477:. The bards sing in the street about wars and victories, people listen and make donations. Mahouts host elephants and feed them fodder. The shopkeepers stock their shops and clean their floors, then smear them with a coating of cow dung. Watchmen announce the hour. The city has a zoo, while from the trees the birds sing and invite their mates. Women participate in agricultural and economic activity.
505:, the goddess of wealth and Vishnu's wife. A bathing festival with ritual dip in the waters to "cleanse their sins" is mentioned in the poem. Chanting of the Vedas is mentioned in lines 512–518, as is the presence of Jain monks and Buddhist monasteries alluded to in lines 519–528 and elsewhere in the poem. The lines related to the Vedas, states Chelliah, alludes to the
484:
describes a well-structured administration in
Madurai. The king had ministers, officials and judges, who wore turbans. Patrolmen and soldiers watched the streets, collected tolls and protected the traders from acts of theft. The city is described largely in terms of its markets and temples. Lines 497
461:
presents the social and economic life of the city in five sections, under the following subheadings: morning, evening, dusk, night, and dawn. The morning market is described as busy with throngs of people of various creed, race and languages. Elephant- and horse-pulled chariots carry the elite and
469:. Newly married women pray inside the temple, light lamps and make offerings to the goddesses, to be blessed with children. Women wear flowers in their hair and jewelry when they visit the temples and markets. The temples are officiated by priestesses. Men dance inside
754:
438:. The poem praises the king for all his accomplishments and strengths. Embedded indirectly within the poem is the poet's counsel to the king on justice, the impermanence of everything in life, and the proper rule of the kingdom.
763:, pp. 226–227, p. 259 "They feel they are one with the Universe, and reach for high heaven while yet they are on earth, they never depart from virtue, love all life, and live a saintly life of joy supreme.".
465:
The city has many temples, families buy and carry votive offerings to the gods in these temples, and inside these temples are musicians playing various styles of music, according to
842:
Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five
Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press,
797:
Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana
Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
501:(Rudra) is alluded to with "god who wields the battle-ax", while Vishnu is alluded to with "god who protects the world". City gates had symbols of
1284:
604:
175:
1221:
1206:
965:
275:
163:
441:
In addition to
Madurai, the poem is another source of historic information about the Tamil region. It mentions seaports in the
1454:
1449:
1173:
906:
718:
614:
1641:
299:
201:
170:
1667:
457:
arid area. Madurai is described as the capital city with fortified gates, broad streets, mansions and big markets. The
1264:
122:
930:
885:
864:
847:
833:
812:
394:. It is a didactic poem and its title connotes the "poetic counsel addressed to the king of Madurai". Composed by
1616:
1373:
251:
1013:
127:
227:
1459:
234:
958:
158:
1490:
1249:
79:
779:
239:
1672:
1631:
1469:
337:
1636:
1093:
263:
364:
134:
1474:
1378:
1106:
1058:
1008:
1626:
1600:
1274:
951:
306:
151:
146:
1363:
1168:
523:
72:
52:
802:
706:
412:
67:
1394:
1101:
1063:
416:
anthology. The poem is generally dated to the late classical period (2nd to 4th century CE).
214:
108:
1422:
1417:
1239:
311:
1216:
1111:
270:
258:
246:
96:
485:
to 511 allude to gods and goddesses in these temples with iconographic items of
Hinduism.
8:
1505:
1464:
1300:
206:
294:
1621:
1574:
1201:
687:
395:
282:
222:
1412:
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902:
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843:
829:
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714:
704:
691:
610:
528:
391:
60:
32:
25:
1548:
1279:
679:
194:
791:
Tamil Wisdom: Traditions
Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings
103:
1646:
1569:
1510:
1211:
1127:
920:
896:
875:
854:
823:
403:
287:
1553:
1320:
974:
916:
683:
387:
379:
91:
1368:
434:
meter. It is a detailed description of life and bustle in the ancient city of
44:
1661:
1579:
1543:
1520:
1315:
1143:
1078:
1073:
1028:
1018:
189:
670:
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1989). "Aspects of women and work in early South India".
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115:
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781:
Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with
Englilsh Translation)
1595:
1353:
1310:
1259:
988:
354:
323:
39:
1358:
1427:
705:
P Madhava Soma
Sundaram; K Jaishankar; E Enanalap Periyar (2019).
318:
1330:
943:
732:
730:
562:
560:
558:
556:
502:
494:
470:
435:
349:
653:
651:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
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626:
1325:
584:
486:
426:
collection with 782 lines of poetry. Many of the verses are in
399:
727:
572:
553:
1305:
828:. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
648:
623:
498:
1525:
1148:
707:"11. Crime and Justice in Ancient South India (Sangam Age)"
490:
474:
489:
is called the ruler of the three worlds and it identifies
541:
877:
The Smile of
Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
606:
The Smile of
Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
788:
922:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
852:
825:The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia
1659:
16:Ancient Sangam era Tamil poem about Madurai city
672:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
894:
873:
590:
578:
566:
959:
711:Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology
698:
807:. Asian Educational Services. p. 115.
