394:
395:
1839:
1848:, pp. 137 and 147, Quote (p. 137): "As we will see later, Tolkkapiyam, the core of which may be assigned to pre-Christian era, consists perhaps of many layers, some of which may be much earlier than others", (p. 147): "Thus, the nuclear portions of Tolkappiyam were probably born sometimes in the 2nd or 1st century BC, but hardly before 150 BC.".
557:
or layers. The
Tolkappiyam manuscript versions that have survived into the modern age were fixed by about the 5th century CE, according to Zvelebil. Scholars reject traditional datings based on three sangams and the myth of great floods because there is no verifiable evidence in its favor, and the available evidence based on linguistics, epigraphy,
481:(a diacritical mark to distinguish pure consonants from consonants with inherent vowels) only became prevalent in Tamil epigraphs after the 2nd century CE. According to linguist S. Agesthialingam, Tolkappiyam contains many later interpolations, and the language shows many deviations consistent with late old Tamil (similar to
1217:
rules are followed and exemplified in Old Tamil (pre-700 CE) literature. The Middle Tamil (700-1600 CE) and Modern Tamil (post-1600 CE) have additional distinct grammatical characteristics. Causative stems of verb bases are "lexical in Old Tamil, morphological in Middle Tamil, and syntactic in Modern
556:
The tradition and some Indian scholars favor an early date for its composition, before the common era, and state that it is the work of one person associated with sage
Agastya. Other Indian scholars, and non-Indian scholars such as Kamil Zvelebil, prefer to date it not as a single entity but in parts
458:
is difficult to date. Some in the Tamil tradition place the text in the mythical second sangam, variously in 1st millennium BCE or earlier. Scholars place the text much later and believe the text evolved and expanded over a period of time. According to
Nadarajah Devapoopathy the earliest layer of the
633:
chapter. Elsewhere it mentions terms related to caste. Such ideas about different weddings and caste, states
Iyengar, must be the influence of Sanskrit and Indo-Aryan ideologies. He disagrees with those European scholars who refuse to "concede high antiquity to the Dravidian civilization", and as a
1169:
stated, "I am sure that
Tolkappiyam is a work which demanded not only vast knowledge and a lot of thinking but a considerable creative skill from its composer." Dubyanskiy also said that the authority of the text was undeniable: "It is a literary and cultural monument of great importance."
922:
are incomplete, indicative of a proto-language. It does not, for example, distinguish between retroflex and non-retroflex consonants, states Thomas
Lehmann. The phonetic and phonemic sections of the first book show the influence of Vedic Pratisakhyas, states Hartmut Scharfe, but with some
944:
cover compounds, some semantic and lexical issues. It also mentions the twelve dialectical regions of Tamil speaking people, which suggests the author(s) had a keen sense of observation and inclusiveness for Old Tamil's linguistic geography. According to Peter Scharf, the
918:"joining, copulation") which is combination of sounds, orthography, graphemic and phonetics with sounds as they are produced and listened to. The phonemic inventory it includes consists of 5 long vowels, 5 short vowels, and 17 consonants. The articulatory descriptions in
637:
In post-Independence India, the Tamil scholar Gift
Siromoney states that the Tolkappiyam should be dated based on the chronology of TALBI-P system based inscriptions, which is difficult to date. He suggests that this could be around the time of Ashoka, or centuries
1367:
813:
show the same ideas for grammatically structuring a language and it uses borrowed Indo-European words found in Panini and
Patanjali works to explain its ideas. According to Hartmut Scharfe and other scholars, the phonetic and phonemic sections of the
1318:
754:(1500–1200 BCE). According to the traditional legend, the original grammar was called Agathiam written down by sage Agastya, but it went missing after a great deluge. His student Tolkappiyar was asked to compile Tamil grammar, which is
949:
here are inspired by the work on
Sanskrit grammar by Panini, but it uses Tamil terminology and adds technical innovations. Verb forms and the classification of nominal compounds in the second book show the influence of Patanjali's
679:
in the 100 BCE to 250 CE period. Rest of the sections and sutras of the text to centuries between 3rd and 5th century CE. The extant manuscripts of
Tolkappiyam are based on the "final redaction" of the 5th century, states
1154:, the former being a standard medieval rhetorica and the latter being a detailed treatise on Tamil prosody. Naccinarkiniyar's commentary, being a scholar of both Tamil and Sanskrit, quotes from Parimelalakar's works.
