3379:
1188:
retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue, and this causes it to move forward toward the alveolar ridge. This means that the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration the way other retroflex consonants do, but that the vibration itself is not much different from
2126:
During his retirement he lived alone, devoting himself to the care of his fascinating library and extensive collection of
Japanese art treasures and antiques. and the study of the language and customs and mythology of the Nilgiri hill tribes, the Badagas. He was compiling a Toda grammar when he
242:
For a
Dravidian language, Toda's sixteen vowels is an unusually large number. There are eight vowel qualities, each of which may occur long or short. There is little difference in quality between the long and short vowels, except for
228:
subgroup of South
Dravidian. Krishnamurti (2003) doesn't consider a single Toda-Kota branch and says Kota split first and later Toda did as Kota doesn't have the centralized vowels of other Tamil-Toda languages.
1205:
As described by Murray B. Emeneau, in his "Toda
Grammar and Texts," the entire Toda verbal system is based on the addition of many suffixes to the two base verb stems, stem 1 (henceforth, S
1131:
The palatalized rhotics are only mentioned by Spajić and
Ladefoged (1996), previous descriptions like of Emeneau (1984) and Krishnamurti (2003) only have the 3 plain ones as the rhotics.
1142:
is uncertain. They have the same primary place of articulation. Spajić and colleagues have found that the rhotic that may occur word initially (erroneously called "
1192:
The palatalization of the slided consonant ɽ͢rʲ does not affect the initial retroflex articulation, ɽ is not simultaneously coarticulated with ʲ.
1477:
To each of these stems, further suffixes may be added to create verb forms indicating different tenses and moods. The following table summarizes them:
3082:
3314:
2275:
1101:
All of these consonants may occur in word-medial and word-final positions. However, only a restricted set occur word-initially. These are
834:
3075:
2203:
955:
434:
1000:
1184:
is more strongly trilled than the other rhotics. However, it is not purely retroflex. Although the tongue starts out in a
1021:
821:
935:
3307:
2268:
2154:
979:
1069:
3688:
3678:
3281:
3068:
844:
683:
803:
390:
365:
353:
673:
2179:. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Vol. 26. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–21.
1173:
is easily distinguishable from the other trills when they are all produced with the same number of contacts.
895:
852:
760:
326:
3693:
3683:
3657:
3300:
2261:
375:
184:
1181:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1109:
1102:
459:
451:
244:
3598:
750:
691:
310:
2984:
2863:
1087:
1011:
903:
661:
642:
542:
3463:
3232:
2959:
2434:
2335:
2292:
2149:. American Philosophical Society, Memoirs Series, 155. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
1061:
864:
595:
498:
462:
are allophonically devoiced or partially devoiced in final position or next to voiceless consonants.
404:
318:
86:
2241:
1213:). There are fifteen classes of verbs in Toda, each of which uses one of four suffixes to form its S
3603:
768:
652:
475:
338:
3644:
3567:
3268:
2989:
2664:
1146:" in previous literature, perhaps because Dravidian coronals tend to be dental by default) has a
738:
722:
704:
493:
926:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3263:
3173:
2878:
2627:
2355:
2350:
1147:
1079:
916:
608:
3500:
3485:
3438:
3216:
3034:
2731:
2703:
2610:
2495:
2485:
2388:
1165:
is the least strongly trilled, most often occurring with a single contact. However, unlike a
1134:
Apical consonants are either alveolar or postalveolar. The actual feature that distinguishes
1121:
1113:
970:
730:
577:
430:
422:
98:
3547:
2868:
2708:
2647:
2345:
1185:
1151:
1053:
1044:
780:
217:
2225:
8:
3634:
3423:
3253:
3237:
3168:
2780:
2775:
2605:
2590:
2530:
2284:
1177:
789:
628:
507:
440:
205:
201:
78:
3639:
3618:
3507:
3453:
3403:
3258:
2841:
2622:
2600:
2595:
2563:
2475:
2180:
1125:
486:
1154:
until further measurements can be made. This analysis is assumed in the transcription
176:
3588:
3572:
3522:
3490:
3448:
3418:
2940:
2741:
2659:
2616:
2585:
2575:
2520:
2505:
2199:
2150:
2026:
874:
715:
512:
426:
51:
3608:
3557:
3537:
3527:
3495:
3458:
3398:
3348:
2847:
2820:
2770:
2762:
2736:
2693:
2653:
2637:
2515:
2510:
2490:
2480:
2468:
2340:
2317:
1143:
812:
482:
470:
447:
92:
2198:. Cambridge Language Surveys (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2168:. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II.
