman Republic 17711: 17705: 17703: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17672: 17670: 17664: 17663: 17656: 17655: 17648: 17641: 17633: 17624: 17623: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17509: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17465: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17399: 17398:Social aspects 17395: 17394: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17322:American Dream 17319: 17314: 17312: 17306: 17305: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17084:Market failure 17081: 17079:Market economy 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17039:Ecopreneurship 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16994:Centralization 16991: 16989:Business cycle 16986: 16980: 16978: 16974: 16973: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16956: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16933: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16920: 16910: 16899: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16841: 16839: 16831: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16821: 16820: 16819: 16814: 16804: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16767: 16766: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16715: 16713:Legal services 16710: 16705: 16704: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16654: 16652: 16648: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16611: 16610: 16600: 16595: 16593:Euronext.liffe 16590: 16585: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16573: 16563: 16557: 16555: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16536: 16528: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16422: 16420: 16409: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16401: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16384: 16379: 16378: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16357: 16356: 16355: 16345: 16340: 16338:Businesspeople 16335: 16329: 16327: 16321: 16320: 16317: 16316: 16314: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16265: 16259: 16257: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16186: 16184: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16174: 16169: 16163: 16161: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16132:Thames Gateway 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16015: 16009: 16007: 15998: 15990: 15989: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15941: 15939: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15925: 15924: 15914: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15808: 15806: 15799: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15760:Pound sterling 15757: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15693: 15682: 15680: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15651:FTSE 250 Index 15648: 15646:FTSE 100 Index 15643: 15638: 15632: 15630: 15626: 15625: 15618: 15617: 15610: 15603: 15595: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15524: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15485:Medieval Islam 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15431: 15430: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15413: 15412: 15405: 15398: 15390: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15377: 15365: 15352: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15137: 15135: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14848: 14846: 14840: 14839: 14832: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14731: 14729: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14714: 14707: 14700: 14693: 14686: 14679: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14655: 14654: 14647: 14640: 14632: 14626: 14625: 14613: 14601: 14589: 14577: 14563: 14562:External links 14560: 14558: 14557: 14536: 14527: 14492: 14467: 14461: 14440: 14431: 14394: 14393:Historiography 14391: 14390: 14389: 14380: 14369: 14357: 14339: 14321: 14310: 14301: 14292: 14283: 14274: 14260: 14251: 14215: 14206: 14200: 14178: 14169: 14160: 14151: 14142: 14133: 14127: 14112: 14106: 14085: 14079: 14062: 14050: 14038: 14029: 14023: 14005: 13999: 13979: 13954: 13945: 13939: 13924: 13915: 13909: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13868: 13844: 13835: 13826: 13805: 13796: 13790: 13773: 13764: 13739: 13696: 13690: 13675: 13666: 13657: 13648: 13642: 13624: 13618: 13605: 13599: 13582: 13573: 13555:(4): 269–287. 13540: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13513: 13500: 13480: 13467: 13433: 13382: 13348: 13327:(2): 272–277. 13307: 13280:(3): 470–487. 13264: 13245:(4): 407–425. 13229: 13195:(2): 168–186. 13172: 13149:(3): 359–371. 13129: 13116: 13085: 13051:(2): 245–254. 13028: 12989:(3): 793–797. 12969: 12956: 12940: 12922: 12881: 12838:10.1086/720890 12812: 12785:(1): 106–132. 12769: 12704: 12670:(1): 153–168. 12644: 12629: 12623:E.A. Wrigley, 12616: 12585: 12569: 12545: 12528: 12515: 12500: 12493: 12467: 12438:(5): 679–689. 12422: 12403:(4): 803–832. 12387: 12368: 12348: 12333: 12321: 12309: 12302: 12277: 12270: 12252: 12245: 12225: 12188: 12180: 12158: 12142: 12115: 12093: 12074: 12067: 12049: 12030: 12011: 12004: 11986: 11979: 11961: 11905: 11888: 11858: 11839: 11820: 11801:(1): 108–125. 11785: 11765: 11758: 11740: 11719: 11692: 11685: 11663: 11633: 11599: 11560: 11541: 11534: 11514: 11502: 11493: 11484: 11477: 11459: 11452: 11432: 11425: 11401: 11388: 11358: 11329:(3): 772–794. 11309: 11266: 11253: 11242: 11226: 11213: 11183: 11162: 11136: 11112: 11089: 11076: 11063: 11042: 11029: 11017: 10991: 10978: 10948: 10921: 10891: 10878: 10865: 10852: 10828: 10805: 10792: 10765: 10752: 10737: 10728: 10713: 10687: 10642: 10630:on 9 June 2007 10615: 10608: 10590: 10570: 10540: 10514: 10488: 10458: 10439: 10419: 10366: 10359: 10341: 10326: 10311: 10281: 10255: 10235: 10228: 10210: 10186: 10171: 10158: 10145: 10132: 10105:(3): 534–549. 10089: 10076: 10057: 10037: 10017: 9997: 9978: 9958: 9938: 9931: 9913: 9884: 9853: 9822: 9789: 9756: 9749: 9728: 9713: 9702:on 22 May 2022 9686: 9656: 9626: 9607: 9588: 9573: 9541: 9508: 9479: 9466: 9460:Henry Milner, 9453: 9444: 9420: 9407: 9401:Enid Gauldie, 9394: 9381: 9368: 9341: 9328: 9315: 9288: 9275: 9259: 9224: 9217: 9196: 9176: 9127: 9112: 9089: 9054: 9003: 8996: 8978: 8960: 8931: 8892:(3): 747–775. 8872: 8863: 8850: 8831: 8804: 8795: 8773: 8743: 8710: 8698: 8672: 8660: 8647:MeasuringWorth 8627: 8589: 8556: 8540: 8526: 8508: 8490: 8484: 8456: 8449: 8424: 8417: 8391: 8378:(1991): 47–68 8367: 8354: 8337:Charles Hunt, 8330: 8309: 8296: 8283: 8276: 8252: 8233: 8222: 8209:10.1086/658495 8193:10.1086/658495 8187:(4): 841–861. 