The Buddha - Knowledge

5692: 3666: 5453: 5535: 2844: 5417: 4287: 5636: 2900: 6017: 5441: 6968:, p. 29): "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find." 5936: 4464: 3868: 3677: 14318:, a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal. 5477: 5465: 3661:

leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).

5523: 6029: 5429: 6081: 3519: 5888: 5993: 6041: 4722: 5904: 5061: 6005: 5965: 4302: 5664: 5723: 5652: 5676: 1570: 2401: 3608: 57: 2172: 5920: 5711: 5981: 4880:, the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property." The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence. 7163:, p. 42) chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." 6972:

derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." (

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is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."

7066:, p. 817) "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA." 3776: 2265:, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16). 5239: 2367: 1559: 5833: 3312: 9267: 5755: 5589: 18492: 2863: 10621: 5555: 13600: 13440: 5624: 10140: 5609: 3581:'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru. The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail. They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return. 7991:"thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand." 10188: 2878: 3304: 1969: 5861: 5501: 3729:, where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees. After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda. He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All 5771: 2383: 2713: 6053: 4995: 13839:. p. 26: "This also implied the denial of the Shruti provided with characteristics which grant it the status of a substance. All this carried with itself also the negation of the authority of all the sacred texts of Brahmanism. Buddhism does not acknowledge to them any value as ultimate criterion of truth, as depository of the norms which regulate man's conduct as a member of society and in his relations with the Gods. Buddhism ignores the Shruti, the very foundation of Brahmanism." 5810: 5739: 6962:, p. entry "Bodhi (awakening"): "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root budh (to awaken, to know) Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." 4563: 332: 21459: 5489: 21470: 18799: 1904:'s coronation and died 218 years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624 – 544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia. Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566 – 486 BCE. 18868: 18855: 6065: 3281:, a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices. According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near 21758: 16570: 7866:, "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out". According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the 2658: 913: 2148: 18845: 6634:, pp. 38–39 He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a 21748: 3480: 7670:

by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."

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legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".

5104:. Many Hindus claim that Buddha was Hindu and cite a belief that the Buddha is the ninth avatar of Vishnu in support. The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, the co-option into a list of avatars seen to be an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India. 4083:. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes, namely form (or material image, impression) ( 3130: 7196:: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment." 4166:

to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.

2092:, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time. In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism, Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism. 5416: 3498:, Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of 4246:... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness. 15079: 7480:("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path." 5007:) man. Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognize him. 6557:, p. 63): "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." 6658:, p. 20): "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was 7367:, p. 20: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was 18501: 4917:(DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides". This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments. 7942:

Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list , we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection.

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Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes

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According to Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as

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8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living." Similarly, in several

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According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening. Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form

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prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres". While the Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for

2010:

The Buddha's tribe of origin, the Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas. Tree

7973:"These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view. But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129 7761:

As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there

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Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is

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given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment,

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The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their

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rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life. The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or

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The legendary biographies depict Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him. Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply

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204. These texts report that what led to Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better. The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of

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The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily

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of the western Ganges basin. According to Stein and Burton, "he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by Buddhists and their contemporaries." Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of

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which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but

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The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal". The clan name of Gautama

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One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned

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Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts,

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the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of

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In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent, as a result of later elaborations, including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links. According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.

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Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my

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Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this,

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Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II:

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The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre

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According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.

1911:

Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563 – 483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years. More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so

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However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at 180 years before Asoka's coronation and death 100 years before the coronation, still about 80 years. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates

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The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant.

1987:, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an 7914:

J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed

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is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma. The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or

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There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies, as "Buddhist scholars have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person." The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or

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Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.

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Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. According to Tilmann

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In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85). The early texts also speak of how during the

2084:, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic. The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, 5635: 4733:

According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message." Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For

3640:, leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice. The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha, showing that he is concerned about its future welfare. 3113:, the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters. However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the 3159:

convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an

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is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness, and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus

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Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal

3222:, the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon", i.e. the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification". The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic 18483: 7411:, pp. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." 3717:

and the precepts for monks and nuns. Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat. Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.

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Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish

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The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are. Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views. As

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Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering. These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human

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republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one. Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a

7083:, p. 741) "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs." 4197:, without an independent or permanent self. The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person. According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process". 3691:. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha. Bhikkhu Mettanando and 6016: 5534: 7565:

Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter.

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was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.

2919:

Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests. The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of

2516:

The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha. Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles. They depict his father Śuddhodana as a

3073:

As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance". The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the

4697:) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes. As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging). 4648:

has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers." According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."

4063:

ritual acts). The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention." Richard Gombrich summarizes the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".

1469:

also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma

3595:

At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi. Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.

1912:

circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.

6563:, pp. 66–67): "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work." 2955:). With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on. 5452: 7010:, p. 316), "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common." 2967:

and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realized that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal. One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and

3208:, "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell") near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening. According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an 7873:

Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic

7371:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". 6662:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". 5691: 2129:)". The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated. The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence", and differed significantly from the 3573:

The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest. However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age.

4145:

around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa

14885:

Abrahams, Matthew (2021), "In Defense of "Enlightenment". "Awakening" has become the preferred English term for the Buddha's attainment. But has something gotten lost in translation? Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi in conversation with Matthew Abrahams",

5002:

Early sources depict the Buddha's as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald

3558:

the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha. However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.

2617:

Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. According to the

6551:, pp. 70–71, chapter B (b) 181): "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." 14047:

Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der

4660:

He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".

7293:

27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."

3294:

At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.

3510:

the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".

4639:

argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".

5275:, is based on the life of the Buddha. Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August). 2979:

According to the 身毛喜豎經, his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of

18102:——— (1979), "La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien" [The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra], 18081:

Bareau, André (1975), "Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation" [The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay],

13993: 6735:, p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, , necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..." 7438:, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan, in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest 7420:

Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a

4026:. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving." In the 1226:'to open up' (as does a flower)", "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge". It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained 1209:

According to Donald Lopez Jr., "... he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."

5010:

The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.

1892:

The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE, but according to the Ka-tan system of the

1540:

John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest"

7982:"In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men". 4220:, which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination. Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self. Even mental processes such as 7319:, speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date. Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed. 4808:) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue. Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman" 5464: 4154:, which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors. The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali: 3491:) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts. 5440: 4030:(AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble ( 3651:

depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the

3533:

According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.

2045:

records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like

2958:

According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques. The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of

5935: 2011:

veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.

4707:

Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.

3154:

to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god

9815: 2256:

Traditional biographies of Gautama often include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt.

1444:

is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final

6652:, p. 45): "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. 4876:). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the 3537:

As the sangha grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called

7361:, p. 45: "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. 4653:

Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of

9764: 9210: 5832: 7216:, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts." 9475: 3584:

All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The

5476: 3984:

are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".

2943:

Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of

1767:

The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the

8761: 1955:, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE. 3665: 1900:

Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha. The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born 298 years before

6028: 5522: 3542:" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes. 1486:), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power. Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is 2358:) to reach Buddhahood. The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama. 17266: 5145:, which references a fig tree – a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name 3039:

or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (

2281:

writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.

17172:

Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.),

5428: 5385:) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE. Some of these depictions, particularly those of 13965: 4123:). They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements. 3050:

Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (

12830:

in Somaratana Balasooriya, Andre Bareau, Richard Gombrich, Siri Gunasingha, Udaya Mallawarachchi, Edmund Perry (Editors) (1980) "Buddhist Studies in Honor of Walpola Rahula". London.

18212:

The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten

2314:

Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood. In biographies like the

6986:, p. 5) gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One." 4175:, "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth". According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version. 1251:

While the term "Buddha" is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term "Buddha" is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several

2843: 6080: 5887: 5181:(973–after 1050), views regarding the exact identity of Buddha were diverse. Accordingly, some regarded him as the divine incarnate, others as an apostle of the angels or as an 3506:

due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.

2777:. Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic. 1856:

Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the

8333:

Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity

4837:) which depends on caste. Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation. 17587: 4391:, cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include 4373:

According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the

21902: 5992: 7122: 5362:

are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a

1638: 1601: 1282: 6092: 4495:, the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices. 2311:, which consists of 547 stories. The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life. 3705:

The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The

18224:

Shimoda, Masahiro (2002), "How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra", in Reeves, Gene (ed.),

10406: 5500: 4804:

the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations. According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e. divine, like

1666: 16492: 10072: 9518: 4797:

The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.

4673:

also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".

1168:

Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, evolving into a variety of traditions and practices. The Buddha is recognized in other religious traditions, such as

5793: 4931:

other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.

3813:

the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents. The sangha waited until the eminent elder

3432:, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu. Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin 18010: 8009:"in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these). 2249:). The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as 14926: 9811: 7918:

Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."

7744:('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century), 2743:

explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an

2482:

later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth.

12041: 5903: 5651: 4904:, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness ( 3625:(DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the 3291:(The Discourse on Fire), in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated. 3047:), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going. 2825:

learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.

14507: 9425: 6940:

The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following

4191:, the idea that we go completely out of existence at death). in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements, which are 2134:

the middle Ganges basin. This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."

1617:

No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter. But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several

17691: 17393: 16866: 15402: 12480: 12386: 8503: 7900:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha." 16759: 16115: 9744: 7321:

Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.

5860: 4158:). This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena. 9174: 3185:, to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions. MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to 16286: 6603:

determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (

5015: 2435:

determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (

19609: 13018:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama", 9483: 18727: 17034: 16260: 7627:

the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments

1526:

says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the

5566: 2940:), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community. 2899: 2285:

goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.

21716: 20524: 18999: 7383:

well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."

6040: 4821:

can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained. According to

3748:(final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"). The 1297: 15874:, translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. 18722: 2307:" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the 17954: 15968: 15662: 15572: 7450:, where the Brahmins had become the highest varna. Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called 5754: 1654:

texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"), establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the

18717: 18712: 16082: 6004: 3193:

ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".

20528: 18692: 18687: 18672: 18667: 17772: 17297: 5964: 5096:, under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism. In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama also came to be regarded as the 9th 1176:. His legacy is not only encapsulated in religious institutions, but in the iconography and art inspired by his life and teachings, ranging from 17918: 16701: 11374: 11240: 4286: 4278:

view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.

20752: 17549: 17221: 17191: 16720: 16665: 16573: 8867: 2685:

after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.

394: 11726: 3840:. Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers. 15946:

History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system

12163: 4790:

as taught in Vedas. The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their

4665:

similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four

21581: 18969: 18304: 5663: 4613:, there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas: 4463: 2701:

life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life." MN 26, MĀ 204, the

2121:

According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, " together in what is now

18677: 5710: 5374:. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts 4855:, the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The 3058:

does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana. In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a

21807: 14859: 14347: 11274: 8967: 8000:

This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.

7633:

a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli

5919: 3867: 3713:

tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on

3676: 61: 15919: 14546: 9673: 8945: 8906: 5980: 5675: 5288: 4609:. The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to 21623: 19077: 15171: 10031: 6504: 3327:, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as 18812: 17887: 16244: 7964:"Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman" 7921:

Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."

7870:

of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".

6052: 18834: 18030:"Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)" 5722: 2643:

also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.

2327:

In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of

13612: 7705:

right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

3687:

After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named

3408:

The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's

2221:, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the 21507: 17576: 16393: 15281: 8247:

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

5770: 3725:

after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at

2095:

Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.

11404: 4161:

The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows:

2245:

the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (

1915:

The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned

21877: 21344: 20796: 17328: 13290: 10219: 5233: 2337:) to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas. One of the most popular of these stories is 11341: 7425:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border." Gethin does not give references for this statement. 6642:, p. 14 Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up: 4034:) person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions. 3647:

The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death. The

2634:. Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)." 1234:, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand", is the faculty which discerns truth ( 21837: 21672: 20999: 18979: 12197: 4989: 4250:

Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a

2589: 17708: 15756: 5588: 4617:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". 2963:, and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin. The 21802: 21787: 21751: 18458: 18383: 18362: 18294: 18271: 18251: 18191: 18131: 18004: 17971: 17931: 17900: 17877: 17859: 17746: 17657: 17639: 17539: 17483: 17452: 17247: 17012: 16987: 16844: 16826: 16682: 16547: 16516: 16486: 16438: 16312: 16194: 16149: 16076: 16043: 15985: 15913: 15892: 15822: 15766: 15697: 15545: 15514: 15473: 15453: 15435: 15360: 15165: 15116: 15073: 15049: 15030: 14632: 14474: 14449: 14428: 14407: 14341: 14307: 14147: 13939: 12899: 12688: 12432: 10380: 10025: 9062: 8939: 8900: 8794: 8755: 8696: 8464: 8255: 7289:

reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."

4679:

argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".

3977: 3592:

Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.

3563: 17018: 16592: 16318: 16200: 16049: 15520: 15479: 15261: 12694: 10410: 10125: 8551: 8261: 4980:, and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36). 3566:

There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The

3393:

when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to

3267:), at this time or five days later. After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of 2428:, in present-day Nepal. Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15 mi) apart. 21797: 21721: 19162: 19004: 18617: 17113:

Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article",

16476: 6129: 5381:

Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the

4171:

According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with

3370:

Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it is likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related

3351:) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km. His sangha enjoyed the patronage of the kings of 21761: 17606: 10083: 9527: 7943:

Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."

7346:: "The date (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE He was now in the middle of his reign." 21792: 21339: 18442: 14298:

Muesse, Mark W. (2016), "Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions", in Gray, Patrick (ed.),

5229: 4778:

The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the

4362:. According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the 3696: 2543:

form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic

17991: 17352: 3518: 2986:("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked. This memory leads him to understand that 21882: 21236: 20786: 18881: 17035:"Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" 15790: 14920: 14377: 14272: 8494: 5073: 4274:

to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences, and which transmigrated from life to life. The Buddha's

3857: 943: 389: 346: 13622: 8818: 5488: 4526:, the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming ( 1222:(बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again", "to awaken" 21852: 21726: 19082: 17519: 16803: 16618: 16457: 16238: 15859: 15798: 15737: 15718: 15255: 14853: 14794: 14540: 12718: 12038: 11547: 8545: 5050: 21329: 14499: 12378: 7542:

a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (

5809: 4951:

According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (

3177:

According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers,

21692: 21014: 20759: 18057: 17679: 17381: 16854: 16608: 16168: 15394: 14703: 12472: 6064: 4859:

also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.

16107: 15581: 10073:"The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)" 9714:

Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.

6541:

deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the

5738: 2709:

all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.

2270: 21406: 21396: 19225: 16750: 10342: 9166: 7888:

Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [

6599:, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan. In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor 5608: 5014:

Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the

2610:

other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a

17529: 16271: 7618:

a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition

5554: 4721: 4691:", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path. He taught that mendicants or "beggars" ( 3148:

According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the

1133:, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the 21842: 21827: 21677: 21351: 21004: 20806: 20697: 20642: 19215: 16890: 15679: 15334: 8702: 8573:

Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429.

8336: 6174: 1528: 17: 17057: 14894:

Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),

14845:

The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

5623: 4548:

may have also originated from a Brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.

2994:, and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" ( 21862: 21857: 21682: 21321: 21019: 20702: 18994: 18827: 16636: 14721: 6630:

Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"

6317: 6277: 6253:, or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the 5060: 3804: 2623: 872: 567: 150: 7656:"sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then 4487:. According to Alexander Wynne, these were yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the 1339:. The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" ( 21872: 21822: 21500: 20904: 20776: 20747: 20449: 15230:]. Symposien zur Buddhismusforschung, IV (in German). Vol. 2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 6767: 6456: 4911:

According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the

4775:) texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value. 4314: 3619:

The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the

2796:, and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into 2681:

While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or

2662: 817: 592: 552: 7728:

Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the

5422:

A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.

3636:

depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the

1244:

means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light", and comes from the fact that

21596: 21537: 20595: 20504: 19974: 19619: 19132: 19027: 14951:——— (2013b). "The Gurudharmaon Bhikṣuṇī Ordination in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Tradition". 9479: 7630:

a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition

7334:, and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places. 6499: 4871: 4585:

One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the

4354:

A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the

4301: 3452:. Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a 3371: 3015: 2531:(Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat ( 2455: 2175: 1999:

texts; their origins remain speculative and debated. Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside

1142: 20139: 3981: 1697: 21812: 21731: 21652: 21444: 20924: 20400: 19886: 19009: 18842: 18514: 18216: 16222: 15247: 14815: 13459:

Tse-Fu Kuan. "Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature". In Edo Shonin; William Van Gordon;

12424: 8600:"Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods" 7110: 6509: 6285: 6110: 5150: 5080: 4657:, but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date. 4343:(liberation). This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali 2417: 2405: 1760:

both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the

1626: 1582: 1267: 20334: 17766: 16932:, The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 7475: 4058:, which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits. 3156: 2378:(present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists. 21832: 21645: 21334: 21147: 21137: 21009: 19992: 19572: 19333: 19308: 18626: 17937: 16946: 16674: 11366: 11232: 7316: 7174: 6489: 6378: 6299: 5225: 4755: 4532:) and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism. According to 3315:

The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)

3287: 2834: 2809:

According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day

2764: 2552: 2386: 2328: 1996: 1991:, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The Shakyas were widely considered to be non- 1569: 1227: 692: 19358: 17564: 17105: 16900:

Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",

16735: 10002:

The earliest anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha that we know so far, the Bimaran reliquary

9745:"Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries" 8730: 7297: 3644:

personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.

2598:) or a great religious leader. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight 1705: 1351:). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going – beyond all 1065: 502: 21847: 21591: 21439: 20791: 20605: 20583: 20576: 20479: 20012: 19632: 19448: 19393: 19014: 18820: 18610: 16564: 15646: 11723: 8857: 7740:('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's 6494: 5390: 4936: 4922: 4635:

hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.

4538: 4516: 4206: 3263: 2400: 1823:

tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The

697: 647: 37: 9615: 6538: 5125:

school (heterodox, literally "It is not so") in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.

1453: – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained 21897: 21782: 21569: 21493: 21376: 21356: 20687: 20667: 20424: 20154: 19398: 17004: 16135:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p. 73 12153: 7537: 7232:

that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.

7179: 6793: 4959:) karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action ( 4641: 4375: 3922:, which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to sa 3832:, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by 2475: 2171: 2071: 857: 195: 33: 14922:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90

4927: 4427:)". Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint and 4201: 3588:

texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the

1744:(MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The 1116:(both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other 21386: 21226: 20894: 20864: 20637: 20588: 20429: 20377: 20372: 20134: 19955: 19852: 19604: 19599: 19348: 18404: 17100: 16779: 16746: 14942:——— (2013a). "The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (2)". 11262: 7213: 6209: 4150:

In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of

3929: 3844: 3714: 3079: 2241:

outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing while in the

1004: 936: 672: 657: 637: 562: 557: 472: 379: 19716: 17734: 16816: 14843: 14784: 14331: 12444:

Reat, Noble Ross (1996). "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.).

10368: 9207: 8971: 8745: 4230:) are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self ( 3752:

reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four

3409: 3105: 2639: 2450: 1775: 21709: 21391: 21361: 20942: 20874: 20707: 20622: 20617: 20541: 20536: 20454: 18984: 18642: 18181: 17475: 17444: 16785: 15903: 14622: 14530: 9693: 8929: 8890: 8784: 7187: 7113:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

6789: 6392: 6261: 5579: 5470:

Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha

5371: 5349: 5341: 4913: 4687:

The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "

4557: 4183:

The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (

4151: 3948: 3621: 3589: 3421: 3234:

or monastic. The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first

2067: 1817: 1629:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

1270:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

1109: 877: 867: 822: 56: 20007: 17382:"Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu" 16975: 16272:"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V" 16022:——— (2000), "Discovering the Buddha's date", in Perera, Lakshman S (ed.), 15155: 13741:

Conze, Edward (2000). "Buddhism: A Short History". From Buddhism to Sufism Series. Oneworld.

10015: 6433:

depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha

5177:, but he does not further discuss the role of Buddha. According to the works on Buddhism by 4620:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". 3753: 21887: 21657: 21547: 21414: 21381: 21366: 20884: 20781: 20727: 20612: 20551: 20519: 20514: 20499: 20484: 20474: 20439: 20352: 20044: 19967: 19270: 19210: 18959: 18926: 18876: 17906: 16216: 6542: 6241: 5254: 4786:

does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity. He especially critiqued

4662: 4610: 4359: 3941: 3879: 3607: 3471:) to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins). 3257:

also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of

3032: 2883: 2619: 2571: 2183: 1513: 1073: 887: 847: 842: 807: 652: 532: 440: 425: 369: 341: 21254: 19869: 19738: 19664: 19540: 19278: 17675: 16652:

The Buddhist art of Gandhāra: the story of the early school, its birth, growth and decline

12039:"Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'" 6701:, p. 436). The two cities are located only 24 kilometres (15 miles) from each other ( 5284: 4833:

valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (

4309:. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down. 3692: 3331:, and cannibals such as Alavaka. According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from " 3319:

For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the

1523: 1371:

is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:

1057: 8: 21606: 21221: 21100: 20934: 20909: 20899: 20859: 20836: 20719: 20692: 20652: 20571: 20561: 20489: 20416: 19847: 19704: 19485: 19463: 19415: 19235: 19035: 18891: 18871: 18647: 18603: 18150: 16354: 16343: 16304: 15381: 15369: 8681:

How the Brahmins Won: Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?

6230: 5402: 4783: 4670: 4492: 4318: 4214:

In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (

4131: 3775: 3763: 3495: 3118: 2688:

The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali

2518: 2110: 1089: 1028: 968: 897: 852: 790: 730: 667: 612: 607: 362: 351: 19195: 19122: 16378: 15296: 14810: 14691:

The Gnostic Bible: Gnostic texts of mystical wisdom from the ancient and medieval worlds

11396: 8329:"GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA" 8298: 8296: 8294: 7771:

For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see:

7722:(DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the 7392:

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,

7330:-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being 6614:

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,

6445:, includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters 5116: 4606: 4259: 3814: 2584:

According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer

2581:

in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.

2202: 2156: 2089: 1831:, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The 1752:, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The 21586: 21284: 21189: 21031: 20994: 20989: 20919: 20869: 20816: 20811: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20662: 20647: 20632: 20627: 20566: 20546: 20509: 20434: 20239: 19940: 19864: 19742: 19684: 19525: 19425: 19353: 19328: 18974: 18904: 18697: 18662: 18637: 18447: 18283: 18049: 17813: 17805: 17289: 17130: 16917: 16659: 15881: 15617: 15609: 15138:

Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens

14996:"Brahmavihāra and Awakening, A Study of the Dīrgha-āgama Parallel to the Tevijja-sutta" 13985: 13890: 9635: 9394: 9361:

Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India".

8718: 8627: 7326:

notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to

6413: 6344: 6249: 6099: 5545: 5398: 5386: 5238: 5173:

in the ninth century. Such idols had been sold in Buddhist temples next to a mosque in

4851: 4813: 4644:

also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his teachings". Likewise,

4503: 4439: 4415: 4332: 4023: 4013: 4001: 3905: 3893: 3871: 3824:

and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and

3820:

The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as

2982: 2838: 2652: 2536: 2509:", whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of 2501:, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal. His father 2474:). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a 2467: 2282: 1704:(corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in 1415: 1392: 1335:) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the 1197: 1188: 1101: 1016: 1000: 882: 862: 802: 797: 685: 587: 580: 507: 497: 404: 21083: 17316: 16640: 16169:

Research on the date of the Buddha: South Asian Studies Published in Western Languages

15869: 13285: 10943: 8444: 8442: 6948:, p. 9), the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ( 3963: 3709:

tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the

3585: 3463:, who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted 3215: 2151:

One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by

1721: 21867: 21564: 21542: 21462: 21424: 21120: 21105: 21068: 21053: 20826: 20742: 20657: 20494: 20459: 20444: 20171: 20161: 19842: 19689: 19674: 19545: 19468: 19388: 19323: 19255: 19142: 18899: 18478: 18454: 18379: 18358: 18290: 18267: 18247: 18239:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

18210: 18187: 18127: 18041: 18000: 17967: 17948: 17927: 17896: 17873: 17855: 17817: 17742: 17653: 17635: 17535: 17515: 17479: 17448: 17243: 17215: 17204: 17185: 17149: 17134: 17049: 17008: 16983: 16976: 16886: 16840: 16822: 16799: 16614: 16543: 16536: 16512: 16482: 16453: 16434: 16308: 16234: 16190: 16145: 16072: 16039: 15981: 15962: 15909: 15888: 15855: 15818: 15794: 15762: 15743: 15733: 15714: 15693: 15675: 15656: 15642: 15621: 15601: 15566: 15541: 15510: 15469: 15449: 15431: 15356: 15251: 15191: 15161: 15126: 15112: 15069: 15045: 15026: 14960: 14849: 14790: 14715: 14628: 14536: 14480: 14470: 14445: 14441: 14424: 14403: 14337: 14303: 13989: 13935: 13648:

Wynne, Alexander (2005). "The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature".

12895: 12684: 12428: 11553: 11543: 11333: 10376: 10021: 9756: 9685: 9639: 9398: 9386: 9378: 9058: 8935: 8896: 8862: 8790: 8751: 8692: 8631: 8619: 8615: 8599: 8541: 8291: 8251: 8243: 7547: 7451: 7249: 7058: 6925: 6477: 6367: 6197: 5971: 5329: 4941: 4479:

In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers,

4451: 4355: 4351:" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other. 4275: 4055: 3937: 3884:

A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the

3499: 3311: 3235: 3150: 3141: 3001: 2973: 2801: 2797: 2740: 2548: 2366: 2152: 2063: 2059: 1729: 1331: 1303: 1292: 1149:. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as 1069: 929: 827: 812: 617: 492: 435: 399: 384: 315: 269: 20406: 19200: 19100: 18762: 17417: 17293: 16696: 12205: 7748:'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and 4383:(SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination. 2756: 2535:), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy. The more egalitarian 21892: 21817: 21697: 21640: 21110: 21063: 21058: 20914: 20879: 20854: 20849: 20600: 20556: 20469: 20144: 19800: 19793: 19577: 19567: 19453: 19117: 18989: 18505: 18496: 18487: 18430: 18339: 18305:"Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context" 18111: 18091: 17797: 17716: 17281: 17122: 16909: 16691: 16226: 16071:, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 15772: 15593: 15007: 14601: 13977: 13460: 13287:

Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta

12748: 9719: 9715: 9627: 9370: 8684: 8611: 8439: 8108: 7856: 7497:

include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the

7439: 7087: 7015: 6811: 6437: 6143: 6071: 5370:. Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of 4973: 4818: 4787: 4636: 4628: 4594: 4484: 4142: 4102: 3952: 3688: 3445: 2867: 2862: 2733:, so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader. In the 2544: 2274: 2041: 1645: 1618: 1252: 1138: 892: 837: 767: 757: 622: 20189: 18707: 17634:, Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge University Press, 14981:——— (2014). "The Buddha's Last Meditation in the Dirgha-Agama". 14606: 14591: 14143: 13837:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India" 9233:, Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–82 footnote 6. 8461: 7840:): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine". 2928:(MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of 2489:. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic 1820: 1794: 1155:, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as 1104:(meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the 21474: 21419: 21371: 21299: 21169: 20967: 20947: 20889: 20801: 20464: 20362: 20209: 19945: 19928: 19913: 19891: 19443: 19313: 19147: 19127: 18803: 18657: 18373: 18352: 18261: 18237: 17849: 17160: 17086:

Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles (2005), "Buddha", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

16998: 16812: 16631:, New Delhi: The Director General: Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 66–67 16586: 16298: 16184: 16180: 16066: 16033: 15808: 15784: 15706: 15504: 15463: 15350: 15238: 14903: 14151: 14038:

Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228.

