102:
826:
is well established with several names of occupations which later became caste terms. There are also many terms for metal objects such as weapons, ships, vehicles with wheels, clothes, and valuable stones. There are new developments in agriculture with new crops and irrigation techniques. This more
659:
Going by attested changes in written documents, the Proto-South
Dravidian I (PSD1) language has been hypothesised to have been present in the second half of the second millennium BC. Some linguists infer it to have split from Proto-South Dravidian II (Also known as South Central Dravidian or
1129:
Ferenc Ruzca states that all the major shifts in Indo-Aryan phonetics over two millennia can be attributed to the constant influence of an old
Dravidian language with a similar phonetic structure to
822:
There are also terms for urban structures and various types of habitations including villages, towns, castles, forts, prisons (or storehouses), palaces and streets. The
1431:"Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics"
815:
stage, although not all reconstructed words are from a single chronological stage. There are several new words for headman, rulers (including an
1593:
772:, which suggests that the change occurred when the SD1 subgroup neighbored the ancestor of Telugu right from the beginning. Proto-Dravidian
2719:
827:
advanced lifestyle has yet to be identified in the archaeological record of peninsular India in the timeframe of Proto-South
Dravidian.
664:-Kui) at little before the beginning of the first millennium BC. These datings however, have been noted to be vague approximations.
2656:
2641:
2400:
2889:
2884:
2608:
1329:
1300:
1271:
1211:
1186:
3076:
583:
2699:
1586:
1559:
1549:
1533:
1504:
1414:
1387:
1243:
1159:
3051:
851:
2808:
296:
733:
732:, the earliest attested branch of South Dravidian has preserved an inventory of 17 consonants very similar to
2894:
3102:
2393:
1579:
1479:
138:
2925:
2684:
3066:
2904:
2302:
2181:
819:
loan word), taxes, armies, territorial divisions, tolls and customs, debt collection and corvée labor.
1548:
Ruzca, Ferenc (2013). "The influence of
Dravidian on Indo-Aryan phonetics". In Klein, Jared S. (ed.).
3071:
2528:
2277:
1752:
1653:
1610:
882:
855:
648:
600:
306:
114:
32:
3107:
2909:
2813:
2541:
2493:
2443:
812:
525:
301:
117:
3061:
3035:
2709:
2386:
2307:
1982:
1317:
1288:
1259:
576:
325:
2798:
2603:
2196:
1945:
1673:
1668:
268:
258:
229:
133:
2829:
2536:
2498:
2352:
2049:
2021:
1928:
1813:
1803:
1706:
640:
540:
239:
234:
2857:
2852:
2674:
2651:
2546:
2186:
2026:
1965:
1663:
263:
8:
2940:
2899:
2735:
2098:
2093:
1923:
1908:
1848:
1602:
1098:
898:
604:
454:
291:
174:
3056:
3009:
2636:
2159:
1940:
1918:
1913:
1881:
1793:
1460:
783:
PSD1 also innovated separate demonstrative pronouns for females with a feminine suffix
569:
530:
169:
2847:
2631:
2258:
2059:
1977:
1934:
1903:
1893:
1838:
1823:
1555:
1529:
1500:
1464:
1452:
1410:
1383:
1325:
1296:
1267:
1239:
1207:
1182:
1155:
844:
811:
The vocabulary of PSD indicates that the society was much more developed than at the
545:
535:
404:
273:
92:
2983:
2714:
2165:
2138:
2088:
2080:
2054:
2011:
1971:
1955:
1833:
1828:
1808:
1798:
1786:
1658:
1635:
1442:
1054:
1017:
881:. These words reinforce the hypothesis that Dravidian speakers were present in the
460:
189:
179:
3081:
3004:
2945:
2646:
2562:
2345:
2322:
2292:
2263:
2253:
2232:
2148:
2125:
2108:
2103:
2033:
2016:
1960:
1950:
1876:
1866:
1818:
1773:
1747:
1721:
1686:
1648:
1176:
1072:(circa 1400 BC), with uncertainty of which direction the borrowing was from. The
906:
875:
769:
678:
661:
632:
628:
520:
214:
199:
194:
184:
164:
75:
2988:
2755:
2409:
2368:
2336:
2297:
2237:
2201:
