529:
herdsmen relied on milk, yoghurt and ghee, fishermen ate a variety of fish, while farmers ate the meat of domestic fowl, beans, fruits and farm produce. Rice was a staple in all landscapes. Rice was also a major part of any offerings to the gods in temples and on festivals, according to several lines in the poem, such as over lines 267–269.
607:
king surrounding himself with counselors, as having a fair system to adjudicate disputes and deliver justice, someone who was ruthless against his enemies and robbers. He rode lotus-topped chariot. His coastal regions had lighthouses and other infrastructure to guide the ships, swan-shaped lamps were
528:
are recited by these
Brahmins, and even their parrots are mentioned in the poem as those who sing the Vedic hymns. People in these Vedic villages did not eat meat, nor raise fowls. They ate rice, salad leaves boiled in ghee, pickles and vegetables. Elsewhere, the hunters are described as meat-eaters,
500:
as living in fortified villages, while the lifestyle of hunters, fishermen, farmers, and herdsmen are described to be different. The poem mentions
Neerpayattu as a thriving seaport, the city of Kanchi as having suburbs, the ruler as someone generous to the bards. The chieftain Ilantiraiyan is of
495:
The poem is a source of cultural and sociological information about ancient
Kanchipuram and nearby regions, along with the government and economic systems under Tamil chieftains. Of sociological interest are the distinctive lifestyles of robbers who are described in
1115:
Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five
Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press,
1070:
Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana
Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
619:
A variety of religious festivals and sports are mentioned in the poem, in which both men and women participated. The poem has at least 73 similes.
612:(Greek-Romans, or foreigners to Tamil region), farmers using bullocks as aid to agriculture, blacksmith using bellows made from animal skin (
1578:
427:
anthology in the 4th or 5th century CE, states Dennis Hudson – an
Indologist and World Religions scholar. The poem has Several Mentions Of
540:
and describes him as the god who is "tall, dark-skinned", The
Supreme God from whom "the four-faced god was born" (a Vedic legend about
175:
1515:
1500:
1259:
585:
573:
275:
1748:
1743:
1467:
1200:
1158:
980:
729:
464:– a class of minstrels who sang their bards while playing a large lute. The poem provides a detailed description of the five
1935:
299:
201:
758:
745:
170:
1961:
1558:
122:
1224:
1179:
1137:
1120:
1106:
1085:
411:
genre poems and was a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set as a praise for chieftain
Tonataiman
1971:
1910:
581:
1667:
251:
1307:
127:
227:
1753:
234:
1252:
158:
1784:
1543:
79:
1026:
239:
1966:
1925:
1763:
577:
337:
1930:
1387:
263:
942:
M.S., Ramesh (1993). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desam Volume 1. Tirupati: Tirumala
Tirupati Devasthanams.
364:
134:
1768:
1672:
1400:
1352:
1302:
616:), the production of salt and its export, pepper trade, and merchant highways guarded by soldiers.
1920:
1894:
1568:
1245:
423:– a Tamil literature scholar. While the poem is from the 2nd century, it was likely added to the
306:
492:
is described as a city of ancient might, fame, prosperity and abounding in religious festivals.
151:
146:
1657:
1462:
628:
568:(sages). According to Hudson, the poem is notable that it explicitly mentions three temples of
72:
52:
1075:
970:
67:
1688:
1395:
1357:
1214:
1148:
719:
214:
108:
1716:
1711:
1533:
311:
1510:
1405:
270:
258:
246:
96:
8:
1799:
1758:
1594:
206:
294:
1915:
1868:
1495:
815:
282:
222:
139:
1706:
1490:
1220:
1196:
1175:
1154:
1133:
1116:
1102:
1081:
1050:
976:
725:
633:
400:
60:
32:
25:
603:
In the context of government structure and economic activity, the poem mentions the
1842:
1573:
913:
807:
798:
K. Sivathamby (1974). "Early South Indian
Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept".