13294: 12889: 12722: 12678: 12045: 11730: 11270: 10117: 9476:"Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date" 9214: 8531: 8468: 8245: 7955:

Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.

7494: 7435: 7323: 5843: 5574: 5394: 5156: 5086: 4826: 4739: 4735: 4409: 4403: 4393: 4363: 4072: 3958: 3915: 3182: 3121:

before entering meditation. Other miracles and magical events are also depicted.

2944: 2333: 2295: 2278: 2222: 2218: 2104: 2055: 2004: 1558: 1431: 1162: 1097: 1081: 917: 832: 632: 542: 487: 20219: 19373: 19363: 18747: 18474: 18332:

When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha

17240:

The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism

16379:"Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought" 15318:

The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya

7168: 4542:

may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences . The Buddhist practice called

4419:, the cumulative development of wholesome states leading to a "state of perfect 4110: 3997: 3889: 3730: 2877: 2800:

there, though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a

2485:

Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a

1872:(who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of 1141:, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in 482: 21611: 21429: 21132: 20982: 20764: 20344: 20324: 20244: 19933: 19923: 19857: 19694: 19180: 19043: 18767: 18702: 18538: 18400: 17619: 17436: 17141: 16855:"Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I" 16654:. Memoirs of the Department of archaeology in Pakistan. Vol. 1. Cambridge. 10991: 9631: 9195: 8595: 7733: 6774: 6528: 6398: 6383: 6290: 6266: 5642: 5514: 5382: 5314: 5186: 4751: 4294: 4139: 3972: 3637: 3539: 3413: 3320: 3209: 3162: 2911:), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right. 2739:(5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer 2693: 2627: 2558:

The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in

2486: 2390: 2320: 2318:, this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" ( 2164: 2160: 2114: 2077: 2051: 2000: 1952: 1449: 1146: 1130: 777: 707: 662: 520: 239: 80: 21485: 17531:"Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism 17285: 17126: 15840:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

15597: 9374: 8858:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka" 8688: 5313:, the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before 4522: 3790:: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord". 3381:

The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the

2717: 2712: 2382: 2020: 964: 21776: 21704: 21199: 21048: 20357: 20259: 20117: 19918: 19896: 19832: 19503: 19298: 19293: 19185: 18854: 18327: 18233: 18045: 17550:"The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" 17344: 17208: 17153: 17053: 15976:

Gimello, Robert M. (2003), "Bodhi (awakening)", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

15780: 15747: 15605: 15201: 14964: 13885:

Omvedt, Gail (1 June 2001). "Review: The Buddha as a Political Philosopher".

12753: 12736: 9760: 9689: 9382: 9203: 8623: 8537: 7749: 7729: 7118: 6797: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6353: 6225: 6218: 6147: 5345: 5328:, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to 5325: 5185:

and others as an apostle of God sent to the human race. By the 12th century,

4945: 4901: 4889: 4822: 4602: 4567: 4239: 4005: 3897: 3837: 3787: 3502:

which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.

3460: 3417: 3324: 3303: 3075: 2948: 2933: 2702: 2674: 2354: 2081: 1968: 1824: 1655: 1634: 1609: 1278: 602: 597: 537: 288: 138: 21601: 19657: 19647: 19019: 18510: 18115: 18095: 17115:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

14484: 14369: 14264: 11557: 10931: 6201:, a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by 4994: 4944:(in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the 4829:

of society. The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one

4700:

The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various

4528: 3562:

As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with

2502: 2420:. The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either 1659: 1336: 742: 547: 189: 21557: 21289: 21274: 21244: 21194: 21184: 21026: 20821: 20314: 20149: 20027: 19815: 19810: 19637: 19508: 19383: 18844: 18732: 18183:

The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective

18161: 16778: 16068:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

15996:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

15847: 15554: 14596:. International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS 2018). 14462: 12157: 9390: 8810: 8527: 7741: 7737: 7443: 6749: 6592: 6533: 6468: 6407: 6372: 6337: 6333: 6281:, a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha. 6234: 6214: 5910: 5682: 5375: 5363: 5030: 4948:, generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things). 4676: 4645: 4590: 4543: 4480: 4468: 4433: 4221: 4216: 4118: 3968: 3681: 3190: 3178: 3133: 3110: 2969: 2929: 2594: 2308: 2250: 2246: 2085: 2024: 1857: 1806: 1769: 1745: 1621:(reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. Particularly, 1597: 1359:

is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".

1352: 1157: 1093: 1085: 1061: 642: 527: 445: 331: 69: 20072: 20057: 20017: 19714: 19378: 18954: 15538:

The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE

15100:

Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon

15068:. Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. 15012: 14995: 13981: 12715: 12446:

Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD

7822: 6777:

provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.

5035: 4048:

unreliable. The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.

4015: 3923: 3907: 3629:, and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese". 3488: 3236: 3095: 2706: 2526: 2444: 1781: 21576: 21259: 21088: 20229: 20214: 19997: 19805: 19733: 19513: 19343: 19245: 19092: 18964: 18573: 18243: 18144:(illustrated ed.), Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society 17165:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

16971: 15761:, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 15187: 14594:

Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position

14442:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

14300:

Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History

7852: 6461: 6167: 6163: 6154: 5310: 5259: 5246: 5198: 5166: 5134: 4632: 4562: 4533: 4445: 4428: 4086: 3833: 3800: 3744:

He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as

3669: 3547: 3282: 3140:, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the 3099: 2793: 2748: 2735: 2522: 2479: 2304: 2206: 2191: 2126: 1877: 1869: 1840: 1749: 1534: 1193: 1041: 712: 21249: 19709: 18752: 18053: 18029: 15786:

Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts

15613: 13907:

Mrozik, Susanne. "Upali" in MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, pg. 870.

9674:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures" 5201:, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish 4366:, practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of 3737: 2692:("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at 1129:

A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title

21636: 21552: 21204: 21162: 21038: 20844: 20769: 20383: 20367: 20329: 20309: 20204: 20087: 20022: 20002: 19748: 19679: 19550: 19433: 19403: 19338: 19288: 18936: 18757: 18682: 17809: 17231:

Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia

17174:

Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)

17148:, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, pp. 70–71, 16959: 16921: 16230: 15395:"The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages" 15352:

The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology

13894: 13687: 6941: 6686: 6442: 6321: 5784: 5745: 5614: 5446:

Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.

5367: 5306: 4961: 4743: 4598: 4586: 4571: 4511: 4488: 4367: 4348: 4306: 3933: 3768: 3726: 3699: 3328: 3063: 3059: 3024: 2856: 2848: 2789: 2611: 2425: 2261:) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the 1894: 1681: 1466: 1151: 1049: 1036: 1012: 1008: 972: 717: 477: 160: 134: 20224: 19220: 18742: 15625: 15419:

Under the Bodhi Tree: Buddha's Original Vision of Dependent Co-arising

11615: 11039: 11015: 5506:

Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha,

4187:, the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" ( 3023:, the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realized "the 21632: 21179: 21152: 20319: 20194: 19906: 19822: 19699: 19589: 19562: 19555: 19518: 19475: 19438: 19205: 19170: 19137: 19112: 19067: 18652: 18578: 18309:

Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies

18166:(in Burmese), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Yangon: Ya-Pyei, p. 39 18155:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 1, London: Luzac & Co. 17926:, Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 17079:

Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations

16359:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 3, London: Luzac & Co. 16348:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 2, London: Luzac & Co. 15814: 15309:

In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon

11724:

Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence

10334: 8677:"Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?" 7800:

Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment:

7331: 6595:, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in 6202: 5942: 5894: 5871: 5847: 5839: 5816: 5800: 5729: 5595: 5541: 5213: 5194: 5178: 5142: 4747: 4472: 4328: 4290: 3993: 3932:, which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the 3885: 3706: 3578: 3551: 3459:

The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant

3453: 3449: 3437: 3402: 3360: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3223: 3067: 3020: 2960: 2908: 2888: 2871: 2818: 2755:(DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha, 2721: 2603: 2559: 2490: 2130: 1988: 1861: 1836: 1519: 1245: 1020: 762: 737: 21616: 20952: 19788: 19642: 19408: 19190: 19059: 19051: 18445:; Johnson, Willard L; Wawrytko, Sandra A; DeGraff, Geoffrey (1996). 18173:

Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka

17726:

The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya

17680:"Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts" 16913: 15326: 15240:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

12845: 12098: 11367:"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion" 9520:

Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness

9413: 8747:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

8676: 8328: 5482:

The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

4204:

rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali

4094: 3760:

before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.

3612: 3611:

This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and

3546:

Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king,

3433: 3429: 2814: 2631: 2198: 2036: 2019:

The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential

1972:

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (

1827:

biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the

1533:

he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as

173: 21532: 21469: 21309: 21264: 21209: 21174: 21078: 20737: 20304: 20299: 20249: 20184: 20102: 20067: 20062: 19723: 19594: 19582: 19493: 19152: 18849: 18798: 18787: 18551: 18529: 17801: 16142:

Introduction to Buddhism An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life

10068: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 7447: 7086:

Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several

6741:

Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in

6670: 6473: 6294: 6254: 6034:

Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century

5956: 5926: 5599: 3779: 3710: 3464: 3390: 3186: 3028: 2781: 2744: 2670: 2421: 2179: 2047: 2028: 1873: 1802: 1701: 1379: 1177: 1169: 1122: 984: 772: 752: 747: 627: 323: 249: 210: 20294: 20284: 20269: 20092: 19962: 19230: 16569: 16413:

A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities

16035:

How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings

11785: 11579: 11458: 10017:

Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India

9057:(1st ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. xix. 8244:

Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002).

7781:

Dhammajoti, K.L. (2008). "Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing".

7552: 5528:

The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.

5089:

emerged after the lifetime of the Buddha, between 500–200 BCE and

4779: 4771: 4336: 4270:. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging 4079:(aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and 4009: 3901: 3483:

Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains

2657: 2113:, in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which 21628: 21214: 21157: 21142: 20289: 20279: 20254: 20129: 20124: 20082: 20052: 19984: 19950: 19837: 19778: 19773: 19627: 19530: 19368: 19318: 19105: 18931: 18566: 17889:

The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace

17367:

Srivastava, K.M. (1979), "Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location",

16527:

The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning

15944:

Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina",

14786:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE

13554: 13552: 13550: 13324: 9724: 8239: 8237: 7745: 7266: 7229: 7133: 6596: 5355: 5321: 5209: 5174: 5170: 5159: 5121: 5112: 4955:) karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome ( 4762: 4726: 4692: 4507: 4420: 4387: 4271: 4267: 4076: 3919: 3577:

One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was

3527: 3523: 3398: 3356: 3332: 3231: 3197: 3137: 3114: 3083: 3006: 2996: 2852: 2822: 2599: 2577: 2497:) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the 2459: 2413: 2394: 2375: 2371: 2338: 2187: 2147: 2032: 1865: 1793:

is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet

1761: 1670: 1605: 1593: 1458: 1441: 1368: 1105: 1077: 1053: 988: 452: 109: 65: 19901: 19669: 18375:

The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace

17178:

Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)

16186:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

15399:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14614: 14532:

Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition

13918:"God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism" 12833: 12358: 12346: 12334: 12322: 12050: 11995: 11663: 9236: 7752:'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century). 6766:

to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better". See also

6618:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. ( 6328: 6170:

based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.

5945: 5405:

images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.

1708:, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE. 1216:, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One", is the masculine form of 21687: 21294: 21279: 21115: 20977: 20957: 20732: 20394: 20274: 20264: 20199: 19827: 19783: 19768: 19758: 19728: 19652: 19535: 19303: 19175: 18919: 18914: 18737: 18346:(3rd ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. 17709:"Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image" 17615: 17000:

Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations

15670:

Cox, Collett (2003), "Abidharma", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

14811:"Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century" 14592:

Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli; Jaffary Awang; Zaizul Ab Rahman (2018).

13711: 13636:"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices" 12808: 12177: 11809: 11773: 11749: 11737: 11639: 11446: 11075: 7832: 7816: 7804: 7396:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.( 7393: 7327: 7311:

In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a

7262: 7129: 7106: 6796:), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day 6615: 6600: 6349: 6193:, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha. 5851: 5359: 5295: 5162: 5101: 5097: 5069: 5065: 4830: 4805: 4791: 4701: 4226: 4193: 4135: 4039: 3825: 3479: 3425: 3394: 3364: 3352: 3336: 3258: 2991: 2912: 2904: 2892: 2810: 2785: 2769: 2730: 2666: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2463: 2432: 2352:

is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (

2341:, who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood. 2238: 1984: 1650: 1622: 1578: 1454: 1404: 1308: 1263: 1218: 1173: 1134: 1032: 996: 912: 467: 462: 457: 420: 223: 113: 17317:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" 16218:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

14087: 13547: 10582: 10401: 10399: 8576: 8234: 8069: 6531:. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the 4892:

form of government, while others disagree with this position.

4506:

are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in

4066: 3359:

and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals,

2588:

journeyed from his mountain abode, analyzed the child for the

2074:, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted. 1839:

tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by

21667: 21662: 21434: 21269: 21127: 21093: 21073: 21043: 20972: 20389: 20234: 20112: 20107: 20077: 20032: 19879: 19874: 19753: 19458: 19283: 19250: 19240: 18595: 18587: 15713:(February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. 14198: 14196: 13638:, p. 3. Introduction to Religion. Cambridge University Press. 13537: 13535: 12798: 12796: 12421:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

10118:"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon" 9952: 9950: 9890: 9812:"Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha" 8931:

Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia

6888: 6876: 6852: 6403: 5867: 5761: 5299: 5202: 5190: 5182: 5138: 5108: 4934:

Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the

4766: 4499: 3829: 3821: 3441: 3382: 3227: 2921: 2661:

The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a

2607: 2592:

and then announced that he would either become a great king (

2585: 2567: 2563: 2471: 2122: 1992: 1983:

According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a

1901: 1644:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). Another one of his edicts ( 1236: 1052:

between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to

1024: 992: 980: 976: 702: 18203:

History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era

17760:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17684:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17386:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

16859:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14169: 14131:"The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism" 13761: 13759: 13665: 13663: 13023: 12932: 12908: 12828:

The Theory of 'Dependent Origination' in its Incipient Stage

11920: 10425: 9296: 9294: 8533:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

8373:

Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).

7894:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [ 7621:

the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit

7615:

the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese

7042: 7030: 6838: 6826: 5434:

Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.

4940:) states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are: 4754:

as the foremost meter. In general, the Buddha critiques the

4551: 3947:

According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the

2907:

walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (

21304: 20097: 19763: 19260: 17503:

The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300

16941:, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223 15444:

Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014),

12951: 12949: 12947: 12783: 12781: 12779: 12249: 12247: 11884: 11692: 11690: 11183: 10452: 10396: 9967: 9965: 9842: 9791: 8308: 8222: 7828:): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying; 7045: 7036: 6912: 6894: 6864: 6858: 6841: 6832: 5998:

Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.

4870:

focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader (

4253: 3375: 3278: 3129: 3124: 2602:

scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.

2226: 1323: 1204: 15193:

The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)

14624:

Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice

14193: 14181: 14157: 14111: 14075: 13723: 13532: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13360: 13215: 13203: 13131: 13119: 13095: 13047: 13035: 12985: 12961: 12793: 12766: 12764: 12401: 12110: 11627: 11569: 11567: 11424: 11422: 11313: 11215: 11213: 11200: 11198: 10921: 10919: 10894: 10892: 10829: 10686: 10684: 10645: 10611: 10609: 10481: 10479: 9947: 9650: 9648: 9167:"Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?" 9076: 9074: 8462:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115

8035: 8033: 8031: 8029: 7559: 7203: 6906: 6058:

Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.

5408: 5324:, Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the 32:"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see 20962: 19498: 18520: 18205:, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste 15206:

The dating of the historical Buddha (Symposium), vol. 1–3

14896:

Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State

14764: 14561: 14535:. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 1–10. 14220: 14008: 13756: 13744: 13660: 13501: 13348: 12264: 12262: 12220: 11836: 11826: 11824: 10176: 10164: 10152: 9907: 9905: 9544: 9291: 9255: 8655: 8653: 8173: 7896: 7890: 7681:

Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit

7624:

the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese

7550:

destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (

7219:

robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.

7021: 6997:

A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha;

6873: 6849: 6817: 5657:

The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.

5257:

is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit

4498:

According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on

3828:. These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called 3494:

According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo,

2412:

According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in

2269:

life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the

2003:

without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as

1868:

empire); and died during the early years of the reign of

1180:

symbols to iconic depictions in various cultural styles.

16108:"Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?" 13564: 13522: 13520: 13518: 13516: 13430: 13428: 13336: 13232: 13230: 13167: 12944: 12776: 12658: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12274: 12244: 12134: 12122: 12062: 12019: 12007: 11971: 11959: 11687: 11159: 11147: 11087: 11003: 10979: 10773: 10771: 10708: 10633: 10570: 10442: 10440: 9962: 9206:, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, 7714:

Early texts that outline the graduated path include the

5354:

The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at

3741:)" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā'). 2773:("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction") and the end of 1400: – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct. 1007:

to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of

17788:

Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination",

17741:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 16937:——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths", 15582:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" 14244: 14099: 13842: 13831: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13819: 13789:

Heirman, Ann (2019). "Vinaya rules for monks and nuns".

13408: 13372: 13242: 13107: 13071: 12973: 12857: 12761: 12634: 12622: 12610: 12598: 12586: 12507: 12473:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History" 12452: 12448:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 11983: 11896: 11564: 11506: 11494: 11419: 11289: 11210: 11195: 11171: 11135: 11123: 11111: 11063: 11051: 10967: 10916: 10889: 10841: 10817: 10783: 10744: 10720: 10681: 10606: 10539: 10476: 10464: 10051: 10049: 9830: 9645: 9568: 9556: 9452: 9122: 9110: 9071: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8415: 8161: 8098: 8096: 8026: 7885:

A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.

6638:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal." 6086:

Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.

5298:-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of 3817:

arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.

3782:

vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads:

3487:

The formation of a parallel order of female monastics (

3196:

MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the

2213:) nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent ( 2098: 1592:), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and " 14671: 14647: 13804: 13699: 13491: 13489: 13300: 13266: 13191: 13083: 13059: 12646: 12298: 12259: 12232: 12074: 11908: 11860: 11848: 11821: 11797: 11761: 11702: 11675: 11651: 11603: 11591: 11434: 11099: 10904: 10657: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10554: 9977: 9937: 9935: 9902: 9779: 9440: 9279: 9134: 9098: 8650: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8281: 8279: 8151: 8149: 8147: 7685:

Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7

7493:(MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to 6665:

The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.(

5119:. Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a 5107:

However, Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the

2537: 1851: 16337:(1st ed.), London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 16160:

Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder

16003:———. "Dating the Buddha: a red herring revealed". In 14659: 14573: 14063: 14051: 14020: 13866: 13854: 13792: 13771: 13513: 13425: 13396: 13384: 13227: 13179: 13155: 13143: 12920: 12574: 12562: 12531: 12519: 12310: 12286: 11872: 11482: 11470: 11301: 11263:"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka" 11027: 10955: 10877: 10865: 10853: 10768: 10756: 10732: 10696: 10594: 10491: 10437: 10375:. Vol. 7. Anmol Publications. pp. 260–275. 10310: 10298: 10286: 10274: 10262: 10250: 10238: 10200: 9922: 9920: 9854: 8986: 8427: 8132: 7018: 6814: 3944:, which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed. 2751:" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the 2478:

with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten

2277:

for which significant accounts exist. British author

1048:

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a

21903:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

18416:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

17668:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

16818:

Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes

15867: 15448:, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 14983:

The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies

14752: 14740: 14728: 14500:"Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors" 14291: 14256: 14232: 13816: 13312: 13254: 12495: 12086: 10669: 10515: 10082:. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from 10046: 10000:. Staatl. Museen Preuss. Kulturbesitz. p. 188. 9498: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9034: 8998: 8833: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8120: 8093: 7033: 7027: 6909: 6903: 6891: 6885: 6855: 6829: 6823: 6588: 6022:

Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century

5764:

with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.

5458:

The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.

3702:, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning. 3347:)" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of 2784:, Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son 2273:, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in 18142:

Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z

18124:

The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia

16978:

Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste

16951:

The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon

16511:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 15496:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

15217:. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 14789:. BRILL. pp. 199–206, 204 for the exact date. 14208: 13675: 13588: 13576: 13486: 12887: 12869: 11932: 10551: 10527: 10503: 10407:"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites" 9932: 9597: 9595: 9146: 8683:. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. 8638: 8398: 8276: 8185: 8144: 8081: 8045: 7024: 6900: 6882: 6870: 6861: 6846: 6820: 6583:According to the Buddhist tradition, following the 5854:

temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.

4589:and other texts, such as the surviving portions of 3976:contain mostly the same major doctrines. Likewise, 3474: 3298: 2458:(Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from 2344:

Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (

2142: 1908:the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448 – 368 BCE. 18446: 18344:The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon 18282: 16535: 16364:Jong, JW de (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism", 16026:, London: World Buddhist Foundation, pp. 9–25 15880: 15279: 14302:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 184, 12676: 12670: 12183: 11325: 10805:Wynne, Alexander (2019). "Did the Buddha exist?". 9917: 9580: 9227:Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet 9022: 8197: 8057: 7862:According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication 7167: 4458: 4116: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4084: 3035:. In later centuries, Gautama became known as the 1696:The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the 17351:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 17321:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 17146:Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath 16789:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 16448:Keown, Damien, ed. (2003), "Buddha (Skt; Pali)", 15374:The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India 15331:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 15157:The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan 14944:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 14314:Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a 13889:. Vol. 36, no. 21. pp. 1801–1804. 12881: 10067: 9878: 9866: 8381: 7911:Well-known proponents of the third position are: 7718:(MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the 7489:An account of these practices can be seen in the 6759:to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from 6382:, a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by 4091:), sensations (or feelings, received from form) ( 3522:Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the 3027:"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of 1461:, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha. 983:), during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded 21774: 18449:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 17771:(reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 17085: 16945: 16183:(2013) , "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.), 15711:The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan 15280:Bhikkhu, Mettanando; von Hinüber, Oskar (2000), 14908:Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 12364: 12352: 12340: 12328: 12104: 12056: 12001: 11815: 11791: 11779: 11755: 11743: 11645: 11621: 11585: 11464: 11452: 11081: 10588: 9592: 9249: 9086: 9010: 7779:. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see: 6332:2010 PBS documentary by award-winning filmmaker 6289:, a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on 5271:. The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, 3420:, who were both students of the skeptic sramana 3405:, who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha. 2716:Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a 1248:clans adopted the names of their house priests. 987:. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in 21515: 17826:Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision 17608:Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition 16745: 15160:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8. 15131:, translated by Beal, Samuel, Oxford: Clarendon 13477: 10949: 8217:The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life 6991: 6245:, a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke. 6186: 5494:The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE. 5205:", although he does not mention it explicitly. 4258:("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of 2331:, and then makes a series of resolves or vows ( 1691: 1548: 1537:than as an exact historical record of events). 1424: – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people. 1382:, one of the most used epithets, together with 18281:Smith, Peter (2000), "Manifestations of God", 18104:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 18084:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 17870:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays 17180:] (in German), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250 15758:The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering 15535: 14693:. Shambhala Publications: Boston & London. 10220:"The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta" 9896: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9616:"The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha." 8372: 7851:Two well-known proponent of this position are 7166: 6180: 5378:, narratives of the Buddha in his past lives. 5165:reports that Buddhist idols were brought from 4725:Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, 3672:, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist 1926:, and died 492 BCE, while Ajatashatru reigned 1688:("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni"). 1183: 1045:("final release from conditioned existence"). 274: 21501: 18828: 18611: 15200: 15140:(in French), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 14600:. Vol. 53, no. 4001. pp. 6–7. 14528: 14467:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary 12891:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism 12734: 10362: 10360: 9273: 7953:aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham. 6146:, first depiction of the Buddha on film with 5137:has been identified with the Buddha based on 4397:(ethical training), restraint of the senses ( 4297:seated meditation posture, 2nd–3rd century CE 4202:Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self 3756:and finally the meditative dwelling known as 2828: 2780:Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse 2408:stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace. 2253:and his forty-five-year career as a teacher. 1897:tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE. 1347:), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" ( 1027:. The Buddha then wandered through the lower 937: 19610:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 17953:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 17848:Wayman, Alex (1984), George R. Elder (ed.), 17577:"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited" 17198: 17171: 16606: 16465: 15967:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15905:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism 15732:. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society. 15661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15571:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15443: 15147:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism 14974:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization 14710:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2003. 13669: 13507: 12894:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 6–7. 11669: 11269:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. ( 10431: 10409:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from 10335:"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha" 9742: 8892:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya 8526: 8448: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8228: 8114: 7812:): That all things that come to have an end; 7574: 7209: 7080: 7063: 7007: 6698: 6666: 6643: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6521: 6389:Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha 6221:as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha. 4840: 4704:collections of the different early schools. 3980:has written that the doctrines found in the 3599: 3000:), culminating in complete insight into the 1937:. In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned 1680:, in relation with his illumination and the 1482:), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom ( 1474:), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World ( 18285:A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith 17674: 17496:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 17426: 16883:The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha 16629:Sarnath: Archaeology, Art, and Architecture 16332: 16179: 15943: 15154:Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011). 15128:The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha 14782: 14263:Britannica, Eds Encycl (19 February 2015), 14202: 13835:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). 12814: 12728: 12683:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588. 11373:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. 10576: 9956: 9730: 9660: 8866:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. 8750:. Princeton University Press. p. 168. 8582: 7638: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7442:, in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of 7222: 7097:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism ( 6269:. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book 5153:, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy. 5029:These characteristics are described in the 4983: 4210:(and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese) 4067:The six sense bases and the five aggregates 4037:This cycle of becoming is characterized by 4004:(unwholesome mental states), including the 3957:share these basic teachings and practices. 3896:(unwholesome mental states), including the 3843:According to various Buddhist sources, the 3735:decay. Strive for the goal with diligence ( 3307:Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period 2665:, he is accompanied by numerous guards and 2442:According to later biographies such as the 2205:, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing 2137: 1262:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. 1137:, his codes for monastic practice, and the 1068:. His core teachings are summarized in the 21508: 21494: 18835: 18821: 18618: 18604: 17838:The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism 17735:"Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy" 17713:Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932 17652:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 95, 17379: 17366: 17220:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 17190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 16899: 16664:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 16466:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S (2013), 16410: 16269: 16106:——— (12 December 2013). 15461: 15416: 15380: 15368: 14837: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14262: 14226: 13765: 13729: 13541: 13419: 13354: 11537: 10485: 10357: 10194: 10170: 9971: 9424:(1). Interview with Richard Gombrich: 42. 8674: 8473: 7595: 7531:According to various early texts like the 6983: 6768:Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni 6702: 6694: 6682: 6678: 6505:List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed 5803:period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century. 3996:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the 3888:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the 3428:. They also tell of how the Buddha's son, 3386:forests, where people would come to them. 2606:, the youngest, and later to be the first 2424:, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India, or 1658:. These texts may be the precursor of the 944: 930: 293: 55: 17647: 17629: 17267:"Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" 17104: 17067: 16718: 16695: 16584: 16563: 16424:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America 16064: 16031: 15854:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 63, 15106: 15023:The Foundation History of the Nun's Order 15011: 14893: 14677: 14653: 14627:, Columbia University Press, p. 26, 14620: 14605: 14398:Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004), 13618: 13480:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12752: 11153: 11093: 10985: 10182: 9562: 9469: 9467: 7994: 7589: 7400: 7397: 7315:, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the 7212:, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the 6794:Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta 6782: 6709: 6623: 6619: 6568: 5548:, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata. 5401:. The subsequently influenced the art of 4758:and social system on certain key points. 4716: 4552:Scholarly views on the earliest teachings 4281: 3230:(liberated being) and the first Buddhist 2416:, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in 2374:and other major Buddhist sites in India. 2178:miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. 1864:(his friend, protector, and ruler of the 979:and the eastern Ganges plain of northern 17961: 17920:Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts 17916: 17851:Budddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman 17575:Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002), 17574: 17563:(1), Orissa State museum, archived from 17547: 17512:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 17342: 17237: 17088:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.2 16811: 16776: 16649: 16635: 16506: 16419: 16376: 16258: 16214: 16166: 16157: 16131:Gopal, Madan (1990), K.S. Gautam (ed.), 16105: 16096: 16021: 16012: 16002: 15993: 15980:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, 15754: 15727: 15687: 15430:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, 15392: 15348: 15236: 15097: 15058: 15039: 14971: 14950: 14941: 14884: 14770: 14665: 14175: 14163: 13966:"Political theory in Canonical Buddhism" 13570: 13526: 13378: 13366: 13330: 13236: 13161: 13137: 13125: 13113: 13077: 13029: 12991: 12979: 12967: 12955: 12938: 12926: 12914: 12787: 12770: 12664: 12640: 12628: 12616: 12604: 12592: 12556: 12280: 12253: 12140: 12128: 12068: 12025: 12013: 11977: 11965: 11926: 11878: 11696: 11361: 11359: 11319: 11307: 11177: 11141: 11117: 11105: 11069: 11057: 10973: 10961: 10925: 10835: 10823: 10750: 10726: 10651: 10627: 10615: 10545: 10470: 10366: 9836: 9654: 9504: 9446: 9336: 9324: 9261: 9231:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 9200:The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha 9128: 9080: 9052: 9040: 8968:"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara" 8844: 8743: 8670: 8668: 8454: 8421: 8377:. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 240. 8138: 7679:Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000), 7612:Anālayo draws from seven early sources: 7601: 7457: 7408: 7404: 7276: 7143: 6977: 6953: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6690: 6674: 6631: 6627: 6217:, an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars 5716:Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE. 5237: 5059: 4993: 4720: 4561: 4462: 4300: 4285: 4130: 4126: 3866: 3774: 3762: 3675: 3664: 3606: 3517: 3478: 3310: 3302: 3128: 3125:First sermon and formation of the saṅgha 2898: 2876: 2861: 2847:The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in 2842: 2711: 2656: 2399: 2381: 2365: 2170: 2146: 2109:The rise of Buddhism coincided with the 1967: 1809:biography dating to the 3rd century CE. 1545:) and its parallels in other languages. 1205:Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni 1187: 20797:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 18302: 18223: 18200: 18179: 18139: 17835: 17823: 17527: 17491: 17407: 17349:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 17264: 17228: 17032: 16610:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1 16172: 16004: 15975: 15901: 15779: 15705: 15579: 15502: 15425: 15221: 15212: 15208:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 15020: 14993: 14980: 14918: 14902: 14824: 14529:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). 14329: 14250: 14105: 13458: 13260: 13248: 12863: 12851: 12839: 12470: 12458: 12195: 12092: 11989: 11950: 11902: 11890: 11866: 11854: 11842: 11573: 11512: 11500: 11428: 11295: 11219: 11204: 11189: 11129: 10847: 10789: 10458: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10158: 10055: 9983: 9797: 9473: 9312: 9140: 9104: 8992: 8927: 8783:Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010). 8782: 8492: 8409: 8360:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online 8327:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021). 8063: 8039: 7546:), which allows the knowing of others' 7102: 6959: 6936: 6934: 6669:, p. 436) It may have been either 5409:Gallery showing different Buddha styles 5234:Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity 4969:(and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042). 4413:(clear awareness), and the practice of 4347:and its numerous parallel texts) as a " 4043:, commonly referred to as "suffering", 3285:and delivered his third discourse, the 3189:(Benares), he met another wanderer, an 2431:In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor 2361: 1711: 1161:, and additional discourses, i.e., the 975:(the Himalayan foothils of present-day 967:and religious teacher who lived in the 151:Cremated; ashes divided among followers 27:Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism 14: 21775: 21757: 21000:List of Buddhist architecture in China 18409:(2nd ed.). New York: Grove Press. 18101: 18080: 17867: 17847: 17842: 17830: 17787: 17764: 17755: 17732: 17723: 17665: 17604: 17557:The Orissa Historical Research Journal 17509: 17500: 17469: 17460: 17435: 17314: 17255: 17159: 17070:A Concise History of the Indian People 16996: 16970: 16936: 16927: 16880: 16852: 16834: 16793: 16555: 16509:An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy 16474: 16270:Huntington, John C. (September 1986), 16139: 15952: 15934: 15806: 15674:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., 15641:Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894), 15640: 15536:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 15337:from the original on 13 September 2022 15315: 15144: 15135: 14906:(2006). "The Buddha and Omniscience". 14842:Bakker, Freek L. (30 September 2009). 14841: 14461: 14421:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy 14297: 14214: 14187: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13951: 13934:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 13884: 13872: 13860: 13810: 13798: 13777: 13750: 13717: 13705: 13693: 13681: 13606: 13558: 13495: 13446: 13434: 13402: 13390: 13318: 13306: 13272: 13221: 13209: 13197: 13185: 13173: 13101: 13089: 13065: 13053: 13041: 12875: 12802: 12737:"The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind" 12652: 12580: 12568: 12525: 12407: 12316: 12304: 12268: 12238: 12116: 12080: 11914: 11830: 11803: 11767: 11708: 11681: 11657: 11633: 11609: 11597: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11488: 11476: 11440: 11165: 11045: 11033: 11021: 11009: 10997: 10937: 10910: 10883: 10871: 10859: 10800: 10798: 10777: 10762: 10714: 10702: 10690: 10675: 10663: 10639: 10600: 10564: 10497: 10446: 10316: 10304: 10292: 10280: 10268: 10256: 10244: 10206: 9995: 9941: 9911: 9860: 9809: 9785: 9671: 9586: 9574: 9550: 9464: 9458: 9411: 9360: 9348: 9300: 9028: 9004: 8882: 8644: 8594: 8433: 8357: 8339:from the original on 13 September 2022 8191: 8179: 8167: 8155: 8126: 8102: 8087: 8075: 8051: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7364: 7358: 7233: 6965: 6742: 6732: 6655: 6649: 6639: 6608: 6316:, a 1996 Indian series which aired on 6303:with Abhishek Urade in the title role. 6273:, it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha. 6010:Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600. 5986:15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha. 5897:style, Southern Thailand, 9th century. 5335: 4990:Physical characteristics of the Buddha 4631:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and 4293:sculpture depicting the Buddha in the 4242:explains, for the Buddha, a person is 3914:, the repeated cycle of becoming; the 3851: 3444:the barber, the Buddha's half-brother 2747:that inspired him. This story of the " 2406:Lumbini pillar contains an inscription 1748:retell previous lives of Gautama as a 1172:, where he is considered an avatar of 1035:. Buddhist tradition holds he died in 21489: 18816: 18599: 18280: 18259: 18232: 18148: 18027: 17989: 17980: 17885: 17706: 17694:from the original on 15 November 2017 17548:Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (January 2014), 17427:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2012), 17415: 17140: 17112: 17099:, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179, 16966:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press 16683:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 16672: 16533: 16524: 16447: 16352: 16341: 16292:from the original on 28 November 2014 16130: 16118:from the original on 25 February 2021 15878: 15871:Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales) 15837: 15553: 15493: 15465:The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction 15324: 15306: 15267:from the original on 30 November 2016 15224:Die Datierung des historischen Buddha 15044:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 14758: 14746: 14734: 14579: 14567: 14380:from the original on 3 September 2015 14238: 14117: 14093: 14081: 14069: 14057: 14026: 14014: 13963: 13929: 13848: 13650:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 13647: 13594: 13342: 13149: 12513: 12501: 12483:from the original on 29 February 2020 12292: 12226: 11356: 11277:from the original on 29 December 2008 10898: 10804: 10738: 10521: 10146: 10128:from the original on 22 December 2010 10013: 9926: 9848: 9613: 9428:from the original on 26 December 2022 9285: 9152: 9116: 8889:Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020). 8888: 8821:from the original on 25 November 2020 8665: 8659: 8285: 7248: 7160: 7128:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In 7057: 6973: 6949: 6945: 6924: 6718: 6591:, p. ), the introductory to the 6548: 6527:Buddha is seated cross-legged in the 6406:series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by 6046:Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya. 5044: 4022:, the repeated cycle of becoming and 3784:...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate... 3043:). A Buddha has achieved liberation ( 2303:depict the Buddha's (referred to as " 1958: 1522:evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert 1502: 1330: 1302: 1291:Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni ( 21747: 18493:Works by or about Siddhārtha Gautama 18180:Kinnard, Jacob N. (1 October 2010). 18170: 18159: 18121: 18016:from the original on 20 October 2020 17021:from the original on 11 January 2023 16707:from the original on 5 November 2018 16675:"Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan" 16626: 16595:from the original on 11 January 2023 16495:from the original on 11 January 2023 16428: 16363: 16321:from the original on 11 January 2023 16296: 16203:from the original on 11 January 2023 16085:from the original on 11 January 2023 16052:from the original on 11 January 2023 15922:from the original on 11 January 2023 15586:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15523:from the original on 11 January 2023 15482:from the original on 11 January 2023 15446:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 15405:from the original on 23 October 2022 15386:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism 15355:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 15186: 15174:from the original on 11 January 2023 15153: 15124: 14929:from the original on 26 January 2021 14862:from the original on 11 January 2023 14549:from the original on 11 January 2023 14497: 14362: 14350:from the original on 11 January 2023 14330:Doniger, Wendy (30 September 2010). 13582: 12697:from the original on 11 January 2023 12471:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). 12443: 11938: 10533: 10509: 10322: 10034:from the original on 11 January 2023 9601: 9092: 9016: 8948:from the original on 11 January 2023 8909:from the original on 11 January 2023 8870:from the original on 28 October 2017 8764:from the original on 11 January 2023 8554:from the original on 11 January 2023 8392: 8264:from the original on 11 January 2023 8250:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733. 7343: 7188:participating institution membership 7098: 6931: 6693:, pp. 1–7), present-day Nepal ( 6560: 6130:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film 5540:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. 4895: 4623:"Cautious optimism in this respect". 4012:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate 3904:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate 3794: 3214:text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the 3004:, thereby attaining liberation from 2293:Legendary biographies like the Pali 2197:In the earliest Buddhist texts, the 2099:Urban environment and egalitarianism 1951:and 330 BCE. According to historian 1846: 1716:Early canonical sources include the 1120:, lacking an existence on their own 18357:(2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan. 17917:Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), 17650:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita 17618:: McGill University, archived from 17593:from the original on 9 January 2016 17514:, University of Californian Press, 17094: 17076: 16957: 16930:A Philological Approach to Buddhism 16881:———, ed. (2003). 16758:, London: Oxford University Press, 16613:, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac, 15937:Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices 15846: 15669: 15651:, vol. XLIX, Oxford: Clarendon 15228:The Dating of the Historical Buddha 15222:———, ed. (1992). 15215:The Dating of the Historical Buddha 15213:———, ed. (1991). 15062:Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path 15025:. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. 14374:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13948: 13465:Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness 13005:"Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras" 12196:Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001). 11955:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190. 11518: 10795: 10369:"Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas" 9884: 9872: 9767:from the original on 25 August 2016 9516: 8509:from the original on 26 August 2013 8203: 7454:around the start of the Common Era. 6554: 6162:), a 1925 silent film, directed by 5645:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE. 5287:, Buddha is regarded as one of the 5230:Buddhist influences on Christianity 3500:eight conditions called gurudharmas 3117:) as witness to his superiority by 3093:The legendary biographies like the 2637:The legendary biographies like the 1852:Understanding the historical person 24: 21808:6th-century BC Indian philosophers 20787:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 18074: 17775:from the original on 15 April 2022 17331:from the original on 27 April 2016 16335:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge 15791:State University of New York Press 15085:from the original on 11 April 2021 14689:Barnstone W & Meyer M (2009). 14469:. Popular Prakashan. p. 354. 14333:The Hindus: An Alternative History 12680:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 11377:from the original on 30 March 2019 9055:Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha 8921: 8705:from the original on 24 April 2022 8351: 7000:Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha: 6673:in Uttar Pradesh, northern India ( 6589:Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878 6537:, the Wheel of Buddhist law, with 5874:mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, 5278: 5074:Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum 4750:as the foremost sacrifice and the 4107:), mental activity or formations ( 3992:All beings have deeply entrenched 2229:commentaries or texts such as the 1288:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). 395:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 390:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 25: 21914: 21727:Gautama Buddha in world religions 18468: 18354:Society at the Time of the Buddha 18289:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 18263:South Asian Politics and Religion 18060:from the original on 16 July 2021 17993:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 17983:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 17422:(4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon 17396:from the original on 26 June 2015 16869:from the original on 10 July 2015 16839:, Buddha Educational Foundation, 16399:from the original on 9 April 2015 16247:from the original on 8 March 2021 15643:"The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa" 15282:"The Cause of the Buddha's Death" 15237:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). 