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3021:. Asandhamitta replied that all her enjoyments resulted from merit resulting from her own karma. Ashoka then challenged her to prove this by procuring 60,000 robes as an offering for monks. At night, the guardian gods informed her about her past gift to the pratyekabuddha, and next day, she was able to miraculously procure the 60,000 robes. An impressed Ashoka makes her his favourite empress, and even offers to make her a sovereign ruler. Asandhamitta refuses the offer, but still invokes the jealousy of Ashoka's 16,000 other women. Ashoka proves her superiority by having 16,000 identical cakes baked with his imperial seal hidden in only one of them. Each wife is asked to choose a cake, and only Asandhamitta gets the one with the imperial seal. The
1976:(universal ruler). Sometime later, Takshashila rebelled again, and Bindusara dispatched Susima to curb the rebellion. Shortly after, Bindusara fell ill and was expected to die soon. Susima was still in Takshashila, having been unsuccessful in suppressing the rebellion. Bindusara recalled him to the capital and asked Ashoka to march to Takshashila. However, the ministers told him that Ashoka was ill and suggested that he temporarily install Ashoka on the throne until Susmia's return from Takshashila. When Bindusara refused to do so, Ashoka declared that if the throne were rightfully his, the gods would crown him as the next emperor. At that instance, the gods did so, Bindusara died, and Ashoka's authority extended to the entire world, including the
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Vedic religion to
Buddhism and was actively engaged in sponsoring and supporting the Buddhist monastic institution. Some scholars have tended to question this assessment. Thapar writes about Ashoka that "We need to see him both as a statesman in the context of inheriting and sustaining an empire in a particular historical period, and as a person with a strong commitment to changing society through what might be called the propagation of social ethics." The only source of information not attributable to Buddhist sources are the Ashokan Edicts, and these do not explicitly state that Ashoka was a Buddhist. In his edicts, Ashoka expresses support for all the major religions of his time:
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Brahmi script. It is likely that the script was forgotten by the time of Faxian, who probably relied on local guides; these guides may have made up some
Buddhism-related interpretations to gratify him, or may have themselves relied on faulty translations based on oral traditions. Xuanzang may have encountered a similar situation, or may have taken the supposed content of the inscriptions from Faxian's writings. This theory is corroborated by the fact that some Brahmin scholars are known to have similarly come up with a fanciful interpretation of Ashoka pillar inscriptions, when requested to decipher them by the 14th century
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When minister
Radhagupta saw Ashoka leaving the capital for the Garden, he offered to provide the prince with an imperial elephant for the travel. At the Garden, Pingala-vatsajiva examined the princes and realised that Ashoka would be the next emperor. To avoid annoying Bindusara, the ascetic refused to name the successor. Instead, he said that one who had the best mount, seat, drink, vessel and food would be the next king; each time, Ashoka declared that he met the criterion. Later, he told Ashoka's mother that her son would be the next emperor, and on her advice, left the empire to avoid Bindusara's wrath.
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heir to the throne and killed a brother (or brothers) to acquire the throne. However, the
Buddhist sources have exaggerated the story, which attempts to portray him as evil before his conversion to Buddhism. Ashoka's Rock Edict No. 5 mentions officers whose duties include supervising the welfare of "the families of his brothers, sisters, and other relatives". This suggests that more than one of his brothers survived his ascension. However, some scholars oppose this suggestion, arguing that the inscription talks only about the
1312:, explicitly promoting Buddhism. The name "Priyadarsi" does occur in two of the minor edicts (Gujarra and Bairat), but Beckwith again considers them as later fabrications. The minor inscriptions cover a very different and much smaller geographical area, clustering in Central India. According to Beckwith, the inscriptions of this later Ashoka were typical of the later forms of "normative Buddhism", which are well attested from inscriptions and Gandhari manuscripts dated to the turn of the millennium, and around the time of the
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4575:, and his edicts addressed to the population at large (there are some addressed specifically to Buddhists; this is not the case for the other religions) generally focus on moral themes members of all the religions would accept. For example, Amartya Sen writes, "The Indian Emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE presented many political inscriptions in favor of tolerance and individual freedom, both as a part of state policy and in the relation of different people to each other".
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4216:, as well as boulders and cave walls, issued during his reign. These inscriptions are dispersed throughout modern-day Pakistan and India, and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history, offering more information about Ashoka's proselytism, moral precepts, religious precepts, and his notions of social and animal welfare.
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3220:) covering nearly most of the Indian subcontinent. Bindusara and Ashoka seem to have extended the empire southwards. The distribution of Ashoka's inscriptions suggests that his empire included almost the entire Indian subcontinent, except its southernmost parts. The Rock Edicts 2 and 13 suggest that these southernmost parts were controlled by the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Keralaputras, and the Satiyaputras. In the north-west, Ashoka's kingdom extended up to
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Ashoka saw a young
Buddhist monk called Nigrodha (or Nyagrodha), who was looking for alms on a road in Pataliputra. He was the king's nephew, although the king was not aware of this: he was a posthumous son of Ashoka's eldest brother Sumana, whom Ashoka had killed during the conflict for the throne. Ashoka was impressed by Nigrodha's tranquil and fearless appearance, and asked him to teach him his faith. In response, Nigrodha offered him a sermon on
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officials chose such places, including that they were centres of megalithic cultures, were regarded as sacred spots in Ashoka's time, or that their physical grandeur may be symbolic of spiritual dominance. Ashoka's inscriptions have not been found at major cities of the Maurya empire, such as
Pataliputra, Vidisha, Ujjayini, and Taxila. It is possible that many of these inscriptions are lost; the 7th century Chinese pilgrim
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2431:, and crystal. He ordered the construction of 84,000 stupas throughout the earth, in towns that had a population of 100,000 or more. He told Elder Yashas, a monk at the Kukkutarama monastery, that he wanted these stupas to be completed on the same day. Yashas stated that he would signal the completion time by eclipsing the sun with his hand. When he did so, the 84,000 stupas were completed at once.
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captives. Ashoka states that the repentance of these sufferings caused him to devote himself to the practice and propagation of dharma. He proclaims that he now considered the slaughter, death and deportation caused during the conquest of a country painful and deplorable; and that he considered the suffering caused to the religious people and householders even more deplorable.
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Ashoka's remorse. It is possible that Ashoka did not consider it politically appropriate to make such a confession to the people of
Kalinga. Another possibility is the Kalinga war and its consequences, as described in Ashoka's rock edicts, are "more imaginary than real". This description is meant to impress those far removed from the scene, thus unable to verify its accuracy.
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purity" of the Sangha. For example, in his Minor Rock Edict 3, Ashoka recommends the members of the Sangha to study certain texts (most of which remain unidentified). Similarly, in an inscription found at Sanchi, Sarnath, and Kosam, Ashoka mandates that the dissident members of the sangha should be expelled, and expresses his desire to the Sangha remain united and flourish.
2337:, another major contemporary faith that advocates non-violence and compassion. The legend suggests that Ashoka was not attracted to Buddhism because he was looking for such a faith, rather, for a competent spiritual teacher. The Sri Lankan tradition adds that during his sixth regnal year, Ashoka's son Mahinda became a Buddhist monk, and his daughter became a Buddhist nun.
1948:, Ashoka's son Mahinda was ordained at the age of 20 years, during the sixth year of Ashoka's reign. That means Mahinda must have been 14 years old when Ashoka ascended the throne. Even if Mahinda was born when Ashoka was as young as 20 years old, Ashoka must have ascended the throne at 34 years, which means he must have served as a viceroy for several years.
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was more in keeping with the ethic conditioned by the logic of given situations. His logic of Dhamma was intended to influence the conduct of categories of people, in relation to each other. Especially where they involved unequal relationships." Finally, he promotes ideals that correspond to the first three steps of the Buddha's graduated discourse.
3922:, the emperor fell severely ill during his last days. He started using state funds to make donations to the Buddhist sangha, prompting his ministers to deny him access to the state treasury. Ashoka then started donating his personal possessions, but was similarly restricted from doing so. On his deathbed, his only possession was the half of a
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Vijaya was reborn as Ashoka's prime-minister
Radhagupta. In the later life, the Buddhist monk Upagupta tells Ashoka that his rough skin was caused by the impure gift of dirt in the previous life. Some later texts repeat this story, without mentioning the negative implications of gifting dirt; these texts include Kumaralata's
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2832:). These caskets have been dated to the early 2nd century BCE, and the inscription states that the monks are of the Himalayan school. The missions may have set out from Vidisha in central India, as the caskets were discovered there, and as Mahinda is said to have stayed there for a month before setting out for Sri Lanka.
2727:, who was a contemporary of the Gautama Buddha, once saw 18 fragments of a cloth and a stick in a dream. The Buddha interpreted the dream to mean that his philosophy would be divided into 18 schools after his death, and predicted that a king called Ashoka would unite these schools over a hundred years later.
2078:, Ashoka ascended the throne 218 years after the death of Gautama Buddha and ruled for 37 years. The date of the Buddha's death is itself a matter of debate, and the North Indian tradition states that Ashoka ruled a hundred years after the Buddha's death, which has led to further debates about the date.
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to refer to qualities of the heart that underlie moral action; this was an exclusively
Buddhist use of the word. However, he used the word more in the spirit than as a strict code of conduct. Thapar writes, "His dhamma did not derive from divine inspiration, even if its observance promised heaven. It
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Several of Ashoka's inscriptions appear to have been set up near towns, on important routes, and at places of religious significance. Many of the inscriptions have been discovered in hills, rock shelters, and places of local significance. Various theories have been put forward about why Ashoka or his
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states that
Tissarakkha (called "Tishyarakshita" here) made sexual advances towards Ashoka's son Kunala, but Kunala rejected her. Subsequently, Ashoka granted Tissarakkha emperorship for seven days, and during this period, she tortured and blinded Kunala. Ashoka then threatened to "tear out her eyes,
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asserts that an insignificant act like gifting dirt could not have been meritorious enough to cause Ashoka's future greatness. Instead, the text claims that in another past life, Ashoka commissioned a large number of Buddha statues as a king, and this act of merit caused him to become a great emperor
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Some historians argue that Buddhism became a major religion because of Ashoka's royal patronage. However, epigraphic evidence suggests that the spread of Buddhism in north-western India and Deccan region was less because of Ashoka's missions, and more because of merchants, traders, landowners and the
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The Sri Lankan tradition presents a greater role for Ashoka in the Buddhist community. In this tradition, Ashoka starts feeding monks on a large scale. His lavish patronage to the state patronage leads to many fake monks joining the sangha. The true Buddhist monks refuse to co-operate with these fake
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describes Ashoka's collection of the relics, but does not mention this episode in the context of the construction activities. It states that Ashoka decided to construct the 84,000 viharas when Moggaliputta Tissa told him that there were 84,000 sections of the Buddha's Dhamma. Ashoka himself began the
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The ministers who had helped him ascend the throne started treating him with contempt after his ascension. To test their loyalty, Ashoka gave them the absurd order of cutting down every flower-and fruit-bearing tree. When they failed to carry out this order, Ashoka personally cut off the heads of 500
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and infantry) but refused to provide any weapons for this army. Ashoka declared that weapons would appear before him if he was worthy of being an emperor, and then, the deities emerged from the earth and provided weapons to the army. When Ashoka reached Takshashila, the citizens welcomed him and told
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was looking for honey to cure another, sick pratyekabuddha. A woman directed him to a honey shop owned by the three brothers. Ashoka generously donated honey to the pratyekabuddha, and wished to become the sovereign ruler of Jambudvipa for this act of merit. The woman wished to become his queen, and
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or emissaries to convey messages or letters, written or oral (rather both), to various people. The VIth Rock Edict about "oral orders" reveals this. It was later confirmed that it was not unusual to add oral messages to written ones, and the content of Ashoka's messages can be inferred likewise from
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According to Gombrich, the mission may have included representatives of other religions, and thus, Lamotte's objection about "dhamma" is not valid. The Buddhist chroniclers may have decided not to mention these non-Buddhists, so as not to sideline Buddhism. Frauwallner and Gombrich also believe that
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According to Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13, he conquered Kalinga 8 years after ascending to the throne. The edict states that during his conquest of Kalinga, 100,000 men and animals were killed in action; many times that number "perished"; and 150,000 men and animals were carried away from Kalinga as
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The figures such as 99 and 100 are exaggerated and seem to be a way of stating that Ashoka killed several of his brothers. Taranatha states that Ashoka, who was an illegitimate son of his predecessor, killed six legitimate princes to ascend the throne. It is possible that Ashoka was not the rightful
1929:. The Buddhist chroniclers may have fabricated the Shakya connection to connect Ashoka's family to Buddha. The Buddhist texts allude to her being a Buddhist in her later years but do not describe her conversion to Buddhism. Therefore, it is likely that she was already a Buddhist when she met Ashoka.