3613:
3542:
3532:
3517:
3512:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3363:
3338:
3152:
3111:
3027:
3004:
2974:
2945:
2935:
2914:
2830:
2807:
2790:
2785:
2715:
2698:
2642:
2632:
2558:
2548:
2500:
2455:
2429:
2403:
2368:
2330:
2193:
2144:
1031:
570:
517:
455:
209:
139:
70:
2235:
189:
3593:
3562:
3413:
3408:
3393:
3358:
3163:
3106:
3050:
3018:
2979:
2919:
2883:
2835:
2815:
2580:
2570:
2463:
2424:
2408:
2219:
1166:
135:
128:
2048:
3672:
3368:
2873:
2825:
2688:
2553:
2247:
2020:
795:
634:
260:
2069:
3060:
450:
intervocalically in Toda. There are also the invariably voiced fricatives
160:
304:
255:
213:
2184:
2174:
2094:
2092:
2090:
3092:
2053:
421:
Toda has an unusually large number of fricatives and trills. Its seven
384:
265:
3292:
2253:
3353:
3121:
2538:
2087:
444:
347:
225:
169:
153:
530:
3343:
3116:
2325:
623:
3324:
2543:
2023:, who was compiling Toda grammar in the period before his death
221:
41:
3378:
2229:
2120:
Walsh, R R (15 April 1953). "Ernest
Speight - A Portrait".
2173:
Spajić, Siniša; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, P. (1996).
2172:
2164:
Spajić, Siniša; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, P. (1994).
2163:
2098:
3053:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
2075:
425:
are the most for any
Dravidian language. The voiceless
216:, a population of about one thousand who live in the
1169:, multiple contacts are normal, if less common, and
247:, which occurs as when short and as when long.
3670:
437:is highly unusual among the world's languages.
3308:
3076:
2269:
2222:, as part of the Endangered Languages project
2300:
2191:
2081:
1150:, which they have tentatively identified as
3090:
2967:
3315:
3301:
3083:
3069:
2276:
2262:
2099:Spajić, Ladefoged & Bhaskararao (1994)
29:
16:Dravidian language of Nilgiri Hills, India
2316:
1161:Another difference between them is that
3322:
2283:
2142:
3671:
2104:
3296:
3064:
2257:
2119:
467:
454:, though the latter is marginal. The
2113:
1200:
1108:Unlike the other dental consonants,
224:. The Toda language originated from
2549:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
1474:-d/-ḏ/-ḏ/-ḏ/-ḍ/-ḍ" for this class.
429:are true fricatives, not voiceless
13:
2042:
1221:. A short summary is given below:
14:
3705:
2213:
2192:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003).
1086:
1078:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1043:
1020:
1010:
999:
978:
954:
934:
915:
902:
894:
863:
851:
843:
833:
820:
811:
802:
779:
767:
759:
749:
737:
729:
721:
703:
690:
682:
672:
660:
651:
641:
607:
594:
576:
403:
389:
374:
364:
352:
337:
325:
317:
309:
3377:
2136:
1446:pï·x- "to go," o·x- "to become"
2063:
1124:whereas the other labials are
1:
2035:
1176:The retroflex consonants are
1103:/p,t̪,k,f,s̪,m,n̠,r̘,l̪,j,w/,
416:
1470:-r/-l/-n/-s̠/-ḷ/-ṇ + -t- = S
232:
7:
3599:Cannanore Portuguese creole
3582:Other languages and creoles
3226:Other languages and creoles
2143:Emeneau, Murray B. (1984).