419:
territory, it was composed by Uruttirankannanar sometime around 190–200 CE, states
194:
1064:
Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings
103:
1940:
1863:
1804:
1505:
1421:
1190:
1169:
1127:
1096:
953:
718:
D. Dennis Hudson (2008). Martha Ann Selby and Indira Viswanathan Peterson (ed.).
501:
historic importance since he is mentioned in other Sangam literature, such as in
287:
1847:
1614:
1268:
1210:
420:
392:
380:
91:
1662:
917:
44:
1955:
1873:
1837:
1814:
1609:
1437:
1372:
1367:
1322:
1312:
1054:
189:
1809:
1789:
1629:
1377:
1327:
1317:
1297:
1292:
1287:
721:
Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India
412:
1563:
1538:
1362:
569:
554:
489:
436:
432:
416:
342:
1794:
1548:
819:
503:
115:
84:
1028:
Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)
1889:
1647:
1604:
1553:
1282:
354:
323:
39:
1652:
811:
1721:
694:
597:
549:
509:
651:
318:
1624:
1237:
672:
670:
668:
666:
593:
544:
being born from Vishnu's navel). In its similes, it mentions the
521:
349:
887:
885:
883:
831:
829:
592:. The similes used in the poem are those found in the Vedic and
1619:
1150:
Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu
858:
856:
604:
589:
545:
541:
537:
444:
440:
428:
989:
781:
779:
663:
1599:
1101:. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
924:
880:
868:
826:
564:
525:
853:
841:
513:, as well as described as a poet that adds to his own fame.
1819:
1442:
904:
Monica Smith (2006). "The Archaeology of Food Preference".
776:
682:
559:
1001:
1047:
Tamil poetry through the ages, 2. Pattuppattu: Ten idylls
1171:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
968:
764:
958:. National Institute of Sciences of India. p. 468.
1061:
1035:
724:. State University of New York Press. pp. 89–93.
713:
711:
709:
391:"guide for bards with the large lute") is an ancient
1216:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
972:
History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D.
706:
1125:
1098:The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia
1038:Pattuppattu with a commentary by Naccinarkkiniyar
1953:
1146:
717:
468:(landscapes) of Kanchi territory: mountainous (
1188:
1167:
975:Concept Publishing Company. pp. 619–620.
785:
700:
688:
676:
657:
1253:
797:
516:In the cultural context, the poem mentions a
1044:
903:
759:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
746:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
1080:. Asian Educational Services. p. 115.
1024:
1007:
995:
930:
891:
874:
862:
847:
835:
770:
1260:
1246:
1040:(4th ed.). UV Swaminathaiyer Library.
584:and alludes to one additional temple the
1516:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
1209:
1066:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
951:
586:Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram
574:Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram
1954:
1073:
1468:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
1241:
955:Indian Journal of History of Science
439:as the supreme god of the world and
202:Tamil history from Sangam literature
1094:
520:post (a form of Vedic altar) and a
13:
1267:
1074:Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994).
14:
1983:
1931:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
969:Vinod Chandra Srivastava (2008).
1031:. Tamil University (1985 print).
1911:Standardisation of Tamil script
1062:Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001).
1036:U. V. Swaminatha Aiyar (1950).
1017:
962:
945:
936:
897:
791:
582:Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple
403:. It contains 500 lines in the
1049:. Institute of Asian Studies.
751:
738:
1:
1129:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics
1095:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
644:
588:as a Main temple for these 3
1195:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
20:
7:
1785:Megalithic graffiti symbols
1544:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
1126:Takanobu Takahashi (1995).
622:
443:was born from the navel of
431:and his temples present in
10:
1988:
1926:Printing in Tamil language
578:Yathothkari Perumal Temple
454:poem, also referred to as
338:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1962:Tamil-language literature
1903:
1882:
1856:
1828:
1777:
1734:
1697:
1681:
1638:
1587:
1524:
1483:
1476:
1455:
1430:
1414:
1386:
1345:
1338:
1275:
1147:Eva Maria Wilden (2014).
918:10.1525/aa.2006.108.3.480
407:meter. It is one of five
384:
362:
329:
212:
181:
114:
59:
50:
31:
23:
1673:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
1353:Bangalore Tamil dialects
639:
1921:Simplified Tamil script
1569:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1189:Kamil Zvelebil (1974).
1168:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
906:American Anthropologist
488:). The capital city of
1972:Tamil Hindu literature
1658:Purapporul Venbamaalai
1463:World Tamil Conference
629:Eighteen Greater Texts
276:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu
53:Eighteen Greater Texts
1689:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
1358:Central Tamil dialect
1308:Proto-South Dravidian
1219:. BRILL. p. 73.
1153:. Walter de Gruyter.
1045:Shu HikoSaka (2000).
703:, p. 42 Chart 4.
660:, pp. 29, 56–57.
215:Eighteen Lesser Texts
1754:Indo-Aryan languages
1579:Tamil Ganaptya texts
1511:List of Sangam poets
1456:Global organizations
1025:JV Chelliah (1946).
1759:Dravidian languages
1559:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
998:, pp. 100–101.
786:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
701:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
689:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
677:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
658:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
385:பெரும்பாணாற்றுப்படை
207:Ancient Tamil music
123:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1916:Tanittamil Iyakkam
1869:Tamil onomatopoeia
1496:Tamil books of Law
1132:. BRILL Academic.
933:, pp. 98–103.
894:, pp. 99–100.
877:, pp. 98–100.
838:, pp. 97–101.
608:imported from the
534:Perumpanattrupadai
498:Perumpanattrupadai
457:Perumpanattrupadai
452:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
376:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
164:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
16:Ancient Tamil poem
1967:Sangam literature
1949:
1948:
1936:Formation of CICT
1730:
1729:
1707:Asthana Kolahalam
1491:Sangam literature
1451:
1450:
1202:978-3-447-01582-0
1160:978-3-11-035276-4
982:978-81-8069-521-6
952:R Thapar (1994).
865:, pp. 98–99.
850:, pp. 97–98.
731:978-0-7914-7945-2
679:, pp. 56–57.
634:Sangam literature
460:, is named after
435:, It also refers
401:Sangam literature
399:anthology of the
371:
370:
367:
331:Bhakti Literature
264:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
176:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
171:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
61:Eight Anthologies
33:Sangam literature
26:Sangam literature
1979:
1843:Tamil honorifics
1574:Vinayagar Agaval
1539:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
1501:Five Great Epics
1481:
1480:
1343:
1342:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1206:
1192:Tamil Literature
1185:
1164:
1143:
1112:
1091:
1077:Tamil Literature
1067:
1058:
1041:
1032:
1011:
1008:JV Chelliah 1946
1005:
999:
996:JV Chelliah 1946
993:
987:
986:
966:
960:
959:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:JV Chelliah 1946
928:
922:
921:
901:
895:
892:JV Chelliah 1946
889:
878:
875:JV Chelliah 1946
872:
866:
863:JV Chelliah 1946
860:
851:
848:JV Chelliah 1946
845:
839:
836:JV Chelliah 1946
833:
824:
823:
800:Social Scientist
795:
789:
783:
774:
771:JV Chelliah 1946
768:
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761:
755:
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748:
742:
736:
735:
715:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
661:
655:
386:
363:
271:Aintinai Eḻupatu
259:Aintiṇai Aimpatu
252:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
240:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
195:Sangam landscape
21:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:Project Madurai
1899:
1883:Transliteration
1878:
1864:Tamil phonology
1852:
1830:
1824:
1805:Pallava grantha
1773:
1737:other languages
1736:
1726:
1700:natural science
1699:
1698:Mathematics and
1693:
1677:
1640:
1634:
1583:
1526:
1520:
1506:Ponniyin Selvan
1472:
1447:
1426:
1422:Malaysian Tamil
1415:Southeast Asian
1410:
1382:
1334:
1303:Proto-Dravidian
1271:
1266:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1211:Zvelebil, Kamil
1203:
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1109:
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812:10.2307/3516448
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664:
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647:
642:
625:
596:mythologies of
373:
300:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
228:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
17:
12:
11:
5:
1985:
1975:
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1848:Tamil numerals
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1269:Tamil language
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1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:, p. 102.
1000:
988:
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923:
912:(3): 480–493.
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480:), farmlands (
421:Kamil Zvelebil
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307:Ciṟupañcamūlam
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1874:Tamil prosody
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1838:Tamil grammar
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1537:
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1523:
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1514:
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1499:
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1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Brahmin Tamil
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Madurai Tamil
1371:
1369:
1368:Madras Bashai
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Second Sangam
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:Tamil Sangams
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
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1274:
1270:
1263:
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1256:
1251:
1249:
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1243:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1226:90-04-09365-6
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:90-04-03591-5
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1139:90-04-10042-3
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1121:9780231150651
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:9780521011099
1104:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1087:81-206-0955-7
1083:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
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1034:
1030:
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1009:
1004:
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984:
978:
974:
973:
965:
957:
956:
948:
939:
932:
927:
919:
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907:
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893:
888:
886:
884:
876:
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864:
859:
857:
849:
844:
837:
832:
830:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
788:, p. 57.
787:
782:
780:
773:, p. 97.
772:
767:
760:
754:
747:
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733:
727:
723:
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714:
712:
710:
702:
697:
691:, p. 23.