15042:Early Buddhist Meditation Studies 14465:(2011). S. Devadas Pillai (ed.). 13996:from the original on 27 July 2020 13482:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. 13003:Andrew Glass, Mark Allon (2007). 12376: 11331: 11243:from the original on 3 March 2013 10952:, p. 483, entry note: . 10345:from the original on 31 July 2010 9818:from the original on 28 June 2016 9749:Journal for the Study of Religion 9474:Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013). 9164: 8744:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). 8375:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects 7302:for a translation of these texts. 6118: 5208:The Buddha is also regarded as a 5051:Gautama Buddha in world religions 3862: 3656:records his response as follows: 3343:)", to Campa (40 km east of 3242:, the company of Buddhist monks. 2622:of several schools, and numerous 2551:, where monarchies tended toward 2339:his meeting with Dipankara Buddha 2288: 1944:, while Ajatashatru died between 1648:) mentions the titles of several 1408: – Well-gone or Well-spoken. 1362: 141:(according to Buddhist tradition) 116:(according to Buddhist tradition) 21756: 21746: 21468: 21458: 21457: 21015:Thai temple art and architecture 20760:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 19000:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 18866: 18853: 18843: 18797: 18435:A history of Buddhist philosophy 17355:from the original on 21 May 2022 17238:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), 16783:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 16765:from the original on 25 May 2020 16578:A History of Sanskrit Literature 16574:Sanskrit Literature and the West 16568: 16386:Journal of the Pali Text Society 15426:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2003), 15289:Journal of the Pali Text Society 15000:Asian Literature and Translation 14803: 14783:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). 14776: 14696: 14683: 14585: 14522: 14491: 14455: 14434: 14413: 14392: 14336:. OUP Oxford. pp. 481–484. 14323: 14275:from the original on 26 May 2022 14136: 14123: 14041: 14032: 13923: 13910: 13901: 13878: 13783: 13735: 13696:, pp. xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 4–5. 13641: 13628: 13471: 13452: 13278: 13020:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 59. 13010: 12997: 12820: 12709: 12464: 12437: 12413: 12370: 12189: 12184:Bhikkhu & von Hinüber (2000) 12166:from the original on 6 June 2011 12146: 12031: 11944: 11714: 11407:from the original on 16 May 2008 11389: 11344:from the original on 18 May 2020 11255: 11225: 10212: 10110: 10101: 10061: 10007: 9989: 9810:Berzin, Alexander (April 2007). 9803: 9736: 9708: 9177:from the original on 15 May 2020 8789:. Penn State Press. p. 29. 8616:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859 8358:Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis". 8003: 7985: 7976: 7967: 7958: 7946: 7936: 7926: 7905: 7879: 7845: 7794: 7765: 7755: 7708: 7699: 7689: 7673: 7663: 7606: 7525: 7512: 7483: 7428: 7414: 7386: 7376: 7014: 6810: 6752:, a life span for the Buddha of 6348:, a 2013 Indian drama series on 6142:), a 1923 Indian silent film by 6091: 6079: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5963: 5934: 5918: 5902: 5886: 5859: 5831: 5808: 5792: 5776:The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, 5769: 5753: 5737: 5721: 5709: 5690: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5634: 5622: 5607: 5587: 5565: 5553: 5533: 5521: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 4682: 3836:into many new stupas around the 3680:Mahaparinibbana scene, from the 3475:Formation of the bhikkhunī order 3299:Travels and growth of the saṅgha 3277:also speak of the conversion of 3253:of the Theravāda Vinaya and the 3010:, the endless cycle of rebirth. 2566:and the day he got conceived as 2143:Nature of traditional depictions 2118:alms-givings on lay supporters. 1801:is the next oldest biography, a 1568: 1557: 911: 330: 64:, preaching his first sermon at 18867: 18126:(illustrated ed.), Brill, 17068:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1950), 16796:The Dhammapada and Sutta-nipata 16697:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151 16580:, New York: D Appleton & Co 16065:——— (2006b), 16032:——— (2006a). 16024:Buddhism for the New Millennium 15059:——— (2017b). 15040:——— (2017a). 14510:from the original on 2 May 2015 12389:from the original on 7 May 2015 11000:, The Beginnings of Discontent. 9672:Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013). 9607: 9510: 9405: 9354: 9219: 9189: 9158: 9046: 8960: 8895:. Springer Nature. p. 80. 8850: 8803: 8776: 8737: 8588: 8567: 8520: 8486: 8366: 8320: 8209: 7349: 7337: 7305: 7299:Readings Selected by King Asoka 7282: 7255: 7239: 7182:. p. chapter "Buddha, n.". 7062:Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. 5219: 5193:, described as an ideal human. 4536:, the Buddhist teaching of the 4459:Jain and Brahmanical influences 4437:-scheme, as taught in the Pali 3564:members of other śrāmana sects. 3389:The first vassana was spent at 3031:and self-mortification, or the 2646: 959:, most commonly referred to as 21878:Journey to the West characters 21005:Japanese Buddhist architecture 20807:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 19887:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 19078:Places where the Buddha stayed 18625: 18266:. Princeton University Press. 18186:. Fortress Press. p. ix. 17990:——— (2007), 17765:——— (2004). 17756:——— (2000), 17715:, NTU: 343–354, archived from 17632:The Cambridge History of China 17630:Twitchett, Denis, ed. (1986), 17470:——— (2015), 17461:——— (2007), 17441:The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide 17380:——— (1980), 17199:——— (1990), 16953:, Buddhist Publication Society 16650:——— (1960). 16588:The real birth place of Buddha 16585:Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), 16542:, Princeton University Press, 16353:——— (1956), 16140:Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang (2007), 16097:——— (2009), 16013:——— (1997), 15902:Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). 15887:. Cambridge University Press. 15755:——— (1993), 15730:The Buddha & his disciples 15540:, Cambridge University Press, 15021:——— (2016). 14994:——— (2015). 14919:——— (2011). 14621:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008), 12725:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) 10367:Nagendra, Kumar Singh (1997). 9720:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 9526:, Dharma farer, archived from 9517:Tan, Piya (21 December 2009), 9250:Reynolds & Hallisey (2005) 8786:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 8493:Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri, 8305:, p. 398, entry "Buddha". 6803: 6175:Dedication of the Great Buddha 5925:Attack of Mara, 10th century, 5560:Standing Buddha from Gandhara. 5372:narrative scenes from his life 3695:argue that the Buddha died of 3513: 2855:representing the stage of his 2513:during the Buddha's lifetime. 1507: 1015:, and meditation, he attained 13: 1: 21838:Indian political philosophers 21020:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 18260:Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). 17739:A Course in Indian Philosophy 17728:, Boston: Wisdom Publications 17614:(master's thesis), Montreal, 17410:A Concise History of Buddhism 16752:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 15994:Gombrich, Richard F. (1988), 15953:Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998), 15728:Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) . 15692:, Columbia University Press, 15506:The Sociology of Philosophies 14444:, Columbia University Press, 13932:Buddhism and Political Theory 13887:Economic and Political Weekly 11542:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 8675:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). 8219:, Yale University Press, p.24 8015: 7269: 7228:The final dissolution of the 7136: 7091: 6760: 6753: 6360: 6307: 6103: 5949: 5875: 5820: 5777: 5698: 5669:6th century Gandharan Buddha. 5507: 5197:, who was also familiar with 5090: 4825:, the Buddha posed the first 4782:, the Buddha points out that 4575: 4431:, which is elaborated in the 4379:. Other early texts like the 4138:Buddha statue with the famed 3961:concludes that the Theravada 3858:The Buddha and early Buddhism 3805:Relics associated with Buddha 3273:The Theravāda Vinaya and the 3226:(Kaundinya) became the first 2924:meditation. According to the 2669:who have come to pay homage; 2505:was "an elected chief of the 2462:, the ancient capital of the 1973: 1945: 1938: 1927: 1916: 1797:in the first century CE. The 1674: 1665:"Sakamuni" is also mentioned 1586: 1440: – Worthy of homage. An 1422:Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi 1256: 1200:, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE 125: 101: 81:Archaeological Museum Sarnath 73: 21803:6th-century BC Indian people 21788:5th-century BC Indian people 20777:Buddhism and the Roman world 20753:Decline of Buddhism in India 20748:History of Buddhism in India 18848: Topics in 18502:Works by or about Shakyamuni 18437:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 18175:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17274:Journal of Indian Philosophy 17233:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17167:, Cambridge University Press 17033:Prebish, Charles S. (2008), 16939:K.R. Norman Collected Papers 16885:. New Delhi: BR Publishing. 16780:"Barlaam and Josaphat" 16721:"Two Birth Plates of Buddha" 16719:Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), 16673:Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), 16525:Leidy, Denise Patty (2008). 16422:Early Buddhist Narrative Art 16415:, University of Hawaii Press 16297:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), 15688:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), 15509:, Harvard University Press, 15393:Bucknell, Robert S. (1984), 14877: 14440:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), 12888:David J. Kalupahana (1975). 12162:, Access insight, verse 56, 10940:, Incitements to Leave Home. 10020:. Archana Verma. p. 1. 8451:, p. Entry "Tathāgata". 8117:, p. entry "Sakyamuni". 8020: 7775:Perspectives on Satipatthana 7059:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐɡɐʊtɐmɐ] 6926:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐgɐʊtɐmɐ] 6713: 4443:and the sixteen elements of 4315:Buddhist paths to liberation 3526:Stupa at the Indian Museum, 3245:Various sources such as the 2792:. He travelled to the river 2014: 1692:Oldest surviving manuscripts 1549:Pillar and rock inscriptions 1343:), "one who has thus come" ( 1314: 1230:(awakening, enlightenment). 593:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 21798:5th-century BC philosophers 19975:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 19715: 18217:Rockhill, William Woodville 17707:Waley, Arthur (July 1932), 16607:Malalasekera, G.P. (1960), 16478:India's Agony Over Religion 16452:, Oxford University Press, 16420:Karetzky, Patricia (2000), 16300:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times 16265:(in Sanskrit). p. 164. 15908:. Oxford University Press. 15883:An Introduction to Hinduism 15468:, Oxford University Press, 14607:10.1051/shsconf/20185304001 12854:, p. 173 with note 16. 12677:Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). 12423:(PDF) (2nd ed.), New York: 11720:Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995). 9225:Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). 8496:Great Virtues of the Buddha 7823: 7501:as well as sections of the 6500:List of Indian philosophers 6483: 6421:, written in German in 1922 6187: 5055: 5036: 4862:Other early texts like the 4742:92 and Vinaya i 246 of the 4467:The Bodhisattva meets with 4345:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 4117: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4085: 4028:Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta 4016: 3924: 3908: 3570:identifies six such sects. 3550:, who overthrew his father 3237: 3144:to his first five disciples 3016:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 2538: 2527: 1184:Etymology, names and titles 10: 21919: 21793:5th century BC in religion 20925:The unanswerable questions 18453:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 18351:Wagle, Narendra K (1995). 17472:Buddhisms: An Introduction 17419:The Early History of India 17042:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 16777:Mershman, Francis (1907). 16507:Laumakis, Stephen (2008), 16411:Kalupahana, David (1992), 16333:Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963), 16223:University of Hawaii Press 15998:, Routledge and Kegan Paul 15349:Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), 15248:Princeton University Press 14953:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 14816:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14129:Olivelle, Patrick (1974), 13970:Philosophy East & West 13964:Moore, Matthew J. (2015). 13930:Moore, Matthew J. (2016). 12735:Karunamuni ND (May 2015). 12425:Cambridge University Press 10432:Keown & Prebish (2013) 9897:Coningham & Young 2015 9743:Clasquin-Johnson, Michel. 9632:10.1177/037698360303000201 9053:Olivelle, Patrick (2008). 8970:. UW Press. Archived from 7111:Lumbini pillar inscription 6748:According to Pali scholar 6510:Miracles of Gautama Buddha 6286:A Journey of Samyak Buddha 6127: 6111:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5799:Amaravati style Buddha of 5629:Buddha statue from Sanchi. 5339: 5223: 5081:Gautama Buddha in Hinduism 5078: 5048: 4998:Buddhist monks from Nepal. 4987: 4972:Good karma is also termed 4711: 4555: 4327:) of training to undo the 4323:The Buddha taught a path ( 4312: 4075:(six sense bases) and the 3987: 3877: 3874:birchbark scroll fragments 3855: 3798: 3767:Buddha's cremation stupa, 3378:may be a standardisation. 3339:(25 km south-west of 2972:from a village girl named 2891:, as recreated by Emperor 2866:The Mahabodhi Tree at the 2832: 2829:Ascetic life and awakening 2697:impurity, is narrow – the 2650: 2102: 1963: 1860:, and during the reign of 1686:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho 1627:Lumbini pillar inscription 1583:Lumbini pillar inscription 1511: 1497: 1268:Lumbini pillar inscription 1031:, teaching and building a 995:, to royal parents of the 31: 21883:Seven Buddhas of the Past 21742: 21528: 21453: 21405: 21320: 21235: 21010:Buddhist temples in Korea 20933: 20835: 20718: 20415: 20343: 20170: 20043: 19983: 19618: 19573:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 19484: 19476:Three planes of existence 19424: 19269: 19161: 19091: 19083:Buddha in world religions 18945: 18890: 18862: 18794: 18781: 18633: 18584: 18571: 18563: 18558: 18548: 18543: 18535: 18528: 18201:Lamotte, Etienne (1988), 17981:Wynne, Alexander (2004), 17286:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8 17265:Shulman, Eviatar (2008), 17260:, Oxford University Press 17229:Schober, Juliane (2002), 17127:10.1017/s0041977x00017572 17095:Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984), 17081:, Oxford University Press 17077:Ray, Reginald A. (1999), 17072:, Oxford University Press 16964:Oxford English Dictionary 16734:: 113–119, archived from 16565:Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony 16534:Lopez, Donald S. (1995), 16529:. Shambhala Publications. 16433:. New York: Grove Press. 16377:Jurewicz, Joanna (2000), 15957:, Oxford University Press 15842:, Oxford University Press 15598:10.1017/s1356186300014760 15503:Collins, Randall (2009), 15494:Cohen, Robert S. (2006), 15327:"On Translating "Buddha"" 15295:: 105–118, archived from 15145:Baroni, Helen J. (2002), 15107:Armstrong, Karen (2000), 14720:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 14504:The Buddha and his Dharma 11538:Boisselier, Jean (1994). 10373:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism 10339:World Heritage Convention 10107:MN 71 Tevijjavacchagotta 9996:Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). 9414:"What the Buddha Thought" 9375:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7 8934:. Routledge. p. 64. 8689:10.1163/9789004315518_016 7716:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta 7660:can mean "pig's delight". 7518:a Chinese translation of 7317:Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini 7175:Oxford English Dictionary 7081:Buswell & Lopez (2014 7064:Buswell & Lopez (2014 7008:Buswell & Lopez (2014 6490:Buddhist pilgrimage sites 6379:The Buddha and His Dhamma 6300:The Buddha and His Dhamma 6181: 5226:Buddhism and Christianity 5016:32 Signs of the Great Man 4878:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta 4864:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta 4841:Socio-political teachings 4746:, the Buddha praises the 4178: 2952: 2937: 2835:Enlightenment in Buddhism 2590:"32 marks of a great man" 2466:Kingdom (what is now the 1887: 1494:" (ascetic, renunciate). 1296: 305: 301: 287: 282: 268: 263: 259: 255: 245: 235: 230: 222:Shakyamuni ("Sage of the 216: 205: 182: 166: 156: 146: 129: 483 BCE or 400 BCE 121: 105: 563 BCE or 480 BCE 93: 88: 54: 47: 21853:National heroes of Nepal 21673:Physical characteristics 20792:Persecution of Buddhists 20013:Four stages of awakening 19394:Three marks of existence 18980:Physical characteristics 18484:Works by or about Buddha 18414:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 18140:Epstein, Ronald (2003), 18028:Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009). 17854:, Motilall Banarsidass, 17724:Walshe, Maurice (1995), 17666:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 17492:Swearer, Donald (2004), 17408:Skilton, Andrew (2004), 16997:Penner, Hans H. (2009), 16468:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 16450:A Dictionary of Buddhism 16215:Hirakawa, Akira (1990), 15978:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15879:Flood, Gavin D. (1996). 15690:Indian Esoteric Buddhism 15672:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15648:Sacred Books of the East 15645:, in Müller, Max (ed.), 15428:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15316:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005a), 15098:Anderson, Carol (1999), 14976:, Windhorse Publications 14096:, pp. 146–148, 156. 13720:, pp. xxxiv–xxxvii. 13478:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 13333:, pp. 80, 128, 135. 13016:Mun-keat Choong (2000), 12754:10.1177/2158244015583860 12154:"Maha-parinibbana Sutta" 11540:The wisdom of the Buddha 9998:Investigating Indian Art 9620:Indian Historical Review 9614:Sarao, K. T. S. (2003), 8928:Leoshko, Janice (2017). 8483:Curzon Press 1995, p.227 8449:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8315:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8303:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8229:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8115:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8078:, pp. 5, 9, 10, 14. 7210:Buswell & Lopez 2014 6699:Keown & Prebish 2013 6667:Keown & Prebish 2013 6644:Keown & Prebish 2013 6515: 6495:Family of Gautama Buddha 6449: 6265:, a 2008 Indian film by 6123: 5582:, Egypt, 2nd century CE. 5189:even compared Buddha to 5149:could be a reference to 5128: 4984:Physical characteristics 4817:explains all classes or 4566:The Buddha on a coin of 4539:three marks of existence 4517:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3084:Five Spiritual Faculties 3054:) had been reached; the 2243:Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta 2237:, the Buddha's disciple 2138:Semi-legendary biography 2023:schools of thought like 1764:into his mother's womb. 1698:Gandhāran Buddhist texts 963:('the awakened'), was a 38:Gautama (disambiguation) 21570:ten principal disciples 20155:Ten principal disciples 19038:(aunt, adoptive mother) 18226:A Buddhist Kaleidoscope 18219:, London: Trübner, 1884 18116:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010 18096:10.3406/befeo.1975.3845 17962:Williams, Paul (2002). 17872:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17528:Trainor, Kevin (2010), 17510:Thapar, Romila (2004), 17501:Thapar, Romila (2002), 17416:Smith, Vincent (1924), 17343:Siderits, Mark (2019), 17242:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17005:Oxford University Press 16821:, Motilal Banarsidass, 16794:Muller, F. Max (2001), 16747:Monier-Williams, Monier 16475:Larson, Gerald (1995), 16099:What the Buddha thought 15955:Foundations of Buddhism 15939:, Sussex Academic Press 15462:Carrithers, M. (2001), 15325:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2020), 15307:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005), 14423:, Motilal Banarsidass, 14269:Encyclopedia Britannica 14150:3 February 2020 at the 13293:6 December 2019 at the 13284:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). 12842:, p. 305, note 19. 12383:Encyclopædia Britannica 12365:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12353:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12341:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12329:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12105:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12057:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12044:30 January 2020 at the 12037:Bhikkhu Sujato (2012), 12002:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11816:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11792:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11780:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11756:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11744:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11729:2 November 2022 at the 11646:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11622:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11586:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11465:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11453:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11401:Encyclopædia Britannica 11338:Encyclopædia Britannica 11082:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 10589:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 10014:Verma, Archana (2007). 9957:Stein & Arnold 2012 9851:, pp. 8–23, ch. 2. 9678:Buddhist Studies Review 9412:Eiland, Murray (2020). 9213:2 November 2022 at the 9198:, ix–x in "Forward" to 7246:Sanskrit pronunciation: 7180:Oxford University Press 6371:, an 1879 epic poem by 6213:, a 1972 drama film by 6144:Dhundiraj Govind Phalke 4965:) as outlined in MN 41 4769:were eternal revealed ( 4669:, is a later addition. 4425:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi 3615:, his chief attendant. 2624:post-canonical accounts 1995:(and, hence impure) in 1684:, with the inscription 1393:Perfectly self-awakened 613:Philosophical reasoning 34:Buddha (disambiguation) 20865:Buddhism and democracy 20378:Tibetan Buddhist canon 20373:Chinese Buddhist canon 19605:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 19600:Early Buddhist schools 18406:What the Buddha Taught 18090:(1), Persée: 151–189, 17836:Wayman, Alex (1984b), 17824:Wayman, Alex (1984a), 17648:Upadhyaya, KN (1971), 17315:Shults, Brett (2014), 17144:(1914), "B (b) 181.", 17097:A history of the Jains 16728:Indologica Taurinensia 16556:Ludden, David (1985), 16158:Hamilton, Sue (2000), 16133:India through the ages 16017:, Munshiram Manoharlal 15852:Banāras, City of Light 15580:Cousins, L.S. (1996). 15136:Bareau, André (1963), 14848:. BRILL. p. 135. 14598:SHS Web of Conferences 14142:Mazard, Eisel (2010). 13634:Harvey, Peter (1990). 12747:(2): 215824401558386. 12721:3 January 2018 at the 12419:Harvey, Peter (2013), 12216:– via BuddhaNet. 11951:Mahajan, V.D. (2016). 11251:– via BuddhaNet. 11048:, The Great Departure. 11024:, The Great Departure. 9363:Journal of Biosciences 9229:. First published in: 8811:"Definition of dhamma" 8467:13 August 2012 at the 6464:based on Arnold's poem 6460:, an 1886 oratorio by 6278:Sri Siddhartha Gautama 6070:Burmese style Buddha, 5941:Cambodian Buddha with 5909:Seated Buddha, Japan, 5866:Buddha in the exposed 5681:Buddha at Cave No. 6, 5594:Gandharan Buddha with 5391:Central Asian Buddhism 5250: 5076: 5064:Buddha incarnation of 4999: 4885:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, 4730: 4717:Critique of Brahmanism 4582: 4476: 4358:, which refers to the 4310: 4298: 4282:The path to liberation 4248: 4168: 4147: 3875: 3845:First Buddhist Council 3811:Mahaparinibbana sutta, 3791: 3772: 3754:immaterial attainments 3723:Mahaparinibbana sutta, 3715:Buddhist vegetarianism 3684: 3673: 3663: 3616: 3530: 3484: 3316: 3308: 3145: 2916: 2896: 2895:in the 3rd century BCE 2874: 2859: 2725: 2678: 2409: 2397: 2379: 2217:) being. According to 2194: 2168: 2163:, mid-1st century CE, 1980: 1646:Minor Rock Edict No. 3 1414: – Knower of the 1201: 1086:kindness toward others 1066:rebirth, and suffering 380:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 294: 275: 21843:Prophets in Ahmadiyya 21828:Founders of religions 20875:Eight Consciousnesses 18985:Life of Buddha in art 18334:. Delhi: Sri Satguru. 18171:Katz, Nathan (1982), 18110:(1), Persée: 45–103, 17868:Wayman, Alex (1997), 17733:Warder, A.K. (1998). 17534:, London: Routledge, 17476:Oneworld Publications 17465:, Motilal Banarsidass 17445:Oneworld Publications 17256:Sharma, R.S. (2006), 16928:Norman, K.R. (1997), 16853:Narain, A.K. (1993), 16786:Catholic Encyclopedia 16627:Mani, B. R. (2012) , 16262:Inscriptions of Asoka 16259:Hultzsch, E. (1925). 16167:Hartmann, Jens Uwe. " 15948:, Motilal Banarsidass 15935:Fowler, Mark (2005), 15868:Fausböll, V. (1878), 15807:Dundas, Paul (2002), 15636:– via Indology. 15555:Conze, Edward, trans. 15421:, Wisdom Publications 15376:, Motilal Banarsidass 15013:10.18573/j.2015.10216 14144:"The Buddha was bald" 13982:10.1353/pew.2015.0002 12379:"The Buddha's relics" 12198:"How the Buddha died" 11624:, pp. 48, 54–59. 7214:Ariyapariyesana Sutta 6790:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 6738:405: Richard Gombrich 6393:Hammalawa Saddhatissa 6237:as Prince Siddhartha. 6098:Head of Buddha, from 5702: 5th century CE 5641:Birth of the Buddha, 5393:, were influenced by 5350:Life of Buddha in art 5342:Aniconism in Buddhism 5289:Manifestations of God 5241: 5063: 4997: 4724: 4565: 4558:Presectarian Buddhism 4466: 4368:the awakening factors 4304: 4289: 4244: 4163: 4152:dependent origination 4134: 4127:Dependent Origination 3982:Gandharan Manuscripts 3930:dependent origination 3870: 3778: 3766: 3679: 3668: 3658: 3634:Mahaparinibbana sutta 3627:Mahaparinirvanasutra" 3622:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 3610: 3521: 3496:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī 3482: 3422:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta 3314: 3306: 3132: 3109:depict an attempt by 3080:Dependent Origination 3056:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2926:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2902: 2880: 2865: 2846: 2817:in the streets, King 2715: 2690:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2660: 2626:, Gotama had a wife, 2403: 2385: 2369: 2174: 2150: 2068:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta 1971: 1726:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1718:Ariyapariyesana Sutta 1543:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 1529:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1428:Satthadeva-Manussanam 1332:[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ] 1307:) means "Sage of the 1191: 1112:, describing how all 1110:dependent origination 648:Aids to Enlightenment 473:Dependent Origination 77: 5th century CE 21863:Philosophers of mind 21858:Philosophers of love 21548:Noble Eightfold Path 21352:East Asian religions 20782:Buddhism in the West 20353:Early Buddhist texts 19968:Four Right Exertions 19434:Ten spiritual realms 18927:Noble Eightfold Path 18773:The Buddha (Gautama) 18443:Robinson, Richard H. 18431:Kalupahana, David J. 18303:von Hinüber, Oskar. 18149:Jones, J.J. (1949), 17790:History of Religions 17463:Relics of the Buddha 17258:India's Ancient Past 16837:A Manual of Buddhism 16558:India and South Asia 16538:Buddhism in Practice 16366:The Eastern Buddhist 16342:Jones, J.J. (1952), 15382:Bronkhorst, Johannes 15370:Bronkhorst, Johannes 15320:, Simon and Schuster 15311:, Simon and Schuster 14120:, pp. 151, 167. 14084:, pp. 111, 125. 10950:Monier-Williams 1899 8604:Indo-Iranian Journal 7250:[ɕɑːkjəmuni] 6710:Conception and birth 6242:The Legend of Buddha 5893:Vairocana Buddha of 5617:period Buddha Triad. 