2014:
1462:-ṟ/-ɬ/-ṛ/-ꞎ/-ḍ/-x + -t- = S
1209:) and stem 2 (henceforth, S
10:
3710:
1195:
30:
3653:
3627:
3581:
3386:
3375:
3331:
3277:
3246:
3225:
3130:
3099:
3044:
3017:
3000:
2958:
2928:
2907:
2900:
2856:
2806:
2799:
2761:
2754:
2724:
2681:
2529:
2454:
2445:
2417:
2396:
2377:
2307:
2291:
1458:Emeneau lists the rule "S
1030:
969:
788:
622:
569:
516:
511:
506:
497:
490:
481:
474:
469:
264:
259:
254:
252:
237:
183:
167:
151:
146:
125:
67:
57:
47:
37:
28:
23:
3604:Cochin Portuguese creole
2070:Toda language and script
1334:kwïṛ- "to give (to 3rd)"
63:1,600 (2001 census)
3689:Languages of Tamil Nadu
3679:Agglutinative languages
3645:Languages of South Asia
3269:Languages of South Asia
2195:The Dravidian Languages
2059:(subscription required)
1481:Toda Verbal Inflection
3264:Languages of Sri Lanka
3174:Betta Kurumba language
2146:Toda Grammar and Texts
1148:secondary articulation
423:places of articulation
212:. It is spoken by the
3035:Proto-South Dravidian
1348:ko·y- "to bear fruit"
3332:Non-tribal languages
2122:The Sunday Statesman
1935:Negative voluntative
1466:-ṯ/-ṯ/-ṭ/-ṭ/-ṭ/-k; S
1393:-t- (-ṟ/-l > -t-)
1152:advanced tongue root
3694:Languages of Kerala
3684:Dravidian languages
3635:Dravidian languages
3254:Dravidian languages
3169:Kanikkaran language
2285:Dravidian languages
2166:The rhotics of Toda
2082:Krishnamurti (2003)
1982:Negative imperative
1482:
1432:sal- "to belong to"
1390:wïṟ- "to undertake"
1226:
1105:in boldface above.
204:noted for its many
3640:Languages of India
3619:Suriyani Malayalam
3259:Languages of India
2564:Suriyani Malayalam
2176:The trills of Toda
1480:
1292:nen- "to think of"
1225:Toda Verb Classes
1224:
1189:the other trills.
202:Dravidian language
3666:
3665:
3290:
3289:
3233:Thanjavur Marathi
3058:
3057:
3051:extinct languages
3013:
3012:
2985:Kumarbhag Paharia
2954:
2953:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2750:
2749:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2364:
2363:
2232:Phonetics Archive
2220:The Toda Language
2205:978-0-521-77111-5
2057:(18th ed., 2015)
2027:Murray B. Emeneau
2012:
2011:
1556:Present-future II
1456:
1455:
1201:Verbal Morphology
1099:
1098:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
538:
533:
526:
435:retroflex lateral
414:
413:
195:
194:
3701:
3464:Attapady Kurumba
3387:Tribal languages
3381:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3131:Tribal languages
3085:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3061:
2965:
2964:
2905:
2904:
2804:
2803:
2759:
2758:
2452:
2451:
2435:Attapady Kurumba
2336:Maundadan Chetti
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2209:
2188:
2169:
2160:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2046:
1509:Present-future I
1483:
1479:
1435:-d- (-l > -d)
1421:-d- (-y > -d)
1418:mi·y- "to bathe"
1404:kwïḷ- "to hatch"
1379:-t- (-ɬ > -ṯ)
1365:-t- (-y > -t)
1351:-t- (-y > -c)
1323:-θ- (-r > -θ)
1309:-θ- (-y > -s)
1281:-y- (ɀ- > j-)
1267:-y- (c- > č-)
1227:
1223:
1183:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1119:
1111:
1104:
1090:
1082:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1024:
1014:
1003:
982:
958:
938:
929:
919:
906:
898:
877:
867:
855:
847:
837:
824:
815:
806:
798:
783:
771:
763:
753:
741:
733:
725:
718:
707:
694:
686:
676:
664:
655:
645:
637:
611:
598:
580:
563:
558:
553:
548:
541:
536:
529:
524:
465:
464:
461:
453:
407:
393:
378:
368:
356:
341:
329:
321:
313:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
250:
249:
246:
179:
163:
156:
131:
73:
33:
32:
21:
20:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3649:
3623:
3614:Judeo-Malayalam
3577:
3382:
3373:
3339:Arabi Malayalam
3327:
3321:
3291:
3286:
3273:
3242:
3221:
3126:
3095:
3089:
3059:
3054:
3040:
3028:Proto-Dravidian
3019:Proto-languages
3009:
2996:
2950:
2924:
2888:
2852:
2795:
2746:
2720:
2669:
2559:Judeo-Malayalam
2525:
2447:
2441:
2413:
2392:
2373:
2360:
2309:
2287:
2282:
2216:
2206:
2157:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2017:
2004:
1997:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:-um (Class I: S
1725:
1718:
1715:-em (Class I: S
1714:
1707:
1704:-en (Class I: S
1703:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1376:kaɬ- "to learn"
1250:ko·ṭ- "to show"
1242:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
925:
873:
794:
714:
633:
627:
502:
500:
492:
485:
477:
443:fricatives are
419:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
240:
235:
175:
159:
152:
132:
127:
121:
74:
71:Language family
69:
60:
59:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3628:Related topics
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3568:Wayanad Chetti
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3247:Related topics
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3100:Main languages
3097:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:Sauria Paharia
2987:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2665:Wayanad Chetti
2662:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2458:
2449:
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2415:
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2398:
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2365:
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2359:
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2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2215:
2214:External links
2212:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2112:
2110:Emeneau (1984)
2103:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
