354:
The vowels have mostly remained the same with the 5 /a, e, i, o, u/ + length; Malayalam and Tulu have an extra /ÉĚ/ and /ÉŻ/. The
Nilagiri languages developed a set of centralized vowel around retroflexes and alveolars with Irula having /ɨ, Ę, É, Éľ/ + length. Kurumba languages have nasalized vowels,
382:
The
Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Four subgroups are generally accepted: South Dravidian, South-Central Dravidian, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian. Most scholars agree that the South Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian branches (called "Tamil-Tulu" and "Telugu-Kui" in
226:
have merged the central approximant with the lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in
Kannada. However, all the retroflex
457:, Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the TamilâKannada inner branch started with the separation of
297:
for details). Kannada and other languages, however, are totally inert to this change and hence the velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words, eg.
374:
Malayalam lost the prononial endings of verbs. Kannada lost clusivity. Old Tamil retained the PD like tense system of past vs non past but none currently do, all have past, present, future.
402:
South
Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches: TamilâKannada and Tulu. The languages that constitute the TamilâKannada branch are
664:
909:
328:. The alveolar ᚯ, ᚯᚯ, nᚯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil
17:
629:
859:
821:
902:
840:
387::56) are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages. For this reason,
1704:
82:
209:
1709:
895:
341:
337:
290:
282:
240:
236:
219:
212:
1714:
478:
170:
1618:
1497:
1593:
1068:
969:
286:
1623:
1298:
388:
278:
1512:
1261:
989:
984:
850:
Steever, Sanford (2019). "Introduction to the
Dravidian languages". In Steever, Sanford (ed.).
1668:
1365:
1337:
1244:
1129:
1119:
1022:
547:
423:
216:
151:
812:
Kolichala, Suresh (2016). "Dravidian
Languages". In Hans Henrich Hock; Elena Bashir (eds.).
1502:
1342:
1281:
979:
8:
1414:
1409:
1239:
1224:
1164:
918:
512:
244:
178:
123:
65:
1475:
1256:
1234:
1229:
1197:
1109:
711:
294:
110:
1574:
1375:
1293:
1250:
1219:
1209:
1154:
1139:
855:
836:
817:
555:
1481:
1454:
1404:
1396:
1370:
1327:
1287:
1271:
1149:
1144:
1124:
1114:
1102:
974:
951:
703:
447:
155:
1661:
1638:
1608:
1579:
1569:
1548:
1464:
1441:
1424:
1419:
1349:
1332:
1276:
1266:
1192:
1182:
1134:
1089:
1063:
1037:
1002:
964:
586:
574:
563:
531:
503:
467:
443:
439:
431:
427:
274:
239:) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a glottal fricative (
186:
163:
143:
60:
1684:
1652:
1613:
1553:
1517:
1469:
1449:
1214:
1204:
1097:
1058:
1042:
523:
507:
454:
415:
403:
201:
147:
127:
1698:
1507:
1459:
1322:
1187:
1017:
580:
539:
458:
435:
419:
190:
159:
139:
122:(also called "South Dravidian I") is one of the four major branches of the
228:
174:
48:
692:"JÄnu Kuášumba: Brief Report on a "Tribal" Language of the Nilgiri Area"
887:
715:
691:
243:) or has disappeared completely. This change was later taken to other
1172:
516:
411:
205:
135:
104:
52:
707:
232:
182:
814:
The
Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide
231:
changed into retroflex laterals in
Kannada later. In Kannada, the
959:
559:
407:
320:
Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g.
223:
131:
334:
oĂąji, Äji, nÄduni, nÄta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kÄŤruni, gÄŤcuni}.
1177:
671:
749:
882:. PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture).
788:
761:
647:
645:
643:
778:
776:
739:
737:
722:
247:
and
Tuluoid languages like Bellari and Koraga, eg. Tamil
1687:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
640:
773:
734:
434:
and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are
169:
Kannada, Tamil and
Malayalam are recognized among the
816:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 73â107.