2153:
2133:
1898:
1888:
1781:
1742:
1726:
1447:
1430:
1069:
894:
816:
636:
612:
608:
419:
209:
204:
2803:
677:
Proto-South
Dravidian inherited the system of five short and long vowels from
345:
3096:
3014:
2978:
2955:
2750:
2578:
2513:
2508:
2463:
2453:
2191:
2143:
2006:
1871:
1701:
1456:
744:
In Proto-South
Dravidian I, there is a merger of Proto-Dravidian high vowels
644:
624:
501:
486:
481:
476:
434:
424:
409:
224:
219:
159:
154:
2950:
2930:
2770:
2518:
2468:
2458:
2438:
2433:
2428:
823:
550:
496:
491:
466:
414:
350:
2704:
2679:
2503:
859:
444:
374:
47:
43:
2935:
2689:
385:
51:
1571:
3030:
2788:
2745:
2694:
2423:
1856:
1130:
897:
loan words into Proto-South
Dravidian have been proposed by linguist
729:
620:
380:
2793:
2862:
1084:
1073:
1068:
The following words are attested in both Proto-South
Dravidian and
910:
429:
355:
340:
330:
1551:
Indic Across the
Millennia: from the Rigveda to Modern Indo-Aryans
2765:
2378:
1643:
616:
335:
888:
101:
2760:
1861:
840:
471:
449:
439:
2740:
1063:
863:
651:
is sometimes referred to as South
Dravidian I by linguists.
2960:
2583:
2371:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
764:
in initial and medial positions. This sporadic loss of
1428:
1124:
905:(axle) was hypothesised to have been loaned into
3094:
1204:A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages
1168:
850:which suggests that the name was in use at the
1519:
1517:
1515:
1400:
1398:
2394:
1587:
1435:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
889:Old Indo-Aryan loans in Proto-South Dravidian
830:
752:in the environment . There is also a loss of
577:
1618:
1429:Ansumali Mukhopadhyay, Bahata (2021-08-03).
1361:
1345:
1316:
1287:
1258:
1174:
1079:(mortar) is proposed to be cognate with PSD
862:(circa 2600-1900 BC). The Akkadian word for
736:: /p t ṯ c ṭ k, m n ñ ṇ, r ẓ, l ḷ, y w *H/.
2285:
1512:
1488:
1395:
1371:
2401:
2387:
1594:
1580:
1523:
1494:
1404:
1377:
1233:
1220:
1149:
1143:
1090:(blue) is proposed to be cognate with PSD
1064:Other early borrowings in the Vedic period
870:) is also said to be of Dravidian origin (
584:
570:
1446:
2657:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
1634:
1201:
1601:
1366:. Central Institute of Classical Tamil.
1350:. Central Institute of Classical Tamil.
603:of the common ancestor of the southern
3095:
1484:. Quetta: Brahui academy. p. 236.
1039:member of a spec. tribe/caste, headman
2609:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
2382:
1575:
1547:
1202:Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (2003),
756:following two intermediate stages of
739:
1526:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
1497:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
1477:
1407:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
1380:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
1236:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
1152:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
922:Proto-South Dravidian reconstruction
768:is also shared with the neighboring
1867:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
1554:. Hempen Verlag. pp. 145–152.
13:
2408:
1206:, Otto Harrassowitz, p. 299,
780:in intervocalic position in PSD1.
14:
3119:
3072:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
1175:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003).
100:
3052:Standardisation of Tamil script
1541:
1471:
1422:
1364:Dravidian Comparative Grammar 1
1348:Dravidian Comparative Grammar 1
1125:Substratum effect on Indo-Aryan
1109:) cognate with PSD *erukku and
1409:, Routledge, p. 250-256,
1382:, Routledge, p. 240-242,
1355:
1339:
1324:. Cambridge University Press.
1310:
1295:. Cambridge University Press.