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1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
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1822:
1818:
1815:
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1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
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1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:-š (Class I: S
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:-y (Class I: S
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
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1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
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1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:koc- "to bite"
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
975:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
960:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
932:
930:
922:
921:
912:
910:
908:
900:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
870:
869:
861:
859:
857:
849:
841:
839:
831:
829:
827:
817:
809:
799:
792:
786:
785:
777:
775:
773:
765:
757:
755:
747:
745:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
710:
700:
698:
696:
688:
680:
678:
670:
668:
666:
658:
648:
638:
631:
620:
619:
617:
615:
613:
605:
603:
601:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
573:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
539:
534:
527:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
496:
489:
480:
473:
468:
445:allophonically
418:
415:
412:
411:
409:
401:
399:
397:
395:
387:
381:
380:
372:
370:
362:
360:
358:
350:
344:
343:
335:
333:
331:
323:
315:
307:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
239:
236:
234:
231:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
173:
165:
164:
157:
149:
148:
147:Language codes
144:
143:
136:Tamil alphabet
133:
129:Writing system
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
77:
75:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3706:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:Mullu Kurumba
3477:
3475:
3474:Jennu Kurumba
3472:
3470:
3469:Betta Kurumba
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:Languages of
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3217:Kota language
3215:
3213:
3212:Toda language
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:Mullu Kurumba
3192:
3190:Jennu Kurumba
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:Languages of
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:South-Central
2753:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Mullu Kurumba
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2356:Jennu Kurumba
2354:
2352:
2351:Betta Kurumba
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:Tamil–Kannada
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2156:9780871691552
2152:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:E. E. Speight
2019:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:V (irregular)
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:soy- "to die"
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:oɀ- "to fear"
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1116:. Similarly,
1115:
1106:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
983:
981:
976:
974:
972:
968:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
931:
928:
924:
923:
918:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
830:
828:
825:
823:
818:
814:
810:
807:
805:
800:
797:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
756:
752:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
712:
708:
706:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
656:
654:
649:
646:
644:
639:
636:
632:
630:
625:
621:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
604:
602:
599:
597:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
581:
579:
574:
572:
568:
562:
557:
552:
547:
544:
540:
535:
532:
528:
523:
522:
519:
514:
509:
504:
495:
494:post-alveolar
488:
484:
479:
472:
466:
463:
457:
449:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
410:
406:
402:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
386:
383:
382:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
340:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
270:
267:
262:
257:
251:
248:
230:
227:
223:
219:
218:Nilgiri Hills
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
150:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
124:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
96:
95:
94:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
82:
81:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
56:
53:
52:Nilgiri Hills
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
27:
22:
19:
3552:
3501:Mala Malasar
3486:Malapandaram
3211:
3046:
3033:
3026:
2968:Kurukh-Malto
2929:Parji–Gadaba
2908:Kolami-Naiki
2840:
2732:Cholanaikkan
2704:Korra Koraga
2652:
2615:
2611:Malankuravan
2531:Malayalamoid
2496:Malapandaram
2486:Mala Malasar
2383:
2244:swadesh list
2194:
2175:
2165:
2145:
2137:Bibliography
2125:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2077:
2065:
2052:
2044:
2031:
1476:
1457:
1320:ïr- "to sit"
1306:kïy- "to do"
1204:
1191:
1180:. Retroflex
1175:
1160:
1133:
1130:
1107:
1100:
1042:
1019:
1009:
977:
819:
801:
702:
650:
640:
593:
575:
439:
431:approximants
420:
241:
220:of southern
197:
196:
168:
106:
18:
3548:Thachanadan
3202:Thachanadan
2709:Mudu Koraga
2682:Tulu-Koraga
2648:Thachanadan
2346:Alu Kurumba
2072:, Omniglot.