516:
includes examples to explain its rules, and these examples provide indirect information about the ancient Tamil culture, sociology, and linguistic geography. It is first mentioned by name in Iraiyanar's
1376:, pp. 138–146 with footnotes, Quote: "this fact would give us approximately the 5th cent. AD as the earliest date of Porulatikaram, and as the date of the final redaction of the Tolkappiyam.".
1136:
The commentary by Ilampuranar dated to the 11th or 12th century CE is the most comprehensive and probably the best, states Zvelebil. The commentary by Senavaraiyar deals only with the second book
686:, a Japanese Indologist, states that the Tolkappiyam has several layers with the oldest dating to 1st or 2nd century CE, and the newest and the final redaction dating to the 5th or 6th century CE.
598:
that borrow, translate or closely paraphrase verses and phrases found in the works of ancient and influential Sanskrit scholars such as Panini, Patanjali, Manu, Kautilya, Bharata and Vatsyayana.
2226:
Burnell, Arthur Coke (1875). On the Aindra school of Sanskrit Grammarians: their place in the Sanskrit and subordinate literatures. Mangalore: Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository, 8-20.
703:
Herman Tieken, a Dutch scholar, states that the Tolkappiyam dates from the 9th century CE at the earliest. He arrives at this conclusion by treating the Tolkappiyam and the anthologies of
1692:
These agreements may probably advance the lower limit of the date for Tol, but do not mean more recently than the 5th Cent. A.D., as suggested by some critics such as S. Vaiyapuri Pillai
1598:
835:(pre-Paninian grammatical system) and lived in south Kerala, but "we do not know of any definite data concerning the original author or authors". This traditional belief, according to
587:
versus the grammar found in the oldest known Tamil texts (Sangam era); this evidence covers items such as phonemic shapes, palatals, and the evolution in the use of compounds
1881:"It is thus impossible to put the original text much later than the eighth century, for by the tenth century the whole Pāṇḍiya kingdom had fallen under the orthodox Coḷas."
885:
format provides a distilled summary of the rules, one that is not easy to read or understand; commentaries are necessary for the proper interpretation and understanding of
1886:(1975). "On the Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians: Their place in the Sanskrit and Subordinate Literatures". Mangalore: Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository: 8–9.
2202:
1018:
inscriptions found in South India and dated to between 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE had three different grammatical form. Only one of them is assumed in the
418:
There is no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author. There is a tradition of belief that it was written by a single author named
553:
The dating of the Tolkappiyam is difficult, much debated, and it remains contested and uncertain. Proposals range between 5,320 BCE and the 8th century CE.
2324:
Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press,
831:
According to Zvelebil, another Tamil tradition believes that the earliest layer by its author(s) – Tolkappiyan – may have been a Jaina scholar, who knew
652:
a diacritical mark to distinguish pure consonants from consonants with inherent vowels only became prevalent in Tamil epigraphs after the 2nd century CE.
999:
was likely a guide for bardic poets, where the first two books led to this third on how to compose their songs. The third book's linking of literature (
1799:, Seminar on "Origin evolution and reform of the Tamil script", pp. 21–29, The Institute of Traditional Cultures, University Buildings, Madras-600005
995:(marital love). It also deals with dramaturgy, simile, prosody and tradition. According to Zvelebil, this arrangement suggests that the entire
772:
named Camatakkini. The earliest mention of Agastya-related Akattiyam legends are found in texts approximately dated to the 8th or 9th century.
828:, though there is also evidence of innovations. The author(s) had access and expertise of the ancient Sanskrit works on grammar and language.
2836:
2229:
Hart, George L. 1975. The poems of ancient Tamil, their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2223:
Albert. 1985. Tolkāppiyam phonology and morphology : an English translation. Madras : International Institute of Tamil Studies.
2236:
Tolkāppiyam in English: translation, with the Tamil text, transliteration in the roman script, introduction, glossary, and illustrations
1348:
451:
on orthography, phonology, etymology, morphology, semantics, prosody, sentence structure and the significance of context in language.
175:
2773:
2758:
2517:
1204:
The palm-leaf manuscripts and commentaries on the text vary slightly in the total number of verse-sutras; they are all about 1,610.
463:
was likely composed between the 2nd and 1st century BCE, and the extant manuscript versions fixed by about the 5th century CE. The
275:
163:
594:
versus the grammar taught and found in the oldest known Sanskrit texts; this includes tracing verses and phrases found in the
561:
and other Indian texts suggest a much later date. The disagreements now center around divergent dates between the 3rd century
545:
meaning "book, text, poem, kavya"; together, the title has been translated as "ancient book", "ancient poem", or "old poem".