1281:
1266:. Cambridge University Press.
1252:
1195:
1181:. Cambridge University Press.
561:Portal:Dravidian civilizations
297:History of Dravidian languages
1:
1524:Southworth, Franklin (2004),
1495:Southworth, Franklin (2004),
1405:Southworth, Franklin (2004),
1378:Southworth, Franklin (2004),
1234:Southworth, Franklin (2004),
1150:Southworth, Franklin (2004),
1136:
724:
1528:, Routledge, p. 79-82,
1238:, Routledge, p. 50-51,
667:
139:Ancient history of Sri Lanka
7:
2926:Megalithic graffiti symbols
2685:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
1362:Subrahmanyam, P.S. (2008).
1346:Subrahmanyam, P.S. (2008).
10:
3124:
3067:Printing in Tamil language
1499:, Routledge, p. 332,
1448:10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w
1154:, Routledge, p. 195,
831:Shared words with Akkadian
806:
654:
611:. Its descendants include
3044:
3023:
2997:
2969:
2918:
2875:
2838:
2822:
2779:
2728:
2665:
2624:
2617:
2596:
2571:
2555:
2527:
2486:
2479:
2416:
2362:
2335:
2318:
2276:
2246:
2225:
2218:
2174:
2124:
2117:
2079:
2072:
2042:
1999:
1847:
1772:
1763:
1735:
1714:
1695:
1625:
1609:
883:Indus Valley Civilisation
856:Indus Valley Civilisation
672:
601:linguistic reconstruction
307:Elamo-Dravidian languages
115:Indus Valley Civilisation
66:
58:
46:, possibly also areas of
38:
33:South Dravidian languages
28:
23:
18:
2814:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
2494:Bangalore Tamil dialects
1318:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju
1289:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju
1260:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju
1005:kumbha-phala, kumbhanda
936:stage, platform, veranda
526:Tulu Nadu state movement
302:Proto-Dravidian language
118:Keezhadi excavation site
3062:Simplified Tamil script
2710:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1322:The Dravidian Languages
1293:The Dravidian Languages
1264:The Dravidian Languages
1178:The Dravidian Languages
1101:(circa 700 BC) include
521:Kannada language rights
326:Dravidian folk religion
24:Proto-South Dravidian I
2799:Purapporul Venbamaalai
2604:World Tamil Conference
835:South Dravidian (SD1)
269:Dravidian architecture
259:Dravidian civilization
134:History of South India
29:Reconstruction of
2830:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
2499:Central Tamil dialect
2449:Proto-South Dravidian
2353:Proto-South Dravidian
597:Proto-South Dravidian
541:Dravidian nationalism
19:Proto-South Dravidian
2895:Indo-Aryan languages
2720:Tamil Ganaptya texts
2652:List of Sangam poets
2597:Global organizations
1478:Bray, Denys (1978).
264:South Indian culture
3103:Dravidian languages
2900:Dravidian languages
2700:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1603:Dravidian languages
1481:The Brahui language
1117:) cognate with PSD
1107:Calatropis gigantea
1099:Shatapatha Brahmana
1097:Other words in the
899:Franklin Southworth
874:) and cognate with
605:Dravidian languages
292:Dravidian languages
147:Dravidian dynasties
95:culture and history
87:Part of a series on
3057:Tanittamil Iyakkam
3010:Tamil onomatopoeia
2637:Tamil books of Law
1882:Suriyani Malayalam
1070:Rig Vedic Sanskrit
843:) is cognate with
740:Shared innovations
531:Telugu Desam Party
62:ca. 2nd-1st m. BCE
3090:
3089:
3077:Formation of CICT
2871:
2870:
2848:Asthana Kolahalam
2632:Sangam literature
2592:
2591:
2376:
2375:
2369:extinct languages
2331:
2330:
2303:Kumarbhag Paharia
2272:
2271:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2068:
2067:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1682:
1681:
1331:978-1-139-43533-8
1302:978-1-139-43533-8
1273:978-1-139-43533-8
1213:978-3-447-04455-4
1188:978-1-139-43533-8
1094:(ink nut tree).