5273:Barlaam and Josaphat 5253:The Christian saint 5199:Manichaean teachings 5111:and the concepts of 4765:caste held that the 4756:Brahmanical religion 4663:Lambert Schmithausen 4611:Lambert Schmithausen 4360:Noble Eightfold Path 4305:Buddha Statues from 4207:Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta 3942:Noble Eightfold Path 3892:("formations"), the 3880:Early Buddhist Texts 3424:, were converted by 3401:, and met with King 3288:Ādittapariyāya Sutta 3033:Noble Eightfold Path 2884:Enlightenment Throne 2620:early Buddhist Texts 2362:Birth and early life 2184:palm-leaf manuscript 1829:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra 1712:Biographical sources 1514:Early Buddhist texts 1398:Vijja-carana-sampano 1376:Bhagavato (Bhagavan) 1353:transitory phenomena 1304:[ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ] 1145:dialects through an 1090:meditative practices 1078:training of the mind 1074:Noble Eightfold Path 618:Devotional practices 441:Noble Eightfold Path 62:Statue of the Buddha 21873:Social philosophers 21823:Classical humanists 21607:Mahapajapati Gotami 21475:Religion portal 21222:Temple of the Tooth 21101:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 20140:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 19633:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 19416:Two truths doctrine 19236:Mahapajapati Gotamī 19036:Mahapajapati Gotamī 18804:Religion portal 18545:Buddhist Patriarch 18372:Weise, Kai (2013). 18122:Eade, J.C. (1995), 17886:Weise, Kai (2013), 17494:Becoming the Buddha 17201:Buddhism and Nature 16429:Keay, John (2011). 16305:Motilal Banarsidass 16007:, pp. 237–259. 15838:Dyson, Tim (2019), 15628:on 26 February 2011 15559:Buddhist Scriptures 15417:Buddhadasa (2017), 15204:, ed. (1991–1997), 14570:, pp. 231–232. 14190:, pp. 441–460. 14178:, pp. 137–138. 14017:, pp. 107–109. 13670:Schmithausen (1981) 13508:Schmithausen (1990) 13224:, pp. 83, 165. 13212:, pp. 217–218. 13104:, pp. 134–135. 13056:, pp. 146–147. 13044:, pp. 136–137. 13032:, pp. 119–120. 12941:, pp. 147–150. 12917:, pp. 135–136. 12817:, pp. 167–168. 12805:, pp. 141–142. 12410:, pp. 136–137. 12229:, pp. 343–354. 12208:on 14 November 2012 12119:, pp. 165–166. 12107:, pp. 286–288. 11929:, pp. 232–233. 11893:, pp. 111–112. 11672:, pp. 291–292. 11670:Malalasekera (1960) 11636:, pp. 116–117. 11334:"Four Noble Truths" 11192:, pp. 234–235. 10461:, pp. 436–437. 9800:, pp. 199–200. 9553:, pp. 140–152. 9486:on 26 November 2013 9480:National Geographic 9303:, pp. 187–201. 8585:, pp. 198–206. 8182:, pp. 4–7, 44. 7652:, "pig's foot" and 7575:Schmithausen (1981) 7178:(Online ed.). 7126:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 6685:, p. 108), or 6231:Bernardo Bertolucci 6140:Life of Lord Buddha 5913:, 9th－10th century. 5403:East Asian Buddhist 5397:, a style known as 5336:Artistic depictions 5294:Some early Chinese 5072:, Medieval period. 4868:Mahāsudassana Sutta 4671:Johannes Bronkhorst 4493:Johannes Bronkhorst 4449:, as taught in the 4319:Buddhist meditation 4156:evam sati idam hoti 3852:Teachings and views 3556:Samaññaphala Sutta, 3554:. According to the 3374:dialects, of which 3264:Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra 3198:Deer Park (Sarnath) 3119:touching the ground 3062:tree—known as "the 2630:, and a son, named 2525:(Solar dynasty) of 2348:) and the Sanskrit 2111:Second Urbanisation 1799:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1776:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1758:Achariyabhuta Sutta 1742:Achariyabhuta Sutta 1642:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 1430: – Teacher of 1286:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 1029:Indo-Gangetic Plain 969:Indian subcontinent 918:Buddhism portal 791:Buddhism by country 553:Sanskrit literature 21587:Great Renunciation 21582:Eight Great Events 21397:Western philosophy 20995:Dzong architecture 20817:Vipassana movement 20812:Buddhist modernism 20240:Emperor Wen of Sui 20008:Pratyekabuddhayāna 19941:Threefold Training 19743:Vipassana movement 19459:Hungry Ghost realm 19279:Avidyā (Ignorance) 19226:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 18975:Great Renunciation 18970:Eight Great Events 18852: 18160:Kala, U. (2006) , 17676:von Hinüber, Oskar 17605:Turpie, D (2001), 17429:A History of India 17303:on 23 October 2022 17063:on 28 January 2012 16798:, Routledge (UK), 16591:, Grantha Mandir, 16015:How Buddhism Began 15775:on 28 October 2013 15125:Asvaghosa (1883), 14419:C. Sharma (2013), 13753:, pp. 85, 88. 13345:, pp. 23, 37. 11237:Life of the Buddha 10577:Hiltebeitel (2013) 10413:on 31 October 2012 9814:. Study Buddhism. 9731:Jayatilleke (1963) 9696:on 1 November 2020 9165:Wynne, Alexander. 9119:, pp. 34, 48. 8583:von Hinüber (2008) 8481:The Selfless Mind. 8460:Chalmers, Robert. 8215:Donald Lopez Jr., 7538:Samaññaphala Sutta 7533:Mahāsaccaka-sutta, 7520:Mahāsīhanāda-sutta 6714:Birthplace Sources 6681:, pp. 61–74; 6441:, a 1981 novel by 6356:in the title role. 6250:The Life of Buddha 6150:in the title role. 6100:Hadda, Afghanistan 5955:, Banteay Chhmar, 5399:Greco-Buddhist art 5387:Gandharan Buddhism 5251: 5077: 5045:In other religions 5020:mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa 5000: 4920:In another sutta ( 4731: 4605:, and the Chinese 4583: 4514:sources, like the 4477: 4440:Satipatthana Sutta 4407:(mindfulness) and 4376:Samaññaphala Sutta 4311: 4299: 4148: 4115:), consciousness ( 3876: 3872:Gandharan Buddhist 3792: 3773: 3758:nirodha-samāpatti, 3685: 3674: 3617: 3568:Samaññaphala Sutta 3531: 3485: 3317: 3309: 3275:Catusparisat-sūtra 3255:Catusparisat-sūtra 3168:Catusparisat-sūtra 3166:discourse, in the 3146: 2917: 2897: 2875: 2860: 2839:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2806:deity at Anomiya. 2726: 2679: 2653:Great Renunciation 2519:hereditary monarch 2468:Rupandehi District 2410: 2398: 2380: 2283:Michael Carrithers 2195: 2169: 2072:Samaññaphala Sutta 1981: 1959:Historical context 1503:Historical sources 1240:) from falsehood. 1202: 957:Siddhartha Gautama 405:Buddhist modernism 276:Siddhārtha Gautama 98:Siddhartha Gautama 21813:Avatars of Vishnu 21770: 21769: 21543:Four Noble Truths 21483: 21482: 21121:Om mani padme hum 20827:Women in Buddhism 20743:Buddhist councils 20613:Western countries 20401:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 20162:Shaolin Monastery 19739:Samatha-vipassanā 19349:Pratītyasamutpāda 19153:Metteyya/Maitreya 19071: 19063: 19055: 19047: 19039: 19031: 19023: 18900:Four Noble Truths 18810: 18809: 18594: 18593: 18585:Succeeded by 18549:Succeeded by 18479:Project Gutenberg 18460:978-0-534-20718-2 18385:978-92-3-001208-3 18364:978-81-7154-553-7 18296:978-1-85168-184-6 18273:978-1-4008-7908-3 18253:978-81-317-1677-9 18193:978-0-8006-9748-8 18133:978-90-04-10437-2 18006:978-0-203-96300-5 17973:978-0-415-20701-0 17943:on 27 August 2014 17933:978-1-886439-42-9 17912:on 30 August 2014 17902:978-92-3-001208-3 17895:, Paris: UNESCO, 17879:978-81-208-1321-2 17861:978-81-208-0675-7 17748:978-81-208-1244-4 17659:978-81-208-0880-5 17641:978-0-521-24327-8 17541:978-1-136-98588-1 17485:978-1-78074-506-0 17454:978-1-78074-054-6 17249:978-81-208-1817-0 17014:978-0-19-538582-3 16989:978-0-7619-9664-4 16846:978-967-9920-58-1 16828:978-81-208-0272-8 16741:on 4 October 2012 16642:A Guide To Sanchi 16549:978-0-691-04442-2 16518:978-0-521-85413-9 16488:978-0-7914-2411-7 16440:978-0-8021-9550-0 16314:978-81-208-0805-8 16196:978-1-136-87597-7 16175:, pp. 27–45. 16151:978-0-9789067-7-1 16078:978-1-134-21718-2 16045:978-1-134-19639-5 15987:978-0-02-865910-7 15915:978-0-19-026692-9 15894:978-0-521-43878-0 15824:978-0-415-26606-2 15768:978-955-24-0104-6 15699:978-0-231-12618-2 15561:, London: Penguin 15547:978-0-521-84697-4 15516:978-0-674-02977-4 15475:978-0-02-865910-7 15455:978-0-691-15786-3 15437:978-0-02-865910-7 15362:978-0-88920-257-3 15196:, London: Trübner 15167:978-0-307-77879-6 15118:978-0-7538-1340-9 15075:978-3-89733-415-1 15051:978-1-5404-1050-4 15032:978-3-89733-387-1 14972:Analayo (2013c), 14708:www.info-sikh.com 14634:978-0-231-70094-8 14476:978-81-7154-807-1 14450:978-0-231-14987-7 14429:978-81-208-0365-7 14408:978-0-415-77227-3 14343:978-0-19-959334-7 14309:978-0-19-935971-4 14166:, pp. 23–24. 13941:978-0-19-046551-3 13851:, pp. 33–34. 13766:Kalupahana (1992) 13730:Bronkhorst (1993) 13542:Bronkhorst (1993) 13420:Bronkhorst (1993) 13369:, pp. 9, 36. 13355:Bronkhorst (1993) 13176:, pp. 63–64. 13140:, pp. 73–74. 13128:, pp. 62–64. 12994:, pp. 19–20. 12970:, pp. 9, 67. 12901:978-0-8248-0298-1 12826:Hajime Nakamura. 12690:978-1-119-14466-3 12516:, pp. 32–33. 12433:978-0-521-85942-4 11845:, pp. 40–41. 11794:, pp. 79–83. 11588:, pp. 44–45. 11467:, pp. 30–35. 11371:Access to Insight 11322:, pp. 74–75. 11267:Access to Insight 11233:"The Golden Bowl" 11168:, pp. 19–20. 11012:, pp. 15–16. 10901:, pp. 39–40. 10838:, pp. 45–46. 10717:, pp. 11–12. 10654:, pp. 49–50. 10642:, pp. 14–15. 10486:Huntington (1986) 10382:978-81-7488-168-7 10195:Carrithers (2001) 10171:Carrithers (2001) 10161:, pp. 64–65. 10122:Access to Insight 10089:on 9 January 2016 10069:Tan, Piya (trans) 10027:978-1-4073-0151-8 9533:on 9 January 2016 9461:, pp. 37–58. 9288:, pp. 82–87. 9274:Bechert 1991–1997 9264:, pp. 10–13. 9064:978-0-8147-6216-5 8941:978-1-351-55030-7 8902:978-981-15-8067-3 8863:Access to Insight 8796:978-0-271-03803-2 8757:978-0-691-17632-1 8698:978-90-04-31551-8 8662:, pp. 46–47. 8257:978-81-208-3105-6 8170:, pp. 40–41. 8042:, pp. 57–63. 7596:Bronkhorst (1993) 7491:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 7452:"Hindu-synthesis" 7186:(Subscription or 7115:Buddha Shakyamuni 7105:). Particularly, 6478:Dinesh Subasinghe 6457:The Light of Asia 6368:The Light of Asia 6262:Tathagatha Buddha 6233:, the film stars 6229:, a 1994 film by 6198:Gotoma the Buddha 6160:The Light of Asia 5744:Seated Buddha at 5697:Standing Buddha, 5546:Satavahana period 5330:Guru Gobind Singh 5243:Christ and Buddha 4896:Worldly happiness 4627:Scholars such as 4452:Anapanasati Sutta 4356:Four Noble Truths 4276:anti-essentialist 3938:Four Noble Truths 3809:According to the 3795:Posthumous events 3693:Oskar von Hinüber 3372:Middle Indo-Aryan 3323:, in what is now 3142:Four Noble Truths 3013:According to the 3002:Four Noble Truths 2965:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 2887:of the Buddha at 2572:Buddha's Birthday 2393:'s birthplace in 2299:and the Sanskrit 2125:(the location of 2070:, as recorded in 2064:Pakudha Kaccāyana 2060:Ajita Kesakambalī 1847:Historical person 1740:(DN 14), and the 1734:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 1631:Buddha Shakyamuni 1524:Oskar von Hinüber 1272:Buddha Shakyamuni 1143:Middle Indo-Aryan 1070:Four Noble Truths 991:, in what is now 965:wandering ascetic 954: 953: 436:Four Noble Truths 309: 308: 295:Siddhattha Gotama 16:(Redirected from 21910: 21833:Indian ethicists 21760: 21759: 21750: 21749: 21646:pilgrimage sites 21641:Mahabodhi Temple 21510: 21503: 21496: 21487: 21486: 21473: 21472: 21461: 21460: 21300:Sacred languages 21148:Maya Devi Temple 21111:Mahabodhi Temple 20915:Secular Buddhism 20880:Engaged Buddhism 19720: 19568:Tibetan Buddhism 19519:Vietnamese Thiền 19118:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 19069: 19061: 19053: 19045: 19037: 19029: 19021: 18870: 18869: 18857: 18847: 18837: 18830: 18823: 18814: 18813: 18802: 18801: 18620: 18613: 18606: 18597: 18596: 18581: 18564:Preceded by 18536:Preceded by 18526: 18525: 18506:Internet Archive 18497:Internet Archive 18488:Internet Archive 18464: 18452: 18438: 18424:Buddhism general 18419: 18410: 18389: 18368: 18347: 18335: 18316: 18299: 18288: 18277: 18256: 18229: 18220: 18215:, translated by 18206: 18197: 18176: 18167: 18163:Maha Yazawin Gyi 18156: 18145: 18136: 18118: 18098: 18069: 18067: 18065: 18024: 18023: 18021: 18015: 17998: 17986: 17977: 17964:Buddhist Thought 17958: 17952: 17944: 17942: 17936:, archived from 17925: 17913: 17911: 17905:, archived from 17894: 17882: 17864: 17840: 17828: 17820: 17784: 17782: 17780: 17761: 17752: 17729: 17720: 17703: 17701: 17699: 17671: 17662: 17644: 17626: 17625:on 15 April 2007 17624: 17613: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17592: 17581: 17571: 17570:on 18 March 2012 17569: 17554: 17544: 17524: 17506: 17497: 17488: 17466: 17457: 17432: 17423: 17412: 17404: 17403: 17401: 17376: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17339: 17338: 17336: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17302: 17296:, archived from 17271: 17261: 17252: 17234: 17225: 17219: 17211: 17195: 17189: 17181: 17168: 17161:Samuel, Geoffrey 17156: 17137: 17109: 17108: 17091: 17082: 17073: 17064: 17062: 17056:, archived from 17039: 17029: 17028: 17026: 16993: 16981: 16967: 16954: 16947:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu 16942: 16933: 16924: 16902:Social Scientist 16896: 16877: 16876: 16874: 16849: 16831: 16813:Nakamura, Hajime 16808: 16790: 16782: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16764: 16757: 16742: 16740: 16725: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16706: 16699: 16679: 16669: 16663: 16655: 16646: 16632: 16623: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16581: 16572: 16560: 16552: 16541: 16530: 16521: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16471: 16462: 16444: 16431:India: A History 16425: 16416: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16398: 16383: 16373: 16360: 16349: 16338: 16329: 16328: 16326: 16293: 16291: 16276: 16266: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16181:Hiltebeitel, Alf 16176: 16163: 16154: 16136: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16102: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16061: 16059: 16057: 16027: 16018: 16008: 15999: 15990: 15972: 15966: 15958: 15949: 15940: 15931: 15929: 15927: 15898: 15886: 15875: 15864: 15843: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15813:(2nd ed.), 15803: 15776: 15771:, archived from 15751: 15724: 15707:de Bary, William 15702: 15684: 15666: 15660: 15652: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15624:. Archived from 15576: 15570: 15562: 15550: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15499: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15458: 15440: 15422: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15389: 15377: 15365: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15321: 15312: 15303: 15301: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15266: 15245: 15231: 15218: 15209: 15197: 15183: 15181: 15179: 15150: 15141: 15132: 15121: 15103: 15094: 15092: 15090: 15084: 15067: 15055: 15036: 15017: 15015: 14990: 14977: 14968: 14947: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14915: 14904:Anālayo, Bhikkhu 14899: 14890: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14839: 14822: 14821: 14807: 14801: 14800: 14780: 14774: 14773:, pp. 1–40. 14768: 14762: 14756: 14750: 14744: 14738: 14732: 14726: 14725: 14719: 14711: 14700: 14694: 14687: 14681: 14678:Twitchett (1986) 14675: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14654:Macdonnel (1900) 14651: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14589: 14583: 14577: 14571: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14554: 14526: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14495: 14489: 14488: 14459: 14453: 14438: 14432: 14417: 14411: 14396: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14366: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14355: 14327: 14321: 14320: 14316:nastika darshana 14295: 14289: 14288: 14282: 14280: 14260: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14212: 14206: 14203:Hiltebeitel 2013 14200: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14140: 14134: 14127: 14121: 14115: 14109: 14103: 14097: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14073: 14067: 14061: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14039: 14036: 14030: 14024: 14018: 14012: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14001: 13961: 13946: 13945: 13927: 13921: 13914: 13908: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13840: 13833: 13814: 13808: 13802: 13796: 13790: 13787: 13781: 13775: 13769: 13763: 13754: 13748: 13742: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13721: 13715: 13709: 13703: 13697: 13691: 13685: 13679: 13673: 13667: 13658: 13657: 13645: 13639: 13632: 13626: 13619:Gombrich (2006b) 13616: 13610: 13604: 13598: 13592: 13586: 13580: 13574: 13568: 13562: 13556: 13545: 13539: 13530: 13524: 13511: 13505: 13499: 13493: 13484: 13483: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13461:Nirbhay N. Singh 13456: 13450: 13444: 13438: 13432: 13423: 13417: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13264: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13234: 13225: 13219: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13153: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13129: 13123: 13117: 13111: 13105: 13099: 13093: 13087: 13081: 13075: 13069: 13063: 13057: 13051: 13045: 13039: 13033: 13027: 13021: 13014: 13008: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12953: 12942: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12905: 12885: 12879: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12831: 12824: 12818: 12815:Frauwallner 1973 12812: 12806: 12800: 12791: 12785: 12774: 12768: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12732: 12726: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12572: 12566: 12560: 12554: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12468: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12441: 12435: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12374: 12368: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12344: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12257: 12251: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12204:. Archived from 12193: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12150: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12072: 12066: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12035: 12029: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12005: 11999: 11993: 11987: 11981: 11975: 11969: 11963: 11957: 11956: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11858: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11828: 11819: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11735: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11601: 11595: 11589: 11583: 11577: 11571: 11562: 11561: 11535: 11516: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11363: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11259: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11229: 11223: 11217: 11208: 11202: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11154:Armstrong (2000) 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11094:Upadhyaya (1971) 11091: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11025: 11019: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10986:Alexander (2019) 10983: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10929: 10923: 10914: 10908: 10902: 10896: 10887: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10802: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10693:, pp. 9–12. 10688: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10474: 10468: 10462: 10456: 10450: 10444: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10403: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10364: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10331: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10186: 10183:Armstrong (2000) 10180: 10174: 10168: 10162: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10114: 10108: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10080:The Dharmafarers 10077: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9960: 9954: 9945: 9939: 9930: 9924: 9915: 9909: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9692:. Archived from 9669: 9658: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9577:, p. xlvii. 9572: 9566: 9563:Rawlinson (1950) 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9525: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9482:. Archived from 9471: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9234: 9223: 9217: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9069: 9068: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8722: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8672: 8663: 8657: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8610:(2–3): 287–310. 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8508: 8502:, Dhamma talks, 8501: 8490: 8484: 8477: 8471: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8396: 8390: 8379: 8378: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8289: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8241: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8010: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7909: 7903: 7883: 7877: 7857:Richard Gombrich 7849: 7843: 7826: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7778: 7773:Anālayo (2014). 7769: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7642: 7636: 7610: 7604: 7590:Gombrich (2006a) 7563: 7557: 7529: 7523: 7516: 7510: 7499:Ekottarika-āgama 7487: 7481: 7472: 7455: 7432: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7309: 7303: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7226: 7220: 7207: 7201: 7191: 7183: 7171: 7141: 7138: 7123:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 7096: 7093: 7088:Edicts of Ashoka 7061: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 6995: 6989: 6984:Buddhadasa (2017 6938: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6786: 6780: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6727: 6716: 6581: 6566: 6525: 6336:and narrated by 6192: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6108: 6105: 6095: 6083: 6072:Shwedagon pagoda 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5967: 5954: 5951: 5938: 5922: 5906: 5890: 5880: 5877: 5863: 5835: 5825: 5822: 5812: 5796: 5782: 5779: 5773: 5757: 5741: 5725: 5713: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5638: 5626: 5611: 5591: 5578:, discovered in 5569: 5557: 5537: 5525: 5512: 5509: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5212:by the minority 5133:Islamic prophet 5095: 5092: 5039: 4914:Sigālovāda Sutta 4788:animal sacrifice 4637:Richard Gombrich 4629:Richard Gombrich 4595:Mulasarvastivada 4580: 4577: 4485:Uddaka Rāmaputta 4122: 4114: 4106: 4099:), perceptions ( 4098: 4090: 4019: 4000:("formations"), 3954:Śālistamba Sūtra 3927: 3911: 3240: 3218:Vinaya, and the 3211:Ekottarika-āgama 3163:Ekottarika-āgama 3157:Brahmā Sahampati 3076:River Nairañjanā 2954: 2945:Udraka Rāmaputra 2939: 2868:Mahabodhi Temple 2553:Vedic Brahmanism 2541: 2530: 2190:, Bihar, India. 2090:Uddaka Rāmaputta 2042:Brahmajala Sutta 1978: 1975: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1789:. Of these, the 1754:Mahāpadāna Sutta 1738:Mahapadana Sutta 1679: 1676: 1639:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1619:Edicts of Ashoka 1602:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1591: 1588: 1572: 1561: 1518:On the basis of 1457:in the religion 1367:A list of other 1334: 1329: 1306: 1300: 1283:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1276: 1261: 1258: 1253:Edicts of Ashoka 1225: 1082:ethical training 946: 939: 932: 916: 915: 643:Sublime abidings 334: 311: 310: 297: 278: 217:Other names 130: 127: 106: 103: 78: 75: 59: 45: 44: 21: 21918: 21917: 21913: 21912: 21911: 21909: 21908: 21907: 21848:Miracle workers 21773: 21772: 21771: 21766: 21738: 21524: 21514: 21484: 21479: 21467: 21449: 21401: 21316: 21231: 20968:Ordination hall 20929: 20831: 20802:Buddhist crisis 20714: 20411: 20363:Mahayana sutras 20339: 20335:Thích Nhất Hạnh 20166: 20039: 19979: 19929:Bodhisattva vow 19614: 19480: 19420: 19379:Taṇhā (Craving) 19314:Five hindrances 19265: 19157: 19087: 18941: 18886: 18858: 18841: 18811: 18806: 18796: 18790: 18777: 18629: 18624: 18590: 18577: 18576: 18569: 18554: 18552:Maitreya Buddha 18541: 18530:Buddhist titles 18475:Works by Buddha 18471: 18461: 18441: 18429: 18413: 18401:Rahula, Walpola 18399: 18386: 18371: 18365: 18350: 18340:Ñāṇamoli Bhikku 18338: 18326: 18297: 18274: 18254: 18209: 18194: 18134: 18077: 18075:Further reading 18072: 18063: 18061: 18034:Islamic Studies 18019: 18017: 18013: 18007: 17996: 17974: 17946: 17945: 17940: 17934: 17923: 17909: 17903: 17892: 17880: 17862: 17778: 17776: 17768:Indian Buddhism 17758:Indian Buddhism 17749: 17697: 17695: 17660: 17642: 17622: 17611: 17596: 17594: 17590: 17579: 17567: 17552: 17542: 17522: 17486: 17455: 17399: 17397: 17358: 17356: 17334: 17332: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17269: 17250: 17213: 17212: 17183: 17182: 17142:Sahni, Daya Ram 17106:10.1.1.132.6107 17060: 17037: 17024: 17022: 17015: 16990: 16914:10.2307/3518337 16893: 16872: 16870: 16847: 16835:Narada (1992), 16829: 16806: 16768: 16766: 16762: 16755: 16738: 16723: 16710: 16708: 16704: 16677: 16657: 16656: 16621: 16598: 16596: 16550: 16519: 16498: 16496: 16489: 16460: 16441: 16402: 16400: 16396: 16381: 16324: 16322: 16315: 16289: 16274: 16250: 16248: 16241: 16206: 16204: 16197: 16152: 16121: 16119: 16088: 16086: 16079: 16055: 16053: 16046: 15988: 15960: 15959: 15925: 15923: 15916: 15895: 15862: 15829: 15827: 15825: 15801: 15769: 15740: 15721: 15700: 15682: 15654: 15653: 15631: 15629: 15564: 15563: 15548: 15526: 15524: 15517: 15485: 15483: 15476: 15456: 15438: 15408: 15406: 15363: 15340: 15338: 15302:on 9 April 2015 15299: 15284: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15258: 15243: 15177: 15175: 15168: 15119: 15088: 15086: 15082: 15076: 15065: 15052: 15033: 14932: 14930: 14880: 14875: 14865: 14863: 14856: 14840: 14825: 14809: 14808: 14804: 14797: 14781: 14777: 14771:Marshall (1960) 14769: 14765: 14757: 14753: 14745: 14741: 14733: 14729: 14713: 14712: 14704:"Chaubis Avtar" 14702: 14701: 14697: 14688: 14684: 14676: 14672: 14666:Mershman (1907) 14664: 14660: 14652: 14648: 14639: 14637: 14635: 14619: 14615: 14590: 14586: 14582:, pp. 376. 14578: 14574: 14566: 14562: 14552: 14550: 14543: 14527: 14523: 14513: 14511: 14498:Ambedkar, B.R. 14496: 14492: 14477: 14460: 14456: 14439: 14435: 14418: 14414: 14400:The Hindu World 14397: 14393: 14383: 14381: 14368: 14367: 14363: 14353: 14351: 14344: 14328: 14324: 14310: 14296: 14292: 14278: 14276: 14261: 14257: 14249: 14245: 14237: 14233: 14227:Vijay Nath 2001 14225: 14221: 14213: 14209: 14201: 14194: 14186: 14182: 14176:Anālayo (2017b) 14174: 14170: 14164:Dhammika (n.d.) 14162: 14158: 14152:Wayback Machine 14141: 14137: 14128: 14124: 14116: 14112: 14104: 14100: 14092: 14088: 14080: 14076: 14068: 14064: 14056: 14052: 14048:Wissenschaften. 14046: 14042: 14037: 14033: 14025: 14021: 14013: 14009: 13999: 13997: 13962: 13949: 13942: 13928: 13924: 13916:Kancha Ilaiah, 13915: 13911: 13906: 13902: 13883: 13879: 13871: 13867: 13859: 13855: 13847: 13843: 13834: 13817: 13809: 13805: 13797: 13793: 13788: 13784: 13776: 13772: 13764: 13757: 13749: 13745: 13740: 13736: 13728: 13724: 13716: 13712: 13704: 13700: 13692: 13688: 13680: 13676: 13668: 13661: 13646: 13642: 13633: 13629: 13617: 13613: 13605: 13601: 13593: 13589: 13581: 13577: 13571:Davidson (2003) 13569: 13565: 13557: 13548: 13540: 13533: 13527:Gombrich (1997) 13525: 13514: 13506: 13502: 13494: 13487: 13476: 13472: 13457: 13453: 13445: 13441: 13433: 13426: 13418: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13389: 13385: 13379:Gombrich (2009) 13377: 13373: 13367:Gombrich (2009) 13365: 13361: 13353: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13331:Anālayo (2017a) 13329: 13325: 13317: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13295:Wayback Machine 13283: 13279: 13271: 13267: 13259: 13255: 13247: 13243: 13237:Bucknell (1984) 13235: 13228: 13220: 13216: 13208: 13204: 13196: 13192: 13184: 13180: 13172: 13168: 13162:Anālayo (2013a) 13160: 13156: 13148: 13144: 13138:Gombrich (2009) 13136: 13132: 13126:Gombrich (2009) 13124: 13120: 13114:Hamilton (2000) 13112: 13108: 13100: 13096: 13088: 13084: 13078:Hamilton (2000) 13076: 13072: 13064: 13060: 13052: 13048: 13040: 13036: 13030:Gombrich (2009) 13028: 13024: 13015: 13011: 13002: 12998: 12992:Hamilton (2000) 12990: 12986: 12980:Gombrich (2009) 12978: 12974: 12968:Gombrich (2009) 12966: 12962: 12954: 12945: 12937: 12933: 12925: 12921: 12913: 12909: 12902: 12886: 12882: 12874: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12850: 12846: 12838: 12834: 12825: 12821: 12813: 12809: 12801: 12794: 12788:Gombrich (2009) 12786: 12777: 12771:Hamilton (2000) 12769: 12762: 12733: 12729: 12723:Wayback Machine 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12691: 12675: 12671: 12665:Gombrich (2009) 12663: 12659: 12651: 12647: 12641:Gombrich (2009) 12639: 12635: 12629:Gombrich (2009) 12627: 12623: 12617:Gombrich (2009) 12615: 12611: 12605:Gombrich (2009) 12603: 12599: 12593:Gombrich (2009) 12591: 12587: 12579: 12575: 12567: 12563: 12557:Siderits (2019) 12555: 12532: 12524: 12520: 12512: 12508: 12500: 12496: 12486: 12484: 12469: 12465: 12457: 12453: 12442: 12438: 12418: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12377:Lopez, Donald. 