8171: 8155: 8149: 8123: 8116: 8098: 8068: 8038: 8031: 8007: 7995: 7988: 7970: 7954: 7947: 7926: 7919: 7895: 7875: 7867: 7836: 7817: 7797: 7770: 7763: 7745: 7716: 7707: 7700: 7680: 7668: 7661: 7643: 7631: 7622: 7592: 7549: 7516: 7483: 7468: 7461: 7420: 7398: 7360: 7353: 7335: 7328: 7289: 7282: 7264: 7257: 7239: 7227: 7200: 7187: 7174: 7161: 7138: 7132: 7107: 7100: 7082: 7075: 7057: 7037: 7022: 7000: 6971: 6895: 6888: 6870: 6830: 6791: 6765: 6746: 6693:Berg, Maxine; 6685: 6659: 6636: 6609: 6583: 6545: 6505: 6486:(3): 625–658. 6467: 6460: 6431: 6404:(2): 229–230. 6388: 6376: 6369: 6346: 6327: 6307: 6288: 6276:, ed. (2004). 6265: 6258: 6238: 6231: 6213: 6200: 6193: 6175: 6168: 6101: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6007: 6005:Industrial Age 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5955: 5941: 5925: 5922: 5872:Main article: 5869: 5866: 5817:is a proposed 5810: 5807: 5787:Main article: 5784: 5781: 5738: 5735: 5716: 5713: 5688: 5685: 5603:Main article: 5600: 5597: 5581:and Diderot's 5548:Encyclopaedias 5499: 5498: 5481:September 2019 5457: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5435:Cormac O Grada 5374:Hilaire Belloc 5292:liberalisation 5217: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5169: 5166: 4978:Main article: 4975: 4972: 4907:printing press 4863:, for example 4808: 4805: 4797:infrastructure 4767: 4764: 4688:Henry Bessemer 4638:Main article: 4635: 4632: 4521:John H. Chafee 4473:Cabot Brothers 4384:Main article: 4381: 4378: 4340: 4337: 4305:Main article: 4302: 4299: 4293:was critical. 4279:Main article: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4243:Main article: 4240: 4237: 4149:John Cockerill 4129: 4126: 4106:Czech Republic 4059:Czech Republic 4046:Main article: 4043: 4040: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 3955: 3952: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3871:United States 3868: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3816: 3813: 3777:Main article: 3774: 3771: 3762:general strike 3729:Lord Melbourne 3681: 3678: 3638: 3635: 3572:factory system 3546: 3543: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3483: 3480: 3450: 3447: 3427: 3424: 3327:street sellers 3234: 3190: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3162: 3159: 3138: 3135: 3049: 3046: 3015:Main article: 3012: 3009: 2984: 2981: 2936:Factory system 2934:Main article: 2931: 2930:Factory system 2928: 2904:Main article: 2901: 2900:Social effects 2898: 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2803:carriers carts 2759:Thomas Telford 2736: 2733: 2674:bulk materials 2646:Main article: 2643: 2640: 2609:Main article: 2606: 2605:Transportation 2603: 2576:Cornish engine 2536: 2533: 2469: 2466: 2441: 2438: 2401: 2398: 2381: 2378: 2313: 2310: 2236:sodium sulfate 2193:sulphuric acid 2188: 2185: 2165:Joseph Clement 2137:Jan Verbruggen 2125:Henry Maudslay 2107:Matthew Murray 2074:boring machine 2012: 2009: 1862:, invented by 1848:Main article: 1845: 1842: 1834:crucible steel 1832:developed his 1712:blowing engine 1708:John Wilkinson 1677:foundry cupola 1660:Clement Clerke 1609: 1606: 1584: 1581: 1555:could produce 1544: 1541: 1466:spinning jenny 1428:spinning jenny 1389:spinning frame 1371:flying shuttle 1330:. Invented by 1324:spinning jenny 1315: 1312: 1308:spinning wheel 1239: 1236: 1227:Southeast Asia 1195: 1192: 1142: 1139: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1057: 1054: 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1015: 984:blast furnaces 961: 946: 902: 899: 890: 887: 844:Arnold Toynbee 782: 779: 771:assembly lines 719:social changes 696:GDP per capita 618:factory system 549: 548: 546: 545: 538: 531: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 504: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 485: 480: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 332:Ancient Africa 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 231: 230: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 190: 184: 183: 181:Pre-industrial 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 158: 157: 154: 153: 143: 124: 123: 121: 120: 114: 112:Factory system 109: 104: 98: 92: 90: 86: 85: 83: 82: 77: 75:Western Europe 71: 69: 65: 64: 60:United Kingdom 53: 45: 44: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23232: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23172: 23170: 23155: 23147: 23145: 23144: 23135: 23134: 23131: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23104:Bennett's law 23102: 23101: 23099: 23095: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23041: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23030: 23028: 23025:organizations 23020: 23014: 23011: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22993: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22978: 22976: 22972: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22957: 22955: 22951: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22918: 22915: 22913: 22910: 22909: 22908: 22905: 22903: 22900: 22898: 22895: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22872: 22871: 22868: 22864: 22861: 22860: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22852: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22842: 22840: 22834: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22812:Kaya identity 22810: 22807: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22780: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22766: 22764: 22761: 22757: 22754: 22753: 22752: 22749: 22747: 22744: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22731: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22717: 22715: 22712: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22691: 22689: 22685: 22681: 22674: 22669: 22667: 22662: 22660: 22655: 22654: 22651: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22583:PROSUR/PROSUL 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22478:Craiova Group 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22393:ABCANZ Armies 22391: 22390: 22388: 22382: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22322: 22319: 22318: 22317: 22314: 22312: 22309: 22308: 22306: 22304: 22300: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22241: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22221: 22220: 22217: 22211: 22208: 22207: 22206: 22203: 22199: 22198:Protestantism 22196: 22192: 22189: 22188: 22187: 22184: 22180: 22177: 22176: 22175: 22172: 22168: 22164: 22161: 22160: 22159: 22156: 22155: 22154: 22151: 22150: 22149: 22146: 22145: 22143: 22141: 22137: 22129: 22126: 