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Scholars are still attempting to analyse both the expressed and implied political ideas of the Edicts (particularly in regard to imperial vision), and make inferences pertaining to how that vision was grappling with problems and political realities of a "virtually subcontinental, and culturally and
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rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni. Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamktis, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in
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He imposed a ban on killing of "all four-footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible", and of specific animal species including several birds, certain types of fish and bulls among others. He also banned killing of female goats, sheep and pigs that were nursing their young; as well as their
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Faxian calls the younger brother Mahendra, and states that Ashoka shamed him for his immoral behaviour. The brother then retired to a dark cave, where he meditated, and became an arhat. Ashoka invited him to return to the family, but he preferred to live alone on a hill. So, Ashoka had a hill built
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Karuvaki is the only queen of Ashoka known from his own inscriptions: she is mentioned in an edict inscribed on a pillar at Allahabad. The inscription names her as the mother of prince Tivara, and orders the imperial officers (mahamattas) to record her religious and charitable donations. According
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states that Ashoka followed non-Buddhist sects during the first three years of his reign. The Sri Lankan texts add that Ashoka was not happy with the behaviour of the Brahmins who received his alms daily. His courtiers produced some Ajivika and Nigantha teachers before him, but these also failed to
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Such descriptions of Ashoka as an evil person before his conversion to Buddhism appear to be a fabrication of the Buddhist authors, who attempted to present the change that Buddhism brought to him as a miracle. In an attempt to dramatise this change, such legends exaggerate Ashoka's past wickedness
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during his 21st regnal year. Assuming this visit was a part of the pilgrimage described in the text, and assuming that Ashoka visited Lumbini around 1–2 years after the solar eclipse, the ascension date of 268–269 BCE seems more likely. However, this theory is not universally accepted. For example,
2081:
Assuming that the Sri Lankan tradition is correct, and assuming that the Buddha died in 483 BCE – a date proposed by several scholars – Ashoka must have ascended the throne in 265 BCE. The Puranas state that Ashoka's father Bindusara reigned for 25 years, not 28 years as specified in the Sri Lankan
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states that when Bindusara fell sick, Ashoka returned to Pataliputra from Ujjain and gained control of the capital. After his father's death, Ashoka had his eldest brother killed and ascended the throne. The text also states that Ashoka killed ninety-nine of his half-brothers, including Sumana. The
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asked the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva to determine which of his sons was worthy of being his successor. He asked all the princes to assemble at the Garden of the Golden Pavilion on the ascetic's advice. Ashoka was reluctant to go because his father disliked him, but his mother convinced him to do so.
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According to Sri Lankan tradition, this brother was Tissa, who initially lived a luxurious life, without worrying about the world. To teach him a lesson, Ashoka put him on the throne for a few days, then accused him of being an usurper, and sentenced him to die after seven days. During these seven
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argues that the "dhamma" missionaries mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions were probably not Buddhist monks, as this "dhamma" was not same as "Buddhism". Moreover, the lists of destinations of the missions and the dates of the missions mentioned in the inscriptions do not tally the ones mentioned in
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attributes Ashoka's conversion to the Buddhist monk Samudra, who was an ex-merchant from Shravasti. According to this account, Samudra was imprisoned in Ashoka's "Hell", but saved himself using his miraculous powers. When Ashoka heard about this, he visited the monk, and was further impressed by a
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appears in several versions at multiple places: all the versions state that Ashoka issued the proclamation while on a tour, having spent 256 days on tour. The number 256 indicates that the message was dispatched simultaneously to various places. Three versions of a message, found at edicts in the
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Before Ashoka, the royal communications appear to have been written on perishable materials such as palm leaves, birch barks, cotton cloth, and possibly wooden boards. While Ashoka's administration would have continued to use these materials, Ashoka also had his messages inscribed on rock edicts.
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Ashoka also abolished the imperial hunting of animals and restricted the slaying of animals for food in the imperial residence. Because he banned hunting, created many veterinary clinics and eliminated meat eating on many holidays, the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka has been described as "one of the
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argues that the non-corroboration of this story by inscriptional evidence cannot be used to dismiss it as completely unhistorical, as several of Ashoka's inscriptions may have been lost. Gombrich also argues that Asohka's inscriptions prove that he was interested in maintaining the "unanimity and
2316:
states that Ashoka invited several non-Buddhist religious leaders to his palace and bestowed great gifts upon them in the hope that they would answer a question posed by the king. The text does not state what the question was but mentions that none of the invitees were able to answer it. One day,
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The use of Buddhist sources in reconstructing the life of Ashoka has had a strong influence on perceptions of Ashoka, as well as the interpretations of his Edicts. Building on traditional accounts, early scholars regarded Ashoka as a primarily Buddhist monarch who underwent a conversion from the
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story, Ashoka was born as Jaya in a prominent family of Rajagriha. When he was a little boy, he gave the Gautama Buddha dirt imagining it to be food. The Buddha approved of the donation, and Jaya declared that he would become a king by this act of merit. The text also state that Jaya's companion
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suggest that Ashoka's inscriptions mark the important sites associated with Gautama Buddha. These writers attribute Buddhism-related content to Ashoka's edicts, but this content does not match with the actual text of the inscriptions as determined by modern scholars after the decipherment of the
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The North Indian tradition makes no mention of these events. Ashoka's own inscriptions also appear to omit any mention of these events, recording only one of his activities during this period: in his 19th regnal year, he donated the Khalatika Cave to ascetics to provide them a shelter during the
2623:
Ashoka's rock edicts suggest that during his eighth–ninth regnal years, he made a pilgrimage to the Bodhi Tree, started propagating dhamma, and performed social welfare activities. The welfare activities included establishment of medical treatment facilities for humans and animals; plantation of
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also briefly alludes to Ashoka's cruelty, stating that Ashoka was earlier called Chandashoka because of his evil deeds but came to be called Dharmashoka because of his pious acts after his conversion to Buddhism. However, unlike the north Indian tradition, the Sri Lankan texts do not mention any
803:
Much of the information about Ashoka comes from Buddhist legends, which present him as a great, ideal emperor. These legends appear in texts that are not contemporary to Ashoka and were composed by Buddhist authors, who used various stories to illustrate the impact of their faith on Ashoka. This
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to describe the relationship between Ashoka and Devi, which modern scholars variously interpret as sexual relations outside marriage, or co-habitation as a married couple. Those who argue that Ashoka did not marry Devi argue that their theory is corroborated by the fact that Devi did not become
2275:
This edict has been inscribed at several places, including Erragudi, Girnar, Kalsi, Maneshra, Shahbazgarhi and Kandahar. However, it is omitted in Ashoka's inscriptions found in the Kalinga region, where the Rock Edicts 13 and 14 have been replaced by two separate edicts that make no mention of
2228:
On the other hand, the Sri Lankan tradition suggests that Ashoka was already a devoted Buddhist by his 8th regnal year, converted to Buddhism during his 4th regnal year, and constructed 84,000 viharas during his 5th–7th regnal years. The Buddhist legends make no mention of the Kalinga campaign.
2223:
Directly, after the Kalingas had been annexed, began His Sacred Majesty's zealous protection of the Law of Piety, his love of that Law, and his inculcation of that Law. Thence arises the remorse of His Sacred Majesty for having conquered the Kalingas because the conquest of a country previously
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tradition. If this is true, Ashoka's ascension can be dated three years earlier, to 268 BCE. Alternatively, if the Sri Lankan tradition is correct, but if we assume that the Buddha died in 486 BCE (a date supported by the Cantonese Dotted Record), Ashoka's ascension can be dated to 268 BCE. The
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states that an Ajivika ascetic invited to interpret a dream of Ashoka's mother had predicted that he would patronise Buddhism and destroy 96 heretical sects. However, such assertions are directly contradicted by Ashoka's own inscriptions. Ashoka's edicts, such as the Rock Edicts 6, 7, and 12,
2904:
For several reasons, scholars say, these stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be clear fabrications arising out of sectarian propaganda. Additionally, these stories do not appear in the Jain texts themselves who do mention Ashoka, such as the Parishtaparvan or Theravali.
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It is possible, but not certain, that Ashoka received letters from Greek rulers and was acquainted with the Hellenistic royal orders in the same way as he perhaps knew of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, given the presence of ambassadors of Hellenistic kings in India (as well as the
1733:
Ashoka's own inscriptions do not describe his early life, and much of the information on this topic comes from apocryphal legends written hundreds of years after him. While these legends include obviously fictitious details such as narratives of Ashoka's past lives, they have some plausible
2146:. The sight put him in an amorous mood, but the women did not enjoy caressing his rough skin. Sometime later, when Ashoka fell asleep, the resentful women chopped the flowers and the branches of his namesake tree. After Ashoka woke up, he burnt 500 of his concubines to death as punishment.
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that he was a Buddhist. In one edict he belittles rituals, and he banned Vedic animal sacrifices; these strongly suggest that he at least did not look to the Vedic tradition for guidance. Furthermore, many edicts are expressed to Buddhists alone; in one, Ashoka declares himself to be an
2750:, accompanied by four other Theras – Itthiya, Uttiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala. Next, with Moggaliputta-Tissa's help, Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries to distant regions such as Kashmir, Gandhara, Himalayas, the land of the Yonas (Greeks), Maharashtra, Suvannabhumi, and Sri Lanka.
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adds that an Ajivika ascetic had predicted this massacre based on the interpretation of a dream of Ashoka's mother. According to these accounts, only Ashoka's uterine brother Tissa was spared. Other sources name the surviving brother Vitashoka, Vigatashoka, Sudatta (So-ta-to in
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Ashoka was directly responsible for the missions, since only a resourceful ruler could have sponsored such activities. The Sri Lankan chronicles, which belong to the Theravada school, exaggerate the role of the Theravadin monk Moggaliputta-Tissa in order to glorify their sect.
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economically highly variegated, 3rd century BCE Indian empire. Nonetheless, it remains clear that Ashoka's Inscriptions represent the earliest corpus of royal inscriptions in the Indian subcontinent, and therefore prove to be a very important innovation in royal practices."
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trade route. However, no extant contemporary source mentions the Takshashila rebellion, and none of Ashoka's records states that he ever visited the city. That said, the historicity of the legend about Ashoka's involvement in the Takshashila rebellion may be corroborated by
1516:
The exact date of Ashoka's birth is not certain, as the extant contemporary Indian texts did not record such details. It is known that he lived in the 3rd century BCE, as his inscriptions mention several contemporary rulers whose dates are known with more certainty, such as
3362:, Ashoka honours people of all faiths. In his inscriptions, Ashoka dedicates caves to non-Buddhist ascetics, and repeatedly states that both Brahmins and shramanas deserved respect. He also tells people "not to denigrate other sects, but to inform themselves about them".
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construction of the Ashokarama vihara, and ordered subordinate kings to build the other viharas. Ashokarama was completed by the miraculous power of Thera Indagutta, and the news about the completion of the 84,000 viharas arrived from various cities on the same day.
3143:, she was 18 years old when she was ordained as a nun. The narrative suggests that she was married two years earlier, and that her husband as well as her child were ordained. It is unlikely that she would have been allowed to become a nun with such a young child.
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rip open her body with sharp rakes, impale her alive on a spit, cut off her nose with a saw, cut out her tongue with a razor." Kunala regained his eyesight miraculously, and pleaded for mercy for the empress, but Ashoka had her executed anyway. Kshemendra's
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influence is seen in some of the formulations used by Ashoka in his inscriptions. This indicates to us that Ashoka was indeed in contact with other cultures, and was an active part in mingling and spreading new cultural ideas beyond his own immediate walls.
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drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of the Nirgrantha leader Jnatiputra. The term nirgrantha ("free from bonds") was originally used for a pre-Jaina ascetic order, but later came to be used for Jaina monks. "Jnatiputra" is identified with
3517:) rather than his rock edicts. This was because the Brahmi script in which these edicts were written was forgotten soon and remained undeciphered until its study by James Prinsep in the 19th century. The writings of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrims such as
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is from his 26th regnal year. The only source of information about Ashoka's later years are the Buddhist legends. The Sri Lankan tradition states that Ashoka's empress Asandhamitta died during his 29th regnal year, and in his 32nd regnal year, his wife
3215:
The extent of the territory controlled by Ashoka's predecessors is not certain, but it is possible that the empire of his grandfather Chandragupta extended across northern India from the western coast (Arabian Sea) to the eastern coast (Upto borders of
3416:" ("not mingled"), and the phrase refers to celestial beings who did not mingle with humans. The inscription claims that the righteousness generated by adoption of dhamma by the humans attracted even the celestial gods who did not mingle with humans.
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Alarmed by the king's involvement in such massacres, prime minister Radha-Gupta proposed hiring an executioner to carry out future mass killings to leave the king unsullied. Girika, a Magadha village boy who boasted that he could execute the whole of
3306:, but then, he "went to" the Sangha, and made more progress. It is not certain what "going to" the Sangha means – the Buddhist tradition that he lived with monks may be an exaggeration, but it clearly means that Ashoka was drawn closer to Buddhism.
4599:
that he had carved on pillars and rocks throughout the empire. All his inscriptions present him as compassionate and loving. In the Kalinga rock edits, he addresses his people as his "children" and mentions that as a father he desires their good.
804:
makes it necessary to exercise caution while relying on them for historical information. Among modern scholars, opinions range from downright dismissal of these legends as mythological to acceptance of all historical portions that seem plausible.
4255:
neighbouring places in Karnataka (Brahmagiri, Siddapura, and Jatinga-Rameshwara), were sent from the southern province's capital Suvarnagiri to various places. All three versions contain the same message, preceded by an initial greeting from the
2803:
The Rock Edict XIII states that Ashoka's won a "dhamma victory" by sending messengers to five kings and several other kingdoms. Whether these missions correspond to the Buddhist missions recorded in the Buddhist chronicles is debated. Indologist
2624:
medicinal herbs; and digging of wells and plantation of trees along the roads. These activities were conducted in the neighbouring kingdoms, including those of the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, Tamraparni, the Greek kingdom of Antiyoka.