1061:
1060:
1053:madana, mayana, (
594:
593:
546:Dravidian parties
536:Tamil nationalism
405:Dravidian peoples
274:Dravidian studies
82:
81:
3115:
2984:Tamil honorifics
2715:Vinayagar Agaval
2680:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
2642:Five Great Epics
2622:
2621:
2484:
2483:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2283:
2282:
2223:
2222:
2122:
2121:
2077:
2076:
1770:
1769:
1753:Attapady Kurumba
1654:Maundadan Chetti
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1147:
1083:‘pestle’, while
919:
918:
803:(intermediary).
586:
579:
572:
104:
84:
83:
16:
15:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3108:Proto-languages
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:Project Madurai
3040:
3024:Transliteration
3019:
3005:Tamil phonology
2993:
2971:
2965:
2946:Pallava grantha
2914:
2878:other languages
2877:
2867:
2841:natural science
2840:
2839:Mathematics and
2834:
2818:
2781:
2775:
2724:
2667:
2661:
2647:Ponniyin Selvan
2613:
2588:
2567:
2563:Malaysian Tamil
2556:Southeast Asian
2551:
2523:
2475:
2444:Proto-Dravidian
2412:
2407:
2377:
2372:
2358:
2346:Proto-Dravidian
2337:Proto-languages
2327:
2314:
2268:
2242:
2206:
2170:
2113:
2064:
2038:
1987:
1877:Judeo-Malayalam
1843:
1765:
1759:
1731:
1710:
1691:
1678:
1627:
1605:
1600:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1232:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1127:
1066:
928:Old Indo-Aryan
907:Proto-Dravidian
891:
833:
813:Proto-Dravidian
809:
770:Telugu language
742:
734:Proto-Dravidian
727:
679:Proto-Dravidian
675:
670:
657:
649:South Dravidian
590:
556:
555:
516:
508:
507:
506:
399:
391:
390:
370:
362:
361:
360:
320:
312:
311:
287:
279:
278:
254:
246:
245:
244:
143:
129:
121:
120:
112:
78:
76:Proto-Dravidian
71:
69:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2989:Tamil numerals
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2858:Kaṇita Tīpikai
2855:
2853:Kaṇakkatikāram
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:Tamil language
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:Sauria Paharia
2305:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1983:Wayanad Chetti
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1540:
1534:
1511:
1505:
1487:
1470:
1421:
1415:
1394:
1388:
1370:
1354:
1338:
1330:
1309:
1301:
1280:
1272:
1251:
1244:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1187:
1167:
1160:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1115:Saccharum Sara
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:gourd, pumpkin
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
959:
958:bar, cross bar
956:
952:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
923:
895:Old Indo-Aryan
893:The following
890:
887:
832:
829:
808:
805:
741:
738:
726:
723:
674:
671:
669:
666:
656:
653:
609:southern India
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
558:
557:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
378:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
237:
232:
230:Aryacakravarti
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
150:
149:
142:
141:
136:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
89:
88:
80:
79:
74:
72:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3120:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:Tamil prosody
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Tamil grammar
2977:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Tamil Braille
2954:
2952:
2951:Modern script
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Brahmin Tamil
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Madurai Tamil
2512:
2510:
2509:Madras Bashai
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Second Sangam
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:Tamil Sangams
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:South-Central
2071:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Mullu Kurumba
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1674:Jennu Kurumba
1672:
1670:
1669:Betta Kurumba
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:Tamil–Kannada
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1563:
1561:9783934106055
1557:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1535:9780415655446
1531:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1506:9780415655446
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1416:9780415655446
1412:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1389:9780415655446
1385:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1245:9780415655446
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1161:9780415655446
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
965:
964:
960:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
931:
927:
924:
921:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
886:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:time of trade
849:
846:
842:
838:
828:
825:
820:
818:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
776:also becomes
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
665:
663:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
511:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:Cholanaikkans
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Brahui people
408:
406:
403:
402:
395:
394:
387:
384:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
366:
365:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
316:
315:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
250:
249:
241:
240:Eastern Ganga
238:
236:
235:Western Ganga
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
119:
116:
108:
107:
103:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:
77:
73:
68:Reconstructed
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
17:
2931:Tamil-Brahmi
2809:Caturakarāti
2782:dictionaries
2780:Grammars and
2675:Cīrappurānam
2519:Nellai Tamil
2469:Third Sangam
2459:First Sangam
2448:
2439:Manipravalam
2434:Modern Tamil
2429:Middle Tamil
2364:
2351:
2344:
2286:Kurukh-Malto
2247:Parji–Gadaba
2226:Kolami-Naiki
2158:
2050:Cholanaikkan
2022:Korra Koraga
1970:
1933:
1929:Malankuravan
1849:Malayalamoid
1814:Malapandaram
1804:Mala Malasar
1550:
1543:
1525:
1496:
1490:
1480:
1473:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1406:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1321:
1312:
1292:
1283:
1263:
1254:
1235:
1203:
1197:
1177:
1170:
1151:
1145:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1113:(‘the grass
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1067:
913:
902:
892:
878:
871:
867:
854:between the
847:
836:
834:
824:caste system
821:
810:
800:
799:(proximal),
796:
792:
788:
784:
782:
777:
773:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
728:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
658:
596:
595:
551:Dravida Nadu
415:Gondi people
146:
2804:Tolkāppiyam
2705:Thiruppugal
2504:Kongu Tamil
2027:Mudu Koraga
2000:Tulu-Koraga
1966:Thachanadan
1664:Alu Kurumba
1441:(1): 1–14.
1105:(the plant
1028:cart, wagon
901:. The word
860:Mesopotamia
375:South India
175:Rashtrakuta
48:North India
44:South India
3097:Categories
2941:Vatteluttu
2668:literature
2666:Devotional
2618:Literature
2572:Sociolects
2542:Batticaloa
2529:Sri Lankan
2099:Mukha-Dora
2094:Manna-Dora
1924:Malamuthan
1909:Kanikkaran
1336:pp.173-174
1137:References
1016:phaṇaga, (
980:bell metal
817:Indo-Aryan
725:Consonants
607:native to
461:Giraavarus
420:Kannadigas
386:South Asia
170:Satavahana
52:Bronze Age
42:Primarily
2998:Phonology
2970:Lexis and
2936:Koleḻuttu
2876:Tamil and
2789:Agattiyam
2746:Iraichchi
2695:Tirumurai
2690:Tēmpāvaṉi
2424:Old Tamil
2367:indicate
2175:Konda-Kui
2160:Nagarchal
2118:Gondi-Kui
1941:Malavedan
1919:Kurichiya
1914:Kunduvadi
1857:Malayalam
1794:Eravallan
1766:Malayalam
1696:Toda-Kota
1636:Kannadoid
1465:257091003
1457:2662-9992
1131:Old Tamil
1085:Rig Vedic
1074:Rig Vedic
911:Rig Vedic
795:(distal)
730:Old Tamil
668:Phonology
621:Malayalam
463:(Extinct)
457:(Extinct)
430:Malayalis
381:Sri Lanka
377:(Dravida)
93:Dravidian
2863:Yerambam
2625:Classics
2480:Dialects
2259:Kondekor
2081:Teluguic
2060:Kumbaran
1978:Vishavan
1935:Malaryan
1904:Kalanadi
1894:Eranadan
1839:Yerukala
1824:Muthuvan
1787:Sankethi
1774:Tamiloid
1764:Tamil -
1628:- Badaga
1626:Kannada
1368:pp.39-40
1352:pp.39-40
1320:(2003).
1291:(2003).
1262:(2003).