22125: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22118:Sovereigntism 22116: 22114: 22111: 22107: 22106: 22102: 22101: 22100: 22097: 22093: 22090: 22089: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22042: 22041: 22038: 22034: 22031: 22030: 22029: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22014: 22013:Scholasticism 22011: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21981: 21980: 21978: 21976: 21972: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21945: 21944: 21941: 21937: 21934: 21933: 21932: 21929: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21916: 21915: 21912: 21908: 21905: 21904: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21881: 21878: 21877: 21876: 21873: 21869: 21866: 21865: 21864: 21861: 21857: 21854: 21853: 21852: 21849: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21837: 21836: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21813: 21810: 21809: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21791: 21788: 21784: 21781: 21780: 21779: 21776: 21772: 21769: 21768: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21755: 21752: 21751: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21742: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21724: 21723: 21720: 21719: 21717: 21715: 21711: 21703: 21702:War on terror 21700: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21693: 21690: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21611: 21608: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21598: 21597: 21596: 21595:Modern period 21593: 21591: 21588: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21570: 21569: 21566: 21562: 21559: 21558: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21548: 21546: 21544: 21540: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21501: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21481: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21466: 21464: 21460: 21456: 21452: 21451:Western world 21445: 21440: 21438: 21433: 21431: 21426: 21425: 21422: 21409: 21405: 21402: 21398: 21395: 21391: 21388: 21384: 21383: 21380: 21373: 21369: 21366: 21362: 21359: 21355: 21351: 21347: 21344: 21340: 21337: 21333: 21329: 21325: 21320: 21316: 21313: 21309: 21306: 21302: 21301: 21299: 21295: 21291: 21287: 21283: 21279: 21275: 21271: 21267: 21263: 21260: 21256: 21252: 21248: 21244: 21240: 21237: 21233: 21230: 21226: 21223: 21219: 21216: 21212: 21208: 21204: 21201: 21197: 21193: 21189: 21186: 21182: 21179: 21175: 21172: 21168: 21165: 21161: 21157: 21153: 21149: 21145: 21142: 21138: 21135: 21131: 21128: 21124: 21123: 21121: 21117: 21113: 21104: 21100: 21097: 21093: 21090: 21086: 21083: 21079: 21076: 21072: 21069: 21065: 21062: 21058: 21055: 21051: 21048: 21044: 21041: 21037: 21034: 21030: 21027: 21023: 21020: 21016: 21013: 21009: 21006: 21005:December 2008 21002: 20999: 20998:November 2008 20995: 20992: 20988: 20985: 20981: 20980: 20978: 20974: 20973: 20971: 20967: 20963: 20955: 20951: 20948: 20944: 20941: 20937: 20933: 20929: 20926: 20922: 20919: 20915: 20912: 20908: 20905: 20901: 20898: 20894: 20890: 20886: 20882: 20878: 20874: 20870: 20867: 20863: 20860: 20856: 20853: 20849: 20846: 20842: 20839: 20835: 20831: 20827: 20824: 20820: 20817: 20813: 20809: 20805: 20802: 20798: 20794: 20790: 20787: 20783: 20780: 20776: 20773: 20769: 20766: 20762: 20758: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20743: 20739: 20736: 20732: 20728: 20724: 20720: 20716: 20713: 20709: 20706: 20702: 20699: 20695: 20691: 20687: 20683: 20679: 20678: 20676: 20672: 20667: 20663: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20644: 20641: 20637: 20633: 20629: 20625: 20621: 20618: 20614: 20611: 20607: 20604: 20600: 20596: 20592: 20591: 20589: 20585: 20581: 20574: 20570: 20567: 20563: 20562: 20560: 20556: 20552: 20545: 20544:Panic of 1930 20541: 20538: 20534: 20530: 20526: 20522: 20518: 20514: 20510: 20509: 20507: 20503: 20499: 20492: 20488: 20485: 20481: 20477: 20473: 20470: 20469:Panic of 1907 20466: 20463: 20462:Panic of 1901 20459: 20456: 20455:Panic of 1896 20452: 20448: 20444: 20441: 20437: 20434: 20433:Panic of 1893 20430: 20426: 20422: 20418: 20417:Baring crisis 20414: 20410: 20409:Arendal crash 20406: 20403: 20402:Panic of 1884 20399: 20396: 20392: 20389: 20388:Panic of 1873 20385: 20384: 20382: 20378: 20374: 20366: 20362: 20359: 20358:Panic of 1866 20355: 20352: 20351:Panic of 1857 20348: 20345: 20344:Panic of 1847 20341: 20336: 20332: 20329: 20325: 20324: 20321: 20317: 20316: 20314: 20310: 20303: 20302:Panic of 1837 20299: 20296: 20295:Panic of 1825 20292: 20289: 20288:Panic of 1819 20285: 20281: 20277: 20274: 20270: 20267: 20263: 20260: 20259:Panic of 1792 20256: 20253: 20249: 20245: 20241: 20238: 20234: 20230: 20226: 20223: 20219: 20218: 20216: 20212: 20208: 20200: 20196: 20192: 20188: 20184: 20180: 20176: 20175: 20170: 20166: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20145: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20127: 20123: 20122: 20120: 20118: 20113: 20106: 20102: 20099: 20098:Social crisis 20095: 20092: 20091:Minsky moment 20088: 20083: 20079: 20076: 20072: 20069: 20065: 20062: 20058: 20057: 20055: 20051: 20048: 20044: 20041: 20037: 20032: 20028: 20027: 20025: 20021: 20018: 20017:Energy crisis 20014: 20011: 20007: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19993: 19990: 19989:Credit crunch 19986: 19983: 19979: 19976: 19972: 19971: 19968: 19964: 19957: 19952: 19950: 19945: 19943: 19938: 19937: 19934: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19901:Carbon bubble 19899: 19898: 19895: 19888: 19885: 19882: 19879: 19876: 19873: 19870: 19867: 19864: 19861: 19858: 19855: 19854: 19852: 19848: 19844: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19829: 19825: 19822: 19819: 19816: 19813: 19810: 19807: 19804: 19801: 19798: 19795: 19792: 19789: 19786: 19783: 19780: 19777: 19774: 19771: 19768: 19765: 19762: 19759: 19756: 19753: 19750: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19736: 19732: 19727: 19723: 19716: 19713: 19710: 19707: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19689: 19685: 19678: 19675: 19672: 19669: 19666: 19663: 19662: 19660: 19656: 19652: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19634: 19631: 19628: 19625: 19622: 19619: 19616: 19613: 19610: 19607: 19606: 19604: 19600: 19596: 19589: 19586: 19583: 19580: 19577: 19574: 19571: 19568: 19565: 19562: 19559: 19556: 19553: 19550: 19547: 19544: 19541: 19538: 19535: 19532: 19529: 19526: 19523: 19520: 19517: 19514: 19511: 19508: 19505: 19504:Ohio oil rush 19502: 19499: 19496: 19493: 19490: 19487: 19484: 19481: 19478: 19475: 