2094:
contains a story about Ashoka's minister Yashas hiding the sun with his hand. Professor P. H. L. Eggermont theorised that this story was a reference to a partial solar eclipse that was seen in northern India on 4 May 249 BCE. According to the
3665:
Dhamma. Even where Beloved-of-the-Gods' envoys have not been, these people too, having heard of the practice of Dhamma and the ordinances and instructions in Dhamma given by Beloved-of-the-Gods, are following it and will continue to do so.
1984:
territory located below the earth. When Susima returned to the capital, Ashoka's newly appointed prime minister Radhagupta tricked him into a pit of charcoal. Susima died a painful death, and his general Bhadrayudha became a Buddhist monk.
3545:
told him that the inscriptions prophesied that nobody would be able to remove the pillars except a king named Firuz. Moreover, by this time, there were local traditions that attributed the erection of these pillars to the legendary hero
726:; other inscriptions that mention him or are possibly from his reign; and ancient literature, especially Buddhist texts. These sources often contradict each other, although various historians have attempted to correlate their testimony.
1843:
near Taxila. The inscription includes a name that begins with the letters "prydr", and most scholars restore it as "Priyadarshi", which was the title of Ashoka. Another evidence of Ashoka's connection to the city may be the name of the
3508:, who were tasked with the welfare of the aged, the infirm, the women and children, and various religious sects. They were also sent on diplomatic missions to the Hellenistic kingdoms of west Asia, in order to propagate the dhamma.
3389:
officers, whose duties included the welfare of various religious sects, including the Buddhist sangha, Brahmins, Ajivikas, and Nirgranthas. The Rock Edicts 8 and 12, and the Pillar Edict 7, mandate donations to all religious sects.
2236:
the Kalinga war. Critics of this theory argue that if Ashoka were already a Buddhist, he would not have waged the violent Kalinga War. Eggermont explains this anomaly by theorising that Ashoka had his own interpretation of the
790:
mentions a lost word beginning with "Priyadari", which is theorised to be Ashoka's title "Priyadarshi" since it has been written in Aramaic of 3rd century BCE, although this is not certain. Some other inscriptions, such as the
4612:
declined rapidly. The various Puranas provide different details about Ashoka's successors, but all agree that they had relatively short reigns. The empire seems to have weakened, fragmented, and suffered an invasion from the
2086:
states that Ashoka consecrated himself as the emperor four years after becoming a sovereign. This interregnum can be explained assuming that he fought a war of succession with other sons of Bindusara during these four years.
1725:, which has led to speculation that either Chandragupta or his son Bindusara married a Greek princess. However, there is no evidence that Ashoka's mother or grandmother was Greek, and most historians have dismissed the idea.
1763:(according to Sri Lankan tradition). This suggests that Bindusara was impressed by the other qualities of the prince. Another possibility is that he sent Ashoka to distant regions to keep him away from the imperial capital.
937:, she permanently destroys the tree, but only after a branch of the tree has been transplanted in Sri Lanka. In another story, both the texts describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts to collect a relic of Gautama Buddha from
4058:
9024:
2120:
Both Sri Lankan and North Indian traditions assert that Ashoka was a violent person before Buddhism. Taranatha also states that Ashoka was initially called "Kamashoka" because he spent many years in pleasurable pursuits
3056:, Ashoka's chief empress was Asandhamitta, not Devi: the text does not talk of any connection between the two women, so it is unlikely that Asandhamitta was another name for Devi. The Sri Lankan tradition uses the word
2248:
converted to Buddhism after seeing the suffering caused by the war since his Major Rock Edict 13 states that he became closer to the dhamma after the annexation of Kalinga. However, even if Ashoka converted to Buddhism
2127:); he was then called "Chandashoka" ("Ashoka the fierce") because he spent some years performing evil deeds; and finally, he came to be known as Dhammashoka ("Ashoka the righteous") after his conversion to Buddhism.
8439:"Ashoka was known to be a great builder who may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments." Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj, A. S. Bhalla, I.B.Tauris, 2015 p.18
3175:
The Theragatha commentary calls this brother Vitashoka. According to this legend, one day, Vitashoka saw a grey hair on his head, and realised that he had become old. He then retired to a monastery, and became an
3841:
story, stating that it took place before the birth of the Gautama Buddha. It then states that the merchant was reborn as the boy who gifted dirt to the Buddha; however, in this case, the Buddha his attendant to
3941:
During his reign, the Maurya Empire became one of the biggest empires in the world in terms of area, economy, and military. The achievements in the fields of science and education made the Maurya period the
3477:
Restriction on killing of animals in the imperial kitchen (Rock Edict 1); the number of animals killed was limited to two peacocks and a deer daily, and in future, even these animals were not to be killed.
3047:
As mentioned above, according to the Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka fell in love with Devi (or Vidisha-Mahadevi), as a prince in central India. After Ashoka's ascension to the throne, Devi chose to remain at
4162:. This wheel represents the wheel of Dhamma set in motion by the Gautama Buddha, and appears on the flag of modern India. This capital also features sculptures of lions, which appear on the seal of India.
3643:
Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by Dhamma) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king
3365:
In fact, there is no evidence that Buddhism was a state religion under Ashoka. None of Ashoka's extant edicts record his direct donations to the Buddhists. One inscription records donations by his Queen
2375:– the place of Buddha's enlightenment at Mahabodhi – after his tenth regnal year, and the minor rock edict issued during his 13th regnal year suggests that he had become a Buddhist around the same time.
9011:
3340:
inscription states that Ashoka dispatched the message while travelling to Upunita-vihara in Manema-desha. Although the identity of the destination is not certain, it was obviously a Buddhist monastery (
2668:
ceremony is held for seven years. The king attempts to eradicate the fake monks, but during this attempt, an over-zealous minister ends up killing some real monks. The king then invites the elder monk
775:, it is sometimes helpful to think of Ashoka's messages as propaganda by a politician whose aim is to present a favourable image of himself and his administration, rather than record historical facts.
3618:
which he considered the highest victory and which he wished to propagate everywhere (including far beyond India). There is obvious and undeniable trace of cultural contact through the adoption of the
2333:, and became more devoted to the Buddhist faith. The veracity of this story is not certain. This legend about Ashoka's search for a worthy teacher may be aimed at explaining why Ashoka did not adopt
1851:
The story about the deities miraculously bringing weapons to Ashoka may be the text's way of deifying Ashoka; or indicating that Bindusara – who disliked Ashoka – wanted him to fail in Takshashila.
4587:", and in another he demonstrates a close familiarity with Buddhist texts. He erected rock pillars at Buddhist holy sites, but did not do so for the sites of other religions. He also used the word
910:
to Sri Lanka. However, the North Indian tradition makes no mention of these events. It describes other events not found in the Sri Lankan tradition, such as a story about another son named Kunala.
2363:
Several Buddhist establishments existed in various parts of India by the time of Ashoka's ascension. It is not clear which branch of the Buddhist sangha influenced him, but the one at his capital
3098:
mentions the crown-prince Kunala alias Dharmavivardhana, who was a second son of Ashoka and empress Padmavati. According to Faxian, Dharmavivardhana was appointed as the governor of Gandhara.
3136:
states that she married Ashoka's nephew Agnibrahma, and the couple had a son named Sumana. The contemporary laws regarding exogamy would have forbidden such a marriage between first cousins.
1970:
may jokingly hurt him with a sword. Therefore, he instigated five hundred ministers to support Ashoka's claim to the throne when the time came, noting that Ashoka was predicted to become a
6475:
1289:
which does mention the Sangha, but is a considered a later fake by Beckwith). Also, the geographical spread of his inscription shows that Piyadasi ruled a vast Empire, contiguous with the
3786:
was reborn as Ashoka's wife Asandhamitta. Later Pali texts credit her with an additional act of merit: she gifted the pratyekabuddha a piece of cloth made by her. These texts include the
1830:
Takshashila was a prosperous and geopolitically influential city, and historical evidence proves that by Ashoka's time, it was well-connected to the Mauryan capital Pataliputra by the
3005:
to a honey merchant (who was later reborn as Ashoka). Some later texts also state that she additionally gave the pratyekabuddha a piece of cloth made by her. These texts include the
3378:. There are some indirect references to his donations to Buddhists. For example, the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription records his enlargement of the Konakamana stupa. Similarly, the
2820:, believe that the missions mentioned in the Sri Lankan tradition are historical. According to these scholars, a part of this story is corroborated by archaeological evidence: the
2627:
The edicts also state that during his tenth–eleventh regnal years, Ashoka became closer to the Buddhist sangha, and went on a tour of the empire that lasted for at least 256 days.
1676:, and was prophesied to marry a king. Accordingly, her father took her to Pataliputra, where she was inducted into Bindusara's harem, and ultimately, became his chief empress. The
2257:
process rather than a dramatic event. For example, in a Minor Rock Edict issued during his 13th regnal year (five years after the Kalinga campaign), he states that he had been an
4224:. It is likely that Ashoka's messages were also inscribed on more perishable materials, such as wood, and sent to various parts of the empire. None of these records survive now.
1319:
However, many of Beckwith's methodologies and interpretations concerning early Buddhism, inscriptions, and archaeological sites have been criticized by other scholars, such as
2215:
region during his 8th regnal year: the destruction caused during the war made him repent violence, and in the subsequent years, he was drawn towards Buddhism. Edict 13 of the
2746:. This tradition does not credit Ashoka directly with sending these missions. Each mission comprises five monks, and is headed by an elder. To Sri Lanka, he sent his own son
1898:
Pataliputra was connected to Ujjain by multiple routes in Ashoka's time, and on the way, Ashoka entourage may have encamped at Rupnath, where his inscription has been found.
12854:
3977:
by replacing wooden material by stone, and may also have used the help of foreign craftmen. Ashoka also innovated by using the permanent qualities of stone for his written
1755:
While legends suggest that Bindusara disliked Ashoka's ugly appearance, they also state that Bindusara gave him important responsibilities, such as suppressing a revolt in
13591:
3497:
as a Buddhist lay ethic, a set of politico-moral ideas, a "sort of universal religion", or as an Ashokan innovation. On the other hand, it has also been interpreted as an
2263:(lay Buddhist) for more than two and a half years, but did not make much progress; in the past year, he was drawn closer to the sangha and became a more ardent follower.
13567:
12872:
9167:
Guruge, Ananda W. P. (1995). "Emperor Aśoka and Buddhism: Unresolved Discrepancies between Buddhist Tradition & Aśokan Inscriptions". In Anuradha Seneviratna (ed.).
8753:
4039:
2885:. The legend states that on complaint from a Buddhist devotee, Ashoka issued an order to arrest the non-Buddhist artist, and subsequently, another order to kill all the
1662:, whose account is a distorted version of the earlier traditions, describes Ashoka as the illegitimate son of king Nemita of Champarana from the daughter of a merchant.
761:
Ashoka's inscriptions are the earliest self-representations of imperial power in the Indian subcontinent. However, these inscriptions are focused mainly on the topic of
7295:
4486:
Both the lowly and the exalted must be told : "If you act thus, this matter (will be) prosperous and of long duration, and will thus progress to one and a half.
3001:, Ashoka's chief empress was Asandhimitta, who died four years before him. It states that she was born as Ashoka's empress because in a previous life, she directed a
1791:
in Pakistan). This episode is not mentioned in the Sri Lankan tradition, which instead states that Bindusara sent Ashoka to govern Ujjain. Two other Buddhist texts –
3553:
According to scholars such as Richard Gombrich, Ashoka's dharma shows Buddhist influence. For example, the Kalinga Separate Edict I seems to be inspired by Buddha's
3017:(15th century). These texts narrate another story: one day, Ashoka mocked Asandhamitta was enjoying a tasty piece of sugarcane without having earned it through her
13547:
9007:
3489:
Promotion of "the welfare of all beings so as to pay off his debt to living creatures and to work for their happiness in this world and the next." (Rock Edict 6)
2158:, the jail looked pleasant from the outside, but inside it, Girika brutally tortured the prisoners. but was last executed during the demolition of ashoka"s hell.
3412:" ("false"), and thus, the phrase is a reference to Ashoka's belief in "true" and "false" gods. However, it is more likely that the term derives from the word "
4250:
It appears that Ashoka dispatched every message to his provincial governors, who in turn, relayed it to various officials in their territory. For example, the
8962:
8954:
3891:, she hired a sorceress to do the job, and when Ashoka explained that "Bodhi" was the name of a tree, she had the sorceress heal the tree. According to the
13583:
12878:
12842:
12617:
10535:
2824:
mentions names of five monks, who are said to have gone to the Himalayan region; three of these names have been found inscribed on relic caskets found at
1883:
mentions the presence of a prince viceroy at Ujjain during his reign, which further supports the tradition that he himself served as a viceroy at Ujjain.
989:
Numismatic, sculptural, and archaeological evidence supplements research on Ashoka. Ashoka's name appears in the lists of Mauryan emperors in the various
13681:
13571:
12980:
12884:
2224:
unconquered involves the slaughter, death, and carrying away captive of the people. That is a matter of profound sorrow and regret to His Sacred Majesty.
13587:
13575:
12890:
12848:
12575:
11450:
9925:
2889:
in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order. Sometime later, another Nirgrantha follower in
2154:, was hired for the purpose. He came to be known as Chandagirika ("Girika the fierce"), and on his request, Ashoka built a jail in Pataliputra. Called
1210:
The different areas covered by the two types of inscriptions, and their different content in respect to Buddhism, may point to different rulers namely
2901:, as a result of this order, his own brother was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd. Ashoka realised his mistake, and withdrew the order.