610:
142:, as well as several non-literary languages such as
461:in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE.
630:"Odia gets classical language status â The Hindu"
377:
1696:
903:
934:
868:
830:
794:
767:
755:
677:
651:
1601:
222:sounds, whereas most of the remaining like
126:family. It includes the literary languages
910:
896:
854:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 1â44.
336:The retroflex approximant mostly became a
324:across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada
293:) at the beginning of the words (refer to
811:
743:
177:. All three are officially recognized as
950:
877:
782:
696:Journal of the American Oriental Society
689:
384:
196:
917:
849:
728:
616:
181:by the Government of India, along with
14:
1697:
880:Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction
891:
665:"A Dravidian etymological dictionary"
330:oášášu, Äášu, nÄášu, nÄášášam, muáši, kÄŤášu;
1183:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
24:
27:Southern Dravidian language branch
25:
1726:
391:suggested the alternative terms
871:Dravidian Comparative Phonology
835:. Cambridge University Press.
683:
657:
622:
378:Classification and terminology
13:
1:
598:
603:
18:Southern Dravidian languages
7:
869:Subrahmanyam, P.S. (1983).
690:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1988).
171:official languages of India
10:
1731:
804:
395:for the former branch and
369:
1678:
1651:
1634:
1592:
1562:
1541:
1534:
1490:
1440:
1433:
1395:
1388:
1358:
1315:
1163:
1088:
1079:
1051:
1030:
1011:
941:
925:
831:Krishnamurti, B. (2003).
287:Voiceless palatal plosive
173:and are spoken mainly in
103:
88:
78:
61:Linguistic classification
59:
42:
37:
32:
878:Zvelebil, Kamil (1990).
1705:Agglutinative languages
873:. Annamalai University.
852:The Dravidian Languages
833:The Dravidian Languages
583:1,850,000 (2011 census)
279:Voiceless velar plosive
277:show the conversion of
350:{ÄḡĹ, ÄlĹ, Äá¸Ĺ}, puru.
1669:Proto-South Dravidian
534:113,857 (2011 census)
217:retroflex approximant
197:Phonological features
83:Proto-South Dravidian
526:11,870 (2011 census)
273:Tamil-Malayalam and
1710:Dravidian languages
919:Dravidian languages
795:Krishnamurti (2003)
768:Krishnamurti (2003)
756:Krishnamurti (2003)
731:, pp. 5â9, 12.
680:, p. 127, 146.
678:Krishnamurti (2003)
652:Krishnamurti (2003)
636:. 20 February 2014.
542:1,600 (2001 census)
513:Malayalam languages
471:(= "South Dravidian
361:Äme, Äve, Äve, Äme,
269:puttu, huttu, uttu.
245:Kannadoid languages
235:voiceless plosive (
179:classical languages
124:Dravidian languages
1715:Languages of India
1198:Suriyani Malayalam
475:I", "TamilâTulu")
397:South Dravidian II
295:comparative method
1692:
1691:
1685:extinct languages
1647:
1646:
1619:Kumarbhag Paharia
1588:
1587:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1384:
1383:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
998:
997:
861:978-1-138-85376-8
823:978-3-11-042715-8
758:, pp. 19â20.
556:Kannada languages
550:930 (2001 census)
393:South Dravidian I
255:, Bellari/Koraga
210:retroflex lateral
117:
116:
38:South Dravidian I
16:(Redirected from
1722:
1599:
1598:
1539:
1538:
1438:
1437:
1393:
1392:
1086:
1085:
1069:Attapady Kurumba
970:Maundadan Chetti
948:
947:
939:
938:
932:
931:
912:
905:
898:
889:
888:
883:
874:
865:
846:
827:
798:
792:
786:
780:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
744:Kolichala (2016)
741:
732:
726:
720:
719:
687:
681:
675:
669:
668:
661:
655:
649:
638:
637:
626:
620:
614:
474:
399:for the latter.