3239:
3006:
3001:
2725:
2387:
2346:
2315:
2294:
2244:
2093:
2045:
1511:
1472:
1358:
1218:
Tamil", for example, states Lehmann. Nevertheless, many features of Middle and Modern Tamil are anchored in the Old Tamil of
1836:
Vaiyapuri Pillai, S. 1956. History of Tamil language and literature; beginning to 1000 A.D.. Madras: New Century Book House.
3193:
715:
equal to Sanskrit, and assigning new dates to the traditionally accepted dates for a vast section of divergent literature (
299:
201:
871:) of different sizes. The text has a cumulative total of 1,610 (Eluttatikaram 483 + Sollatikaram 463 + Porulatikaram 664)
170:
940:"Sol" meaning "word", and the second book deals with "etymology, morphology, semantics and syntax", states Zvelebil. The
3219:
1554:
1412:
S. Agesthialingam, A grammar of Old Tamil (with special reference to Patirruppattu), Annamalai University, (1979), pXIV
2816:
1607:, pp. 16–17, Quote=The date of Tol has been variously proposed as lying between 5320 B.C. and the 8th Cent. A.D..
1046:
meter. It is unintelligible without a commentary. Tamil scholars have written commentaries on it, over the centuries:
122:
2467:
2431:
2408:
2367:
2329:
2273:
1685:
1538:
809:
and ideas credited to more ancient Panini. Further, the author(s) lived after Patanjali, because various sections of
625:
In his book published in 1925, T. R. Sesha Iyengar – a scholar of Dravidian literature and history, states that the
3224:
3168:
724:
2925:
1595:
The Date of the Tolkappiyam: A Retrospect." Annals of Oriental Research (Madras), Silver Jubilee Volume: 292–317
251:
2565:
2485:
1827:
Memoirs of the American philosophical society, vol. 199. Philadelphia, Pa: American Philosophical Society, p. 7
127:
227:
3011:
234:
723:). Hermen Tieken's work has, however, been criticised on fundamental, methodological, and other grounds by
2510:
1706:
Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
1312:
158:
3042:
2801:
744:, some traditionally believe, was written by a single author named Tolkappiyar, a disciple of Vedic sage
79:
239:
3229:
3183:
3021:
337:
467:
likely relied on some unknown even older literature. The Tolkappiyam belongs to second Sangam period.
3188:
2645:
975:) of Old Tamil. It is here, that the book covers the two genres found in classical Tamil literature:
263:
1904:
766:, the author is stated to be Tiranatumakkini (alternate name for Tolkappiyan), the son of a Brahmin
364:
134:
3026:
2930:
2658:
2610:
2560:
1184:
665:, the author of the Tamil lexicon, dated Tolkappiyam to not earlier than the 5th or 6th century CE.
1553:
Sir Ralph Lilley Turner - A comparative dictionary to the Indo-Aryan languages, Entry 3110 kāˊvya
3178:
3152:
2826:
2503:
1166:
306:
675:
of the Tolkappiyam to 150 BCE or later. In his 1974 review, Zvelebil places Book 1 and 2 of the
151:
146:
3234:
2915:
2720:
72:
52:
1975:
Zvelebil, Kamil. 1973. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill.
1528:
490:
67:
2946:
2653:
2615:
2457:
2377:
1891:
1673:
568:
The datings proposed by contemporary scholars is based on a combination of evidence such as:
214:
108:
2974:
2969:
2791:
1501:
311:
2768:
2663:
1162:
270:
258:
246:
96:
1350:
Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500
8:
3057:
3016:
2852:
1883:
923:
differences. For example, unlike the Pratisakhyas and the later Tamil, the first book of
836:
689:
641:
470:
206:
294:
3173:
3126:
2753:
1957:, Book review, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 1404–1406
1795:
1780:
1637:
740:
There is no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author.
712:
683:
486:
282:
222:
139:
1811:
Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition
1400:
Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition
2964:
2748:
2463:
2427:
2404:
2383:
2363:
2342:
2325:
2311:
2290:
2269:
2250:
2240:
2089:
2041:
1681:
1534:
1507:
1468:
1415:
1354:
1023:
784:
716:
704:
668:
562:
558:
60:
32:
25:
1825:
A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry: 150 B.C.–pre-Fifth/Sixth Century A.D.