2864:
He launched a pogrom against the Jains, announcing a bounty on the head of any heretic; this resulted in the beheading of his own brother – Vitashoka.
902:
There are several significant differences between the two traditions. For example, the Sri Lankan tradition emphasizes Ashoka's role in convening the
13785:
13559:
12920:
12896:
12678:
12496:
8074:
3589:
very few instances in world history of a government treating its animals as citizens who are as deserving of its protection as the human residents".
3446:, and can be generally translated as "law, duty, or righteousness". In the Kandahar inscriptions of Ashoka, the word "Dharma" has been translated as
4007:
3961:
Ashoka is often credited with the beginning of stone architecture in India, possibly following the introduction of stone-building techniques by the
3430:
Ashoka's various inscriptions suggest that he devoted himself to the propagation of "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma), a term that refers to the teachings of
3168:
days, Tissa realised that the Buddhist monks gave up pleasure because they were aware of the eventual death. He then left the palace, and became an
1242:
Piyadasi (i.e. "Beloved of the Gods Piyadasi", "Beloved of the Gods" being a fairly widespread title for "King"), who is named as the author of the
13579:
2349:
states that Samudra was a merchant's son, and was a 12-year-old boy when he met Ashoka; this account seems to be influenced by the Nigrodha story.
1966:
states that Bindusara's eldest son Susima once slapped a bald minister on his head in jest. The minister worried that after ascending the throne,
4445:
Since then, the association of "Devanampriya Priyadarsin" with Ashoka was confirmed through various inscriptions, and especially confirmed in the
4320:
2099:, Ashoka went on a pilgrimage to various Buddhist sites sometime after this eclipse. Ashoka's Rummindei pillar inscription states that he visited
11454:
6466:
8763:
2427:
states that Ashoka collected seven out of the eight relics of Gautama Buddha, and had their portions kept in 84,000 boxes made of gold, silver,
13358:
11678:
8985:
8931:
8057:
7888:
3330:
In the Nigalisagar inscription, he records his doubling in size of a stupa dedicated to a former Buddha, and his visit to the site for worship.
2676:) convicted of being heretical are de-frocked in the ensuing process. The uposatha ceremony is then held, and Tissa subsequently organises the
686:
Ashoka's existence as a historical emperor had almost been forgotten, but since the decipherment in the 19th century of sources written in the
2321:(earnestness). Impressed by the sermon, Ashoka offered Nigrodha 400,000 silver coins and 8 daily portions of rice. The king became a Buddhist
1013:
is a normative text that focuses on an ideal rather than a historical state, and its dating to the Mauryan period is a subject of debate. The
405:
13716:
2166:
states that Ashoka personally visited the underworld to study torture methods there and then invented his methods. The 7th-century traveller
3887:, and a jealous Tissarakkha mistook "Bodhi" to be a mistress of Ashoka. She then used black magic to make the tree wither. According to the
9895:
7234:
2800:
suggest that during the next year, he made pilgrimage to Lumbini – the place of Buddha's birth, and to the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni.
3907:
also narrates this legend, but seeks to improve Ashoka's image by stating that he forgave the empress after Kunala regained his eyesight.
3707:, one of the supposed recipients of Buddhist emissaries from Ashoka, are sometimes thought to have been influenced by Buddhist teachings.
3087:, who was sent to Sri Lanka as a Buddhist missionary; this son is not mentioned at all in the North Indian tradition. The Chinese pilgrim
2689:
The North Indian tradition makes no mention of these events, which has led to doubts about the historicity of the Third Buddhist council.
12648:
8652:
8345:
8109:
7919:
7862:
6854:
6185:
5524:
5117:
3710:
The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as
1468:
and Gujarra inscriptions, which use both these terms for the king. The title was adopted by other kings, including the contemporary king
8738:
8699:
8634:
8442:
8406:
8372:
8156:
7516:
10003:
7958:
7273:
3837:) combines the stories about the merchant's gift of honey, and the boy's gift of dirt. It narrates a slightly different version of the
9738:
5198:
The Bhatru inscription confirms Emperor Ashoka's acceptance of Buddhism, and in it Ashoka describes himself as the emperor of Magadha.
3987:
2692:
1316:. The quality of the inscriptions of this Ashoka is significantly lower than the quality of the inscriptions of the earlier Piyadasi.
13539:
9760:
4892:, a fiction mystery thriller novel by Satyarth Nayak, traces the evolution of Ashoka and his esoteric legend of the Nine Unknown Men.
4305:
3036:
became the chief empress. The Ashokavadana does not mention Asandhamitta at all, but does mention Tissarakkha as Tishyarakshita. The
9398:
Strong, John S. (1995). "Images of Aśoka: Some Indian and Sri Lankan Legends and their Development". In Anuradha Seneviratna (ed.).
4283:
in India, in the 3rd–2nd century BCE. Numismatic research suggests that this symbol was the symbol of Emperor Ashoka, his personal "
3025:
claims that it was Asandhamitta who encouraged her husband to become a Buddhist, and to construct 84,000 stupas and 84,000 viharas.
2112:
has nothing to do with chronology, and Eggermont's interpretation grossly ignores the literary and religious context of the legend.
1823:
him that their rebellion was only against the evil ministers, not the emperor. Sometime later, Ashoka was similarly welcomed in the
1009:, which provide general information about the Maurya period, can also be used to make inferences about Ashoka's reign. However, the
778:
A small number of other inscriptions also provide some information about Ashoka. For example, he finds a mention in the 2nd century
4871:
4408:, was the inauguration of Piyadassi, .... who, the grandson of Chandragupta, and the son of Bindusara, was at the time Governor of
7220:
Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions
13854:
13844:
13712:
12270:
11722:
9188:
Guruge, Ananda W. P. (1995b). "Emperor Aśoka's Place in History: A Review of Prevalent Opinions". In Anuradha Seneviratna (ed.).
4999:
The North Indian sources indicate Subhadrangi as the name of Ashoka's mother, while the Sri Lankan sources mention her as Dharma.
2434:
779:
12464:
9025:
Adnan Khan and Mallika Singh to play Samrat Ashok & Kaurawkee in Ekta Kapoor's new historical drama series 'Pracchand Ashok'
7944:
Reflections on Law and Armed Conflicts: The Selected Works on the Laws of War by the Late Professor Colonel G.I.A.D. Draper, Obe
4437:
mentions the author as "Devanampriya Asoka", definitively linking both names, and confirming Ashoka as the author of the famous
3129:), is unusual, and the story of her going to Ceylon so that the Ceylonese queen could be ordained appears to be an exaggeration.
11925:
9905:
1561:
1074:
8832:
795:
and the Mahasthan inscription, have been tentatively dated to Ashoka's period by some scholars, although others contest this.
13904:
13899:
9638:
9612:
9593:
9574:
9555:
9510:
9491:
9452:
9409:
9388:
9364:
9314:
9286:
9238:
9199:
9178:
9157:
9133:
9081:
8925:
8883:
8677:
8339:
8103:
7952:
7856:
7510:
7267:
7228:
7191:
6848:
6443:
5518:
5191:
5164:
4287:". This symbol was not used on the pre-Mauryan punch-marked coins, but only on coins of the Maurya period, together with the
8889:
6835:"Ashoka did build the Diamond Throne at Bodh Gaya to stand in for the Buddha and to mark the place of his enlightenment" in
3915:
According to the Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka died during his 37th regnal year, which suggests that he died around 232 BCE.
3211:
to southern India. Several modern maps depict it as covering nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, except the southern tip.
2020:, decorated with dharmachakras alternating with four animals in profile: horse, bull, elephant, and lion. The architectural
13859:
10088:
9930:
4027:
3762:
3282:
The Buddhist legends state that Ashoka converted to Buddhism, although this has been debated by a section of scholars. The
3731:
Some Greeks (Yavana) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka. The Girnar inscription of
3483:
Encouragement of obedience to parents, "generosity toward priests and ascetics, and frugality in spending" (Rock Edict 3).
2917:
An emperor - most probably Ashoka - with his two empresses Asandhimitra and Karuvaki and three attendants, in a relief at
72:
13486:
12265:
4251:
3394:
3283:
3077:
Tivara, the fourth son of Ashoka and Karuvaki, is the only of Ashoka's sons to be mentioned by name in the inscriptions.
2490:
states that Ashoka ordered construction of 84,000 viharas (monasteries) rather than the stupas to house the relics. Like
1875:), which was an important administrative and commercial province in central India. This tradition is corroborated by the
8649:
Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D, Kailash Chand Jain, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1972, p.134
8379:"Ashoka used the knowledge of stone craft to begin the tradition of stone architecture in India, dedicated to Buddhism."
8137:
2352:
The A-yu-wang-chuan states that a 7-year-old Buddhist converted Ashoka. Another story claims that the young boy ate 500
13802:
12162:
11712:
9807:
9262:
7996:
6167:, p. 15: "Only fragments were found of the Wheel of the Moral Law, which the four lions had originally supported."
2893:
drew a similar picture. Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house. He also announced an award of one
1597:. Remains of the city from around that time have been found through excavations in central areas of the modern city of
3511:
Historically, the image of Ashoka in the global Buddhist circles was based on legends (such as those mentioned in the
13919:
13869:
13474:
10008:
9324:
Singh, Upinder (2012). "Governing the State and the Self: Political Philosophy and Practice in the Edicts of Aśoka".
9109:
8844:
8732:
8500:
8400:
8189:
7913:
4980:
4685:
4663:
4389:
1880:
1879:
inscription discovered in central India; this inscription states that he visited the place as a prince. Ashoka's own
1469:
1107:
792:
576:
12255:
4656:
3382:
states that he exempted the village of Buddha's birth from the land tax, and reduced the revenue tax to one-eighth.
2945:. It depicts the emperor with his empress, two attendants bearing fly-whisks, and one attendant bearing an umbrella.
2356:
who were harassing Ashoka for being interested in Buddhism; these Brahmanas later miraculously turned into Buddhist
1130:
11940:
11685:
2723:
records another story about Ashoka's involvement in the Buddhist sangha. According to this story, the earlier king
531:
1447:
adopted by Ashoka. A version of this name is used for Ashoka in Greek-language inscriptions: βασιλεὺς Πιοδασσης ("
671:, he was gradually drawn towards Buddhism. The Buddhist legends credit Ashoka with establishing a large number of
13543:
12332:
12322:
10151:
9101:
3450:(Greek) and qsyt (Aramaic), which further suggests that his "Dharma" meant something more generic than Buddhism.
2630:
By his 12th regnal year, Ashoka had started inscribing edicts to propagate dhamma, having ordered his officers (
1464:, "Beloved of the Gods"). The identification of Devanampiya and Ashoka as the same person is established by the
13839:
13627:
13515:
12965:
12938:
12810:
12277:
11930:
11732:
11623:
11568:
10141:
4535:
4511:
4204:
2753:
The Sri Lankan tradition dates these missions to Ashoka's 18th regnal year, naming the following missionaries:
2196:
1612:
Ashoka's own inscriptions are fairly detailed but make no mention of his ancestors. Other sources, such as the
9441:
Thapar, Romila (1995). "Aśoka and Buddhism as Reflected in the Aśokan Edicts". In Anuradha Seneviratna (ed.).
4624:, have argued that Ashoka's pacifism undermined the "military backbone" of the Maurya empire. Others, such as
3864:
3565:
Ashoka's rock edicts declare that injuring living things is not good, and no animal should be slaughtered for
3457:, ecological awareness, the observance of common ethical precepts, and the renunciation of war." For example:
3091:
states that Mahinda was Ashoka's younger brother (Vitashoka or Vigatashoka) rather than his illegitimate son.
2941:, 1st–3rd century CE. The relief bears the inscription "Rāya Asoko" (𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓𑁄, "King Ashoka") in the
2913:
767:, and provide little information regarding other aspects of the Maurya state or society. Even on the topic of
13914:
13849:
13611:
13519:
12766:
12247:
11945:
11628:
9920:
9753:
5087:
2739:– who is patronised by Ashoka – sends out nine Buddhist missions to spread Buddhism in the "border areas" in
1836:
1776:
783:
5132:
3327:, he records his visit to the Buddha's birthplace, and declares his reverence for the Buddha and the sangha.
3080:
According to North Indian tradition, Ashoka had a second son named Kunala. Kunala had a son named Samprati.
2482:. It was built by Ashoka to commemorate the enlightenment of the Buddha, about two hundred years before him.
1577:
13829:
13798:
11830:
11702:
11673:
11375:
8054:
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is a fictional biography of the emperor, which was originally written in Dutch in the form of a trilogy by
3674:
3425:
763:
733:
664:
9037:
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3597:
3434:
in the Buddhist circles. However, Ashoka's own inscriptions do not mention Buddhist doctrines such as the
667:" or righteous conduct, the major theme of the edicts. Ashoka's edicts suggest that a few years after the
412:
13864:
11521:
11430:
10900:
10545:
10058:
9953:
9210:
5609:
4158:, the capital of one of the pillars erected by Ashoka features a carving of a spoked wheel, known as the
3926:, which he offered to the sangha as his final donation. Such legends encourage generous donations to the
3464:
Plantation of banyan trees and mango groves, and construction of resthouses and wells, every 800 metres (
3359:
2452:, or "Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha", with its supporting columns, being the object of adoration. A
2212:
656:
44:
11065:
3639:
to the west and that the Greeks in his dominion were converts to Buddhism and recipients of his envoys:
3320:, he records his visit to Sambodhi (the sacred Bodhi Tree at Bodh Gaya), ten years after his coronation.