12375: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12351: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12303: 12299: 12291: 12287: 12281:Schumann (2003) 12279: 12275: 12267: 12260: 12254:Schumann (2003) 12252: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12225: 12221: 12211: 12209: 12194: 12190: 12182: 12178: 12169: 12167: 12152: 12151: 12147: 12141:Schumann (2003) 12139: 12135: 12129:Schumann (2003) 12127: 12123: 12115: 12111: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12079: 12075: 12069:Schumann (2003) 12067: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12046:Wayback Machine 12036: 12032: 12026:Schumann (2003) 12024: 12020: 12014:Schumann (2003) 12012: 12008: 12000: 11996: 11988: 11984: 11978:Schumann (2003) 11976: 11972: 11966:Schumann (2003) 11964: 11960: 11949: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11927:Schumann (2003) 11925: 11921: 11913: 11909: 11901: 11897: 11889: 11885: 11879:Anālayo (2013b) 11877: 11873: 11865: 11861: 11853: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11829: 11822: 11814: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11778: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11754: 11750: 11742: 11738: 11731:Wayback Machine 11719: 11715: 11707: 11703: 11697:Schumann (2003) 11695: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11668: 11664: 11656: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11596: 11592: 11584: 11580: 11572: 11565: 11550: 11536: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11499: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11475: 11471: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11443:, pp. 8–9. 11439: 11435: 11427: 11420: 11410: 11408: 11395: 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11365: 11364: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11332:Lopez, Donald. 11330: 11326: 11320:Williams (2002) 11318: 11314: 11308:Anderson (1999) 11306: 11302: 11294: 11290: 11280: 11278: 11261: 11260: 11256: 11246: 11244: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11218: 11211: 11203: 11196: 11188: 11184: 11178:Hirakawa (1990) 11176: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11152: 11148: 11142:Schumann (2003) 11140: 11136: 11128: 11124: 11118:Schumann (2003) 11116: 11112: 11106:Laumakis (2008) 11104: 11100: 11092: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11070:Marshall (1918) 11068: 11064: 11058:Hirakawa (1990) 11056: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11032: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11008: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10984: 10980: 10974:Beckwith (2015) 10972: 10968: 10962:Analayo (2013c) 10960: 10956: 10948: 10944: 10936: 10932: 10926:Schumann (2003) 10924: 10917: 10909: 10905: 10897: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10870: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10836:Schumann (2003) 10834: 10830: 10824:Schumann (2003) 10822: 10818: 10803: 10796: 10788: 10784: 10776: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10751:Schumann (2003) 10749: 10745: 10737: 10733: 10727:Hamilton (2000) 10725: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10701: 10697: 10689: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10652:Gombrich (1988) 10650: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10628:Dhammika (n.d.) 10626: 10622: 10616:Hirakawa (1990) 10614: 10607: 10599: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10563: 10552: 10546:Hirakawa (1990) 10544: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10484: 10477: 10471:Nakamura (1980) 10469: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10445: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10416: 10414: 10405: 10404: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10365: 10358: 10348: 10346: 10333: 10332: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10303: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10279: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10226:. 13 March 2015 10224:British Library 10218: 10217: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10193: 10189: 10181: 10177: 10169: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10131: 10129: 10116: 10115: 10111: 10106: 10102: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10075: 10066: 10062: 10054: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10028: 10012: 10008: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9972:Bronkhorst 2011 9970: 9963: 9955: 9948: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9918: 9910: 9903: 9895: 9891: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9859: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9837:Nakamura (1980) 9835: 9831: 9821: 9819: 9808: 9804: 9796: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9713: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9670: 9661: 9655:Gombrich (1988) 9653: 9646: 9612: 9608: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9505:Gombrich (2013) 9503: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9472: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9447:Schumann (2003) 9445: 9441: 9431: 9429: 9410: 9406: 9359: 9355: 9347: 9343: 9337:Gombrich (2000) 9335: 9331: 9325:Gombrich (1992) 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9262:Schumann (2003) 9260: 9256: 9252:, p. 1061. 9248: 9237: 9224: 9220: 9215:Wayback Machine 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9163: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9131:, pp. 1–5. 9129:Schumann (2003) 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9081:Karetzky (2000) 9079: 9072: 9065: 9051: 9047: 9041:Willemen (2009) 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9011: 9003: 8999: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8942: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8903: 8887: 8883: 8873: 8871: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8845:Dhammika (1993) 8843: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8765: 8758: 8742: 8738: 8726: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8708: 8706: 8699: 8673: 8666: 8658: 8651: 8643: 8639: 8596:Witzel, Michael 8593: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8557: 8555: 8548: 8525: 8521: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8478: 8474: 8469:Wayback Machine 8459: 8455: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8422:Hultzsch (1925) 8420: 8416: 8408: 8399: 8391: 8382: 8371: 8367: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8292: 8284: 8277: 8267: 8265: 8258: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8145: 8139:Laumakis (2008) 8137: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8101: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7910: 7906: 7884: 7880: 7864:Indian Buddhism 7850: 7846: 7799: 7795: 7780: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7742:Mo-ho chih-kuan 7736:, Kamalasila's 7727: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7696:consciousness!" 7694: 7690: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7650:suukara-paadika 7643: 7639: 7611: 7607: 7602:Anderson (1999) 7599: 7593: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7513: 7488: 7484: 7473: 7458: 7436:Geoffrey Samuel 7433: 7429: 7419: 7415: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7324:Geoffrey Samuel 7322: 7320: 7310: 7306: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7272: 7267:Rummindei Edict 7260: 7256: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7208: 7204: 7185: 7146:, p. 164)) 7139: 7134:Rummindei Edict 7094: 7054: 7041: 7017: 7013: 6996: 6992: 6939: 6932: 6921: 6899: 6881: 6869: 6845: 6837: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6787: 6783: 6763: 6756: 6728: 6719: 6703:Huntington 1986 6695:Huntington 1986 6683:Srivastava 1980 6679:Srivastava 1979 6626:, p. 114; 6613: 6612: 6607:), was born." ( 6582: 6569: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6486: 6452: 6363: 6310: 6188:Daibutsu Kaigen 6178: 6132: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6096: 6087: 6084: 6075: 6068: 6059: 6056: 6047: 6044: 6035: 6032: 6023: 6020: 6011: 6008: 5999: 5996: 5987: 5984: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5952: 5939: 5930: 5923: 5914: 5907: 5898: 5891: 5882: 5878: 5864: 5855: 5844:Avalokiteshvara 5836: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5765: 5758: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5728:Seated Buddha, 5726: 5717: 5714: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5667: 5658: 5655: 5646: 5639: 5630: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5603: 5592: 5583: 5575:Berenike Buddha 5570: 5561: 5558: 5549: 5538: 5529: 5526: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5495: 5492: 5483: 5480: 5471: 5468: 5459: 5456: 5447: 5444: 5435: 5432: 5423: 5420: 5411: 5395:Hellenistic art 5352: 5340:Main articles: 5338: 5305:In the ancient 5281: 5279:Other religions 5236: 5224:Main articles: 5222: 5131: 5093: 5087:Hindu synthesis 5083: 5058: 5053: 5047: 4992: 4986: 4967:Saleyyaka Sutta 4937:Dīghajāṇu Sutta 4923:Dīghajāṇu Sutta 4898: 4843: 4827:contract theory 4802:Vasettha sutta 4740:Majjhima Nikaya 4736:Samyutta Nikaya 4719: 4714: 4685: 4578: 4560: 4554: 4491:. According to 4461: 4423:and awareness ( 4321: 4313:Main articles: 4284: 4181: 4129: 4069: 4054:is dictated by 3990: 3978:Richard Salomon 3964:Majjhima Nikaya 3959:Bhikkhu Analayo 3920:five aggregates 3916:six sense bases 3882: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3807: 3797: 3750:Mahaparinibbana 3670:Mahaparinirvana 3654:Mahaparinibbana 3649:Mahaparinibbana 3605: 3516: 3477: 3410:chief disciples 3301: 3183:Udaka Ramaputta 3127: 3086:and suffering ( 3029:self-indulgence 2990:is the path to 2953:Udaka Ramaputta 2903:Miracle of the 2841: 2831: 2705:Vinaya and the 2655: 2649: 2387:Mayadevi Temple 2364: 2346:Jātakaṭṭhakathā 2291: 2279:Karen Armstrong 2271:Jain scriptures 2223:Mahayana sutras 2219:Bhikkhu Analayo 2145: 2140: 2107: 2105:Greater Magadha 2101: 2056:Makkhali Gosāla 2017: 2005:Greater Magadha 1976: 1966: 1961: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1890: 1854: 1849: 1714: 1694: 1677: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1604:, "Sage of the 1589: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1551: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1380:The Blessed one 1365: 1327: 1317: 1274: 1259: 1223: 1207: 1186: 1163:Mahayana sutras 1094:sense restraint 1023:in what is now 950: 910: 903: 902: 793: 783: 782: 733: 723: 722: 688: 678: 677: 583: 573: 572: 543:Mahayana Sutras 523: 513: 512: 453:Five Aggregates 431: 430: 410: 409: 400:Later Buddhists 365: 221: 220:Gautama Buddha 201: 178: 142: 132: 128: 117: 114:Shakya Republic 107: 104: 100: 99: 84: 76: 50: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21916: 21906: 21905: 21900: 21898:Indian princes 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21795: 21790: 21785: 21783:Gautama Buddha 21768: 21767: 21765: 21764: 21754: 21743: 21740: 21739: 21737: 21736: 21735: 21734: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21713: 21712: 21702: 21701: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21649: 21648: 21643: 21621: 21620: 21619: 21614: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21573: 21572: 21562: 21561: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21538:Core teachings 21535: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21521:Gautama Buddha 21513: 21512: 21505: 21498: 21490: 21481: 21480: 21478: 21477: 21465: 21454: 21451: 21450: 21448: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21417: 21411: 21409: 21403: 21402: 21400: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21348: 21347: 21342: 21332: 21326: 21324: 21318: 21317: 21315: 21314: 21313: 21312: 21307: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21241: 21239: 21233: 21232: 21230: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21218: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21166: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21124: 21123: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21097: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21066: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21035: 21034: 21032:Greco-Buddhist 21024: 21023: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20992: 20987: 20986: 20985: 20983:Burmese pagoda 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20939: 20937: 20931: 20930: 20928: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20841: 20839: 20833: 20832: 20830: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20773: 20772: 20765:Greco-Buddhism 20762: 20757: 20756: 20755: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20724: 20722: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20712: 20711: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20698:United Kingdom 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20643:Czech Republic 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20610: 20609: 20608: 20603: 20593: 20592: 20591: 20581: 20580: 20579: 20574: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20533: 20532: 20522: 20517: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20421: 20419: 20413: 20412: 20410: 20409: 20407:Abhidharmadīpa 20404: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20380: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20349: 20347: 20341: 20340: 20338: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20325:B. R. Ambedkar 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20245:Songtsen Gampo 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20176: 20174: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20164: 20159: 20158: 20157: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20121: 20120: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20049: 20047: 20041: 20040: 20038: 20037: 20036: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19989: 19987: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19977: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19960: 19959: 19958: 19953: 19948: 19938: 19937: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19924:Eight precepts 19921: 19911: 19910: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19884: 19883: 19882: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19861: 19860: 19855: 19850: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19813: 19803: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19712: 19702: 19697: 19695:Five Strengths 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19661: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19635: 19630: 19624: 19622: 19616: 19615: 19613: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19586: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19560: 19559: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19490: 19488: 19482: 19481: 19479: 19478: 19473: 19472: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19436: 19430: 19428: 19422: 19421: 19419: 19418: 19413: 19412: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19334:Mental factors 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19275: 19273: 19267: 19266: 19264: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19186:Mahamoggallāna 19183: 19178: 19173: 19167: 19165: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19109: 19108: 19101:Avalokiteśvara 19097: 19095: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19074: 19073: 19065: 19057: 19049: 19041: 19033: 19025: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18951: 18949: 18943: 18942: 18940: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18902: 18896: 18894: 18888: 18887: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18863: 18860: 18859: 18840: 18839: 18832: 18825: 18817: 18808: 18807: 18795: 18792: 18791: 18782: 18779: 18778: 18776: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18634: 18631: 18630: 18623: 18622: 18615: 18608: 18600: 18592: 18591: 18586: 18583: 18570: 18565: 18561: 18560: 18559:Regnal titles 18556: 18555: 18550: 18547: 18542: 18539:Kassapa Buddha 18537: 18533: 18532: 18524: 18523: 18508: 18499: 18490: 18481: 18470: 18469:External links 18467: 18466: 18465: 18459: 18439: 18421: 18420: 18411: 18394:Early Buddhism 18391: 18390: 18384: 18369: 18363: 18348: 18336: 18330:, ed. (1996). 18328:Bechert, Heinz 18318: 18317: 18300: 18295: 18278: 18272: 18257: 18252: 18234:Singh, Upinder 18230: 18221: 18207: 18198: 18192: 18177: 18168: 18157: 18146: 18137: 18132: 18119: 18099: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18070: 18040:(3): 367–394. 18025: 18005: 17987: 17978: 17972: 17959: 17932: 17914: 17901: 17883: 17878: 17865: 17860: 17845: 17833: 17821: 17802:10.1086/462628 17796:(3): 185–203, 17785: 17762: 17753: 17747: 17730: 17721: 17719:on 3 June 2011 17704: 17690:(2): 193–210. 17672: 17663: 17658: 17645: 17640: 17627: 17602: 17572: 17545: 17540: 17525: 17520: 17507: 17498: 17489: 17484: 17467: 17458: 17453: 17433: 17431:, Oxford-Wiley 17424: 17413: 17405: 17392:(1): 103–110, 17377: 17364: 17340: 17312: 17280:(2): 297–317, 17262: 17253: 17248: 17235: 17226: 17196: 17169: 17157: 17138: 17110: 17092: 17083: 17074: 17065: 17030: 17013: 16994: 16988: 16968: 16955: 16943: 16934: 16925: 16908:(3/4): 19–50, 16897: 16891: 16878: 16865:(1): 187–201, 16850: 16845: 16832: 16827: 16809: 16804: 16791: 16774: 16743: 16716: 16690:(1): 131–151, 16670: 16647: 16637:Marshall, John 16633: 16624: 16619: 16604: 16582: 16561: 16553: 16548: 16531: 16522: 16517: 16504: 16487: 16481:, SUNY Press, 16472: 16463: 16458: 16445: 16439: 16426: 16417: 16408: 16374: 16361: 16350: 16339: 16330: 16313: 16294: 16267: 16256: 16239: 16212: 16195: 16177: 16173:Bechert (1991) 16164: 16155: 16150: 16137: 16128: 16103: 16094: 16077: 16062: 16044: 16029: 16019: 16010: 16005:Bechert (1992) 16000: 15991: 15986: 15973: 15950: 15941: 15932: 15914: 15899: 15893: 15876: 15865: 15860: 15844: 15835: 15823: 15804: 15799: 15783:, ed. (1993), 15781:Doniger, Wendy 15777: 15767: 15752: 15738: 15725: 15719: 15703: 15698: 15685: 15680: 15667: 15638: 15577: 15551: 15546: 15533: 15515: 15500: 15491: 15474: 15459: 15454: 15441: 15436: 15423: 15414: 15390: 15378: 15366: 15361: 15346: 15322: 15313: 15304: 15277: 15256: 15234: 15233: 15232: 15219: 15202:Bechert, Heinz 15198: 15184: 15166: 15151: 15142: 15133: 15122: 15117: 15104: 15095: 15074: 15056: 15050: 15037: 15031: 15018: 14991: 14978: 14969: 14948: 14939: 14916: 14900: 14891: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14854: 14823: 14802: 14795: 14775: 14763: 14751: 14739: 14727: 14695: 14682: 14670: 14658: 14646: 14633: 14613: 14584: 14572: 14560: 14541: 14521: 14490: 14475: 14454: 14433: 14412: 14391: 14361: 14342: 14322: 14308: 14290: 14255: 14253:, p. 243. 14251:Doniger (1993) 14243: 14231: 14219: 14207: 14192: 14180: 14168: 14156: 14135: 14122: 14110: 14108:, p. 263. 14106:Anālayo (2011) 14098: 14086: 14074: 14072:, p. 110. 14062: 14060:, p. 124. 14050: 14040: 14031: 14029:, p. 109. 14019: 14007: 13947: 13940: 13922: 13909: 13900: 13877: 13865: 13853: 13841: 13815: 13813:, p. 119. 13803: 13791: 13782: 13770: 13755: 13743: 13734: 13732:, p. 107. 13722: 13710: 13708:, p. xxx. 13698: 13686: 13674: 13659: 13640: 13627: 13611: 13599: 13587: 13575: 13573:, p. 147. 13563: 13561:, inside flap. 13546: 13544:, p. vii. 13531: 13512: 13500: 13485: 13470: 13467:. p. 267. 13451: 13439: 13424: 13407: 13395: 13383: 13371: 13359: 13347: 13335: 13323: 13311: 13309:, p. 157. 13299: 13277: 13275:, p. 165. 13265: 13261:Anālayo (2015) 13253: 13251:, p. 189. 13249:Anālayo (2011) 13241: 13226: 13214: 13202: 13200:, p. 164. 13190: 13178: 13166: 13154: 13152:, p. 229. 13142: 13130: 13118: 13106: 13094: 13092:, p. 139. 13082: 13070: 13068:, p. 148. 13058: 13046: 13034: 13022: 13009: 12996: 12984: 12972: 12960: 12958:, p. 138. 12943: 12931: 12919: 12907: 12900: 12880: 12868: 12866:, p. 256. 12856: 12844: 12832: 12819: 12807: 12792: 12790:, p. 131. 12775: 12760: 12727: 12708: 12689: 12669: 12667:, p. 114. 12657: 12655:, p. 135. 12645: 12633: 12621: 12609: 12597: 12585: 12573: 12561: 12530: 12518: 12506: 12494: 12463: 12461:, p. 891. 12459:Anālayo (2011) 12451: 12436: 12412: 12400: 12369: 12367:, p. 331. 12357: 12355:, p. 330. 12345: 12343:, p. 327. 12333: 12331:, p. 324. 12321: 12309: 12307:, p. 183. 12297: 12295:, p. 112. 12285: 12283:, p. 250. 12273: 12271:, p. 178. 12258: 12256:, p. 249. 12243: 12241:, p. 176. 12231: 12219: 12188: 12176: 12145: 12143:, p. 246. 12133: 12131:, p. 244. 12121: 12109: 12097: 12093:Anālayo (2014) 12085: 12083:, p. 165. 12073: 12071:, p. 239. 12061: 12059:, p. 280. 12049: 12030: 12028:, p. 237. 12018: 12016:, p. 236. 12006: 12004:, p. 257. 11994: 11992:, p. 198. 11990:Anālayo (2011) 11982: 11980:, p. 232. 11970: 11968:, p. 215. 11958: 11943: 11931: 11919: 11917:, p. 134. 11907: 11905:, p. 127. 11903:Anālayo (2016) 11895: 11891:Anālayo (2016) 11883: 11871: 11867:Anālayo (2016) 11859: 11855:Anālayo (2016) 11847: 11843:Anālayo (2016) 11835: 11833:, p. 136. 11820: 11808: 11806:, p. 122. 11796: 11784: 11772: 11770:, p. 119. 11760: 11748: 11736: 11713: 11711:, p. 132. 11701: 11699:, p. 231. 11686: 11684:, p. 131. 11674: 11662: 11660:, p. 115. 11650: 11638: 11626: 11614: 11612:, p. 113. 11602: 11600:, p. 110. 11590: 11578: 11576:, p. 185. 11574:Anālayo (2011) 11563: 11548: 11517: 11515:, p. 183. 11513:Anālayo (2011) 11505: 11503:, p. 182. 11501:Anālayo (2011) 11493: 11481: 11469: 11457: 11445: 11433: 11431:, p. 178. 11429:Anālayo (2011) 11418: 11388: 11355: 11324: 11312: 11300: 11298:, p. 243. 11296:Anālayo (2011) 11288: 11254: 11224: 11222:, p. 240. 11220:Anālayo (2011) 11209: 11207:, p. 236. 11205:Anālayo (2011) 11194: 11190:Anālayo (2011) 11182: 11170: 11158: 11146: 11134: 11132:, p. 175. 11130:Anālayo (2011) 11122: 11110: 11098: 11086: 11074: 11062: 11050: 11038: 11026: 11014: 11002: 10990: 10978: 10966: 10954: 10942: 10930: 10915: 10913:, p. 322. 10903: 10888: 10876: 10864: 10852: 10850:, p. 173. 10848:Anālayo (2011) 10840: 10828: 10816: 10794: 10792:, p. 170. 10790:Anālayo (2011) 10782: 10767: 10755: 10743: 10741:, p. 139. 10731: 10719: 10707: 10695: 10680: 10668: 10666:, p. 146. 10656: 10644: 10632: 10620: 10605: 10593: 10581: 10569: 10550: 10538: 10526: 10514: 10502: 10490: 10475: 10463: 10459:Trainor (2010) 10451: 10436: 10434:, p. 436. 10424: 10395: 10381: 10356: 10321: 10309: 10297: 10285: 10273: 10261: 10249: 10237: 10211: 10199: 10187: 10185:, p. xii. 10175: 10163: 10159:Skilton (2004) 10151: 10139: 10109: 10100: 10060: 10056:Anālayo (2006) 10045: 10026: 10006: 9988: 9976: 9961: 9946: 9931: 9916: 9914:, p. 169. 9901: 9889: 9877: 9865: 9853: 9841: 9829: 9802: 9798:Collins (2009) 9790: 9788:, p. 268. 9778: 9755:(1): 100–114. 9735: 9723: 9707: 9684:(2): 145–180. 9659: 9644: 9606: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9555: 9543: 9509: 9497: 9463: 9451: 9439: 9404: 9353: 9341: 9329: 9317: 9313:Prebish (2008) 9305: 9290: 9278: 9266: 9254: 9235: 9218: 9188: 9157: 9145: 9143:, p. 352. 9141:Buswell (2003) 9133: 9121: 9109: 9107:, p. 177. 9105:Swearer (2004) 9097: 9085: 9083:, p. xxi. 9070: 9063: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9009: 8997: 8993:Schober (2002) 8985: 8974:on 27 May 2017 8959: 8940: 8920: 8901: 8881: 8849: 8832: 8815:Dictionary.com 8802: 8795: 8775: 8756: 8736: 8727:|journal= 8697: 8664: 8649: 8637: 8587: 8575: 8566: 8546: 8519: 8485: 8479:Peter Harvey, 8472: 8453: 8438: 8436:, p. 230. 8426: 8424:, p. 164. 8414: 8410:Fogelin (2015) 8397: 8380: 8365: 8350: 8319: 8317:, p. 817. 8307: 8290: 8275: 8256: 8233: 8231:, p. 398. 8221: 8208: 8206:, p. 1–7. 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8143: 8131: 8119: 8107: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8064:Prebish (2008) 8056: 8044: 8040:Cousins (1996) 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8002: 7993: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7945: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7829: 7813: 7793: 7764: 7754: 7734:Abhidharmakosa 7724:Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra 7707: 7698: 7688: 7672: 7662: 7658:suukaramaddava 7648:, "pig-bulb"; 7637: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7605: 7558: 7524: 7511: 7482: 7456: 7427: 7413: 7401:Mohāpātra 2000 7398:Mahāpātra 1977 7385: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7348: 7336: 7304: 7281: 7279:, p. 164) 7277:Hultzsch (1925 7273: 260 BCE 7254: 7238: 7221: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7164: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144:Hultzsch (1925 7140: 260 BCE 7103:Fogelin (2015) 7101:, p. 8), 7084: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7011: 7002: 7001: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6969: 6963: 6930: 6802: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6775:Michael Witzel 6771: 6746: 6739: 6736: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6677:, p. 18; 6663: 6653: 6646:, p. 436 6624:Mohāpātra 2000 6620:Mahāpātra 1977 6567: 6565: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6529:lotus position 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6465: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6395: 6386: 6384:B. R. Ambedkar 6375: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6341: 6325: 6324:as the Buddha. 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6291:B. R. Ambedkar 6282: 6274: 6271:Gautama Buddha 6267:Allani Sridhar 6258: 6246: 6238: 6222: 6206: 6194: 6171: 6151: 6128:Main article: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:In other media 6117: 6116: 6115: 6109:–6th century. 