1555:
https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=kāvikā&searchhws=yes
1295:
1293:
3100:
2831:
1726:
1724:
1629:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
662:
412:
194:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
103:
3198:
3121:
3062:
2763:
2679:
2421:
2398:
2357:
2336:
2305:
2284:
2263:
2234:
2083:
2035:
1481:
1462:
1290:
763:
758:. In Tamil historical sources such as the 14th-century influential commentary on
287:
1721:
1559:
1427:
1379:
644:
dates the Tolkappiyam to no earlier than the 2nd century CE, as it mentions the
473:
dates the Tolkappiyam to no earlier than the 2nd century CE, as it mentions the
3105:
2872:
2526:
2453:
2417:
1954:
1271:
907:
728:
482:
385:
91:
881:
meter, though some versions of its surviving manuscripts have a few less. The
3213:
3131:
3095:
3072:
2867:
2695:
2630:
2625:
2580:
2570:
1179:
820:
696:
who contributed to the study of Dravidian languages was of the view that the
189:
2254:
788:
634:
compromise suggests the Tolkappiyam was composed "before the Christian era".
3067:
3047:
2887:
2635:
2585:
2575:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2440:
Kamil Zvelebil (1991). "Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature".
1015:
1007:) created a symbiotic relationship between the two. The literary theory of
577:
1011:, according to Peter Scharf, borrows from Sanskrit literary theory texts.
629:
while explaining grammar, uses terms for various forms of marriage in the
2821:
2796:
2620:
2490:
804:
512:("Porul" meaning "subject matter", i.e. prosody, rhetoric, poetics). The
342:
967:"Porul" meaning "subject matter", and this book deals with the prosody (
3052:
2806:
1748:
1736:
1641:
795:
works on Sanskrit grammar because some verses of Tolkappiyam – such as
115:
84:
521:– a 7th- or 8th-century text – as an authoritative reference, and the
3147:
2905:
2862:
2811:
2540:
2126:
2124:
1620:
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1993). "Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs".
1526:
1330:
1328:
803:– seem to be borrowed and exact translation of verses of Patanjali's
792:
783:
were composed by author(s) who lived before the "majority of extant"
354:
323:
39:
2910:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1633:
1142:
1014:
Epigraphical studies, such as those by Mahadevan, show that ancient
824:, while its rules for nominal compounds follow those in Patanjali's
2979:
2282:
1784:, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, reprinted 1995, pp 155–157
1709:
1648:
693:
2121:
2002:
1439:
1325:
1140:. The commentary by Perasiriyar, which is heavily indebted to the
318:
2882:
2495:
2203:"Tolkappiyam is not dependent on Sanskrit sources: Tamil scholar"
2153:
1990:
750:
745:
720:
708:
408:
349:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1247:
2877:
2379:
Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu
1317:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131.
873:
439:
1851:
1503:
Tamil Language for Europeans: Ziegenbalg's Grammatica Damulica
902:"Eluttu" means "sound, letter, phoneme", and this book of the
655:
V. S. Rajam, a linguist specialised in Old Tamil, in her book
2857:
2268:. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
2182:
2136:
2102:
2054:
1978:
1003:) to the grammatical rules of the first and the second book (
768:
1235:
3077:
2700:
700:
could not be dated to "much later than the eighth century."
500:
contains aphoristic verses arranged into three books – the
447:
meter. It is a comprehensive text on grammar, and includes
1760:
1259:
1187:– who was the first to translate Tolkāppiyam into English.
2423:
A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)
2400:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
1520:
1499:
2232:
2459:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
839:, is supported by a few Jaina Prakrit words such as
719:, post-Sangam literature and Bhakti literature like
2355:
2265:The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia
1754:
1742:
1715:
1654:
1604:
1334:
437:), with a cumulative total of 1,610 (483+463+664)
407:"ancient poem"), is the most ancient extant Tamil
2082:Thomas Lehmann (2015). Sanford B. Steever (ed.).
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2037:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics
1461:Thomas Lehmann (2015). Sanford B. Steever (ed.).
1456:
1454:
910:, how they are produced (phonology). It includes
612:), and inconsistencies between the sutras of the
525:remains the authoritative text on Tamil grammar.
3211:
2375:
2200:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1680:. Leiden; New York; Cologne: Brill. p. 18.
1527:Willem van Reijen; Willem G. Weststeijn (1999).
1493:
2303:
2130:
2008:
1445:
1299:
601:comparison of poetry and prose rules taught in
2452:
2439:
2416:
2396:
2283:Tolkāppiyar; P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri (1999).
2188:
2176:
2147:
2115:
2081:
2066:
2060:
1996:
1984:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1766:
1730:
1580:
1487:
1460:
1451:
1433:
1421:
1385:
1373:
1284:
1253:
1241:
605:versus the actual early Tamil poetry and prose
2511:
2334:
2040:. Oxford University Press. pp. 253–254.