3317:
3287:
2219:
Rock Inscriptions expresses the great remorse the king felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga:
1393:
13879:
13734:
13156:
12370:
11850:
11326:
10812:
9935:
9768:
9694:
4897:
3302:
In his Minor Rock Edict 1, Ashoka adds that he did not make much progress for a year after becoming an
2979:
2279:
Ancient sources do not mention any other military activity of Ashoka, although the 16th-century writer
1680:
does not mention her by name, although other legends provide different names for her. For example, the
913:
Even while narrating the common stories, the two traditions diverge in several ways. For example, both
266:
11260:
8392:
Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives, Fred S. Kleiner, Cengage Learning, 2009, p14
7311:
2232:
Based on Sri Lankan tradition, some scholars, such as Eggermont, believe Ashoka converted to Buddhism
1172:
13909:
13874:
12260:
12073:
12063:
11935:
10918:
10498:
10259:
10234:
7884:
6520:
4713:(1871–1951) depicting Ashoka's empress standing in front of the railings of the Buddhist monument at
2792:
went to Sri Lanka to establish an order of nuns, taking a sapling of the sacred Bodhi Tree with her.
1787:, Bindusara dispatched prince Ashoka to suppress a rebellion in the city of Takshashila (present-day
771:, the content of these inscriptions cannot be taken at face value. In the words of American academic
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8993:
8915:
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4888:
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He "commissions officers to work for the welfare and happiness of the poor and aged" (Rock Edict 5)
1541:). Thus, Ashoka must have been born sometime in the late 4th century BCE or early 3rd century BCE (
1089:
723:
618:
5579:
2672:, to help him expel non-Buddhists from the monastery founded by him at Pataliputra. 60,000 monks (
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12478:
12302:
12282:
11613:
11593:
11350:
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10324:
9669:
9630:
9483:
7218:
4920:
4727:
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The inscriptions suggest that for Ashoka, Dharma meant "a moral polity of active social concern,
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1937:
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98:
27:
20:
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refers to some of Ashoka's pillar edicts, which have not been discovered by modern researchers.
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2649:
During his 14th regnal year, he commissioned the enlargement of the stupa of Buddha Kanakamuni.
968:
13884:
13469:
12312:
12152:
11820:
11790:
11563:
11514:
11355:
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10881:
10778:
10530:
10525:
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4879:
4667:
4614:
4155:
4140:
4101:
3965:. Before Ashoka's time, buildings were probably built in non-permanent material, such as wood,
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story, Ashoka, Nigrodha and Devnampiya Tissa were brothers in a previous life. In that life, a
3688:
3661:
2701:
2677:
2658:
1993:
1534:
1509:
903:
711:
703:
676:
645:, he is credited with playing an important role in the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia.
10642:
9378:
9354:
8650:
8329:
8181:
8174:
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7903:
7846:
6838:
5508:
5142:
5075:
12317:
12287:
11868:
11800:
11633:
11548:
11543:
11467:
11462:
11380:
9910:
9272:
8722:
8693:
8632:
8440:
8390:
8369:
8153:
7942:
7500:
7257:
4962:
4628:, have suggested that the extent and impact of his pacifism have been "grossly exaggerated".
4068:
3699:
as a recipient of the Buddhist proselytism of Ashoka. Some Hellenistic philosophers, such as
3635:
In his rock edicts, Ashoka states that he had encouraged the transmission of Buddhism to the
2017:
695:
254:
10933:
13653:
13092:
12340:
12307:
12292:
11810:
11707:
11653:
11538:
11477:
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11440:
11425:
11410:
11400:
11365:
11278:
10970:
10893:
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10136:
9885:
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A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century
9073:
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4710:
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4386:
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3286:
leaves no doubt that Ashoka was a follower of Buddhism. In this edict, he calls himself an
2470:
2448:
1538:
1526:
1501:
1253:
Beckwith suggests that Piyadasi was living in the 3rd century BCE, was probably the son of
1005:
958:
524:
12180:
10795:
10664:
10590:
10466:
10204:
9535:
9008:"'Bharatvarsh' – ABP News brings a captivating saga of legendary Indians with Anupam Kher"
8152:
The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology by Upinder Singh
4851:
4453:, directly associating Ashoka with his regnal title Devanampriya ("Beloved-of-the-Gods"):
3622:
script, and the idea of installing inscriptions might have travelled with this script, as
629:. His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day
8:
13761:
13751:
13620:
13408:
13397:
12147:
12026:
11860:
11835:
11825:
11785:
11762:
11645:
11618:
11578:
11497:
11487:
11415:
11342:
10773:
10630:
10411:
10389:
10341:
10161:
9961:
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9797:
9586:
Ashoka and the Mauraya Dynasty: the history and legacy of ancient India's greatest empire
9143:
9091:
7183:
3943:
3923:
3766:
Statue of the emperor Ashoka the Great at Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery in Ramu,
3454:
3113:
According to Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka had a daughter named Sanghamitta, who became a
2797:
1988:
1711:
1627:
1584:
1497:
1324:
1320:
1305:
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1211:
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1164:
1047:
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420:
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It is thought that Ashoka's palace at Patna was modelled after the Achaemenid palace of
1465:
13773:
13665:
13028:
12210:
12115:
11957:
11920:
11915:
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11608:
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11558:
11553:
11492:
11472:
11435:
11360:
11165:
10866:
10790:
10668:
10610:
10451:
10351:
10279:
10254:
9900:
9830:
9341:
8474:
6428:
5109:
5101:
4883:, in which he wrote about Ashoka hiding a dangerous secret for the well-being of India.
4835:
novels, the main character mentions Ashoka as a model for administrators to strive for.
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seems to mention the presence of Ashoka in the area of Ujjain as he was still a Prince.
1845:
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1722:
1518:
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1410:
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1035:
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9522:
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Oriental Coins & Their Values: The Ancient and Classical World 600 B.C. - A.D. 650
8023:
Thomas Mc Evilly "The shape of ancient thought", Allworth Press, New York, 2002, p.368
2142:
One day, during a stroll at a park, Ashoka and his concubines came across a beautiful
2041:
states that he killed a hundred of his brothers and was crowned four years later. The
1905:, where he fell in love with a beautiful woman on his way to Ujjain. According to the
953:, he fails to do so because the Buddha had destined the relic to be enshrined by King
13779:
13692:
13639:
13529:
13479:
13433:
13386:
13368:
13191:
12388:
12350:
12046:
12031:
11994:
11979:
11752:
11668:
11583:
11420:
11385:
11370:
11097:
11087:
10768:
10615:
10600:
10471:
10394:
10314:
10249:
10181:
10068:
9825:
9644:
9634:
9608:
9589:
9570:
9551:
9506:
9487:
9476:
9448:
9429:
9405:
9384:
9360:
9345:
9310:
9306:
9282:
9258:
9234:
9195:
9174:
9153:
9129:
9105:
9077:
8921:
8879:
8840:
8728:
8673:
8496:
8396:
8335:
8185:
8099:
7992:
7985:
7948:
7909:
7852:
7506:
7263:
7224:
7187:
6844:
6439:
5514:
5187:
5160:
4821:
4738:
4588:
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4221:
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3435:
2813:
2005:
1886:
1473:
1301:
1270:
1247:
1229:
1192:
1154:
933:, the empress manages to have the tree healed after she realises her mistake. In the
816:
699:
680:
590:
450:
289:
150:
11332:
10126:
10026:
8829:
4220:
Ashoka probably got the idea of putting up these inscriptions from the neighbouring
3933:
Legend states that during his cremation, his body burned for seven days and nights.
2345:
series of miracles performed by the monk. He then became a Buddhist. A story in the
13767:
13728:
13453:
12948:
12415:
12036:
11989:
11984:
11840:
11805:
11780:
11775:
11526:
11482:
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11070:
10726:
10719:
10503:
10493:
10379:
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9915:
9605:
The Biographical Scripture of King Aśoka: Translated from the Chinese of Saṃghapāla
9471:
9333:
9119:
7214:
5091:
4763:
4596:
4564:
4546:, a British archaeologist, also exposed Ashokan historical sources, especially the
4543:
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4446:
4438:
4430:
4175:
4018:
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3670:
3443:
3268:
2817:
2712:
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2453:
2439:
2368:
2216:
2178:
specific evil deeds performed by Ashoka, except his killing of 99 of his brothers.
2155:
1669:
1489:
1382:
832:
824:
820:
741:
550:
440:
362:
352:
13243:
11115:
4534:, a British archaeologist and army engineer, and often known as the father of the
4150:
Ashokan capitals were highly realistic and used a characteristic polished finish,
3379:
3324:
3147:
Another source mentions that Ashoka had a daughter named Charumati, who married a
3040:
mentions another empress called Padmavati, who was the mother of the crown-prince
13824:
12400:
12345:
12297:
12225:
12095:
11893:
11873:
11815:
11727:
11390:
11288:
11135:
10871:
10854:
10839:
10817:
10369:
10239:
10073:
10053:
9720:
9442:
9423:
9399:
9337:
9300:
9276:
9252:
9248:
9226:
The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire
9224:
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9168:
9147:
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9095:
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8836:
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8376:
8160:
8141:
8061:
7177:
6837:
Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya (23 March 2017).
5181:
4942:
4910:
4718:
3704:
3691:
is reported to have been such a Greek ambassador at the court of Ashoka, sent by
3657:
3527:
3400:
3333:
Some of his inscriptions reflect his interest in maintaining the Buddhist sangha.
3225:
2805:
2304:
1872:
1530:
1505:
1359:
1290:
938:
906:, and his dispatch of several missionaries to distant regions, including his son
626:
517:
89:
63:
11145:
10299:
10289:
8370:
Introduction to Indian Architecture Bindia Thapar, Tuttle Publishing, 2012, p.21
8064:. Access to Insight: Readings in Theravāda Buddhism. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
4925:
is an Indian television historical documentary series, hosted by actor-director
3125:
The name "Sanghamitta", which literally means the friend of the Buddhist order (
2638:) to tour their jurisdictions every five years for inspection and for preaching
2464:
2294:
According to Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka's father, Bindusara, was a devotee of
1827:
territory and the gods declared that he would go on to conquer the whole earth.
1814:
states that Bindusara provided Ashoka with a fourfold-army (comprising cavalry,
1085:
729:
13782:
13492:
13457:
13274:
13259:
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12355:
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10783:
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9478:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
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5071:
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4860:
4844:
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One must not think thus, – (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this.
4482:
This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality.
4393:
4151:
4050:
4014:
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3431:
3002:
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2921:. The emperor's identification with Ashoka is suggested by a similar relief at
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2585:
2105:
2025:
1926:
922:
828:
772:
241:
221:
161:
8955:"Next Wave Festival Review; In Stirring Ritual Steps, Past and Present Unfold"
8798:
Sen, Amartya (Summer 1998). "Universal Truths and the Westernizing Illusion".
6812:
6177:
2854:, Ashoka resorted to violence even after converting to Buddhism. For example:
2291:
Different sources give different accounts of Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism.
1484:
13818:
13661:
13649:
13604:
13551:
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11283:
11185:
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8631:
Indian Numismatics, Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Orient Blackswan, 1981, p.73
8134:
6178:"Lion Capital of Ashoka At Sarnath Archaeological Museum Near Varanasi India"
5105:
4856:
4839:
4828:
4732:
4625:
4504:
4378:
4374:
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4159:
4124:
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3118:
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2528:
2204:
2200:
1697:
1426:
legend, his mother gave him this name because his birth removed her sorrows.
1313:
1026:
1021:, and only parts of it survive in the form of paraphrases in later writings.
836:
707:
687:
389:
342:
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10583:
10573:
9945:
9685:
9677:
4813:
depicting his redemption, was adapted to stage in 1996 by theatre director,
3930:
and highlight the role of the emperorship in supporting the Buddhist faith.
1848:
near Taxila; the name suggests that it was built by Ashoka ("Dharma-raja").
1439:. The term literally means "he who regards amiably", or "of gracious mien" (
1046:, have identified this king with the Maurya emperor Ashoka; others, such as
851:
the North Indian tradition preserved in the Sanskrit-language texts such as
13738:
13176:
13160:
13076:
12215:
12200:
12170:
12120:
12110:
11952:
11747:
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10953:
10741:
10736:
10563:
10434:
10309:
9770:
9708:
5096:
4902:
4814:
4771:
about the "Nine Unknown Men", a fictional secret society founded by Ashoka.
4768:
4527:
4377:
contributed in the revelation of historical sources. After deciphering the
3869:
3777:
Buddhist legends mention stories about Ashoka's past lives. According to a
3513:
3298:). This and several other edicts are evidence of his Buddhist affiliation:
2975:
2850:
2548:
2512:
2143:
2016:, reconstitution per Sarnath Museum notice). The lions stand on a circular
2013:
2001:
1972:
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1815:
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1422:
1400:
1258:
999:
954:
859:
840:
745:
490:
278:
260:
192:
48:
10998:
10983:
10943:
10640:
10304:
9880:
9433:
8036:
Oskar von Hinüber (2010). "Did Hellenistic Kings Send Letters to Aśoka?".