777:
760:
748:
736:
657:
642:
547:
966:
952:
713:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–181.
669:
1222:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
915:
793:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
602:
398:– probably the chief court poet of the
1660:
800:
1174:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
947:
202:Tamil history from Sangam literature
821:
462:the soldiers through the streets.
13:
973:
801:Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994).
14:
1684:
1637:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
784:. Tamil University (1985 print).
473:temples. The Brahmins chant the
1617:Standardisation of Tamil script
789:Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001).
770:
678:(1). SAGE Publications: 81–99.
751:, p. 259 with footnote 2.
663:
596:
1:
856:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics
822:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
534:
901:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
509:ideology found in Hinduism.
20:
7:
1491:Megalithic graffiti symbols
1250:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
853:Takanobu Takahashi (1995).
512:
422:is the longest poem in the
10:
1689:
1632:Printing in Tamil language
709:. In K. Jaishankar (ed.).
684:10.1177/001946468902600104
445:coastline, the prosperous
338:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1668:Tamil-language literature
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410:is the sixth poem in the
383:
362:
329:
212:
181:
114:
59:
50:
31:
23:
1379:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
1059:Bangalore Tamil dialects
603:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973).
1627:Simplified Tamil script
1275:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
895:Kamil Zvelebil (1974).
874:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
1364:Purapporul Venbamaalai
1169:World Tamil Conference
524:Eighteen Greater Texts
276:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu
53:Eighteen Greater Texts
1395:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
1064:Central Tamil dialect
1014:Proto-South Dravidian
925:. BRILL. p. 73.
497:as his incarnations,
215:Eighteen Lesser Texts
1460:Indo-Aryan languages
1285:Tamil Ganaptya texts
1217:List of Sangam poets
1162:Global organizations
778:JV Chelliah (1946).
430:meter and others in
1465:Dravidian languages
1265:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
739:, pp. 226–227.
660:, pp. 224–226.
645:, pp. 221–225.
591:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
579:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
567:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
207:Ancient Tamil music
123:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1622:Tanittamil Iyakkam
1575:Tamil onomatopoeia
1202:Tamil books of Law
859:. BRILL Academic.
593:, pp. 29, 58.
386:), is an ancient
164:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
1673:Sangam literature
1655:
1654:
1642:Formation of CICT
1436:
1435:
1413:Asthana Kolahalam
1197:Sangam literature
1157:
1156:
908:978-3-447-01582-0
720:978-1-00-030088-8
616:978-90-04-03591-1
581:, pp. 58–59.
569:, pp. 60–61.
529:Sangam literature
449:farms, the hilly
396:Mankuti Marutanar
392:Sangam literature
371:
370:
367:
331:Bhakti Literature
264:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
176:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
171:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
61:Eight Anthologies
33:Sangam literature
26:Sangam literature
1680:
1549:Tamil honorifics
1280:Vinayagar Agaval
1245:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
1207:Five Great Epics
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804:Tamil Literature
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761:JV Chelliah 1946
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385:
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271:Aintinai Eḻupatu
259:Aintiṇai Aimpatu
252:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
240:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
195:Sangam landscape
21:
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1647:Project Madurai
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1589:Transliteration
1584:
1570:Tamil phonology
1558:
1536:
1530:
1511:Pallava grantha
1479:
1443:other languages
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1406:natural science
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1404:Mathematics and
1399:
1383:
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1340:
1289:
1232:
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1212:Ponniyin Selvan
1178:
1153:
1132:
1128:Malaysian Tamil
1121:Southeast Asian
1116:
1088:
1040:
1009:Proto-Dravidian
977:
972:
941:
939:
933:
917:Zvelebil, Kamil
909:
888:
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404:Nedunjeliyan II
300:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
228:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1554:Tamil numerals
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1016:
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1001:
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991:
985:
983:
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978:
975:Tamil language
971:
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956:
948:
938:
937:
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865:
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753:
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719:
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662:
647:
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583:
571:
552:
550:, p. 221.
539:
538:
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533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
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511:
384:மதுரைக் காஞ்சி
369:
368:
360:
359:
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315:
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312:Mutumoḻikkānci
309:
307:Ciṟupañcamūlam
303:
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183:Related topics
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135:Malaipaṭukaṭām
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29:
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15:
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1580:Tamil prosody
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
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1547:
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1544:Tamil grammar
1542:
1541:
1539:
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1521:Tamil Braille
1519:
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1516:Modern script
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1144:Brahmin Tamil
1142:
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1108:
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1103:
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1079:Madurai Tamil
1077:
1075:
1074:Madras Bashai
1072:
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1062:
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1056:
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1047:
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1029:Second Sangam
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:Tamil Sangams
1017:
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997:
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932:90-04-09365-6
928:
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904:
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887:90-04-03591-5
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868:
866:90-04-10042-3
862:
858:
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849:
848:9780231150651
845:
841:
837:
835:9780521011099
831:
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814:81-206-0955-7
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482:Maduraikkanci
478:
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467:Maduraikkanci
463:
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459:Maduraikkanci
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375:Maduraikanchi
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