2014:
1966:book titled "Tholkappiyar Kaalam", Madhivanan
1702:
1700:
1265:
657:A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry
576:versus the grammar found in the oldest known
2033:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1042:is a collection of aphoristic verses in the
711:project to raise the prestige of Tamil as a
648:being an integral part of Tamil script. The
485:), rather than the early old Tamil poems of
477:being an integral part of Tamil script. The
2518:
2504:
1923:Journal of the American Oriental Institute
1802:
1697:
1506:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–2.
775:According to Kamil Zvelebil, the earliest
537:is a attribute-based composite word, with
504:("Eluttu" meaning "letter, phoneme"), the
1808:
1671:
1660:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1397:
1391:
1346:
927:does not treat /ṭ/ and /ṇ/ as retroflex.
2774:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
2289:. Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute.
2034:Peter Scharf (2013). Keith Allan (ed.).
1591:
1589:
411:text and the oldest extant long work of
1882:
1875:
1424:, pp. 131–134 with footnotes, 150.
3212:
1610:
1321:from the original on 13 November 2017.
818:shows considerable influence of Vedic
508:("Sol" meaning "Sound, word") and the
2726:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
2499:
1917:George Hart III. "Review of Tieken's
1863:
1586:
1830:
1108:Partial: 1st, 2nd and part 3rd book
983:(war, society, exterior world). The
979:(love, erotics, interior world) and
202:Tamil history from Sangam literature
2261:
1937:G.E. Ferro-Luzzi. "Tieken, Herman,
1490:, pp. 131–132 with footnote 1.
1302:, pp. 178–179 with footnote 2.
671:dates the earliest layer, the core
13:
2525:
2233:V Murugan; G. John Samuel (2001).
1733:, pp. 142–146 with footnotes.
1583:, pp. 138–146 with footnotes.
1436:, pp. 131–134 with footnotes.
1388:, pp. 138–139 with footnotes.
1314:Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1
1287:, pp. 131–132 with footnotes.
14:
3251:
3189:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
2478:
2201:Karthik Madhavan (27 June 2010).
1872:, pp. 138–147 with footnotes
1796:Origin of the Tamil-Brahmi script
1500:Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg (2010).
1213:According to Thomas Lehmann, the
1030:, except in some minor respects.
659:dates it to pre-fifth century CE.
619:
608:Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words (
425:The surviving manuscripts of the
1347:Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994).
1026:is same as the one described in
590:comparison of grammar taught in
583:comparison of grammar taught in
572:comparison of grammar taught in
3169:Standardisation of Tamil script
2216:
2194:
1969:
1960:
1948:
1931:
1911:
1817:
1787:
1772:
1678:Tamil Love Poetry & Poetics
1547:
1406:
1207:
1033:
2239:. Institute of Asian Studies.
1340:
1305:
1198:
1:
2359:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics
2262:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
2088:. Routledge. pp. 76–78.
1778:Sesha Iyengar, T.R. (1925),
1467:. Routledge. pp. 75–76.
1229:
1165:, veteran Tamil scholar from
1146:, frequently quotes from the
16:Ancient work on Tamil grammar
3240:Ancient Indian grammar works
2341:. Harvard University Press.
2310:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
1672:Takahashi, Takanobu (1995).
1533:. Rodopi. pp. 321–322.
1353:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
1157:
867:), each with nine chapters (
541:meaning "ancient, old", and
528:
433:), each with nine chapters (
20:
7:
3043:Megalithic graffiti symbols
2802:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
2356:Takanobu Takahashi (1995),
1173:
10:
3256:
3184:Printing in Tamil language
2286:Tolkāppiyam: Poruḷatikāram
1097:Partial: 1st and 2nd book
863:(grammar) in three books (
850:
580:and old-Tamil inscriptions
338:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
3220:Tamil-language literature
3161:
3140:
3114:
3086:
3035:
2992:
2955:
2939:
2896:
2845:
2782:
2741:
2734:
2713:
2688:
2672:
2644:
2603:
2596:
2533:
2376:Eva Maria Wilden (2014).
906:covers the sounds of the
735:
707:as part of a 9th-century
429:consists of three books (
389:
362:
329:
212:
181:
114:
59:
50:
31:
23:
2931:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
2611:Bangalore Tamil dialects
2304:Hartmut Scharfe (1977).