5183:
Indian Art & Culture Book in English: Exploring Heritage and Tradition
4425:
3573:
young up to the age of six months. He also banned killing of all fish and
3114:
2396:. The central stupa was built during the Mauryas, and enlarged during the
1368:
993:. However, these texts do not provide further details about him, as their
600:
13330:
13044:
12448:
12185:
12014:
11155:
11140:
10923:
10731:
10659:
10439:
10269:
10171:
10018:
9890:
7980:
6519:
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4934:
4926:
4914:
4832:
3974:
3538:
3233:
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to anyone who brought him the head of a Nirgrantha heretic. According to
2890:
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2682:
2416:
state that Ashoka constructed 84,000 stupas or viharas. According to the
2401:
2364:
2326:
2191:
1941:
1706:
1643:
1594:
1444:
1352:
1238:
1180:
1142:
1043:
853:
749:
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630:
303:
233:
213:
52:
12175:
10635:
5113:
2502:
The construction of following stupas and viharas is credited to Ashoka:
807:
The Buddhist legends about Ashoka exist in several languages, including
13645:
13444:
13308:
12130:
12088:
11964:
11770:
11695:
11309:
11293:
11255:
11235:
11130:
11105:
11013:
10948:
10928:
10674:
10605:
10476:
10359:
10329:
10264:
10214:
9872:
9862:
9835:
6528:
4955:
4855:
is a 2001 epic Indian historical drama film directed and co-written by
4790:
4477:
4339:
4179:
3895:, she completely destroyed the tree, during Ashoka's 34th regnal year.
3884:
3771:
3751:
3732:
3623:
3578:
3569:. However, he did not prohibit common cattle slaughter or beef eating.
3121:, doubt the historicity of Sanghamitta, based on the following points:
2788:
The tradition adds that during his 19th regnal year, Ashoka's daughter
2581:
2558:
2372:
2295:
2238:
2151:
2134:
also calls him "Chandashoka", and describes several of his cruel acts:
1788:
1673:
1651:
994:
926:
634:
470:
122:
11150:
10146:
8478:
8462:
7887:. Translated by Dhammika, Ven. S. Buddhist Publication Society. 1994.
3480:
Provision of medical facilities for humans and animals (Rock Edict 2).
3259:
1345:
997:
authors were not patronised by the Mauryans. Other texts, such as the
13535:
13448:
12793:
12515:
12105:
12078:
11245:
11120:
10832:
10748:
10625:
10515:
10488:
10481:
10444:
10401:
10364:
10131:
10096:
10063:
10038:
9993:
8492:
7941:
Gerald Irving A. Dare Draper; Michael A. Meyer; H. McCoubrey (1998).
7851:(2nd ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 108.
4951:
4906:
4755:, a 1922 Indian silent historical film about the emperor produced by
4417:
4397:
4382:
4292:
4046:
3724:
3619:
3574:
3337:
3148:
2724:
2705:
2611:
2604:
2479:
2443:
2428:
2280:
1891:
1876:
1748:
1744:
1701:
1659:
1639:
1635:
1623:
1618:
1435:
1430:
1420:
The name "A-shoka" literally means "without sorrow". According to an
1403:
1233:
1215:
1137:
1031:
882:
876:
679:, supporting Buddhist missionaries, making generous donations to the
430:
321:
140:
13363:
12829:
11878:
10714:
10568:
10334:
10116:
9985:
9977:
9380:
The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna
9122:(1995). "Aśoka – The Great Upāsaka". In Anuradha Seneviratna (ed.).
5510:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
4749:), a poem that portrays Ashoka's feelings during the war on Kalinga.
4170:
3843:
1721:, Chandragupta entered into a marital alliance with the Greek ruler
1187:
972:
King Ashoka visits Ramagrama, to take relics of the Buddha from the
13776:
13631:
13500:
13292:
13277:
12395:
12235:
12190:
12135:
12100:
12004:
11663:
11230:
11225:
11175:
11110:
11028:
10993:
10988:
10649:
10520:
10508:
10419:
10078:
9775:
9715:
8172:
De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).
8055:
The Edicts of King Ashoka: an English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika
4930:
4560:
4272:
4244:
4199:
4130:
4072:
4064:
3850:
from the dirt, which is used repair cracks in the monastery walls.
3582:
3522:
3447:
3367:
3184:
3088:
2983:
2878:
2784:
Soṇa and Uttara to Suvaṇṇabhūmi (possibly Lower Burma and Thailand)
2665:
2353:
2318:
2167:
2009:
1957:
1804:
1568:
1448:
1440:
1274:
874:
the Sri Lankan tradition preserved in Pali-language texts, such as
808:
737:
642:
460:
373:
272:
157:
11220:
11210:
11195:
11018:
10888:
10156:
7848:
Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present
5761:, p. 323:"In the Ashokavadana, Ashoka's mother is not named."
4966:
features Ashoka as a playable leader for India, being replaced by
4698:
4231:
Most of Ashoka's inscriptions are written in a mixture of various
4095:
3183:
The Ashoka-vadana states that Ashoka's brother was mistaken for a
2420:, this activity took place during his fifth–seventh regnal years.
2400:, but the decorative gateway is dated to the later dynasty of the
2170:
claims to have seen a pillar marking the site of Ashoka's "Hell".
13793:
13722:
13703:
13677:
13563:
13555:
13510:
13496:
13207:
13124:
13108:
13060:
12915:
12818:
12774:
12732:
12140:
12083:
12068:
11215:
11205:
11180:
11055:
11050:
11008:
10978:
10910:
10876:
10763:
10704:
10699:
10553:
10456:
10294:
10244:
10031:
9857:
9565:
Olivelle, Patrick; Leoshko, Janice; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2012).
7901:
4584:
4572:
4568:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4232:
4195:
4105:
3994:
3847:
3542:
3501:
ideology that sought to knit together a vast and diverse empire.
3375:
3237:
3187:
3049:
2954:
2938:
2886:
2882:
2829:
2673:
2600:
2572:
2534:
2516:
2457:
2334:
2322:
2299:
2259:
2100:
1997:
1902:
1864:
1800:
1613:
1407:
990:
337:
315:
237:
217:
188:
59:
13392:
10827:
10595:
8913:
4212:
The edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the
4186:
4118:
3747:, mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir.
3715:
3052:
than move to the imperial capital Pataliputra. According to the
2686:, a text that reaffirms Theravadin orthodoxy on several points.
2253:
the war, epigraphic evidence suggests that his conversion was a
1981:
1197:
973:
946:
945:, he fails to do so because he cannot match the devotion of the
13725:
13699:
13673:
13669:
13465:
13403:
13348:
13239:
13140:
13012:
12996:
12697:
12452:
12220:
12205:
12041:
11903:
11883:
11320:
11200:
11190:
11125:
10753:
10709:
10694:
10684:
10654:
10578:
10461:
10229:
10101:
9845:
9840:
9664:
8779:
Thapar, Romila (13 November 2009). "Ashoka – A Retrospective".
7498:
4967:
4810:
4714:
4547:
4515:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4405:
4296:
4236:
3970:
3966:
3740:
3736:
3518:
3341:
3208:
3126:
3061:
Ashoka's chief empress in Pataliputra after his ascension. The
3041:
2994:
to one theory, Tishyarakshita was the regnal name of Kaurvaki.
2958:
2918:
2825:
2566:
2552:
2544:
2506:
2397:
2393:
2357:
2329:
shrine at Pataliputra. At the temple, he met the Buddhist monk
2163:
1977:
1967:
1922:
1840:
1824:
1760:
1756:
1718:
1647:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1262:
1159:
977:
787:
377:
326:
309:
181:
171:
85:
4789:-language film directed by Raja Chandrasekhar. The film stars
4259:(presumably Ashoka's son and the provincial governor) and the
4049:, with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. 3rd century BCE.
3190:, and killed during a massacre of the Jains ordered by Ashoka.
2861:
He ordered a massacre of 18,000 heretics for a misdeed of one.
2858:
He slowly tortured Chandagirika to death in the "hell" prison.
13374:
13223:
12837:
12560:
12360:
12195:
12053:
12019:
11999:
11969:
11898:
11315:
11160:
11038:
11033:
11003:
10958:
10805:
10800:
10679:
10384:
10209:
10176:
10166:
9038:"Civilization 7 is making bold changes to a familiar formula"
7987:
The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to Peta
7354:
7352:
4800:
4492:
4450:
4434:
4409:
4284:
3998:
3566:
3547:
3221:
3217:
3018:
2575:
2538:
1819:
1598:
1379:
1356:
1039:
847:. All these legends can be traced to two primary traditions:
672:
663:. Ashoka subsequently devoted himself to the propagation of "
13381:
8774:
8772:
8171:
4400:, or "Island Chronicle" ) associating Piyadasi with Ashoka:
1149:
12230:
11023:
10689:
10186:
9503:
Aśokan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-book with Bibliography
8816:
Richard Robinson, Willard Johnson, and Thanissaro Bhikkhu,
4843:
is a 1992 Indian Telugu-language film about the emperor by
4134:
3719:
2123:
812:
595:
568:
562:
553:
56:
13414:
8850:
8586:
8520:
8491:
Reference: "India: The Ancient Past" p.113, Burjor Avari,
8261:
8234:
7826:
7395:
7349:
7073:
7071:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7029:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6793:
6498:
6496:
6051:
6049:
5730:
5728:
5471:
4404:
Two hundred and eighteen years after the beatitude of the
4373:
Ashoka had almost been forgotten, but in the 19th century
3253:
2766:
Mahadeva to Mahisa-mandala (possibly modern Mysore region)
2388:
2367:
is a good candidate. Another good candidate is the one at
2203:
inscribed panel portraying Ashoka and his queens with the
648:
Ashoka's edicts state that during his eighth regnal year (
559:
13378:
Other inscriptions often classified as Minor Rock Edicts.
11888:
10424:
8769:
8603:
8601:
8564:
8562:
8251:
8249:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7565:
7563:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7412:
7410:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7154:
7152:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6874:
6872:
6783:
6781:
6724:
6722:
6697:
6695:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6395:
5740:
5586:
5420:
5391:
5159:(2nd ed.). Detroit, Mich: Omnigraphics. p. 87.
4476:
Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in
2185:
9683:
BBC Radio 4: Melvyn Bragg with Richard Gombrich et al.,
9444:
King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies
9401:
King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies
9191:
King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies
9170:
King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies
9125:
King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies
7761:
7751:
7749:
7722:
7639:
7637:
7622:
7587:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7439:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6768:
6766:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6665:
6663:
6385:
6383:
6370:
6368:
6290:
6136:
6134:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6066:
6064:
5910:
5908:
5796:
5794:
5715:
5713:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5305:
5076:"Aśoka's Wives and the Ambiguities of Buddhist Kingship"
5012:
4950:, based on the love life of the Ashoka, began airing on
4877:
In 2013, Christopher C. Doyle released his debut novel,
4817:
and has since been performed in many parts of the world.
3883:
state that Ashoka extended favours and attention to the
3504:
Ashoka instituted a new category of officers called the
3065:
refers to two children of Ashoka and Devi – Mahinda and
2953:
Emperor Ashoka and his Queen Devi (Shakyakumari) at the
2680:, during the 17th regnal year of Ashoka. Tissa compiles
1710:
legend calls her Janapada-kalyani; according to scholar
1638:, but traces his ancestry to Buddha's contemporary king
9607:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
8549:
8547:
8421:
7814:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7068:
7041:
7000:
6612:
6590:
6588:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6493:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6300:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6088:
6046:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6009:
6007:
5980:
5944:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5840:
5838:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5781:
5779:
5725:
5700:
5698:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5241:
5239:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
8613:
8598:
8559:
8532:
8456:
8454:
8285:
8273:
8246:
8222:
8210:
8198:
7802:
7773:
7649:
7599:
7575:
7560:
7531:
7407:
7383:
7364:
7337:
7149:
7107:
7017:
6971:
6917:
6884:
6869:
6778:
6734:
6719:
6692:
6675:
5556:
5554:
5461:
5459:
5283:
5281:
5268:
5266:
5054:
5052:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
4777:, a 1928 Indian silent film by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra.
4342:, possibly from Ashoka's period, workshop of Mathura.
3958:
survive at various places in the Indian subcontinent.
2840:
artisan guilds who supported Buddhist establishments.
2772:
Dhammarakkhita the Greek to Aparantaka (western India)
1901:
According to the Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka visited
1650:, Munda, Kakavarnin, Sahalin, Tulakuchi, Mahamandala,
1285:(the single notable exception is the 7th Edict of the
1081:
9692:
8574:
8510:
8508:
8309:
8297:
8005:
7746:
7734:
7710:
7698:
7661:
7634:
7548:
7463:
7451:
7422:
7320:
7128:
7095:
7083:
6988:
6934:
6896:
6836:
6763:
6746:
6707:
6660:
6648:
6636:
6407:
6380:
6365:
6146:
6131:
6112:
6061:
5905:
5862:
5850:
5791:
5752:
5710:
5642:
5630:
5539:
5403:
5370:
5341:
5317:
5293:
5251:
4824:
released a graphic novel based on the life of Ashoka.
3954:
Besides the various stupas attributed to Ashoka, the
3614:
the XIIIth Rock Edict: They were meant to spread his
3313:, and records his faith in the Buddha and the Sangha.
2383:
1054:
Alternative interpretation of the epigraphic evidence
965:
glorifies Sri Lanka as the new preserve of Buddhism.
577:
565:
12931:
9281:(3rd revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
8544:
8098:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 184.
7790:
7673:
6624:
6600:
6585:
6573:
6556:
6535:
6346:
6329:
6312:
6267:
6248:
6217:
6200:
6100:
6076:
6019:
6004:
5992:
5968:
5956:
5932:
5920:
5893:
5874:
5835:
5823:
5806:
5776:
5764:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5654:
5618:
5575:
The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record
5444:
5432:
5329:
5236:
5215:
5203:
4809:(The Final Beatitude), a verse-play written by poet
4075:
framing a lotus surrounded by small rosette flowers.