19472: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19460: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19443: 19440: 19437: 19434: 19431: 19428: 19425: 19422: 19419: 19416: 19413: 19410: 19407: 19404: 19401: 19398: 19395: 19392: 19389: 19386: 19383: 19380: 19377: 19374: 19371: 19368: 19365: 19362: 19359: 19356: 19353: 19350: 19347: 19344: 19341: 19338: 19335: 19332: 19329: 19326: 19323: 19322:Railway Mania 19320: 19319: 19317: 19313: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19284: 19281: 19278: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19268: 19264: 19257: 19254: 19251: 19248: 19245: 19242: 19239: 19236: 19235: 19233: 19229: 19225: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19176: 19171: 19169: 19164: 19162: 19157: 19156: 19153: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19133:United States 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19075: 19074: 19073: 19070: 19066: 19065:United States 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19012: 19011: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19004: 19000: 18996: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18977: 18976:United States 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18958: 18957: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18941: 18936: 18932: 18924: 18923:United States 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18910: 18909: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18900:United States 18898: 18896: 18893: 18892: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18885: 18881: 18877: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18860: 18857: 18854: 18851: 18848: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18839: 18835: 18831: 18825: 18822: 18818: 18817:United States 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18784: 18783: 18782: 18779: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18760: 18757: 18756: 18754: 18750: 18746: 18739: 18736: 18733: 18730: 18727: 18726:Panic of 1907 18724: 18721: 18720:Panic of 1901 18718: 18715: 18712: 18711:Panic of 1893 18709: 18706: 18705:Baring crisis 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18691: 18690:United States 18688: 18686: 18682: 18681: 18680: 18677: 18676: 18674: 18670: 18665: 18661: 18654: 18651: 18648: 18647:Panic of 1866 18645: 18642: 18639: 18638:Panic of 1857 18636: 18633: 18630: 18629:Panic of 1847 18627: 18624: 18623: 18621: 18617: 18612: 18608: 18601: 18600:Panic of 1837 18598: 18595: 18592: 18589: 18588:Panic of 1825 18586: 18583: 18580: 18577: 18574: 18571: 18568: 18565: 18562: 18559: 18558:Panic of 1792 18555: 18552: 18549: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18531: 18530: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18515: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18503:Slump of 1706 18501: 18498: 18495: 18494: 18492: 18488: 18484: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18471: 18468: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18455: 18454: 18451: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18411:Balance sheet 18409: 18408: 18407: 18404: 18400: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18382: 18381: 18380:Interest rate 18378: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18359: 18356: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18309: 18308: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18257: 18253: 18250: 18249: 18246: 18242: 18238: 18234: 18227: 18222: 18220: 18215: 18213: 18208: 18207: 18204: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18146:Art of Europe 18144: 18143: 18141: 18137: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17969: 17966: 17965: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17946: 17945:Modern period 17942: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17872: 17868: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17827: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17785: 17782: 17781: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17766: 17764: 17762: 17758: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17735: 17732: 17731: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17698: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17673: 17671: 17669: 17665: 17661: 17654: 17649: 17647: 17642: 17640: 17635: 17634: 17631: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17554:Eco-socialism 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17506: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17464: 17460: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17429:Labour supply 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17396: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17347:Individualism 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17311: 17307: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17205:Laissez-faire 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17169:Authoritarian 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17156: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17119:Privatization 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17089:Merchantilism 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17059:Globalization 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16965: 16961: 16954: 16949: 16947: 16942: 16940: 16935: 16934: 16931: 16919: 16911: 16909: 16901: 16900: 16897: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16838:organisations 16832: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16772: 16771: 16768: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16718:Manufacturing 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16673: 16672: 16668: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16649: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16571:List of banks 16569: 16568: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16558: 16556: 16554: 16548: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16465:North Sea oil 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16432: 16431: 16427: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16419: 16413: 16410: 16406: 16400: 16397: 16393: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16387:Trades unions 16385: 16383: 16380: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16354: 16351: 16350: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16330: 16328: 16322: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16256: 16252: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16154: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16024: 16023:Big City Plan 16021: 