1807:Voluntative
1452:pi·-, o·y-
1122:labiodental
1114:interdental
971:Approximant
214:Toda people
3673:Categories
3424:Kanikkaran
3238:Saurashtra
3093:Tamil Nadu
2781:Mukha-Dora
2776:Manna-Dora
2606:Malamuthan
2591:Kanikkaran
2250:morphology
2054:Ethnologue
2036:References
1854:Imperative
1760:Dubitative
1495:1pl. incl.
1492:1pl. excl.
1217:from its S
1186:sub-apical
417:Consonants
206:fricatives
103:Tamil–Toda
87:Southern I
3508:Malavedan
3454:Kunduvadi
3404:Eravallan
3354:Malayalam
3160:Eravallan
3146:Malavedan
3122:Malayalam
3049:indicate
2857:Konda-Kui
2842:Nagarchal
2800:Gondi-Kui
2623:Malavedan
2601:Kurichiya
2596:Kunduvadi
2539:Malayalam
2476:Eravallan
2448:Malayalam
2378:Toda-Kota
2318:Kannadoid
2238:resources
1697:Tenseless
1178:subapical
796:voiceless
790:Fricative
635:voiceless
629:Affricate
508:Retroflex
460:/r̠,ɽr,j/
441:Voiceless
293:Unrounded
283:Unrounded
273:Unrounded
233:Phonology
226:Toda-Kota
170:Glottolog
154:ISO 639-3
79:Dravidian
3658:Category
3589:Aranadan
3573:Yerukala
3523:Muthuvan
3491:Malaryan
3449:Kumbaran
3419:Kalanadi
3282:Category
3181:Yerukula
3178:Muthuvan
3143:Malaryan
2941:Kondekor
2763:Teluguic
2742:Kumbaran
2660:Vishavan
2617:Malaryan
2586:Kalanadi
2576:Eranadan
2521:Yerukala
2506:Muthuvan
2469:Sankethi
2456:Tamiloid
2446:Tamil -
2310:- Badaga
2308:Kannada
2185:44526193
2015:See also
1888:Negative
1486:Function
1126:bilabial
503:alveolar
487:alveolar
478:alveolar
427:laterals
408:〈a, a·〉
379:〈o, o·〉
369:〈ö, ö·〉
342:〈u, u·〉
330:〈ï, ï·〉
322:〈ü, ü·〉
314:〈i, i·〉
177:toda1252
83:Southern
3609:English
3558:Ullatan
3538:Pathiya
3528:Paliyan
3496:Malasar
3459:Kurumba
3399:Bellari
3349:Konkani
3344:Kannada
3208:Pathiya
3205:Ullatan
3199:Malasar
3149:Paliyan
3117:Kannada
3047:Italics
2901:Central
2848:Pardhan
2821:Khirwar
2771:Chenchu
2737:Kakkala
2694:Bellari
2654:Ullatan
2638:Pathiya
2516:Pattapu
2511:Paliyan
2491:Malasar
2481:Kaikadi
2341:Sholaga
2326:Kannada
2228:at the
1650:Past II
1410:kwïḷd-
1340:kwïṛt-
1256:ko·ṭy-
1233:Example
1196:Grammar
927:Lateral
624:Plosive
513:Palatal
499:Laminal
452:/ʒ,ʐ,ɣ/
298:Rounded
288:Rounded
278:Rounded
261:Central
140:Brahmic
93:Kannada
3543:Ravula