690:
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673:
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669:
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659:
654:
650:
635:
632:
630:
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530:
527:
523:
519:
514:
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499:
493:
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487:
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479:
476:), pastoral (
475:
472:), forested (
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159:Paṭṭiṉappālai
157:
156:
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150:
148:
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140:Maturaikkāñci
138:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu
126:
124:
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120:
117:
113:
110:
109:Patiṟṟuppattu
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
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38:
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34:
30:
27:
22:
19:
1790:Tamil-Brahmi
1668:Caturakarāti
1641:dictionaries
1639:Grammars and
1534:Cīrappurānam
1378:Nellai Tamil
1328:Third Sangam
1318:First Sangam
1298:Manipravalam
1293:Modern Tamil
1288:Middle Tamil
1234:
1215:
1191:
1170:
1149:
1128:
1097:
1076:
1063:
1046:
1037:
1027:
1018:Bibliography
1003:
991:
971:
964:
954:
947:
938:
926:
909:
905:
899:
870:
843:
806:(5): 20–37.
803:
799:
793:
766:
753:
740:
720:
696:
684:
653:
618:
613:
609:
602:
563:
553:
533:
531:
517:
515:
508:
502:
497:
494:
485:
484:), coastal (
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
455:
451:
449:
424:
413:Ilantiraiyan
408:
404:
396:
395:poem in the
388:
375:
374:
372:
330:
235:Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu
213:
182:
163:
152:Neṭunalvāṭai
147:Mullaippāṭṭu
51:
18:
1663:Tolkāppiyam
1564:Thiruppugal
1363:Kongu Tamil
570:Maha Vishnu
555:Mahabharata
548:river, the
538:Maha Vishnu
490:Kanchipuram
445:Maha Vishnu
437:Lord Vishnu
433:Kanchipuram
425:Pattuppāṭṭu
397:Pattuppattu
343:Ramavataram
295:Ācārakkōvai
288:Tirikaṭukam
247:Kār Nāṟpatu
68:Aiṅkurunūṟu
45:Tolkāppiyam
1956:Categories
1800:Vatteluttu
1527:literature
1525:Devotional
1477:Literature
1431:Sociolects
1401:Batticaloa
1388:Sri Lankan
645:References
558:, and the
504:Purananuru
462:perumpanar
409:arruppatai
283:Tirukkuṟaḷ
116:Ten Idylls
92:Kuṟuntokai
85:Kalittokai
80:Puṟanāṉūṟu
24:Topics in
1857:Phonology
1829:Lexis and
1795:Koleḻuttu
1735:Tamil and
1648:Agattiyam
1605:Iraichchi
1554:Tirumurai
1549:Tēmpāvaṉi
1283:Old Tamil
1174:. BRILL.
1055:633702288
536:mentions
524:village.
355:Tirumuṟai
324:Kainnilai
223:Nālaṭiyār
104:Paripāṭal
73:Akanāṉūṟu
40:Agattiyam
1722:Yerambam
1484:Classics
1339:Dialects
1213:(1992).
623:See also
598:Hinduism
590:Perumals
550:Pandavas
510:Natrinai
97:Natṟiṇai
1831:grammar
1778:Scripts
1749:Sinhala
1744:English
1682:History
1625:Ullurai
1396:Negombo
1276:History
820:3516448
610:yavanas
594:Puranic
572:namely
552:of the
522:Brahmin
482:marutam
470:kurinci
415:of the
350:Tevaram
1904:Events
1769:Korean
1653:Nannūl
1620:Thinai
1588:Poetry
1406:Jaffna
1346:Indian
1223:
1199:
1178:
1157:
1136:
1119:
1105:
1084:
1053:
979:
818:
728:
614:kollan
605:Kanchi
565:rishis
562:adept
546:Ganges
542:Brahma
486:neytal
478:mullai
441:Brahma
429:Vishnu
417:Kanchi
405:akaval
190:Sangam
1764:Malay
1615:Puram
1600:Venpa
1595:Kural
816:JSTOR
640:Notes
526:Vedas
474:palai
466:tinai
393:Tamil
381:Tamil
365:edit
319:Elāti
1895:Moḻi
1820:Arwi
1610:Akam
1443:Arwi
1221:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1051:OCLC
977:ISBN
726:ISBN
560:Yoga
532:The
518:yupa
507:and
450:The
389:lit.
1890:ISO
1630:Ulā
914:doi
910:108
808:doi
447:.
1958::
908:.
882:^
855:^
828:^
814:.
802:.
778:^
708:^
665:^
600:.
580:,
576:,
387:,
383::
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1229:.
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1163:.
1142:.
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1090:.
1057:.
985:.
920:.
916::
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810::
804:3
734:.
379:(
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