3722:) Buddhist monks, active in spreading Buddhism (the
3442:. The word "Dharma" has various connotations in the
3358:
emphasise tolerance of all sects. Similarly, in his
2360:
at the Kukkutarama monastery, which Ashoka visited.
2283:
claims that Ashoka conquered the entire Jambudvipa.
2211:
Ashoka's inscriptions mention that he conquered the
1940:
in Ujjain, and two years later, to a daughter named
1759:(according to north Indian tradition) and governing
1747:
disliked Ashoka because of his rough skin. One day,
1433:
is associated with Ashoka in the 3rd–4th century CE
8914:Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (10 July 2014).
8451:
6527:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 185 – via
6158:
5551:
5456:
5278:
5263:
5049:
5024:
3601:Territories "conquered by the Dhamma" according to
3537:, after the king had these pillar transported from
2456:topped by an elephant appears in the right corner.
2024:below the abacus, is a stylized upside down lotus.
690:, Ashoka holds a reputation as one of the greatest
556:
9534:
9521:
9475:
8839:, English translation (1993) by Ven. S. Dhammika.
8823:
8505:
8463:"'Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence"
8173:
7984:
7934:
6817:
6427:
4595:Much of the knowledge about Ashoka comes from the
4542:Stupa, Sarnath, Sanchi, and the Mahabodhi Temple.
4154:, giving a shiny appearance to the stone surface.
3981:, as well as his pillars with Buddhist symbolism.
2642:. By the next year, he had set up the post of the
2474:, or "Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha", at the
2371:: the Major Rock Edict 8 records his visit to the
2115:
8095:Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy
8035:
7175:
6425:
5603:
5601:
4553:
4460:Two and a half years (have passed) since I am a
4178:, and location of the contemporary Greek city of
3370:, while the emperor is known to have donated the
3163:, Ashoka had an elder half-brother named Susima.
2970:Various sources mention five consorts of Ashoka:
2537:Mahavihara (some portions like Sariputta Stupa),
2378:
1960:, and his ascension on the throne was disputed.
740:contains inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the
13816:
7908:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 314–315.
7213:
6508:
5513:. Princeton University Press. pp. 226–250.
4385:" of the inscriptions he found with the King of
3461:Abolition of the death penalty (Pillar Edict IV)
894:), Buddhaghosha's commentary on the Vinaya, and
13300:
8334:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 149.
8075:"Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", 6, 21"
8031:
8029:
4905:, based on the life of Ashoka, began airing on
4470:somewhat more (has passed) I have visited the
4396:discovered an important Sri Lankan manuscript (
3648:rules, beyond there where the four kings named
3493:Modern scholars have variously understood this
3309:In his Minor Rock Edict 3, he calls himself an
3083:The Sri Lankan tradition mentions a son called
1921:, she was Vidisha-Mahadevi and belonged to the
1917:– the daughter of a merchant. According to the
1548:), and ascended the throne around 269-268 BCE.
1406:" (𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺) in the
7492:
5598:
5179:
4631:
3404:". According to one interpretation, the term "
3271:No.1 to describe his affiliation to Buddhism (
2286:
2062:of his brothers, not the brothers themselves.
1734:historical information about Ashoka's period.
1700:), and states that she belonged to the Moriya
1622:state that his father was the Mauryan emperor
88:, showing Ashoka on his chariot, visiting the
9754:
3858:
3294:(i.e. Buddhist, after Gautama Buddha's title
3263:(𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓, "Buddhist lay follower", in the
3248:
2848:According to the 5th century Buddhist legend
1807:(where Takshashila was located), not Ujjain.
1799:– state that Bindusara appointed Ashoka as a
525:
13149:
10536:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
9149:Aśoka, the Righteous: A Definitive Biography
8026:
7249:
7171:
7169:
7167:
3794:(possibly from 9th–10th centuries), and the
3703:, who probably lived under the rule of King
3013:(possibly from 9th–10th centuries), and the
2843:
1936:states that Devi gave birth to Ashoka's son
1300:, whose name only appears explicitly in the
1184:" ("Beloved of the Gods"), or both together:
625:in c. 232 BCE, and the third ruler from the
19:"Asoka" redirects here. For other uses, see
9069:Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor
8871:
8180:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p.
7947:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 44.
7207:
6419:
5070:
3757:
3105:mentions Jalauka as a third son of Ashoka.
2933:Ashoka with his empress Tishyarakshita, at
2004:standing back to back, and symbolizing the
1050:dismiss this identification as inaccurate.
9761:
9747:
9090:
8867:
8865:
7902:D.R. Bhandarkar, R. G. Bhandarkar (2000).
7832:
7499:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
5064:
4870:released the song "Emperor Ashoka" on his
3826:The 14th century Pali-language fairy tale
3735:records that during the rule of Ashoka, a
3577:of animals during certain periods such as
3541:and Mirat to Delhi as war trophies, these
3243:
2244:Some earlier writers believed that Ashoka
1980:territory located above the earth and the
1951:
1308:, and who does mention the Buddha and the
1296:On the contrary, for Beckwith, Ashoka was
1146:Piyadasi ("Beloved of the Gods Piyadasi"):
976:, but in vain. Southern gateway, Stupa 1,
532:
518:
12803:
8952:
8909:
8907:
8667:
8365:
8363:
7164:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5095:
4686:Learn how and when to remove this message
4381:, Prinsep had originally identified the "
4108:. This sculpture has been adopted as the
2652:
2298:, and his mother Dharma was a devotee of
1228:, Ashoka, whose name only appears in the
1108:Learn how and when to remove this message
717:
12759:
12627:
9271:
9208:
9118:
8759:
8427:
8038:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7616:
7542:
7343:
7255:
7077:
7062:
7050:
7035:
7023:
7011:
6982:
6965:
6928:
6701:
5800:
5506:
4697:
4649:This section includes a list of general
4503:Another important historian was British
4424:
4326:A punch-marked coin attributed to Ashoka
4194:, a bilingual inscription (in Greek and
4185:
4169:
4129:"the wheel of Righteousness" (Dharma in
3973:. Ashoka may have rebuilt his palace in
3761:
3596:
3474:mile) along the roads. (Pillar Edict 7).
3252:
3198:
2948:
2928:
2912:
2691:
2618:
2463:
2433:
2387:
2195:
2182:and his piousness after the conversion.
1987:
1956:Legends suggest that Ashoka was not the
1885:
1770:
1593:Ashoka was probably born in the city of
1512:by name, as recipients of his teachings.
1483:
1454:Ashoka's inscriptions mention his title
1080:Relevant discussion may be found on the
967:
728:
231:232 BCE (aged c. 71 – 72)
13267:
12907:
11723:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
9541:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9187:
8862:
8388:
8124:
7844:
5578:. Williams and Norgate. 1879. pp.
5477:
5154:
4847:with Rao also playing the titular role.
2207:label "King Asoka", 1st–3rd century CE.
1717:According to the 2nd-century historian
780:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
281:(Sri Lankan and North Indian tradition)
13817:
11926:List of Buddhist architecture in China
9548:Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King
9533:Nikam, N. A.; McKeon, Richard (1959).
9440:
9418:
9397:
9373:
9247:
9219:
9166:
9142:
9035:
9018:
8983:
8904:
8778:
8695:The Cambridge Shorter History of India
8619:
8607:
8592:
8580:
8568:
8553:
8538:
8526:
8360:
8327:
8315:
8303:
8291:
8279:
8267:
8255:
8240:
8228:
8216:
8204:
8017:
8011:
7979:
7820:
7808:
7796:
7784:
7767:
7755:
7740:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7667:
7655:
7643:
7628:
7593:
7581:
7569:
7554:
7486:
7474:
7457:
7445:
7433:
7416:
7401:
7389:
7377:
7358:
7158:
7143:
7122:
7101:
7089:
6994:
6953:
6911:
6890:
6878:
6843:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 570.
6799:
6787:
6772:
6757:
6740:
6728:
6713:
6686:
6669:
6654:
6642:
6630:
6618:
6606:
6594:
6579:
6567:
6550:
6502:
6434:. Stanford University Press. pp.
6413:
6401:
6389:
6374:
6359:
6340:
6323:
6306:
6294:
6261:
6242:
6230:
6211:
6152:
6140:
6125:
6106:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6055:
6040:
6028:
6013:
5986:
5974:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5914:
5899:
5887:
5868:
5856:
5844:
5829:
5785:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5719:
5704:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5648:
5636:
5624:
5607:
5592:
5545:
5483:
5465:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5397:
5385:
5364:
5335:
5323:
5299:
5287:
5272:
5257:
5209:
5157:Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names
5138:
5018:
4480:, have how become mingled (with them).
4346:Symbols including a sun and an animal
3863:Ashoka's last dated inscription - the
3790:, the so-called Cambodian or Extended
3739:Governor was in charge in the area of
3009:, the so-called Cambodian or Extended
2186:Kalinga war and conversion to Buddhism
1766:
1714:, this is not a name, but an epithet.
1298:a later king of the 1st–2nd century CE
1178:Edicts in the name of Ashoka or just "
1092:to additional sources at this section.
13637:Major Rock Edicts in Indian language:
13625:
13609:
13438:
9742:
9588:. Dynasties. London: Reaktion Books.
9567:Reimagining Asoka: Memory and History
9352:
9323:
9295:
9062:
8875:Filmography: Silent Cinema, 1913-1934
8856:
8820:, fifth ed., Wadsworth 2005, page 59.
8741:from the original on 31 December 2019
8720:
8702:from the original on 25 December 2019
8672:. Hawkins Publications. p. 544.
8514:
8460:
8409:from the original on 26 December 2019
8091:
7865:from the original on 14 February 2017
7519:from the original on 31 December 2019
7331:
7276:from the original on 31 December 2013
6823:
6514:
6430:Kingship and Community in Early India
6164:
5998:
5817:
5560:
5311:
5245:
5230:
5058:
5043:
4603:
4363:
3232:. The capital of Ashoka's empire was
2012:, supporting the Wheel of Moral law (
1123:The Edicts and their declared authors
589:
376:but also other religions, propagated
13530:Minor Rock Edicts (n°1, n°2 and n°3)
13170:
13069:
9627:Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
9550:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
9425:Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
9014:from the original on 26 August 2016.
8953:Jefferson, Margo (27 October 2000).
8920:. Taylor & Francis. p. 43.
8686:
8112:from the original on 4 November 2020
7505:. Psychology Press. pp. 69–70.
6522:Asoka: The Buddhist Emperor of India
6481:from the original on 22 January 2020
4874:. It is based on the life of Ashoka.
4635:
3630:
3592:
2730:
2065:
1863:, Bindusara appointed Ashoka as the
1854:
1492:of Ashoka, mentions the Greek kings
1443:: Priya-darshi). It may have been a
1057:
949:who hold the relic; however, in the
13487:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
13322:
12435:(and location of the inscriptions)
9356:Political Violence in Ancient India
9332:(2). University of Delhi: 131–145.
8977:
8892:from the original on 2 October 2021
8797:
8389:Kleiner, Fred S. (5 January 2009).
7237:from the original on 3 January 2014
5074:(2002–2003). Faure, Bernard (ed.).
4578:However, the edicts alone strongly
4538:, unveiled heritage sites like the
3290:(a lay follower of Buddhism) and a
3117:. A section of historians, such as
2974:(or Vedisa-Mahadevi-Shakyakumari),
2775:Maha-dhamma-rakkhita to Maharashtra
2763:Majjhantika to Kashmir and Gandhara
1892:Saru Maru commemorative inscription
1672:was the daughter of a Brahmin from
1330:
798:
613:– 232 BCE), and popularly known as
16:Mauryan emperor from 268 to 232 BCE
13:
13803:Pul-i-Darunteh, Edict No.5 or No.7
13184:
12611:
12583:
11713:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
9528:. London: Oxford University Press.
9463:
9212:Inscriptions of Asoka: New Edition
8934:from the original on 10 March 2022
7922:from the original on 26 April 2016
5186:. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 161.
5120:from the original on 8 August 2021
4970:in later iterations of the series.
4655:it lacks sufficient corresponding
4510:, who was director-General of the
4033:Front frieze of the Diamond throne
3818:. The Chinese writer Pao Ch'eng's
3695:, who himself is mentioned in the
3609:It is well known that Ashoka sent
3348:
3194:
2384:Construction of stupas and temples
2162:The 5th-century Chinese traveller
2070:According to the Sri Lankan texts
1696:, calls her "Dharma" ("Dhamma" in
1073:relies largely or entirely upon a
710:, is adopted at the centre of the
14:
13931:
12973:
12785:
12641:
12507:
9657:
9569:. Oxford University Press India.
9036:Oloman, Jordan (26 August 2024).
8965:from the original on 31 July 2022
7891:from the original on 10 May 2016.
7313:Journal Of Indian Asiatic Society
6188:from the original on 15 July 2022
5507:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017).
5180:Manish Rannjan (19 August 2023).