1945:. June 2001. pp. 373–374
1793:Gift Siromoney (1983),
1191:
1185:P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri
3179:Simplified Tamil script
2827:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2397:Kamil Zvelebil (1973),
2085:The Dravidian Languages
1755:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1743:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1716:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1655:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1605:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1464:The Dravidian Languages
1335:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1167:Moscow State University
548:
3225:History of linguistics
2916:Purapporul Venbamaalai
2721:World Tamil Conference
2486:Tolkāppiyam in English
2335:David Shulman (2016).
2307:Grammatical Literature
1943:Asian Folklore Studies
1928::1. pp. 180–184. 2004.
1899:Cite journal requires
1809:Mahadevan, I. (2014).
1398:Mahadevan, I. (2014).
1022:. The language of the
991:(premarital love) and
276:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu
53:Eighteen Greater Texts
2947:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
2616:Central Tamil dialect
2566:Proto-South Dravidian
2462:. BRILL. p. 73.
2382:. Walter de Gruyter.
1919:Kavya in South India.
1757:, pp. 16, 20–22.
1745:, pp. 16, 18–19.
1127:15th to 17th century
1083:13th or 14th century
1072:10th to 12th century
215:Eighteen Lesser Texts
3012:Indo-Aryan languages
2837:Tamil Ganaptya texts
2769:List of Sangam poets
2714:Global organizations
2426:, Otto Harrasowitz,
2131:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
2009:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
1939:Kavya in South India
1446:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
1300:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
1163:Alexander Dubyanskiy
565:and 8th century CE.
378:, also romanised as
3017:Dravidian languages
2817:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2189:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2179:, pp. 134–136.
2177:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2148:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
2133:, pp. 180–181.
2116:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
2061:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2011:, pp. 180–182.
1999:, pp. 136–137.
1997:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1985:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1870:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1858:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
1846:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1823:Rajam, V. S. 1992.
1767:Kamil Zvelebil 1991
1731:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1581:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1488:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1448:, pp. 179–180.
1434:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1422:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1386:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1374:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1285:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1256:, pp. 131–133.
1254:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1242:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1054:
987:is subdivided into
787:, who clearly knew
642:Iravatham Mahadevan
471:Iravatham Mahadevan
465:Tolkappiyam Ur-text
207:Ancient Tamil music
123:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
3174:Tanittamil Iyakkam
3127:Tamil onomatopoeia
2754:Tamil books of Law
2362:, BRILL Academic,
2338:Tamil: A Biography
1674:"2. Erudite works"
1266:David Shulman 2016
1130:Partial: 2nd book
1119:Partial: 2nd book
1086:Partial: 2nd book
1049:
727:, George Hart and
713:classical language
684:Takanobu Takahashi
164:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
3230:Sangam literature
3207:
3206:
3194:Formation of CICT
2988:
2987:
2965:Asthana Kolahalam
2749:Sangam literature
2709:
2708:
2442:Archiv Orientální
2389:978-3-11-035276-4
2348:978-0-674-97465-4
2317:978-3-447-01706-0
2296:978-81-85170-27-5
2246:978-81-87892-05-2
2095:978-1-136-91164-4
2047:978-0-19-164343-9
1718:, pp. 16–18.
1657:, pp. 16–19.
1628:(9/11): 113–129.
1513:978-3-447-06236-7
1474:978-1-136-91164-4
1360:978-81-208-1215-4
1337:, pp. 16–17.
1134:
1133:
1102:Naccinarkkiniyar
1075:Full: all verses
1024:Sangam literature
785:Sangam literature
748:mentioned in the
717:Sangam literature
705:Sangam literature
692:, a 19th-century
669:Kamil V. Zvelebil
559:Sangam literature
371:
370:
367:
331:Bhakti Literature
264:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
176:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
171:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
61:Eight Anthologies
33:Sangam literature
26:Sangam literature
3247:
3101:Tamil honorifics
2832:Vinayagar Agaval
2797:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
2759:Five Great Epics
2739:
2738:
2601:
2600:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2473:
2449:
2436:
2413:
2393:
2372:
2352:
2321:
2300:
2279:
2258:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2151:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2031:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1860:, pp. 9–10.