355:eg. Jenu Kuruba
343:
339:
292:
284:
242:
238:
221:
214:
113:
30:
29:
21:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1674:
1662:Proto-Dravidian
1653:Proto-languages
1643:
1630:
1584:
1558:
1522:
1486:
1429:
1380:
1354:
1303:
1193:Judeo-Malayalam
1159:
1081:
1075:
1047:
1026:
1007:
994:
943:
921:
916:
886:
862:
843:
824:
807:
802:
801:
793:
789:
783:Zvelebil (1990)
781:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
735:
727:
723:
688:
684:
676:
672:
663:
662:
658:
650:
641:
628:
627:
623:
619:, pp. 5â7.
615:
611:
606:
601:
596:
504:Tamil languages
472:
468:South Dravidian
380:
372:
199:
120:South Dravidian
109:
71:South Dravidian
44:
33:South Dravidian
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:Sauria Paharia
1621:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1299:Wayanad Chetti
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
956:
954:
945:
936:
929:
923:
922:
915:
914:
907:
900:
892:
885:
884:
875:
866:
860:
847:
841:
828:
822:
808:
806:
803:
800:
799:
787:
772:
760:
748:
733:
729:Steever (2019)
721:
708:10.2307/603656
702:(2): 297â301.
682:
670:
656:
639:
621:
617:Steever (2019)
608:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:
593:
592:
591:
590:
584:
578:
570:
568:
567:
566:
553:
552:
551:
545:
544:
543:
537:
536:
535:
529:
528:
527:
521:
520:
519:
510:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
463:
455:R. C. Hiremath
379:
376:
371:
368:
263:, Jenu Kuruba
198:
195:
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
79:Proto-language
76:
75:
74:
73:
63:
57:
56:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1727:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:South-Central
1387:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Mullu Kurumba
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:Jennu Kurumba
988:
986:
985:Betta Kurumba
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
953:
949:
946:
940:
937:
935:TamilâKannada
933:
930:
928:
924:
920:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
894:
893:
890:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
857:
853:
848:
844:
842:0-521-77111-0
838:
834:
829:
825:
819:
815:
810:
809:
797:, p. 21.
796:
791:
785:, p. 56.
784:
779:
777:
770:, p. 58.
769:
764:
757:
752:
746:, p. 76.
745:
740:
738:
730:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
679:
674:
666:
660:
653:
648:
646:
644:
635:
631:
625:
618:
613:
609:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
549:
546:
541:
538:
533:
530:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:
498:
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
490:
489:
488:
486:
485:
484:
482:
481:
480:
479:TamilâKannada
477:
476:
470:
469:
465:
464:
462:
460:
456:
453:According to
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Zvelebil 1990
375:
367:
366:
362:
358:
352:
351:
347:
344:, e.g. Tamil
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
280:
276:
271:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
234:
230:
225:
218:
211:
207:
203:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
108:
106:
102:
96:
94:TamilâKannada
93:
92:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1680:
1667:
1660:
1602:Kurukh-Malto
1563:ParjiâGadaba
1542:Kolami-Naiki
1474:
1366:Cholanaikkan
1338:Korra Koraga
1286:
1249:
1245:Malankuravan
1165:Malayalamoid
1130:Malapandaram
1120:Mala Malasar
926:
879:
870:
851:
832:
813:
790:
763:
751:
724:
699:
695:
685:
673:
659:
633:
624:
612:
589:2,800 (2007)
577:45-50 (2018)
558:, including
515:, including
506:, including
466:
452:
401:
396:
392:
389:Krishnamurti
381:
373:
365:yÄmai, Ämai.