6097: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5953: 1100 CE 5940: 5933: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5883: 5865: 5858: 5856: 5838:Seated Buddha 5837: 5830: 5828: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5775: 5768: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5696: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5643:Kushan dynasty 5640: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5604: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5571: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5552: 5550: 5539: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5520: 5518: 5515:Art of Mathura 5505: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5337: 5334: 5280: 5277: 5221: 5218: 5187:al-Shahrastani 5130: 5127: 5079:Main article: 5057: 5054: 5049:Main article: 5046: 5043: 5037:Lakkhaṇa Sutta 4988:Main article: 4985: 4982: 4897: 4894: 4842: 4839: 4784:ritual bathing 4752:Gayatri mantra 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4684: 4681: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4556:Main article: 4553: 4550: 4460: 4457: 4399:indriyasamvara 4283: 4280: 4180: 4177: 4140:Ye Dharma Hetu 4128: 4125: 4068: 4065: 3989: 3986: 3973:Madhyama Agama 3878:Main article: 3864: 3863:Core teachings 3861: 3853: 3850: 3796: 3793: 3638:Vajjika League 3604: 3600:Last days and 3598: 3515: 3512: 3476: 3473: 3454:stream-enterer 3418:Mahāmoggallāna 3321:Gangetic Plain 3300: 3297: 3204:, also called 3126: 3123: 3052:sammā-sambodhi 2961:breath control 2830: 2827: 2648: 2645: 2476:white elephant 2454:, his mother, 2439:), was born." 2370:A map showing 2363: 2360: 2290: 2289:Previous lives 2287: 2275:Indian history 2165:British Museum 2161:Bimaran Casket 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2115:egalitarianism 2100: 2097: 2052:Pūraṇa Kassapa 2016: 2013: 1977: 500 BCE 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953:K. T. S. Sarao 1949: 380 BCE 1942: 400 BCE 1935: 460 BCE 1924: 492 BCE 1889: 1886: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1713: 1710: 1693: 1690: 1678: 100 BCE 1590: 250 BCE 1577: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1512:Main article: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1463: 1462: 1446: 1435: 1425: 1419: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1389:Sammasambuddho 1386: 1364: 1363:Other epithets 1361: 1316: 1313: 1206: 1203: 1185: 1182: 1147:oral tradition 1080:that includes 1033:monastic order 952: 951: 949: 948: 941: 934: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 794: 789: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 715: 710: 708:Pratyekabuddha 705: 700: 695: 689: 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 665: 663:Buddhist chant 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 584: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 524: 521:Buddhist texts 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 449: 448: 438: 432: 429: 428: 423: 417: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 336: 335: 327: 326: 320: 319: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 291: 285: 284: 280: 279: 272: 266: 265: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 240:Kassapa Buddha 237: 233: 232: 231:Senior posting 228: 227: 218: 214: 213: 207: 206:Known for 203: 202: 200: 199: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 139:Malla republic 133: 123: 119: 118: 108: 97: 95: 91: 90: 86: 85: 60: 52: 51: 48: 26: 18:Gautama Buddha 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21915: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21799: 21796: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21780: 21778: 21763: 21755: 21753: 21745: 21744: 21741: 21733: 21730: 21729: 21728: 21725: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21711: 21708: 21707: 21706: 21705:Buddha in art 21703: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21685: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21638: 21634: 21630: 21627: 21626: 21625: 21622: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21594: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21571: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21563: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21540: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21530: 21527: 21522: 21518: 21511: 21506: 21504: 21499: 21497: 21492: 21491: 21488: 21476: 21471: 21466: 21464: 21456: 21455: 21452: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21412: 21410: 21408: 21404: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21327: 21325: 21323: 21319: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21302: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21242: 21240: 21238: 21237:Miscellaneous 21234: 21228: 21227:Vegetarianism 21225: 21223: 21220: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21140: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21122: 21119: 21118: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21071: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21049:Buddha in art 21047: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21033: 21030: 21029: 21028: 21025: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20984: 20981: 20980: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20945: 20944: 20941: 20940: 20938: 20936: 20932: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20842: 20840: 20838: 20834: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20771: 20768: 20767: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20754: 20751: 20750: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20725: 20723: 20721: 20717: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20703:United States 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20615: 20614: 20611: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20598: 20597: 20594: 20590: 20587: 20586: 20585: 20582: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20569: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20530: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20512: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20422: 20420: 20418: 20414: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20385: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20350: 20348: 20346: 20342: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20260:Padmasambhava 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20177: 20175: 20173: 20172:Major figures 20169: 20163: 20160: 20156: 20153: 20152: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20119: 20118:Western tulku 20116: 20115: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20048: 20046: 20042: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20015: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19986: 19982: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19964: 19961: 19957: 19954: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19943: 19942: 19939: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19919:Five precepts 19917: 19916: 19915: 19912: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19897:Dhamma vicaya 19895: 19893: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19885: 19881: 19878: 19877: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19845: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19808: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19744: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19719: 19718: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19707: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19665:Buddhābhiṣeka 19663: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19640: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19625: 19623: 19621: 19617: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19565: 19564: 19561: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19501: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19487: 19483: 19477: 19474: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19441: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19431: 19429: 19427: 19423: 19417: 19414: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19309:Enlightenment 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19299:Dhamma theory 19297: 19295: 19294:Buddha-nature 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19276: 19274: 19272: 19268: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19168: 19166: 19164: 19160: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19133:Samantabhadra 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19107: 19104: 19103: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19096: 19094: 19090: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19072: 19066: 19064: 19058: 19056: 19050: 19048: 19042: 19040: 19034: 19032: 19026: 19024: 19018: 19017: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18952: 18950: 18948: 18944: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18907: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18895: 18893: 18889: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18865: 18864: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18838: 18833: 18831: 18826: 18824: 18819: 18818: 18815: 18805: 18800: 18793: 18789: 18785: 18780: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18635: 18632: 18628: 18621: 18616: 18614: 18609: 18607: 18602: 18601: 18598: 18589: 18582: 18580: 18575: 18568: 18562: 18557: 18553: 18546: 18540: 18534: 18531: 18527: 18522: 18518: 18517: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18462: 18456: 18451: 18450: 18444: 18440: 18436: 18432: 18428: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18417: 18412: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18398: 18397: 18396: 18395: 18387: 18381: 18377: 18376: 18370: 18366: 18360: 18356: 18355: 18349: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18333: 18329: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18322: 18314: 18310: 18306: 18301: 18298: 18292: 18287: 18286: 18279: 18275: 18269: 18265: 18264: 18258: 18255: 18249: 18245: 18241: 18240: 18235: 18231: 18227: 18222: 18218: 18214: 18213: 18208: 18204: 18199: 18195: 18189: 18185: 18184: 18178: 18174: 18169: 18165: 18164: 18158: 18154: 18153: 18152:The Mahāvastu 18147: 18143: 18138: 18135: 18129: 18125: 18120: 18117: 18113: 18109: 18106:(in French), 18105: 18100: 18097: 18093: 18089: 18086:(in French), 18085: 18079: 18078: 18059: 18055: 18051: 18047: 18043: 18039: 18035: 18031: 18026: 18012: 18008: 18002: 17999:, Routledge, 17995: 17994: 17988: 17984: 17979: 17975: 17969: 17966:. Routledge. 17965: 17960: 17956: 17950: 17939: 17935: 17929: 17922: 17921: 17915: 17908: 17904: 17898: 17891: 17890: 17884: 17881: 17875: 17871: 17866: 17863: 17857: 17853: 17852: 17846: 17844: 17843:Wayman (1984) 17839: 17834: 17832: 17831:Wayman (1984) 17827: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17811: 17807: 17803: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17786: 17774: 17770: 17769: 17763: 17759: 17754: 17750: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17731: 17727: 17722: 17718: 17714: 17710: 17705: 17693: 17689: 17685: 17681: 17677: 17673: 17669: 17664: 17661: 17655: 17651: 17646: 17643: 17637: 17633: 17628: 17621: 17617: 17610: 17609: 17603: 17589: 17585: 17584:Ancient Nepal 17578: 17573: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17551: 17546: 17543: 17537: 17533: 17532: 17526: 17523: 17521:0-520-24225-4 17517: 17513: 17508: 17504: 17499: 17495: 17490: 17487: 17481: 17477: 17473: 17468: 17464: 17459: 17456: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17434: 17430: 17425: 17421: 17420: 17414: 17411: 17406: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17383: 17378: 17374: 17370: 17369:East and West 17365: 17354: 17350: 17346: 17341: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17313: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17268: 17263: 17259: 17254: 17251: 17245: 17241: 17236: 17232: 17227: 17223: 17217: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17197: 17193: 17187: 17179: 17175: 17170: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17143: 17139: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17111: 17107: 17102: 17098: 17093: 17089: 17084: 17080: 17075: 17071: 17066: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17036: 17031: 17020: 17016: 17010: 17006: 17002: 17001: 16995: 16991: 16985: 16980: 16979: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16956: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16940: 16935: 16931: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16903: 16898: 16894: 16888: 16884: 16879: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16851: 16848: 16842: 16838: 16833: 16830: 16824: 16820: 16819: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16805:0-7007-1548-7 16801: 16797: 16792: 16788: 16787: 16781: 16775: 16761: 16754: 16753: 16748: 16744: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16722: 16717: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16689: 16685: 16684: 16676: 16671: 16667: 16661: 16653: 16648: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16634: 16630: 16625: 16622: 16620:9788120618237 16616: 16612: 16611: 16605: 16594: 16590: 16589: 16583: 16579: 16575: 16571: 16566: 16562: 16559: 16554: 16551: 16545: 16540: 16539: 16532: 16528: 16523: 16520: 16514: 16510: 16505: 16494: 16490: 16484: 16480: 16479: 16473: 16469: 16464: 16461: 16459:0-19-860560-9 16455: 16451: 16446: 16442: 16436: 16432: 16427: 16423: 16418: 16414: 16409: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16380: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16362: 16358: 16357: 16356:The Mahāvastu 16351: 16347: 16346: 16345:The Mahāvastu 16340: 16336: 16331: 16320: 16316: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16301: 16295: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16273: 16268: 16264: 16263: 16257: 16246: 16242: 16240:0-8248-1203-4 16236: 16232: 16228: 16224: 16220: 16219: 16213: 16202: 16198: 16192: 16189:, Routledge, 16188: 16187: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16170: 16165: 16161: 16156: 16153: 16147: 16143: 16138: 16134: 16129: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16104: 16100: 16095: 16084: 16080: 16074: 16070: 16069: 16063: 16051: 16047: 16041: 16038:. Routledge. 16037: 16036: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15997: 15992: 15989: 15983: 15979: 15974: 15970: 15964: 15956: 15951: 15947: 15942: 15938: 15933: 15921: 15917: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15900: 15896: 15890: 15885: 15884: 15877: 15873: 15872: 15866: 15863: 15861:0-394-51971-X 15857: 15853: 15849: 15848:Eck, Diana L. 15845: 15841: 15836: 15826: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15811: 15805: 15802: 15800:0-7914-1381-0 15796: 15792: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15778: 15774: 15770: 15764: 15760: 15759: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15739:981-00-4525-5 15735: 15731: 15726: 15722: 15720:0-394-71696-5 15716: 15712: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15695: 15691: 15686: 15683: 15677: 15673: 15668: 15664: 15658: 15650: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15615: 15611: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15578: 15574: 15568: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15543: 15539: 15534: 15522: 15518: 15512: 15508: 15507: 15501: 15497: 15492: 15481: 15477: 15471: 15467: 15466: 15460: 15457: 15451: 15447: 15442: 15439: 15433: 15429: 15424: 15420: 15415: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15391: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15364: 15358: 15354: 15353: 15347: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15323: 15319: 15314: 15310: 15305: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15283: 15278: 15263: 15259: 15257:9781400866328 15253: 15249: 15242: 15241: 15235: 15229: 15225: 15220: 15216: 15211: 15210: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15194: 15189: 15185: 15173: 15169: 15163: 15159: 15158: 15152: 15148: 15143: 15139: 15134: 15130: 15129: 15123: 15120: 15114: 15110: 15105: 15101: 15096: 15081: 15077: 15071: 15064: 15063: 15057: 15053: 15047: 15043: 15038: 15034: 15028: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14979: 14975: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14949: 14945: 14940: 14928: 14924: 14923: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14892: 14889: 14883: 14882: 14861: 14857: 14855:9789004194045 14851: 14847: 14846: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14830: 14828: 14819: 14817: 14812: 14806: 14798: 14796:9789004155374 14792: 14788: 14787: 14779: 14772: 14767: 14761:, p. 31. 14760: 14755: 14749:, p. 19. 14748: 14743: 14737:, p. 15. 14736: 14731: 14723: 14717: 14709: 14705: 14699: 14692: 14686: 14679: 14674: 14667: 14662: 14655: 14650: 14636: 14630: 14626: 14625: 14617: 14608: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14576: 14569: 14564: 14548: 14544: 14542:0-203-18593-5 14538: 14534: 14533: 14525: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14494: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14458: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14437: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14410:, pp. 729–730 14409: 14405: 14402:, Routledge, 14401: 14395: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14365: 14349: 14345: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14326: 14319: 14317: 14311: 14305: 14301: 14294: 14287: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14259: 14252: 14247: 14241:, p. 73. 14240: 14235: 14229:, p. 21. 14228: 14223: 14216: 14211: 14205:, p. 12. 14204: 14199: 14197: 14189: 14188:Walshe (1995) 14184: 14177: 14172: 14165: 14160: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14139: 14132: 14126: 14119: 14114: 14107: 14102: 14095: 14090: 14083: 14078: 14071: 14066: 14059: 14054: 14044: 14035: 14028: 14023: 14016: 14011: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13967: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13952: 13943: 13937: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13913: 13904: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13881: 13875:, p. 72. 13874: 13873:Omvedt (2003) 13869: 13863:, p. 76. 13862: 13861:Omvedt (2003) 13857: 13850: 13845: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13812: 13811:Shults (2014) 13807: 13801:, p. 87. 13800: 13799:Gethin (1998) 13795: 13786: 13780:, p. 85. 13779: 13778:Gethin (1998) 13774: 13768:, p. 28. 13767: 13762: 13760: 13752: 13751:Gethin (1998) 13747: 13738: 13731: 13726: 13719: 13718:Vetter (1988) 13714: 13707: 13706:Vetter (1988) 13702: 13695: 13694:Vetter (1988) 13690: 13683: 13682:Norman (2003) 13678: 13671: 13666: 13664: 13655: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13631: 13624: 13620: 13615: 13608: 13607:Warder (2004) 13603: 13596: 13591: 13585:, p. 25. 13584: 13579: 13572: 13567: 13560: 13559:Warder (2000) 13555: 13553: 13551: 13543: 13538: 13536: 13528: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13509: 13504: 13497: 13496:Vetter (1988) 13492: 13490: 13481: 13474: 13466: 13462: 13455: 13448: 13447:Warder (2000) 13443: 13437:, p. ix. 13436: 13435:Vetter (1988) 13431: 13429: 13421: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13405:, p. 28. 13404: 13403:Norman (1997) 13399: 13393:, p. 26. 13392: 13391:Norman (1997) 13387: 13381:, p. 48. 13380: 13375: 13368: 13363: 13357:, p. 10. 13356: 13351: 13344: 13339: 13332: 13327: 13320: 13319:Vetter (1988) 13315: 13308: 13307:Gethin (1998) 13303: 13296: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13281: 13274: 13273:Gethin (1998) 13269: 13262: 13257: 13250: 13245: 13238: 13233: 13231: 13223: 13222:Gethin (1998) 13218: 13211: 13210:Gethin (1998) 13206: 13199: 13198:Gethin (1998) 13194: 13188:, p. 81. 13187: 13186:Gethin (1998) 13182: 13175: 13174:Gethin (1998) 13170: 13163: 13158: 13151: 13146: 13139: 13134: 13127: 13122: 13116:, p. 20. 13115: 13110: 13103: 13102:Gethin (1998) 13098: 13091: 13090:Gethin (1998) 13086: 13080:, p. 27. 13079: 13074: 13067: 13066:Gethin (1998) 13062: 13055: 13054:Gethin (1998) 13050: 13043: 13042:Gethin (1998) 13038: 13031: 13026: 13019: 13013: 13006: 13000: 12993: 12988: 12982:, p. 10. 12981: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12957: 12956:Gombrich 2009 12952: 12950: 12948: 12940: 12939:Boisvert 1995 12935: 12928: 12927:Jurewicz 2000 12923: 12916: 12915:Gombrich 2009 12911: 12903: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12884: 12877: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12853: 12848: 12841: 12836: 12829: 12823: 12816: 12811: 12804: 12803:Gethin (1998) 12799: 12797: 12789: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12773:, p. 22. 12772: 12767: 12765: 12755: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12712: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12673: 12666: 12661: 12654: 12653:Gethin (1998) 12649: 12643:, p. 13. 12642: 12637: 12631:, p. 49. 12630: 12625: 12619:, p. 20. 12618: 12613: 12607:, p. 19. 12606: 12601: 12595:, p. 12. 12594: 12589: 12583:, p. 62. 12582: 12581:Gethin (1998) 12577: 12571:, p. 61. 12570: 12569:Gethin (1998) 12565: 12558: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12528:, p. 59. 12527: 12526:Gethin (1998) 12522: 12515: 12510: 12504:, p. 39. 12503: 12498: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12467: 12460: 12455: 12447: 12440: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12409: 12408:Strong (2007) 12404: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12373: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12349: 12342: 12337: 12330: 12325: 12319:, p. 76. 12318: 12313: 12306: 12305:Strong (2001) 12301: 12294: 12289: 12282: 12277: 12270: 12269:Strong (2001) 12265: 12263: 12255: 12250: 12248: 12240: 12239:Strong (2001) 12235: 12228: 12223: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12180: 12165: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12149: 12142: 12137: 12130: 12125: 12118: 12117:Strong (2001) 12113: 12106: 12101: 12094: 12089: 12082: 12081:Strong (2001) 12077: 12070: 12065: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12034: 12027: 12022: 12015: 12010: 12003: 11998: 11991: 11986: 11979: 11974: 11967: 11962: 11954: 11953:Ancient India 11947: 11941:, p. 79. 11940: 11935: 11928: 11923: 11916: 11915:Strong (2001) 11911: 11904: 11899: 11892: 11887: 11880: 11875: 11869:, p. 79. 11868: 11863: 11857:, p. 43. 11856: 11851: 11844: 11839: 11832: 11831:Strong (2001) 11827: 11825: 11818:, p. 91. 11817: 11812: 11805: 11804:Strong (2001) 11800: 11793: 11788: 11782:, p. 78. 11781: 11776: 11769: 11768:Strong (2001) 11764: 11758:, p. 70. 11757: 11752: 11746:, p. 68. 11745: 11740: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11717: 11710: 11709:Strong (2001) 11705: 11698: 11693: 11691: 11683: 11682:Strong (2001) 11678: 11671: 11666: 11659: 11658:Strong (2001) 11654: 11648:, p. 64. 11647: 11642: 11635: 11634:Strong (2001) 11630: 11623: 11618: 11611: 11610:Strong (2001) 11606: 11599: 11598:Strong (2001) 11594: 11587: 11582: 11575: 11570: 11568: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11549:0-8109-2807-8 11545: 11541: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11514: 11509: 11502: 11497: 11491:, p. 94. 11490: 11489:Strong (2001) 11485: 11479:, p. 93. 11478: 11477:Strong (2001) 11473: 11466: 11461: 11455:, p. 30. 11454: 11449: 11442: 11441:Gyatso (2007) 11437: 11430: 11425: 11423: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11392: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11360: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11297: 11292: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11258: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11221: 11216: 11214: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11191: 11186: 11180:, p. 26. 11179: 11174: 11167: 11166:Narada (1992) 11162: 11156:, p. 77. 11155: 11150: 11144:, p. 48. 11143: 11138: 11131: 11126: 11120:, p. 47. 11119: 11114: 11107: 11102: 11096:, p. 95. 11095: 11090: 11084:, p. 15. 11083: 11078: 11072:, p. 65. 11071: 11066: 11060:, p. 25. 11059: 11054: 11047: 11046:Strong (2001) 11042: 11036:, p. 28. 11035: 11034:Penner (2009) 11030: 11023: 11022:Strong (2015) 11018: 11011: 11010:Narada (1992) 11006: 10999: 10998:Strong (2015) 10994: 10988:, p. 36. 10987: 10982: 10976:, p. 30. 10975: 10970: 10963: 10958: 10951: 10946: 10939: 10938:Strong (2001) 10934: 10928:, p. 44. 10927: 10922: 10920: 10912: 10911:Warder (2000) 10907: 10900: 10895: 10893: 10886:, p. 20. 10885: 10884:Gethin (1998) 10880: 10874:, p. 63. 10873: 10872:Strong (2001) 10868: 10862:, p. 21. 10861: 10860:Gethin (1998) 10856: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10832: 10826:, p. 45. 10825: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10801: 10799: 10791: 10786: 10780:, p. 15. 10779: 10778:Gethin (1998) 10774: 10772: 10765:, p. 60. 10764: 10763:Strong (2001) 10759: 10753:, p. 23. 10752: 10747: 10740: 10735: 10729:, p. 47. 10728: 10723: 10716: 10715:Narada (1992) 10711: 10705:, p. 55. 10704: 10703:Strong (2001) 10699: 10692: 10691:Narada (1992) 10687: 10685: 10677: 10676:Turpie (2001) 10672: 10665: 10664:Thapar (2002) 10660: 10653: 10648: 10641: 10640:Gethin (1998) 10636: 10629: 10624: 10618:, p. 24. 10617: 10612: 10610: 10603:, p. 51. 10602: 10601:Strong (2001) 10597: 10590: 10585: 10578: 10573: 10566: 10565:Samuel (2010) 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10548:, p. 21. 10547: 10542: 10536:, p. 41. 10535: 10530: 10524:, p. 11. 10523: 10518: 10512:, p. 37. 10511: 10506: 10500:, p. 19. 10499: 10498:Gethin (1998) 10494: 10487: 10482: 10480: 10473:, p. 18. 10472: 10467: 10460: 10455: 10449:, p. 14. 10448: 10447:Gethin (1998) 10443: 10441: 10433: 10428: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10361: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10319:, p. 43. 10318: 10317:Strong (2001) 10313: 10307:, p. 37. 10306: 10305:Strong (2001) 10301: 10295:, p. 25. 10294: 10293:Strong (2001) 10289: 10283:, p. 31. 10282: 10281:Strong (2001) 10277: 10271:, p. 30. 10270: 10269:Strong (2001) 10265: 10259:, p. 24. 10258: 10257:Strong (2001) 10253: 10247:, p. 21. 10246: 10245:Strong (2001) 10241: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10209:, p. 19. 10208: 10207:Strong (2001) 10203: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10179: 10173:, p. 15. 10172: 10167: 10160: 10155: 10148: 10143: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10104: 10085: 10081: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10057: 10052: 10050: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10010: 10003: 9999: 9992: 9986:, p. 74. 9985: 9980: 9973: 9968: 9966: 9959:, p. 62. 9958: 9953: 9951: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9928: 9923: 9921: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9899:, p. 65. 9898: 9893: 9886: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9863:, p. 45. 9862: 9861:Warder (1998) 9857: 9850: 9845: 9839:, p. 20. 9838: 9833: 9817: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9794: 9787: 9786:Walshe (1995) 9782: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9657:, p. 49. 9656: 9651: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9626:(1–2): 1–12, 9625: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9596: 9588: 9583: 9576: 9575:Muller (2001) 9571: 9565:, p. 46. 9564: 9559: 9552: 9551:Samuel (2010) 9547: 9529: 9522: 9521: 9513: 9506: 9501: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9468: 9460: 9459:Wayman (1997) 9455: 9449:, p. xv. 9448: 9443: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9357: 9351:, p. 39. 9350: 9349:Norman (1997) 9345: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9301:Narain (1993) 9297: 9295: 9287: 9282: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9258: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9204:Bernard Faure 9201: 9197: 9192: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9155:, p. 16. 9154: 9149: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9075: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9037: 9030: 9029:Cowell (1894) 9025: 9018: 9013: 9007:, p. 32. 9006: 9005:Fowler (2005) 9001: 8995:, p. 20. 8994: 8989: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8779: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8740: 8732: 8720: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8669: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8646: 8645:Strong (2001) 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8584: 8579: 8570: 8564:Entry: "Jina" 8553: 8549: 8547:9788184753967 8543: 8539: 8538:Penguin Books 8535: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8505: 8498: 8497: 8489: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8435: 8434:Baroni (2002) 8430: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8376: 8369: 8361: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8288:, p. 42. 8287: 8282: 8280: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8240: 8238: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8192:Warder (2000) 8188: 8181: 8180:Warder (2000) 8176: 8169: 8168:Gethin (1998) 8164: 8157: 8156:Gethin (1998) 8152: 8150: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8129:, p. 51. 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8105:, p. 45. 8104: 8103:Warder (2000) 8099: 8097: 8089: 8088:Strong (2001) 8084: 8077: 8076:Gethin (1998) 8072: 8065: 8060: 8054:, p. 33. 