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1622:Social Scientist
1617:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1055:
1050:Commentaries on
1048:
971:) and rhetoric (
837:Vaiyapuri Pillai
764:Naccinarkkiniyar
725:G.E. Ferro-Luzzi
663:Vaiyapuri Pillai
413:Tamil literature
402:
401:
400:
398:
391:
363:
271:Aintinai Eḻupatu
259:Aintiṇai Aimpatu
252:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
240:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
195:Sangam landscape
21:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3199:Project Madurai
3157:
3141:Transliteration
3136:
3122:Tamil phonology
3110:
3088:
3082:
3063:Pallava grantha
3031:
2995:other languages
2994:
2984:
2958:natural science
2957:
2956:Mathematics and
2951:
2935:
2898:
2892:
2841:
2784:
2778:
2764:Ponniyin Selvan
2730:
2705:
2684:
2680:Malaysian Tamil
2673:Southeast Asian
2668:
2640:
2592:
2561:Proto-Dravidian
2529:
2524:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2434:
2411:
2390:
2370:
2349:
2318:
2297:
2276:
2247:
2219:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2154:
2146:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2103:
2096:
2080:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:(Book review).
1936:
1932:
1916:
1912:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1781:Dravidian India
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1688:
1670:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1634:10.2307/3520429
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1176:
1160:
1148:Dandiyalankaram
1113:Tayvaccilaiyar
1036:
853:
738:
622:
551:
531:
396:
393:
392:
300:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
228:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
17:
12:
11:
5:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Tamil numerals
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2975:Kaṇita Tīpikai
2972:
2970:Kaṇakkatikāram
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:Tamil language
2523:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2479:External links
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2454:Kamil Zvelebil
2450:
2437:
2432:
2418:Kamil Zvelebil
2414:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2373:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2245:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2191:, p. 134.
2181:
2152:
2150:, p. 133.
2135:
2120:
2118:, p. 132.
2101:
2094:
2065:
2063:, p. 137.
2053:
2046:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1987:, p. 136.
1977:
1968:
1959:
1955:Anne E. Monius
1947:
1930:
1910:
1901:|journal=
1884:Burnell, A. C.
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1829:
1816:
1813:. p. 271.
1801:
1786:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1686:
1659:
1647:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1558:
1546:
1539:
1519:
1512:
1492:
1480:
1473:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1405:
1402:. p. 271.
1390:
1378:
1366:
1359:
1339:
1324:
1304:
1289:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1244:, p. 131.
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1156:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1035:
1032:
965:
964:
959:
938:
937:
932:
908:Tamil language
900:
899:
894:
852:
849:
737:
734:
733:
732:
701:
687:
681:
666:
660:
653:
639:
635:
621:
620:Dates proposed
618:
617:
616:
606:
599:
588:
581:
550:
547:
530:
527:
483:Cilappatikaram
369:
368:
360:
359:
357:
352:
346:
345:
340:
334:
333:
327:
326:
321:
315:
314:
312:Mutumoḻikkānci
309:
307:Ciṟupañcamūlam
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
192:
186:
185:
183:Related topics
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
135:Malaipaṭukaṭām
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
42:
36:
35:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3252:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Grammar books
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3132:Tamil prosody
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Tamil grammar
3094:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Tamil Braille
3071:
3069:
3068:Modern script
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Brahmin Tamil
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Madurai Tamil
2629:
2627:
2626:Madras Bashai
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Second Sangam
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:Tamil Sangams
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2469:90-04-09365-6
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2433:3-447-01582-9
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:90-04-03591-5
2406:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:90-04-10042-3
2365:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2330:9780231150651
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1180:Tamil grammar
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1149:
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1129:
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390:தொல்காப்பியம்
387:
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381:Tholkaappiyam
377:
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366:
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3048:Tamil-Brahmi
2926:Caturakarāti
2920:
2899:dictionaries
2897:Grammars and
2792:Cīrappurānam
2636:Nellai Tamil
2586:Third Sangam
2576:First Sangam
2556:Manipravalam
2551:Modern Tamil
2546:Middle Tamil
2458:
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2441:
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2217:Bibliography
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2196:
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2004:
1992:
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1962:
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1892:cite journal
1877:
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1069:Ilampuranar
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1034:Commentaries
1027:
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1016:Tamil-Brahmi
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935:Sollatikaram
934:
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676:
672:
656:
649:
645:
630:
626:
613:
609:
602:
595:
591:
584:
578:Tamil-Brahmi
573:
567:
555:
552:
542:
538:
534:
532:
522:
518:
513:
509:
506:Sollatikaram
505:
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478:
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469:
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460:
455:
453:
448:
444:
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434:
430:
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380:
379:
374:
373:
372:
330:
235:Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu
213:
182:
152:Neṭunalvāṭai
147:Mullaippāṭṭu
51:
44:
18:
2921:Tolkāppiyam
2822:Thiruppugal
2621:Kongu Tamil
2491:archive.org
1220:Tolkappiyam
1215:Tolkappiyam
1124:Kallatanar
1052:Tolkappiyam
1040:Tolkappiyam
1028:Tolkappiyam
1020:Tolkappiyam
1009:Tolkappiyam
997:Tolkappiyam
925:Tolkappiyam
920:Tolkappiyam
904:Tolkappiyam
887:Tolkappiyam
859:deals with
857:Tolkappiyam
845:Tolkappiyam
816:Tolkappiyam
811:Tolkappiyam
781:Tolkappiyam
760:Tolkappiyam
756:Tolkappiyam
742:Tholkapiyam
729:Anne Monius
698:Tolkappiyam
690:A C Burnell
677:Tolkappiyam
627:Tolkappiyam
614:Tolkappiyam
603:Tolkappiyam
596:Tolkappiyam
592:Tolkappiyam
585:Tolkappiyam
574:Tolkappiyam
535:Tolkāppiyam
523:Tolkappiyam
514:Tolkappiyam
498:Tolkappiyam
491:Pattuppāṭṭu
461:Tolkappiyam
456:Tolkappiyam
427:Tolkappiyam
420:Tolkappiyar
375:Tolkāppiyam
343:Ramavataram
295:Ācārakkōvai
288:Tirikaṭukam
247:Kār Nāṟpatu
68:Aiṅkurunūṟu
45:Tolkāppiyam
3214:Categories
3058:Vatteluttu
2785:literature
2783:Devotional
2735:Literature
2689:Sociolects
2659:Batticaloa
2646:Sri Lankan
2448:: 345–359.
1230:References
952:Mahabhasya
841:patimaiyon
826:Mahābhāṣya
806:Mahābhāṣya
801:T-Elutt 83
694:Indologist
487:Eṭṭuttokai
283:Tirukkuṟaḷ
116:Ten Idylls
92:Kuṟuntokai
85:Kalittokai
80:Puṟanāṉūṟu
24:Topics in
3115:Phonology
3087:Lexis and
3053:Koleḻuttu
2993:Tamil and
2906:Agattiyam
2863:Iraichchi
2812:Tirumurai
2807:Tēmpāvaṉi
2541:Old Tamil
2403:, BRILL,
2207:The Hindu
1158:Reception
1005:ilakkanam
1001:ilakkiyam
861:ilakkanam
797:T-Col 419
793:Patanjali
680:Zvelebil.
631:Kalaviyal
533:The word
529:Etymology
519:Akapporul
355:Tirumuṟai
324:Kainnilai
223:Nālaṭiyār
104:Paripāṭal
73:Akanāṉūṟu
40:Agattiyam
2980:Yerambam
2742:Classics
2597:Dialects
2456:(1992).
2420:(1974),
2255:48857533
1319:Archived
1174:See also
912:punarcci
865:atikaram
833:aintiram
543:kappiyam
431:atikaram
97:Natṟiṇai
3089:grammar
3036:Scripts
3007:Sinhala
3002:English
2940:History
2883:Ullurai
2654:Negombo
2534:History
1642:3520429
1058:Author
877:in the
851:Content
779:of the
751:Rigveda
746:Agastya
721:Tevaram
709:Pandyan
673:Ur-text
610:vadacol
443:in the
409:grammar
350:Tevaram
3162:Events
3027:Korean
2911:Nannūl
2878:Thinai
2846:Poetry
2664:Jaffna
2604:Indian
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1510:
1471:
1357:
1143:Nannūl
1064:Notes
989:kalavu
958:Book 3
947:sutras
942:sutras
931:Book 2
893:Book 1
874:sutras
789:Pāṇini
777:sutras
736:Author
638:later.
449:sutras
440:sutras
397:listen
190:Sangam
3022:Malay
2873:Puram
2858:Venpa
2853:Kural
1638:JSTOR
1192:Notes
1061:Date
1044:nūṛpā
993:karpu
981:puram
969:yappu
883:sutra
879:nūṛpā
769:rishi
650:puḷḷi
646:puḷḷi
489:and
479:puḷḷi
475:puḷḷi
445:nūṛpā
386:Tamil
365:edit
319:Elāti
3153:Moḻi
3078:Arwi
2868:Akam
2701:Arwi
2464:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2364:ISBN
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2326:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2251:OCLC
2241:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2042:ISBN
1905:help
1682:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1150:and
1038:The
985:akam
977:akam
916:lit.
869:iyal
855:The
549:Date
496:The
454:The
435:iyal
405:lit.
3148:ISO
2888:Ulā
2489:at
1926:124
1630:doi
973:ani
799:and
762:by
563:BCE
539:tol
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