16020: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16006: 16002: 15999: 15991: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15975:Privatisation 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15955:Gold standard 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15936: 15930: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15918: 15915: 15912: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15882:1986 Big Bang 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15805:Chronological 15803: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15740: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15673: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15636:Co-operatives 15634: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15623: 15616: 15611: 15609: 15604: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15525: 15522: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15460:Ancient Greek 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15445:Ancient Egypt 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15422: 15418: 15411: 15406: 15404: 15399: 15397: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15376: 15375: 15366: 15364: 15363: 15354: 15353: 15350: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15303: 15299: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15230:Social impact 15228: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15130: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15083:Coalbrookdale 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14841: 14836: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14708: 14706: 14705: 14701: 14699: 14698: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14687: 14685: 14684: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14669: 14664: 14663:technological 14660: 14653: 14648: 14646: 14641: 14639: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14624: 14620: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14498: 14493: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14468: 14464: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14441: 14437: 14432: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14407: 14403: 14397: 14396: 14386: 14381: 14377: 14376: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14332: 14331: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14317: 14311: 14307: 14302: 14298: 14293: 14289: 14284: 14280: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14266: 14261: 14257: 14252: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14216: 14212: 14207: 14203: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14188: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14170: 14166: 14161: 14157: 14152: 14148: 14143: 14139: 14134: 14130: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14094:Cambridge, MA 14091: 14086: 14082: 14076: 14072: 14068: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14054:Mantoux, Paul 14051: 14047: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14020: 14016: 14015: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13955: 13951: 13946: 13942: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13925: 13921: 13916: 13912: 13906: 13901: 13900: 13893: 13889: 13884: 13880: 13875: 13871: 13865: 13861: 13860:Penguin Press 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13836: 13832: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13802: 13797: 13793: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13774: 13770: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13740: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13702: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13683: 13682: 13676: 13672: 13667: 13663: 13658: 13654: 13649: 13645: 13639: 13635: 13634: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13523: 13522: 13510: 13504: 13497: 13493: 13490: 13484: 13477: 13471: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13442:Nuwer, Rachel 13437: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13386: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13357:Harvey, Fiona 13352: 13344: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13311: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13233: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13120: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13097:(38): 56–97. 13096: 13089: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13045:Global Policy 13039: 13032: 13024: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12960: 12953: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12913: 12907: 12891: 12885: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12816: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12773: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12649: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12578: 12573: 12562: 12555: 12549: 12542: 12538: 12532: 12525: 12519: 12511: 12504: 12496: 12490: 12486: 12481: 12480: 12471: 12463: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12391: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12352: 12344: 12337: 12331: 12325: 12318: 12313: 12305: 12299: 12294: 12293: 12284: 12282: 12273: 12267: 12263: 12256: 12248: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12229: 12221:(254 KB) 12205: 12198: 12192: 12183: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12162: 12153: 12146: 12130: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12085: 12078: 12070: 12064: 12060: 12053: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12034: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12015: 12007: 12001: 11997: 11990: 11982: 11976: 11972: 11965: 11959: 11955: 11934: 11927: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11909: 11902: 11898: 11895:Eric Schiff, 11892: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11876: 11875:0-521-29609-9 11872: 11868: 11862: 11846: 11842: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11789: 11783: 11782:0-7131-6531-6 11779: 11775: 11772:Hudson, Pat. 11769: 11761: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11688: 11682: 11677: 11676: 11667: 11651: 11647: 11646:Bloomberg.com 11643: 11637: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11606: 11604: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11555: 11554: 11545: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11518: 11512: 11511:Samuel Slater 11506: 11497: 11488: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11449: 11445: 11444: 11436: 11428: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11405: 11398: 11392: 11376: 11372: 