3533:Paniya
3518:Muduga
3513:Mannan
3444:Kudiya
3434:Koraga
3429:Kodava
3364:Telugu
3325:Kerala
3187:Kodava
3184:Mannan
3157:Ravula
3153:Paniya
3137:Mannan
3112:Telugu
3005:Brahui
2975:Kurukh
2946:Ollari
2936:Duruwa
2915:Kolami
2831:Madiya
2791:Waddar
2786:Telugu
2725:Others
2716:Kudiya
2699:Koraga
2643:Ravula
2633:Paniya
2544:Jeseri
2501:Mannan
2430:Muduga
2404:Kodava
2397:Kodagu
2369:Badaga
2331:Holiya
2202:
2183:
2153:
1603:Past I
1424:mi·d-
1354:ko·c-
1298:nenθ-
1236:Suffix
1144:dental
920:) 〈x〉
875:voiced
716:voiced
491:Apical
483:Apical
476:Denti-
471:Labial
456:nasals
448:voiced
433:; the
238:Vowels
210:trills
97:Tamil–
91:Tamil–
48:Region
3594:Beary
3563:Urali
3414:Kadar
3409:Irula
3394:Allar
3359:Tamil
3196:Urali
3164:Irula
3140:Kadar
3107:Tamil
2980:Malto
2960:North
2920:Naiki
2884:Pengo
2879:Manda
2864:Konda
2836:Muria
2816:Gondi
2808:Gondi
2581:Kadar
2571:Allar
2554:Byari
2464:Tamil
2425:Irula
2418:Irula
2409:Urali
2293:South
2181:JSTOR
1883:-mo·
1781:-špum
1774:-špem
1767:-špen
1730:-num)
1719:-nem)
1708:-nen)
1624:-špum
1617:-špem
1610:-špen
1438:sad-
1396:wït-
1382:kaṯ-
1368:sot-
1312:kïs-
1270:koč-
1230:Class
1091:〈ṛy〉
1073:〈ṟy〉
1057:〈ṛy〉
1032:Trill
838:〈s̠〉
571:Nasal
559:plain
549:plain
537:plain
525:plain
518:Velar
501:post-
394:〈e·〉
305:Close
256:Front
222:India
200:is a
42:India
3553:Toda
3439:Kota
3369:Tulu
2874:Kuvi
2826:Koya
2689:Tulu
2389:Kota
2384:Toda
2248:Toda
2242:Toda
2236:Toda
2230:UCLA
2226:Toda
2200:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2127:died
2049:Toda
2005:-oṭṣ
1977:-šk
1930:-oθ
1849:-kθ
1821:-kim
1814:-kin
1788:-špy
1752:-nš)
1741:-ny)
1692:-šk
1631:-špy
1530:-pum
1523:-pem
1516:-pen
1501:2pl.
1498:2sg.
1489:1sg.
1387:IIIe
1373:IIId
1359:IIIc
1345:IIIb
1331:IIIa
1326:ïθ-
1284:oj-
1182:/ɽr/
1171:/r̘/
1167:flap
1163:/r̘/
1156:/r̘/
1140:/r̠/
1138:and
1136:/r̘/
1083:〈ṛ〉
1065:〈ṟ〉
1049:〈r〉
1026:〈w〉
1016:〈y〉
1004:〈ḷ〉
984:〈l〉
959:〈ꞎ〉
939:〈ɬ〉
907:〈ẓ〉
899:〈ž〉
868:〈x〉
856:〈ṣ〉
848:〈š〉
826:〈s〉
816:〈θ〉
808:〈f〉
784:〈g〉
772:〈ḍ〉
764:〈j〉
754:〈ḏ〉
742:〈ɀ〉
739:d̪z̪
734:〈d〉
726:〈b〉
709:〈k〉
695:〈ṭ〉
687:〈č〉
677:〈ṯ〉
665:〈c〉
662:t̪s̪
657:〈t〉
647:〈p〉
612:〈ṇ〉
600:〈n〉
582:〈m〉
564:pal.