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
229:approximants
200:
168:
119:
118:
89:Subdivisions
70:
45:distribution
1343:Mudu Koraga
1316:Tulu-Koraga
1282:Thachanadan
980:Alu Kurumba
175:South India
49:South India
1699:Categories
1415:Mukha-Dora
1410:Manna-Dora
1240:Malamuthan
1225:Kanikkaran
599:References
359:, Kannada
346:Äáşu, puáşu,
322:sarÉ, tarÉ
309:, Kannada
299:Tamil ceáši
251:, Kannada
208:have both
55:, diaspora
43:Geographic
1683:indicate
1491:Konda-Kui
1476:Nagarchal
1434:Gondi-Kui
1257:Malavedan
1235:Kurichiya
1230:Kunduvadi
1173:Malayalam
1110:Eravallan
1082:Malayalam
1012:Toda-Kota
952:Kannadoid
634:The Hindu
604:Citations
517:Malayalam
412:Malayalam
340:and also
313:, Telugu
206:Malayalam
136:Malayalam
105:Glottolog
66:Dravidian
53:Sri Lanka
1575:Kondekor
1397:Teluguic
1376:Kumbaran
1294:Vishavan
1251:Malaryan
1220:Kalanadi
1210:Eranadan
1155:Yerukala
1140:Muthuvan
1103:Sankethi
1090:Tamiloid
1080:Tamil -
944:- Badaga
942:Kannada
301:, Irula
259:; Tamil
233:bilabial
183:Sanskrit
111:sout3138
1681:Italics
1535:Central
1482:Pardhan
1455:Khirwar
1405:Chenchu
1371:Kakkala
1328:Bellari
1288:Ullatan
1272:Pathiya
1150:Pattapu
1145:Paliyan
1125:Malasar
1115:Kaikadi
975:Sholaga
960:Kannada
805:Sources
667:. 1984.
560:Kannada
448:Bellari
408:Kannada
370:Grammar
305:, Toda
285:) into
224:Kannada
156:Kurumba
132:Kannada
1639:Brahui
1609:Kurukh
1580:Ollari
1570:Duruwa
1549:Kolami
1465:Madiya
1425:Waddar
1420:Telugu
1359:Others
1350:Kudiya
1333:Koraga
1277:Ravula
1267:Paniya
1178:Jeseri
1135:Mannan
1064:Muduga
1038:Kodava
1031:Kodagu
1003:Badaga
965:Holiya
858:
839:
820:
716:603656
714:
587:Kudiya
575:Koraga
564:Badaga
532:Kodava
473:
444:Kudiya
440:Koraga
432:Badaga
430:, and
428:Kodava
363:Tamil
275:Telugu
267:, Ka.
257:hudari
253:hesaru
189:, and
187:Telugu
164:Kodava
144:Badaga
97:Tuluic
1614:Malto
1594:North
1554:Naiki
1518:Pengo
1513:Manda
1498:Konda
1470:Muria
1450:Gondi
1442:Gondi
1215:Kadar
1205:Allar
1188:Byari
1098:Tamil
1059:Irula
1052:Irula
1043:Urali
927:South
712:JSTOR
524:Irula
508:Tamil
416:Irula
404:Tamil
348:Tulu
342:/É,É/
332:Tulu
315:ceášášu
261:puášášu
249:peyar
202:Tamil
148:Irula
128:Tamil
1508:Kuvi
1460:Koya
1323:Tulu
1023:Kota
1018:Toda
856:ISBN
837:ISBN
818:ISBN
581:Tulu
562:and
548:Kota
540:Toda
459:Tulu
436:Tulu
424:Kota
420:Toda
357:ã¡we
326:tale
311:giá¸a
307:kĂŻá¸f
303:gĂŻá¸a
265:uᚯᚯu
215:and
204:and
191:Odia
162:and
160:Toda
152:Kota
140:Tulu
138:and
1503:Kui
704:doi
700:108
338:/Éž/
291:/c/
283:/k/
241:/h/
237:/p/
220:/Éť/
213:/É/
1701::
775:^
736:^
710:.
698:.
694:.
642:^
632:.
450:.
446:,
442:,
438:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
317:.
193:.
185:,
166:.
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
134:,
130:,
51:,
911:e
904:t
897:v
864:.
845:.
826:.
718:.
706::
654:.
289:(
281:(
20:)
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