11371:Bank of Japan 11368: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11313: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11246: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11223: 11217: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11133:2-7089-4779-6 11130: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11102:FLWI.ugent.be 11099: 11093: 11086: 11080: 11073: 11067: 11060: 11059:0-7546-3390-X 11056: 11052: 11046: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10988: 10982: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10925: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10888: 10882: 10875: 10869: 10862: 10856: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10802: 10796: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10756: 10748: 10741: 10732: 10724: 10717: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10646: 10629: 10625: 10619: 10611: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10574: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10443: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10423: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10408:mortality.org 10405: 10400: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10330: 10322: 10315: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10252:0-416-19500-8 10249: 10245: 10239: 10231: 10225: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10190: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10162: 10155: 10149: 10142: 10139:Alice Clark, 10136: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10080: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10061: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10001: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9962: 9955: 9951: 9948: 9942: 9934: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9761: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9737:Turner, E. S. 9732: 9724: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9577: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9545: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9463: 9457: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9417: 9411: 9404: 9398: 9391: 9385: 9378: 9372: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9325: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9279: 9270: 9263: 9244: 9237: 9236: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9193:0-631-18071-0 9190: 9186: 9180: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9123: 9116: 9110: 9109:0-415-38218-1 9106: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 8999: 8993: 8989: 8982: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8876: 8867: 8860: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8799: 8792: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8778: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8740: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8707: 8702: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8670:, p. 363 8669: 8664: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8612: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8594: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8550:John U. Nef, 8547: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8452: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8431: 8429: 8420: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8395: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8364: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8152: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8102: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7931: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7879: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7854: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7801: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7711: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7684: 7677: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7626: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7577: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7563:Ayres, Robert 7558: 7556: 7554: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7285: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7191: 7184: 7178: 7171: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7078: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6996:Robert Fulton 6994: 6989: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6835: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6805:The Telegraph 6802: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6679:0-521-01079-9 6676: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6657: 6656:0-349-10484-0 6653: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6510: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6472: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6353: 6351: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6311: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5942: 5939: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5881:William Blake 5875: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5725:Individualism 5722: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5643:national debt 5640: 5636: 5632: 5631:Presbyterians 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5492: 5484: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5458:This section 5456: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5252:Eric Williams 5248: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5229:on the BBC's 5228: 5221: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5185:Iron and Coal 5182: 5174: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5133:lingua franca 5129: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101:Mughal Empire 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895:Lewis Mumford 4892: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4761: 4760:stock markets 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:Samuel Slater 4481: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469:Thomas Somers 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4380:United States 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371:Bank of Japan 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4335:and textile. 