554:pal.
543:pal.
531:sib.
458:and
385:Open
357:〈e〉
266:Back
208:and
198:Toda
190:Toda
107:Toda
99:Kota
31:தோடா
24:Toda
2869:Kui
2051:at
1998:-oṭ
1956:-šm
1949:-šm
1942:-šn
1909:-um
1902:-em
1895:-en
1842:-kš
1835:-ky
1828:-ku
1802:-č
1671:-šm
1664:-šm
1657:-šn
1645:-č
1598:-u
1591:-tš
1584:-ty
1551:-t
1544:-tš
1537:-py
1429:IVc
1415:IVb
1407:-d-
1401:IVa
1337:-t-
1317:IIc
1303:IIb
1295:-θ-
1289:IIa
1253:-y-
1120:is
1118:/f/
1112:is
1110:/θ/
1088:ɽrʲ
1070:r̠ʲ
1054:r̘ʲ
956:ɭ̊˔
813:θ̪͆
348:Mid
245:/e/
185:ELP
161:tcx
3675::
2124:.
2089:^
2008:-
1970:-š
1963:-č
1923:-š
1916:-y
1876:-š
1795:-š
1755:?
1685:-š
1678:-č
1638:-š
1577:-m
1570:-m
1563:-n
1504:3
1275:Ic
1261:Ib
1247:Ia
1158:.
1128:.
1080:ɽr
1062:r̠
1045:r̘
980:l̪
936:ɬ̪
835:s̠
822:s̪
761:dʒ
751:d̠
731:d̪
684:tʃ
674:t̠
653:t̪
596:n̠
3316:e
3309:t
3302:v
3084:e
3077:t
3070:v
2277:e
2270:t
2263:v
2208:.
2187:.
2159:.
2101:.
2084:.
2003:2
2001:S
1996:2
1994:S
1991:-
1988:-
1985:-
1975:1
1973:S
1968:1
1966:S
1961:1
1959:S
1954:1
1952:S
1947:1
1945:S
1940:1
1938:S
1928:1
1926:S
1921:1
1919:S
1914:1
1912:S
1907:1
1905:S
1900:1
1898:S
1893:1
1891:S
1881:1
1879:S
1874:1
1872:S
1868:1
1866:S
1863:-
1860:-
1857:-
1847:1
1845:S
1840:1
1838:S
1833:1
1831:S
1826:1
1824:S
1819:1
1817:S
1812:1
1810:S
1800:1
1798:S
1793:1
1791:S
1786:1
1784:S
1779:1
1777:S
1772:1
1770:S
1765:1
1763:S
1750:1
1746:2
1744:S
1739:1
1735:2
1733:S
1728:1
1724:2
1722:S
1717:1
1713:2
1711:S
1706:1
1702:2
1700:S
1690:2
1688:S
1683:2
1681:S
1676:2
1674:S
1669:2
1667:S
1662:2
1660:S
1655:2
1653:S
1643:2
1641:S
1636:2
1634:S
1629:2
1627:S
1622:2
1620:S
1615:2
1613:S
1608:2
1606:S
1596:2
1594:S
1589:2
1587:S
1582:2
1580:S
1575:2
1573:S
1568:2
1566:S
1561:2
1559:S
1549:2
1547:S
1542:2
1540:S
1535:2
1533:S
1528:2
1526:S
1521:2
1519:S
1514:2
1512:S
1472:1
1468:1
1464:2
1460:1
1449:-
1241:2
1239:S
1219:1
1215:2
1211:2
1207:1
1022:w
1012:j
1001:ɭ
917:ɣ
914:(
904:ʐ
896:ʒ
865:x
853:ʂ
845:ʃ
804:f
781:ɡ
769:ɖ
723:b
705:k
692:ʈ
643:p
626:/
609:ɳ
578:m
405:ɑ
391:æ
376:o
366:ɵ
354:e
339:u
327:ɨ
319:y
311:i
142:)
138:(
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