1077:ulukhala
999:*kump-at
944:*arac-an
845:Akkadian
791:woman):
515:Politics
356:Charvaka
341:Buddhism
331:Hinduism
319:Religion
286:Language
190:Kakatiya
180:Chalukya
70:ancestor
2972:grammar
2919:Scripts
2890:Sinhala
2885:English
2823:History
2766:Ullurai
2537:Negombo
2417:History
2365:Italics
2219:Central
2166:Pardhan
2139:Khirwar
2089:Chenchu
2055:Kakkala
2012:Bellari
1972:Ullatan
1956:Pathiya
1834:Pattapu
1829:Paliyan
1809:Malasar
1799:Kaikadi
1659:Sholaga
1644:Kannada
1081:*ul-akk
1055:Marathi
1047:*may-aṇ
1042:bhōgin
1031:bhāṇḍa
1020:phaṇi)
1018:Marathi
994:kāṣṭha
961:argala
925:Meaning
807:Society
655:History
617:Kannada
599:is the
502:Koragas
497:Soligas
487:Paniyas
482:Kurukhs
477:Kodavas
445:Tuluvas
435:Telugus
425:Kodavas
369:Regions
351:Ājīvika
346:Śramaṇa
336:Jainism
253:Culture
215:Aravidu
200:Sangama
195:Hoysala
185:Pallava
165:Pandyan
128:History
50:during
3045:Events
2910:Korean
2794:Nannūl
2761:Thinai
2729:Poetry
2547:Jaffna
2487:Indian
2323:Brahui
2293:Kurukh
2264:Ollari
2254:Duruwa
2233:Kolami
2149:Madiya
2109:Waddar
2104:Telugu
2043:Others
2034:Kudiya
2017:Koraga
1961:Ravula
1951:Paniya
1862:Jeseri
1819:Mannan
1748:Muduga
1722:Kodava
1715:Kodagu
1687:Badaga
1649:Holiya
1558:
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1463:
1455:
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1158:
1119:*muñci
1092:*aṇile
1025:*paṇṭi
1010:*paṇ-i
983:kamśa
955:*argaḷ
950:rājan
939:ranga
933:*arank
876:Brahui
841:sesame
787:(<
673:Vowels
662:Telugu
633:Kodava
629:Badaga
472:Khonds
450:Irulas
440:Tamils
398:People
210:Tuluva
205:Saluva
111:Origin
39:Region
2905:Malay
2756:Puram
2741:Venpa
2736:Kural
2298:Malto
2278:North
2238:Naiki
2202:Pengo
2197:Manda
2182:Konda
2154:Muria
2134:Gondi
2126:Gondi
1899:Kadar
1889:Allar
1872:Byari
1782:Tamil
1743:Irula
1736:Irula
1727:Urali
1611:South
1461:S2CID
1111:muñja
1057:men)
991:stick
988:*kaṭṭ
977:*kañc
909:from
903:*accu
872:*pīlu
864:ivory
837:*eḷḷu
801:*uvaḷ
797:*ivaḷ
793:*avaḷ
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637:Irula
613:Tamil
492:Malar
455:Nagas
225:Reddy
220:Nayak
160:Chera
155:Chola
3036:Moḻi
2961:Arwi
2751:Akam
2584:Arwi
2192:Kuvi
2144:Koya
2007:Tulu
1707:Kota
1702:Toda
1556:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1453:ISSN
1411:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1307:p.53
1297:ISBN
1278:p.79
1268:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1103:arka
1088:nīla
1036:*pōy
1013:comb
972:āṇi
969:nail
966:*āṇi
947:king
914:akṣa
879:*pīl
868:pīru
858:and
848:ellu
785:*-aḷ
760:and
750:*e*o
746:*i*u
645:Toda
643:and
641:Kota
625:Tulu
3031:ISO
2771:Ulā
2187:Kui
1443:doi
1050:wax
916:.
59:Era
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789:āḷ
778:*ṟ
774:*ṯ
766:*c
754:*c
721:.
719:*ō
717:,
715:*o
713:,
711:*ē
709:,
707:*e
705:,
703:*ū
701:,
699:*u
697:,
695:*ī
693:,
691:*i
689:,
687:*ā
685:,
683:*a
681::
647:.
639:,
635:,
631:,
627:,
623:,
619:,
615:,
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