4334: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976:air pollution 3973: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805:Captain Swing 3801: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714:In 1832, the 3712: 3709: 3705: 3704:strike action 3700: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3649: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3588:water-powered 3584: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3504:Samuel Smiles 3500: 3497: 3496:Ivy Pinchbeck 3492: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3459:Black Country 3455: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3432:Robert Hughes 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3410:, he created 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3320:fish and chip 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302:in 1868. The 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292:chocolate bar 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3267:Polly Russell 3260: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3018: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950:Great Britain 2946: 2943: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2894:Railway Mania 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2829:Railway Mania 2826: 2821: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2741: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513:Andrew Meikle 2510: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:paper machine 2447: 2440:Paper machine 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2370:Thames Tunnel 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:a mixture of 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330:Joseph Aspdin 2323: 2322:Thames Tunnel 2318: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:sulfuric acid 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2145:Joseph Bramah 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:Royal Arsenal 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2067:machine tools 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011:Machine tools 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959:double-acting 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:Thomas Savery 1899: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:iron silicate 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1645:Coalbrookdale 1642: 1641:Abraham Darby 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1597:charcoal iron 1593: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1543:Iron industry 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:entrepreneurs 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:spinning mule 1452:invented the 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1426:invented the 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1344:Bolton Museum 1340: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1114:, rebuilt as 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1052: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:machine tools 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 962: 959: 954: 953:steam engines 950: 947: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 909: 908: 907: 898: 896: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 834: 830: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 735: 733: 728: 724: 723:Eric Hobsbawm 720: 715: 713: 712:domestication 709: 708:human history 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:Western world 689: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660:Mughal Bengal 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:technological 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 611:machine tools 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:United States 580: 576: 575:Great Britain 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 544: 539: 537: 532: 530: 525: 524: 522: 521: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 502: 497: 496: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 469: 468: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 396: 395: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 347:Ancient China 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Ancient Egypt 335: 333: 330: 329: 323: 322: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 302: 301: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 237: 233: 232: 228: 227: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 171: 170: 167: 164: 163: 151: 147: 142: 138: 133: 129: 125: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 91: 87: 81: 80:North America 78: 76: 73: 72: 70: 66: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 23141: 22953:Publications 22912:Antinatalism 22850: 22827:World3 model 22687:Major topics 22628:Western Bloc 22428:AUSCANNZUKUS 22384:Contemporary 22333:Human rights 22179:Latin Church 22153:Christianity 22103: 22062:Conservatism 21907:contemporary 21744:Architecture 21680:World War II 21649: 21640:Emancipation 21635:Abolitionism 21523:Romanization 21518:Roman legacy 21499:Roman Empire 20991:October 2008 20873:Samba effect 20729:(1987–2000s) 20624:Steel crisis 20447:Black Monday 20425:Encilhamento 20365:Black Friday 20210: 20172: 20128:(235–284 CE) 19996:Credit cycle 19906:Green bubble 19528:Encilhamento 19266: 19198:Credit cycle 19193:Market trend 19050:South Africa 18807:South Africa 18653:Black Friday 18517: 18470:Unemployment 18327:Money supply 18322:Disinflation 18266:General glut 18105:World War II 18064: 17958:Early modern 17935:Kalmar Union 17806:Papal States 17724:Roman Empire 17500:Wage slavery 17454:Unemployment 17434:Productivity 17365:Philanthropy 17226:Mercantilist 17203: 17174:Conservative 17068: 17009:Deregulation 16970:perspectives 16968:Aspects and 16787:Supermarkets 16753:Construction 16748:Architecture 16583:Canary Wharf 16416:Resource and 16399:Unemployment 16370:Minimum wage 16333:Billionaires 16230:Silicon Glen 16102:M11 Corridor 15821: 15527: 15509: 15427: 15373: 15360: 15287:Urbanization 14716: 14709: 14702: 14695: 14688: 14682: 14681: 14674: 14658: 14544: 14540: 14531: 14519:. Retrieved 14507: 14503: 14484:. Retrieved 14475: 14444: 14435: 14423:. Retrieved 14405: 14401: 14384: 14374: 14364: 14361:Uglow, Jenny 14349:. Retrieved 14345:the original 14329: 14315: 14305: 14296: 14287: 14278: 14272: 14268: 14267:(3 vol 2011) 14264: 14255: 14220: 14210: 14190:. New York: 14186: 14173: 14167:. Routledge. 14164: 14158:. Routledge. 14155: 14146: 14137: 14117: 14089: 14066: 14057: 14045: 14033: 14013: 13989:. New York: 13986: 13971:. Retrieved 13962: 13949: 13929: 13919: 13898: 13887: 13878: 13858:. New York: 13855: 13839: 13830: 13813: 13809: 13800: 13777: 13768: 13743: 13731:. Retrieved 13711: 13707: 13680: 13670: 13661: 13652: 13632: 13628:Chernow, Ron 13609: 13586: 13577: 13552: 13548: 13536:the original 13530: 13508: 13503: 13483: 13475: 13470: 13458:. Retrieved 13449: 13436: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13373:. Retrieved 13365:The Guardian 13364: 13351: 13324: 13320: 13310: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13242: 13238: 13232: 13220:. Retrieved 13192: 13188: 13175: 13163:. 