8053: 8052:Norman (1997) 8048: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8025: 8006: 7997: 7988: 7979: 7970: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7939: 7929: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7768: 7758: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7730:Visuddhimagga 7725: 7721: 7720:Tevijja Sutta 7717: 7711: 7702: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7666: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7646:suukara-kanda 7644:Waley notes: 7641: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7586: 7585:Vetter (1988) 7581: 7580:Norman (2003) 7576: 7571: 7570:Bareau (1963) 7562: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7503:Lalitavistara 7500: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7479: 7478: 7477:Upaddha Sutta 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7434:According to 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7409:Hartmann 1991 7406: 7405:Tripathy 2014 7403:, p. 114 7402: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7379: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7300: 7285: 7278: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7242: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7195: 7192:: "Also with 7189: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7170: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7145: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7119:Brahmi script 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7060: 7050: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6978:Abrahams 2021 6975: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6960:Gimello (2003 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954:Abrahams 2021 6951: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6927: 6917: 6806: 6799: 6798:Uttar Pradesh 6795: 6791: 6788:According to 6785: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6743:Narain (2003) 6740: 6737: 6734: 6733:Dundas (2002) 6730: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6691:Tuladhar 2002 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6675:Nakamura 1980 6672: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6632:Hartmann 1991 6629: 6628:Tripathy 2014 6625: 6621: 6617: 6611:, p. 19) 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543:teaching pose 6540: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6431:Roger Zelazny 6429:, a novel by 6428: 6427: 6426:Lord of Light 6423: 6420: 6419:Hermann Hesse 6416: 6415: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6355: 6354:Himanshu Soni 6351: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6226:Little Buddha 6223: 6220: 6219:Shashi Kapoor 6216: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6148:Bhaurao Datar 6145: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6112: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5970:15th century 5966: 5961: 5958: 5947: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5824: 774 CE 5819:Cave Buddha, 5818: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346:Buddha in art 5343: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326:Chaubis Avtar 5323: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5267:and Georgian 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160:Sunni scholar 5158: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5094: 300 CE 5088: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5006: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4946:five precepts 4943: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902:Bhikkhu Bodhi 4893: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4857:Aggañña Sutta 4854: 4853: 4852:Aggañña Sutta 4847: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823:Kancha Ilaiah 4820: 4816: 4815: 4814:Aggañña Sutta 4809: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4728: 4723: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4683:Homeless life 4680: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603:Dharmaguptaka 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4545:Brahma-vihara 4541: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4381:Upanisa sutta 4378: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4240:Rupert Gethin 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4222:consciousness 4219: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077:five skandhas 4074: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4006:three poisons 4003: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3898:three poisons 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3838:Mauryan realm 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3789: 3788:Brahmi script 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461:Anāthapiṇḍika 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3397:, capital of 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325:Uttar Pradesh 3322: 3313: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251:Mahākhandhaka 3248: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3172:Lalitavistara 3170:, and in the 3169: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3115:earth goddess 3112: 3108: 3107: 3106:Lalitavistara 3102: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019:(SN 56), the 3018: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813:) to beg for 2812: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2765:enlightenment 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2724:, 8th century 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703:Dharmaguptaka 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2675:Kushan period 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2640:Lalitavistara 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562:countries as 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547:and Buddhist 2546: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2451:Lalitavistara 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235:Sandaka Sutta 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2135: 2132: 2131:Aryan society 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1970: 1956: 1954: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:Dharmaguptaka 1822: 1821:Lokottaravāda 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1762:Tuṣita Heaven 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736:(MN 36), the 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635:Brahmi script 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1610:Brahmi script 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1560: 1546: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279:Brahmi script 1273: 1269: 1265: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1199: 1196:monastery in 1195: 1190: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:five skandhas 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 928: 927: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 908: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 792: 787: 786: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 732: 727: 726: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 687: 682: 681: 674: 673:Vegetarianism 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:Recollections 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598:Five precepts 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 582: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 563:Chinese canon 561: 559: 558:Tibetan canon 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 522: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 359: 358: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 333: 329: 328: 325: 322: 321: 317: 313: 312: 304: 300: 296: 292: 290: 286: 281: 277: 273: 271: 267: 264:Sanskrit name 262: 258: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 229: 225: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 185: 181: 175: 172: 171: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 149: 147:Resting place 145: 140: 136: 124: 120: 115: 111: 96: 92: 87: 82: 71: 67: 63: 58: 53: 46: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 21520: 21516: 21415:Bodhisattvas 21335:Christianity 21330:Baháʼí Faith 21195:Dharmachakra 21185:Prayer wheel 21175:Prayer beads 20943:Architecture 20822:969 Movement 20606:Saudi Arabia 20584:Central Asia 20577:South Africa 20399: 20382: 20315:Panchen Lama 20220:Buddhapālita 20179: 19816:Satipatthana 19811:Mindful Yoga 19724:Recollection 19638:Brahmavihara 19509:Japanese Zen 19504:Chinese Chan 19464:Animal realm 19271:Key concepts 19093:Bodhisattvas 18946: 18909: 18905:Three Jewels 18783: 18772: 18733:Tissa Buddha 18723:Dharmadarśin 18572: 18544: 18515: 18448: 18434: 18423: 18422: 18415: 18405: 18393: 18392: 18374: 18353: 18343: 18331: 18320: 18319: 18312: 18308: 18284: 18262: 18238: 18225: 18211: 18202: 18182: 18172: 18162: 18151: 18141: 18123: 18107: 18103: 18087: 18083: 18062:. Retrieved 18037: 18033: 18018:, retrieved 17992: 17982: 17963: 17938:the original 17919: 17907:the original 17888: 17869: 17850: 17837: 17825: 17793: 17789: 17777:. Retrieved 17767: 17757: 17738: 17725: 17717:the original 17712: 17696:. Retrieved 17687: 17683: 17667: 17649: 17631: 17620:the original 17607: 17595:, retrieved 17586:(151): 1–7, 17583: 17565:the original 17560: 17556: 17530: 17511: 17502: 17493: 17471: 17462: 17440: 17437:Strong, J.S. 17428: 17418: 17409: 17398:, retrieved 17389: 17385: 17375:(1/4): 61–74 17372: 17368: 17357:, retrieved 17348: 17333:, retrieved 17324: 17320: 17305:, retrieved 17298:the original 17277: 17273: 17257: 17239: 17230: 17200: 17177: 17173: 17164: 17145: 17121:(1): 82–87, 17118: 17114: 17096: 17087: 17078: 17069: 17058:the original 17045: 17041: 17023:, retrieved 16999: 16977: 16972:Omvedt, Gail 16963: 16960:"Buddha, n." 16958:OED (2013), 16950: 16938: 16929: 16905: 16901: 16882: 16871:, retrieved 16862: 16858: 16836: 16817: 16795: 16784: 16767:, retrieved 16751: 16736:the original 16731: 16727: 16709:, retrieved 16687: 16681: 16651: 16641: 16628: 16609: 16597:, retrieved 16587: 16577: 16557: 16537: 16526: 16508: 16497:, retrieved 16477: 16467: 16449: 16430: 16421: 16412: 16401:, retrieved 16389: 16385: 16369: 16365: 16355: 16344: 16334: 16323:, retrieved 16299: 16285:(9): 46–58, 16282: 16279:Orientations 16278: 16261: 16249:, retrieved 16217: 16205:, retrieved 16185: 16159: 16141: 16132: 16120:. 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Retrieved 8680: 8660:Weise (2013) 8647:, p. 5. 8640: 8607: 8603: 8590: 8578: 8569: 8556:. Retrieved 8532: 8528:Roshen Dalal 8522: 8511:, retrieved 8495: 8488: 8480: 8475: 8456: 8429: 8417: 8395:, p. 8. 8374: 8368: 8359: 8353: 8341:. Retrieved 8332: 8322: 8310: 8286:Keown (2003) 8266:. 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Norman 6659: 6656:Walshe (1995 6650:Warder (2000 6635: 6604: 6593:Jataka tales 6584: 6534:dharmachakra 6532: 6523: 6469:Karuna Nadee 6467: 6455: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6408:Osamu Tezuka 6397: 6388: 6377: 6373:Edwin Arnold 6366: 6343: 6338:Richard Gere 6334:David Grubin 6327: 6313: 6298: 6284: 6276: 6270: 6260: 6248: 6240: 6235:Keanu Reeves 6224: 6215:Conrad Rooks 6208: 6196: 6173: 6159: 6153: 6139: 6135: 5911:Heian period 5748:, Sri Lanka. 5730:Gupta period 5683:Ajanta Caves 5573: 5511: 15 CE 5380: 5376:Jataka tales 5364:Dharma wheel 5353: 5319: 5304: 5293: 5285:Baháʼí Faith 5282: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5242: 5220:Christianity 5207: 5155: 5146: 5141:95:1 of the 5132: 5120: 5106: 5084: 5041:(D, I:142). 5034: 5031:Digha Nikaya 5028: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4933: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4900:As noted by 4899: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4777: 4770: 4760: 4734:example, in 4732: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4677:Edward Conze 4675: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4646:A. K. Warder 4642:Peter Harvey 4626: 4591:Sarvastivada 4584: 4544: 4537: 4527: 4521: 4520:. Likewise, 4515: 4497: 4481:Āḷāra Kālāma 4478: 4469:Alara Kalama 4450: 4444: 4438: 4434:satipatthana 4432: 4424: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4353: 4344: 4340: 4324: 4322: 4263: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4080: 4070: 4059: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4027: 3991: 3971: 3969:Sarvastivada 3962: 3953: 3949:Mahasamghika 3946: 3883: 3842: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3783: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3704: 3686: 3682:Ajanta caves 3659: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3601: 3594: 3590:Mahāsaṅghika 3583: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3508: 3504: 3493: 3486: 3468: 3465:Jeta's grove 3458: 3407: 3388: 3380: 3369: 3318: 3293: 3286: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3219: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3179:Alara Kalama 3176: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3149: 3147: 3134:Dhamek Stupa 3104: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3072: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3041:yatha-bhutam 3040: 3036: 3014: 3012: 3005: 2995: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2970:rice pudding 2964: 2957: 2942: 2938:Alara Kalama 2930:Ārāḍa Kālāma 2925: 2918: 2882: 2808: 2802: 2798:monk's robes 2779: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2753:Digha Nikaya 2752: 2734: 2727: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2647:Renunciation 2638: 2636: 2616: 2595:chakravartin 2593: 2583: 2575: 2557: 2532: 2515: 2494: 2484: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2436: 2430: 2411: 2389:marking the 2353: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2332: 2329:past Buddhas 2326: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2251:Alara Kalama 2242: 2234: 2230: 2214: 2210: 2196: 2120: 2108: 2094: 2086:Alara Kalama 2076: 2040: 2018: 2009: 1982: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1891: 1882: 1858:Mahajanapada 1855: 1835:is from the 1832: 1828: 1818:Mahāsāṃghika 1813: 1811: 1807:Sarvāstivāda 1798: 1791:Buddhacarita 1790: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1770:Buddhacarita 1768: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1746:Jātaka tales 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1717: 1715: 1695: 1685: 1664: 1649: 1641: 1630: 1616: 1542: 1539: 1527: 1520:philological 1517: 1491: 1488:Maha sramana 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1448: 1437: 1427: 1421: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1366: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1319: 1318: 1290: 1285: 1271: 1250: 1242: 1235: 1231: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1192:The Buddha, 1167: 1158:Jataka tales 1156: 1150: 1139:Sutta Piṭaka 1128: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1047: 1040: 1039:and reached 960: 956: 955: 623:Merit making 588:Three Jewels 528:Buddhavacana 458:Impermanence 446:Dharma wheel 374: 70:Gupta period 42: 29: 21888:Deified men 21717:Iconography 21710:life in art 21577:Four sights 21260:Dharma talk 21089:Asalha Puja 20885:Eschatology 20688:Switzerland 20668:New Zealand 20596:Middle East 20505:Philippines 20425:Afghanistan 20230:Bodhidharma 20215:Buddhaghosa 20135:Householder 20045:Monasticism 19998:Bodhisattva 19853:Prostration 19806:Mindfulness 19734:Anapanasati 19717:Kammaṭṭhāna 19514:Korean Seon 19454:Asura realm 19449:Human realm 19389:Ten Fetters 19344:Parinirvana 19246:Uppalavanna 19211:Mahākaccana 19196:Mahākassapa 19128:Kṣitigarbha 19123:Ākāśagarbha 19020:Suddhodāna 18965:Four sights 18892:Foundations 18718:Arthadarśin 18713:Priyadarśin 18648:Saraṇaṅkara 18574:Dashavatara 18516:In Our Time 17985:, Routledge 17698:15 November 17327:: 106–140, 17090:, MacMillan 16769:13 November 16711:14 November 16470:, Routledge 16231:10125/23030 16162:, Routledge 15830:25 December 15527:13 February 15498:, Routledge 15271:13 November 15102:, Routledge 15006:(4): 1–27. 14866:17 November 14640:15 November 14452:, Chapter 9 14215:Larson 1995 13609:, p. . 13583:Jong (1993) 13449:, p. . 12876:Wayman 1971 12477:Lion's Roar 12317:Gethin 1998 12212:25 December 11939:Jain (1991) 11381:25 December 11247:25 December 10630:, p. . 10534:Beal (1875) 10510:Beal (1875) 10417:25 December 10197:, p. . 10149:, p. . 9942:Ludden 1985 9912:Thapar 2004 9700:23 February 9602:Keay (2011) 9587:Sharma 2006 9490:26 November 9432:26 December 9093:Beal (1875) 9017:Beal (1883) 8978:4 September 8393:Bary (2011) 8127:Bodhi 2005a 7933:Bronkhorst. 7868:parinirvana 7853:A.K. Warder 7836:(Sanskrit: 7820:(Sanskrit: 7808:(Sanskrit: 7654:sukaresh.ta 7598:, Chapter 7 7592:, Chapter 4 7553:āsavakkhaya 7365:Walshe 1995 7359:Warder 2000 7234:Gethin 1998 7161:Keown (2003 7153:The Buddha: 7073:Shakyamuni: 6773:Indologist 6640:Gethin 1998 6609:Gethin 1998 6585:Nidanakatha 6549:Sahni (1914 6462:Dudley Buck 6320:. It stars 6168:Himansu Rai 6164:Franz Osten 6155:Prem Sanyas 5842:flanked by 5311:Manichaeism 5263:via Arabic 5260:Bodhisattva 5247:Paul Ranson 5167:Afghanistan 5151:Kapilavastu 5135:Dhu al-Kifl 4633:A.K. Warder 4534:K.R. Norman 4512:Brahmanical 4446:Anapanasati 4429:mindfulness 4339:and attain 4189:ucchedavada 4185:sassatavada 3936:, with the 3815:Mahākassapa 3771:(Kushinara) 3746:parinirvana 3721:As per the 3602:parinirvana 3548:Ajatashatru 3514:Later years 3206:Rishipatana 3100:Nidanakatha 2763:during his 2749:four sights 2736:Nidanakatha 2523:Suryavansha 2507:Shakya clan 2418:Kapilavastu 2321:asamkheyyas 2316:Buddhavaṃsa 2305:bodhisattva 2296:Buddhavaṃsa 2207:omniscience 2192:Pāla period 2155:(left) and 2127:Pataliputra 1878:tirthankara 1876:, the Jain 1870:Ajatashatru 1841:Buddhaghoṣa 1833:Nidānakathā 1787:Nidānakathā 1750:bodhisattva 1700:, found in 1673:, dated to 1667:in a relief 1535:hagiography 1508:Pali suttas 1445:knowledge". 1434:and humans. 1416:many worlds 1349:tathā-agata 1345:tathā-āgata 1194:Tapa Shotor 1098:mindfulness 1042:parinirvana 858:New Zealand 713:Bodhisattva 698:Four Stages 653:Monasticism 633:Mindfulness 603:Perfections 533:Early Texts 236:Predecessor 83:(B(b) 181). 21777:Categories 21637:Bodhi Tree 21602:Śuddhodana 21553:Middle Way 21517:The Buddha 21377:Psychology 21357:Gnosticism 21345:Comparison 21340:Influences 21322:Comparison 21205:Bhavacakra 21163:Kushinagar 21138:Pilgrimage 21084:Māgha Pūjā 21039:Bodhi Tree 20855:Buddhology 20845:Abhidharma 20837:Philosophy 20770:Menander I 20638:Costa Rica 20589:Uzbekistan 20430:Bangladesh 20384:Dhammapada 20368:Pali Canon 20330:Ajahn Chah 20310:Dalai Lama 20210:Kumārajīva 20205:Vasubandhu 20180:The Buddha 20088:Zen master 20023:Sakadagami 20003:Buddhahood 19934:Pratimokṣa 19749:Shikantaza 19705:Meditation 19680:Deity yoga 19551:Madhyamaka 19444:Deva realm 19339:Mindstream 19289:Bodhicitta 19201:Aṅgulimāla 19068:Devadatta 19044:Yaśodharā 18947:The Buddha 18937:Middle Way 18763:Koṇāgamana 18758:Kakusandha 18728:Siddhārtha 18698:Padmottara 18683:Anomadassi 18643:Medhaṃkara 18638:Taṇhaṅkara 18627:28 Buddhas 18378:. UNESCO. 18321:The Buddha 17779:13 October 17359:24 January 17307:23 October 16892:8176463531 16873:21 October 16392:: 77–103, 16251:17 January 16207:7 November 16144:, Tharpa, 16056:30 October 15681:0028657187 15532:, 1120 pp. 15409:23 October 14946:(5): 9–41. 14933:13 October 14898:, Springer 14000:9 February 13621:, p. 12701:23 October 12487:21 January 11411:22 October 10341:. UNESCO. 9927:Dyson 2019 9885:Roy (1984) 9873:Roy (1984) 9537:22 October 8825:27 October 8268:23 October 8204:Cox (2003) 8016:References 7915:formulas." 7746:sGam-po-pa 7230:aggregates 7190:required.) 7099:Bary (2011 7095: 269 6974:Bodhi 2020 6950:Bodhi 2020 6946:Cohen 2006 6942:Max Muller 6764: 445 6757: 480 6687:Tilaurakot 6561:Mani (2012 6443:Gore Vidal 6414:Siddhartha 6361:Literature 6329:The Buddha 6322:Arun Govil 6308:Television 6210:Siddhartha 6136:Buddha Dev 6107: 5th 5879: 825 5781: 609 5746:Gal Vihara 5383:Lotus Pose 5368:Bodhi tree 4962:kammapatha 4890:republican 4873:Cakkavatti 4744:Pali Canon 4599:Mahisasaka 4587:Pali Canon 4579: 130 4572:Kanishka I 4489:Upanishads 4421:equanimity 4410:sampajañña 4364:hindrances 4349:Middle Way 4307:Gal Vihara 4295:full lotus 4224:and will ( 3934:Middle Way 3900:, and the 3856:See also: 3799:See also: 3769:Kushinagar 3727:Kushinagar 3700:infarction 3697:mesenteric 3540:Pratimoksa 3329:Angulimala 3259:"not-self" 3247:Mahāvastu, 3216:Mahīśāsaka 3078:, such as 3064:Bodhi tree 3025:Middle Way 2992:liberation 2857:asceticism 2849:Wat Suthat 2833:See also: 2651:See also: 2574:is called 2539:gaṇasaṅgha 2503:Śuddhodana 2426:Tilaurakot 2350:Jātakamālā 2334:pranidhana 2301:Jātakamālā 2225:and later 2103:See also: 2082:Moggallāna 1933: – c. 1931: 492 1922: – c. 1920: 558 1895:Kalachakra 1785:, and the 1682:Bodhi tree 1660:Pāli Canon 1656:Maurya era 1608:") in the 1472:Dharmaraja 1467:Pali Canon 1455:liberation 1341:tathā-gata 1337:Pāli Canon 1260: 269 1152:Abhidharma 1050:Middle Way 1037:Kushinagar 1013:asceticism 1009:mendicancy 999:clan, but 973:South Asia 961:the Buddha 731:Traditions 668:Pilgrimage 608:Meditation 568:Post-canon 548:Pāli Canon 478:Middle Way 375:The Buddha 190:Śuddhodana 161:Yashodhara 135:Kushinagar 49:The Buddha 21762:Wikiquote 21698:footprint 21633:Bodh Gaya 21612:Yaśodharā 21565:Disciples 21445:Festivals 21425:Buddhists 21387:Theosophy 21190:Symbolism 21180:Hama yumi 21153:Bodh Gaya 20920:Socialism 20895:Evolution 20870:Economics 20708:Venezuela 20623:Australia 20618:Argentina 20542:Sri Lanka 20537:Singapore 20455:Indonesia 20417:Countries 20358:Tripiṭaka 20320:Ajahn Mun 20195:Nagarjuna 20190:Aśvaghoṣa 20073:Anagārika 20068:Śrāmaṇerī 20063:Śrāmaṇera 20058:Bhikkhunī 20018:Sotāpanna 19907:Passaddhi 19848:Offerings 19823:Nekkhamma 19700:Iddhipada 19620:Practices 19590:Theravada 19563:Vajrayana 19556:Yogachara 19526:Pure Land 19439:Six Paths 19426:Cosmology 19206:Anuruddha 19181:Sāriputta 19171:Kaundinya 19163:Disciples 19138:Vajrapāṇi 18990:Footprint 18955:Tathāgata 18658:Kauṇḍinya 18653:Dīpaṃkara 18579:Kali Yuga 18046:0578-8072 18020:2 January 17818:161507469 17505:, Penguin 17209:697272229 17203:, Tokyo, 17154:173481241 17135:162902049 17101:CiteSeerX 17054:1076-9005 16660:cite book 16567:(1900), " 16101:, Equinox 15815:Routledge 15810:The Jains 15748:173196980 15622:162929573 15606:1356-1863 15486:1 October 15111:, Orion, 14965:1076-9005 14265:"Balaram" 13990:143618675 12741:SAGE Open 12427:, p. 88, 11397:"nirvana" 10813:: 98–148. 9761:1011-7601 9690:1747-9681 9640:141897826 9399:195804491 9383:0973-7138 9369:(3): 58. 8952:5 October 8874:8 January 8729:ignored ( 8719:cite book 8632:154283219 8624:0019-7246 8343:18 August 8021:Citations 7507:Mahāvastu 7344:Keay 2011 7332:Vajrapani 7313:Bodhigara 7121:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 7090:(reigned 7055:Sanskrit: 6922:Sanskrit: 6731:411–400: 6708:See also 6605:Śākyamuni 6555:Eck (1982 6472:, a 2010 6417:novel by 6352:starring 6203:Bimal Roy 6074:, Yangon. 5972:Sukhothai 5943:Mucalinda 5895:Srivijaya 5872:Borobudur 5848:Vajrapani 5840:Vairocana 5817:Seokguram 5801:Srivijaya 5596:Vajrapani 5542:Amaravati 5214:Ahmadiyya 5195:Ibn Nadim 5179:Al-Biruni 5157:Classical 4835:svadharma 4748:Agnihotra 4473:Borobudur 4329:samyojana 4291:Gandharan 4146:teaches." 3998:sankharas 3994:samyojana 3951:school's 3890:sankharas 3886:samyojana 3732:saṅkhāras 3707:Theravada 3579:Devadatta 3552:Bimbisara 3489:bhikkhunī 3450:Devadatta 3438:Anuruddha 3414:Sāriputta 3403:Bimbisara 3349:Gorakhpur 3345:Bhagalpur 3341:Allahabad 3220:Mahāvastu 3202:Mrigadāva 3096:Mahavastu 3070:, Bihar. 3068:Bodh Gaya 3021:Tathagata 2909:aniconism 2889:Bodh Gaya 2872:Bodh Gaya 2819:Bimbisara 2790:Yaśodhara 2731:suffering 2722:Borobudur 2707:Mahāvastu 2628:Yasodhara 2560:Theravada 2491:Kshatriya 2445:Mahavastu 2437:Śākyamuni 2263:Mahāvastu 2259:lokottara 2233:. In the 2231:Mahāvastu 2215:lokottara 2159:(right). 2078:Śāriputra 2015:Shramanas 2001:Aryavarta 1997:Brahminic 1989:oligarchy 1862:Bimbisara 1837:Theravada 1816:from the 1814:Mahāvastu 1795:Aśvaghoṣa 1782:Mahāvastu 1732:16), the 1724:26), the 1637:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 1490:, "great 1484:Varapañña 1478:), Lion ( 1476:Lokanatha 1384:tathāgata 1357:tathāgata 1320:Tathāgata 1315:Tathāgata 1298:शाक्यमुनि 1281:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 1255:(reigned 1246:Kshatriya 1058:ignorance 1021:Bodh Gaya 1005:home life 1001:renounced 878:Sri Lanka 868:Singapore 823:Indonesia 763:Vajrayāna 738:Theravāda 693:Awakening 581:Practices 538:Tripiṭaka 508:Cosmology 483:Emptiness 463:Suffering 283:Pali name 246:Successor 209:Founding 131:(aged 80) 21868:Ascetics 21732:Hinduism 21668:Prophecy 21658:Birthday 21653:Miracles 21533:Buddhism 21463:Category 21392:Violence 21362:Hinduism 21310:Sanskrit 21265:Hinayana 21250:Amitābha 21210:Swastika 21079:Uposatha 21069:Holidays 21054:Calendar 20900:Humanism 20738:Kanishka 20728:Timeline 20552:Thailand 20520:Kalmykia 20515:Buryatia 20500:Pakistan 20485:Mongolia 20480:Maldives 20475:Malaysia 20440:Cambodia 20305:Shamarpa 20300:Nichiren 20250:Xuanzang 20185:Nagasena 20103:Rinpoche 19833:Pāramitā 19675:Devotion 19595:Navayana 19583:Dzogchen 19546:Nichiren 19494:Mahayana 19486:Branches 19364:Saṅkhāra 19113:Mañjuśrī 19070:(cousin) 19062:(cousin) 19030:(mother) 19022:(father) 19010:Miracles 18960:Birthday 18877:Glossary 18850:Buddhism 18788:Maitreya 18753:Vessabhū 18433:(1994), 18403:(1974). 18342:(1992). 18315:: 33–66. 18236:(2016), 18058:Archived 18054:20839172 18011:archived 17949:citation 17773:Archived 17692:Archived 17678:(2008). 17597:15 April 17588:archived 17439:(2001), 17400:15 April 17394:archived 17353:archived 17345:"Buddha" 17335:22 April 17329:archived 17294:59132368 17216:citation 17186:citation 17163:(2010), 17048:: 1–21, 17019:archived 16982:. SAGE. 16974:(2003). 16949:(1992), 16867:archived 16815:(1980), 16760:archived 16749:(1899), 16702:archived 16639:(1918). 16593:archived 16493:archived 16394:archived 16325:22 April 16319:archived 16287:archived 16245:archived 16201:archived 16122:13 March 16116:Archived 16112:Tricycle 16089:14 March 16083:archived 16050:Archived 15963:citation 15920:Archived 15850:(1982), 15709:(1969). 15657:citation 15614:25183119 15567:citation 15557:(1959), 15521:archived 15480:archived 15403:archived 15384:(2011), 15372:(1993), 15335:archived 15262:Archived 15190:(1875), 15172:Archived 15089:13 March 15080:Archived 14927:Archived 14888:TriCycle 14860:Archived 14716:cite web 14547:Archived 14508:Archived 14485:38215769 14378:Archived 14370:"Buddha" 14354:16 April 14348:Archived 14279:17 April 14273:archived 14148:Archived 14133:, p. 19. 13994:Archived 13656:: 35–70. 13463:(eds.). 13291:Archived 12719:Archived 12695:Archived 12481:Archived 12387:Archived 12164:archived 12042:Archived 11727:Archived 11558:31489012 11405:Archived 11375:Archived 11342:Archived 11275:Archived 11241:Archived 10388:16 April 10343:Archived 10126:Archived 10124:. 2005. 10071:(2010). 10032:Archived 9816:Archived 9765:Archived 9426:Archived 9418:Antiqvvs 9391:31389347 9211:Archived 9175:Archived 8946:Archived 8907:Archived 8868:Archived 8819:Archived 8762:Archived 8703:Archived 8598:(2009). 8552:Archived 8530:(2014). 8504:archived 8465:Archived 8362:. Brill. 8337:Archived 8262:Archived 7535:and the 7505:and the 7474:See the 7448:Panchala 7355:Shakya: 6800:, India. 6671:Piprahwa 6539:couchant 6484:See also 6474:oratorio 6438:Creation 6295:Navayana 6293:'s 1957 6255:Tipitaka 5957:Cambodia 5927:Dunhuang 5787:, Japan. 5760:Chinese 5600:Herakles 5580:Berenice 5309:sect of 5269:Iodasaph 5265:Būdhasaf 5255:Josaphat 5056:Hinduism 5018:" (Skt. 4866:and the 4794:secret. 4694:bhikkhus 4111:sankhara 3940:and the 3918:and the 3780:Piprahwa 3738:appamāda 3711:Mahayana 3586:Sthavira 3469:Jetavana 3395:Rajagaha 3391:Varanasi 3365:Rajagaha 3361:Savatthi 3269:arahant. 3224:Koṇḍañña 3187:Vārānasī 3103:and the 2782:Kanthaka 2741:Chandaka 2671:Gandhara 2604:Kondañña 2533:khattiya 2495:khattiya 2487:sal tree 2448:and the 2422:Piprahwa 2355:pāramitā 2211:sabbaññu 2180:Sanskrit 2048:Mahavira 1874:Mahavira 1803:Mahāyāna 1706:Gāndhārī 1702:Gandhara 1412:Lokavidu 1391: – 1378: – 1369:epithets 1293:Sanskrit 1178:aniconic 1170:Hinduism 1123:svabhava 1092:such as 1072:and the 985:Buddhism 888:Thailand 848:Mongolia 843:Malaysia 808:Cambodia 773:Navayana 753:Hinayana 748:Mahāyāna 658:Lay life 488:Morality 468:Not-self 426:Concepts 385:Councils 370:Timeline 342:Glossary 324:Buddhism 316:a series 314:Part of 270:Sanskrit 250:Maitreya 211:Buddhism 198:(mother) 192:(father) 167:Children 89:Personal 21893:Shakyas 21818:Buddhas 21752:Commons 21629:Lumbini 21558:Sayings 21440:Temples 21420:Buddhas 21382:Science 21372:Judaism 21367:Jainism 21285:Lineage 21245:Abhijñā 21215:Thangka 21158:Sarnath 21143:Lumbini 21064:Funeral 21059:Cuisine 20935:Culture 20910:Reality 20860:Creator 20850:Atomism 20720:History 20693:Ukraine 20653:Germany 20572:Senegal 20562:Vietnam 20490:Myanmar 20290:Shinran 20280:Karmapa 20255:Shandao 20225:Dignāga 20150:Śrāvaka 20130:Donchee 20125:Kappiya 20083:Sayadaw 20053:Bhikkhu 20028:Anāgāmi 19985:Nirvana 19951:Samadhi 19838:Paritta 19779:Tonglen 19774:Mandala 19729:Smarana 19710:Mantras 19658:Upekkha 19628:Bhavana 19578:Shingon 19531:Tiantai 19384:Tathātā 19374:Śūnyatā 19369:Skandha 19359:Saṃsāra 19354:Rebirth 19329:Kleshas 19319:Indriya 19221:Subhūti 19106:Guanyin 19060:Ānanda 19052:Rāhula 18932:Nirvana 18872:Outline 18768:Kāśyapa 18743:Vipassī 18703:Sumedha 18678:Śobhita 18673:Raivata 18668:Sumanas 18663:Maṃgala 18567:Krishna 18519:at the 18504:at the 18495:at the 18486:at the 18418:, Brill 18244:Pearson 18228:, Kosei 18064:16 July 17810:1062009 17670:, Brill 16922:3518337 16403:9 April 15632:4 April 15388:, BRILL 15341:18 June 15149:, Rosen 14959:: 752. 14914:: 1–20. 14878:Sources 14818:website 14431:, p. 66 14384:13 July 13895:4410659 12716:Skandha 12393:21 June 12170:5 March 11348:21 June 10230:28 June 10038:12 July 9822:20 June 8513:28 July 8335:: 946. 7874:rules." 7838:anātman 7495:Anālayo 6597:Lumbini 6318:Sony TV 5974:Buddha. 5815:Korean 5356:Bharhut 5322:Sikhism 5307:Gnostic 5283:In the 5210:prophet 5175:Bukhara 5171:Baghdad 5147:Al-Kifl 5122:nāstika 5113:Brahman 5068:, from 5005:mundaka 4974:merit ( 4957:akusala 4883:In the 4849:In the 4800:In the 4792:mantras 4763:Brahmin 4727:Kolkata 4712:Society 4689:sramana 4667:dhyānas 4523:samsara 4504:Rebirth 4475:relief. 4388:Bhāvanā 4341:vimutti 4333:kleshas 4272:essence 4268:purusha 4262:(Pali: 4217:viññana 4143:dhāraṇī 4119:vijnana 4073:āyatana 4052:Samsara 4024:rebirth 4002:kleshas 3988:Samsara 3894:kleshas 3528:Kolkata 3524:Bharhut 3399:Magadha 3357:Magadha 3335:on the 3333:Kosambi 3232:bhikkhu 3228:arahant 3191:Ājīvika 3138:Sarnath 3045:vimutti 3007:samsara 2997:tevijja 2853:Bangkok 2823:Magadha 2794:Anomiya 2757:Vipassi 2745:ascetic 2718:śramaṇa 2683:śramaṇa 2600:Brahmin 2578:Purnima 2576:Buddha 2549:sanghas 2528:Ikṣvāku 2521:of the 2499:Shakyas 2493:(Pali: 2460:Devdaha 2414:Lumbini 2395:Lumbini 2376:Lumbini 2372:Lumbini 2309:Jatakas 2247:abhijñā 2199:nikāyas 2188:Nālandā 2033:Jainism 2029:Cārvāka 2025:Ājīvika 2021:śramaṇa 1964:Shakyas 1866:Magadha 1671:Bharhut 1606:Shakyas 1498:Sources 1492:sramana 1459:Jainism 1442:Arahant 1309:Shakyas 1275:‍ 1118:dharmas 1114:dharmas 1062:craving 1054:freedom 1017:nirvana 989:Lumbini 898:Vietnam 853:Myanmar 768:Tibetan 758:Chinese 686:Nirvāṇa 503:Saṃsāra 498:Rebirth 363:History 352:Outline 224:Shakyas 183:Parents 110:Lumbini 66:Sarnath 21688:Cetiya 21683:Relics 21624:Places 21617:Rāhula 21592:Family 21435:Sutras 21430:Suttas 21295:Siddhi 21280:Koliya 21255:Brahmā 21170:Poetry 21116:Mantra 21106:Kasaya 20978:Pagoda 20958:Kyaung 20953:Vihāra 20948:Temple 20890:Ethics 20733:Ashoka 20683:Sweden 20678:Poland 20673:Norway 20663:Mexico 20648:France 20633:Canada 20628:Brazil 20567:Africa 20547:Taiwan 20510:Russia 20435:Bhutan 20395:Vinaya 20275:Naropa 20265:Saraha 20200:Asanga 19956:Prajñā 19865:Refuge 19828:Nianfo 19789:Tertön 19784:Tantra 19769:Ganana 19759:Tukdam 19685:Dhyāna 19653:Mudita 19648:Karuṇā 19541:Risshū 19536:Huayan 19469:Naraka 19409:Anattā 19404:Dukkha 19399:Anicca 19304:Dharma 19256:Channa 19191:Ānanda 19176:Assaji 19143:Skanda 19046:(wife) 19015:Family 18995:Relics 18920:Sangha 18915:Dharma 18910:Buddha 18784:Future 18738:Phussa 18708:Sujāta 18693:Nārada 18511:Buddha 18457: 18382: 18361: 18293: 18270: 18250: 18190: 18130: 18052: 18044: 18003: 17970: 17930: 17899: 17876: 17858: 17816: 17808: 17745: 17656: 17638: 17538: 17518: 17482: 17451: 17292: 17246: 17207: 17152: 17133: 17103: 17052: 17011: 16986: 16920: 16889: 16843: 16825: 16802: 16617: 16546: 16515: 16499:24 May 16485: 16456: 16437: 16311: 16237: 16193: 16171:". 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