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In 1838 1784:iron oxide 1761:Henry Cort 1724:James Watt 1576:Shropshire 1529:Manchester 1510:cotton gin 1489:power loom 1444:Derbyshire 1409:Leominster 1397:Birmingham 1385:Lewis Paul 1184:cotton gin 1123:John Lombe 1108:John Lombe 1080:Lancashire 923:cotton gin 919:power loom 883:revolution 813:Wordsworth 710:since the 700:capitalist 636:invested. 615:mechanised 262:Atomic Age 213:Bronze Age 208:Copper Age 128:Chronology 89:Key events 23119:Migration 22996:6 billion 22533:Five Eyes 22528:EU–UK TCA 22370:Democracy 22259:Old Norse 22148:Abrahamic 22105:Peritrope 22087:Tolerance 22067:Socialism 21897:Mythology 21885:Classical 21834:Languages 21812:Astrology 21660:Modernism 21474:Old World 21319:Recession 20312:1840–1870 19889:(2020–21) 19426:(c. 1865) 19315:1840–1870 19123:Singapore 19078:Australia 19055:Sri Lanka 19015:Australia 18961:Australia 18787:Australia 18777:1926–1927 18774:1923–1924 18740:(1913–14) 18716:1899–1900 18572:1807–1810 18569:1802–1804 18550:1785–1788 18475:Sahm rule 18406:Recession 18307:Inflation 18303:Deflation 17900:Feudalism 17871:Catalonia 17614:Socialism 17589:Mutualism 17544:Communism 17514:Anarchism 17463:Criticism 17444:Syndicate 17179:Corporate 17134:Recession 17109:Oligopoly 17074:Invention 16834:Trade and 16797:Transport 16744:Property 16723:Aerospace 16658:Education 16603:Insurance 16551:Financial 16435:Biodiesel 16311:Transport 16240:Transport 16200:Edinburgh 16172:Transport 16147:Wiltshire 16142:Transport 16117:Sheffield 16075:Liverpool 15938:Recurrent 15765:Banknotes 15675:Currency, 15629:Companies 15480:Byzantine 15440:Neolithic 15301:Reference 15068:Bethlehem 15063:Allentown 14810:Workforce 14780:Sociology 14770:Machinery 14760:Invention 14056:(1961) . 13748:Cambridge 13428:206642594 13302:144572405 13222:6 October 13209:219015323 13165:15 August 13065:218777050 12864:248787980 12856:0022-3808 12832:: 59–94. 12807:157908061 12799:0013-0117 12749:152650710 12741:0013-0117 12684:1361-4916 12462:0192-5121 12417:0022-0507 12113:. p. 607. 11851:8 January 11582:0362-4331 11367:"History" 11353:154088734 11345:1468-0289 11302:23 August 11286:: 57–71. 11155:19 August 10127:145599586 9566:23 August 9037:154692462 8914:143077444 8906:1479-2443 8685:The Times 8217:154401778 8201:0022-2186 8091:9 January 7893:. CNN.com 6813:0307-1235 6629:15 August 6418:0013-0117 6046:Footnotes 5858:Black Sea 5823:anthropo- 5701:wellbeing 5619:Max Weber 5347:Enclosure 5339:Louis XIV 5284:Econocide 5164:schools. 5070:Han Feizi 5062:Confucius 5046:Max Weber 4869:factories 4853:Enclosure 4833:feudalism 4815:Regional 4711:petroleum 4700:Sheffield 4483:In 1793, 4145:Charleroi 4088:In 1791, 3820:starved. 3724:Tolpuddle 3509:Self-Help 3465:, England 3341:company, 3331:urbanized 3316:Pall Mall 3284:McVitie's 3220:tableware 3214:in 1759, 3147:John Snow 3072:Edinburgh 3031:Corn Laws 2977:Karl Marx 2924:anarchism 2920:communism 2916:socialism 2867:hot blast 2854:in 1825. 2795:packhorse 2785:in 1823. 2638:quickly. 2623:Wagonways 2599:coal dust 2552:bell pits 2517:threshing 2394:oil lamps 2350:limestone 2342:sintering 2306:dyestuffs 2187:Chemicals 2099:James Fox 2056:fasteners 2052:windmills 2022:'s early 1810:Hot blast 1788:John Hall 1650:In 1750, 1639:In 1709, 1557:cast iron 1328:Wuppertal 1012:hot blast 996:cast iron 781:Etymology 740:hot blast 686:that the 272:Space Age 193:Stone Age 23154:Category 22922:Natalism 22845:Eugenics 22593:Schengen 22523:Eurozone 22363:Property 22358:Religion 22249:Frankish 22239:Germanic 22219:Paganism 22140:Religion 22128:European 22040:Humanism 21943:Religion 21902:Painting 21868:Internet 21819:Folklore 21790:Clothing 21761:Calendar 21737:Cyrillic 21722:Alphabet 21685:Cold War 19975:Bank run 19108:Malaysia 19093:Botswana 19045:Pakistan 19035:Malaysia 18539:Scotland 18399:Inverted 18363:Recovery 18139:See also 18110:Cold War 17905:Crusades 17875:Valencia 17241:National 17236:Monopoly 17189:Dirigist 17158:Ideology 16908:Category 16836:business 16802:Aviation 16775:Internet 16681:Gambling 16588:The City 16553:services 16534:Forestry 16517:Scottish 16508:Fishing 16450:Fracking 16382:Pensions 16190:Aberdeen 16182:Scotland 16157:Northern 16127:Somerset 16035:Cornwall 15995:regions, 15993:Nations, 15777:Taxation 15362:Category 15088:Cromford 15078:Broseley 14800:Textiles 14619:Archived 14607:Archived 14595:Archived 14583:Archived 14571:Archived 14547:: 9–42. 14512:Archived 14480:Archived 14425:14 April 14419:Archived 14363:(2002). 14327:(1884). 14240:27-24075 14230:16011753 14184:(2010). 14044:(2003). 14011:(1969). 13985:(2017). 13967:Archived 13854:(2018). 13724:Archived 13630:(2004). 13569:12283330 13528:(1948). 13492:Archived 13454:Archived 13420:26744408 13369:Archived 13343:20535108 13259:30301899 13213:Archived 13159:Archived 13078:25 March 13069:Archived 13023:11607253 12906:cite web 12868:Archived 12688:Archived 12603:Archived 12374:Archived 12204:Archived 12129:Archived 12106:Archived 12041:Archived 12022:Archived 11933:Archived 11917:Archived 11881:Archived 11845:Archived 11732:Archived 11706:Archived 11650:Archived 11620:Archived 11586:Archived 11375:Archived 11296:Archived 11235:take-off 11206:18 March 11200:Archived 11105:Archived 11010:11 March 10965:Archived 10908:Archived 10844:Archived 10821:Archived 10779:Archived 10706:2 August 10680:2 August 10674:Archived 10582:Archived 10557:Archived 10533:22 March 10527:Archived 10525:. 2008. 10507:22 March 10501:Archived 10499:. 2008. 10475:Archived 10450:Archived 10431:Archived 10411:Archived 10304:29 April 10298:Archived 10274:17 March 10198:Archived 10068:Archived 10050:Archived 10030:Archived 10009:Archived 9989:Archived 9970:Archived 9950:Archived 9906:12 March 9900:Archived 9877:5 August 9871:Archived 9867:BBC News 9840:Archived 9809:Archived 9782:12 March 9776:Archived 9739:(1975). 9673:Archived 9643:Archived 9613:Archived 9560:Archived 9528:Archived 9436:Archived 9243:Archived 9207:(2004). 9160:Archived 9041:Archived 8972:23 April 8966:archived 8924:23 April 8918:Archived 8760:Archived 8727:Archived 8576:Archived 8470:(2000), 8383:Archived 8346:Archived 8322:Archived 8245:Archived 8085:Archived 8055:Archived 7887:Archived 7823:Archived 7784:Archived 7734:. 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