4981:List of people known as the Great
4291:, the "peacock on the hill", the
3560:
2778:Maharakkhita to the Greek country
2719:The 8th century Buddhist pilgrim
1630:– the founder of the Empire. The
1554:Pataliputra at the time of Ashoka
1470:Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura
1261:, and only advocated for piety ("
793:Sohgaura copper plate inscription
637:in the east, with its capital at
13413:
13402:
13391:
13380:
13373:
13362:
13339:
13321:
13299:
13286:
13285:
13266:
13252:
13242:
13231:
13215:
13199:
13183:
13169:
13148:
13132:
13116:
13100:
13085:
13084:
13068:
13052:
13036:
13020:
13004:
12988:
12972:
12959:
12958:
12930:
12906:
12864:
12828:
12802:
12784:
12758:
12740:
12724:
12706:
12688:
12670:
12656:
12640:
12626:
12610:
12596:
12582:
12569:
12568:
12552:
12538:
12525:
12524:
12506:
12488:
12470:
12463:
12394:
12384:
12383:
11941:Thai temple art and architecture
11686:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
9926:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
9792:
9779:
9769:
9726:
9714:
9702:
9663:
9447:. Buddhist Publication Society.
9404:. Buddhist Publication Society.
9194:. Buddhist Publication Society.
9173:. Buddhist Publication Society.
9128:. Buddhist Publication Society.
9029:
9000:
8946:
8810:
8791:
8714:
8661:
8643:
8625:
8485:
8433:
8382:
8321:
8165:
8146:
8085:
8067:
8048:
7973:
7961:from the original on 14 May 2013
7895:
7877:
7838:
7304:
7288:
7176:Beni Madhab Barua (5 May 2010).
6857:from the original on 23 May 2021
6840:A Global History of Architecture
6829:
6805:
5527:from the original on 14 May 2020
5088:École française d'Extrême-Orient
4640:
4331:
4319:
4311:Caduceus symbol on a Maurya-era
4304:
4198:) by King Ashoka, discovered at
4117:
4094:
4057:
4038:
4026:
4006:
3986:
3963:Greeks after Alexander the Great
3872:was given the title of empress.
3380:Lumbini (Rumminidei) inscription
3325:Lumbini (Rumminidei) inscription
1658:. The 16th century Tibetan monk
1576:
1560:
1392:
1367:
1344:
1196:
1186:
1171:
1158:
1148:
1129:
1062:
984:
549:
411:
404:
71:
13762:Major Pillar Edicts No.1 ~ No.7
13200:
13117:
13101:
13053:
12741:
12725:
12671:
12657:
12597:
12489:
12471:
9793:
9102:The University of Chicago Press
8984:Renouf, Renee (December 2000).
8348:from the original on 8 May 2016
6459:
6170:
5566:
4165:
3949:
3533:. According to Shams-i Siraj's
3203:Ashoka's empire stretched from
2547:University (some portions like
2116:Reign before Buddhist influence
2050:), or Sugatra (Siu-ka-tu-lu in
1837:an Aramaic-language inscription
863:); and Chinese sources such as
13855:Ancient history of Afghanistan
13845:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs
13340:
13253:
13232:
13133:
13037:
13021:
13005:
12989:
12707:
12689:
12539:
11931:Japanese Buddhist architecture
11733:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
10813:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
10004:Places where the Buddha stayed
9520:MacPhail, James Merry (1918).
9055:
8176:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
7845:Simoons, Frederick J. (1994).
5173:
5155:Bollard, John K., ed. (1998).
5148:
4993:
4554:Perceptions and historiography
4536:Archaeological Survey of India
4512:Archaeological Survey of India
4368:
4338:A Maurya-era silver coin of 1
4205:National Museum of Afghanistan
3353:A legend in the Buddhist text
3032:, after Asandhamitta's death,
2379:Reign after Buddhist influence
2266:
1728:
921:mention that Ashoka's empress
722:Information about Ashoka from
1:
13462:Predication throughout India.
13216:
12553:
11946:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
9686:In Our Time, Ashoka the Great
9675:BBC Radio 4: Sunil Khilnani,
8917:Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema
8781:Economic and Political Weekly
5006:
4703:
3853:
3831:
3272:
2740:
2735:In the Sri Lankan tradition,
2438:Illustration of the original
2108:, the event described in the
1777:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1542:
649:
607:
206:
127:
108:
78:
13905:Indian Buddhist missionaries
13900:History of Buddhism in India
13691:Major Rock Edicts 1–10, 14,
13626:Major Rock Edicts in Greek:
11703:Buddhism and the Roman world
11679:Decline of Buddhism in India
11674:History of Buddhism in India
9774: Topics in
9584:Sen, Colleen Taylor (2022).
9359:. Harvard University Press.
9338:10.1080/02666030.2012.725581
9257:. Harvard University Press.
8847:. Retrieved 21 February 2009
8800:Harvard International Review
8721:Gupta, Subhadra Sen (2009).
4803:-language film by K.B. Lall.
4263:(officials) in Suvarnagiri.
3820:Shih chia ju lai ying hua lu
3108:
7:
13860:Ancient history of Pakistan
10901:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
10641:
9428:. Oxford University Press.
8698:. CUP Archive. p. 42.
8668:Mitchiner, Michael (1978).
4974:
4632:In art, film and literature
4275:appears as a symbol of the
3180:for him within Pataliputra.
3154:
2965:
2325:, and started visiting the
2287:First contact with Buddhism
1684:calls her Subhadrangi. The
1607:
1374:The name "Asoka" (𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓
1036:Ashoka of Gonandiya dynasty
857:(including its constituent
633:in the west to present-day
601:
10:
13936:
13605:Barabar Caves inscriptions
13431:
12458:
11851:The unanswerable questions
9546:Olivelle, Patrick (2024).
8986:"Review: Uttarpriyadarshi"
8727:. Penguin UK. p. 13.
7885:"The Edicts of King Asoka"
7182:. General Books. pp.
6468:Indian Archaeology 1997–98
6426:Charles Drekmeier (1962).
4958:played the role of Ashoka.
4917:played the role of Ashoka.
4898:Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat
4608:After Ashoka's death, the
4514:. His main interests were
4449:inscription discovered in
4266:
4139:, has been adopted in the
4080:
3859:Tissarakkha as the empress
3718:sources as leading Greek (
3423:
3249:Relationship with Buddhism
2656:
2442:temple built by Ashoka at
2189:
1626:, and his grandfather was
1567:Ruins of pillared hall at
1338:Names and titles of Ashoka
1273:, without ever mentioning
1232:, is not the same as king
961:. Using such stories, the
622:
25:
18:
13809:
13758:
13749:
13744:
13599:
13428:
13407:Original location of the
12445:
12432:
12414:
12379:
12331:
12246:
12161:
11936:Buddhist temples in Korea
11859:
11761:
11644:
11341:
11269:
11096:
10969:
10909:
10544:
10499:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
10410:
10402:Three planes of existence
10350:
10195:
10087:
10017:
10009:Buddha in world religions
9871:
9816:
9788:
9152:. Central Cultural Fund.
8878:. M. Verma. p. 150.
8830:The Edicts of King Ashoka
6474:. ASI. p. Plate 72.
4946:, a television serial by
4901:, a television serial by
4620:Some historians, such as
3936:
3687:sent by Ashoka himself).
3426:Ashoka's policy of Dhamma
3419:
3408:" derives from the word "
3267:), used by Ashoka in his
2908:
2844:Violence after conversion
2781:Majjhima to the Himalayas
2664:monks, and therefore, no
2551:Stupa and Kunala Stupa),
1779:probably mentions Ashoka.
1634:also names his father as
1042:: some scholars, such as
734:Ashoka's Major Rock Edict
368:
358:
348:
336:
318:(Kalhana's Rajatarangini)
288:
247:
227:
202:
198:
187:
177:
167:
156:
146:
136:
121:
104:
97:
82: 1st century BCE/CE
70:
42:
37:
13920:3rd-century BC Buddhists
13870:Indian Buddhist monarchs
13792:Derived inscriptions in
13739:Nigali Sagar inscription
13338:
13320:
13298:
13284:
13265:
13251:
13230:
13214:
13198:
13182:
13168:
13147:
13131:
13115:
13099:
13083:
13067:
13051:
13035:
13019:
13003:
12987:
12971:
12957:
12929:
12905:
12863:
12827:
12801:
12783:
12757:
12739:
12723:
12705:
12687:
12669:
12655:
12639:
12625:
12609:
12595:
12581:
12567:
12551:
12537:
12523:
12505:
12487:
12469:
11718:Persecution of Buddhists
10939:Four stages of awakening
10320:Three marks of existence
9906:Physical characteristics
9231:Harvard University Press
8655:24 December 2019 at the
8637:15 December 2019 at the
8445:26 December 2019 at the
8375:29 December 2019 at the
8159:29 December 2019 at the
8140:5 September 2006 at the
7262:. Grafikol. p. 32.
7223:. ABC-CLIO. p. 99.
4986:
4289:three arched-hill symbol
4192:Kandahar Edict of Ashoka
4110:National Emblem of India
3910:
3758:Legends about past lives
3605:of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).
2812:Other scholars, such as
2460:relief, 1st century BCE.
1472:and Ashoka's descendant
702:is an adaptation of the
312:(North Indian tradition)
269:(North Indian tradition)
26:Not to be confused with
13693:Separate Edicts 1&2
13544:Palkigundu and Gavimath
12451:and conversion to the "
11081:Ten principal disciples
9964:(aunt, adoptive mother)
9631:Oxford University Press
9484:Oxford University Press
9383:. Motilal Banarsidass.
9353:Singh, Upinder (2017).
9254:Ashoka in Ancient India
8467:The Burlington Magazine
8092:Preus, Anthony (2015).
8044:(2). Freiburg: 262–265.
7256:Le Phuoc (March 2010).
4872:Living in the Moment EP
4670:more precise citations.
3693:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3557:and his other sermons.
3244:Religion and philosophy
3072:
2925:, which bears his name.
2796:rainy season. Ashoka's
2578:, Madhya Pradesh, India
2509:, Madhya Pradesh, India
1952:Ascension to the throne
1523:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1479:
1257:known to the Greeks as
1226:Christopher I. Beckwith
587:Sanskrit pronunciation:
28:Ahsoka (disambiguation)
21:Ashoka (disambiguation)
13470:Third Buddhist Council
12438:Geographical location
11791:Buddhism and democracy
11304:Tibetan Buddhist canon
11299:Chinese Buddhist canon
10531:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
10526:Early Buddhist schools
9215:. Government of India.
6811:Mahâbodhi, Cunningham
5608:Sircar, D. C. (1979).
5097:10.3406/asie.2002.1176
5080:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie
4929:on Hindi news channel
4880:The Mahabharata Secret
4722:
4501:
4458:of Devanampriya Asoka.
4442:
4423:
4354:13.92 x 11.75 mm
4209:
4183:
4156:Lion Capital of Ashoka
4141:National Flag of India
4021:, attributed to Ashoka
3993:The Ashokan pillar at
3956:pillars erected by him
3774:
3680:
3606:
3603:Major Rock Edict No.13
3528:Muslim Tughlaq emperor
3279:
3212:
2962:
2946:
2926:
2881:, 24th Tirthankara of
2809:the Buddhist legends.
2709:
2702:Third Buddhist Council
2678:Third Buddhist council
2659:Third Buddhist council
2653:Third Buddhist Council
2519:, Uttar Pradesh, India
2483:
2461:
2405:
2226:
2208:
2029:
1994:Lion Capital of Ashoka
1895:
1780:
1513:
1490:Major Rock Edict No.13
1304:and allusively in the
1136:Edicts in the name of
1024:The 12th-century text
981:
904:Third Buddhist council
753:
718:Sources of information
712:National Flag of India
706:. Ashoka's wheel, the
704:Lion Capital of Ashoka
677:Third Buddhist council
621:from c. 268 BCE until
306:(Sri Lankan tradition)
300:(Sri Lankan tradition)
263:(Sri Lankan tradition)
257:(Sri Lankan tradition)
13840:3rd-century BC deaths
13509:Minor Rock Edicts in
13371:(Edicts 1, 2 & 3)
11801:Eight Consciousnesses
9911:Life of Buddha in art
9678:Incarnations: Ashoka.
9209:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
8835:28 March 2014 at the
8328:Strong, John (2007).
7259:Buddhist Architecture
4889:The Emperor's Riddles
4701:
4455:
4428:
4402:
4189:
4173:
4065:Rampurva bull capital
4001:, Buddha's birthplace
3765:
3641:
3600:
3499:essentially political
3397:contains the phrase "
3385:Ashoka appointed the
3256:
3224:, to the east of the
3202:
2952:
2932:
2916:
2695:
2619:Propagation of Dhamma
2467:
2446:. At the center, the
2437:
2391:
2221:
2199:
1991:
1889:
1774:
1487:
1006:Indica of Megasthenes
971:
732:
363:Subhadrangi or Dharma
13915:Converts to Buddhism
13850:3rd-century Buddhism
13799:Kandahar, Edict No.7
13548:Bahapur/Srinivaspuri
13475:Sohgaura inscription
13473:In Indian language:
13464:Dissenssions in the
13452:Construction of the
13359:class=notpageimage|
12278:East Asian religions
11708:Buddhism in the West
11279:Early Buddhist texts
10894:Four Right Exertions
10360:Ten spiritual realms
9853:Noble Eightfold Path
9672:at Wikimedia Commons
9501:Falk, Harry (2006).
9273:Mookerji, Radhakumud
9144:Guruge, Ananda W. P.
9092:Fitzgerald, James L.
8872:R. K. Verma (2000).
8461:Irwin, John (1973).
8395:. Cengage Learning.
8331:Relics of the Buddha
7316:. 1872. p. 154.
7217:(22 December 2010).
4711:Abanindranath Tagore
4597:several inscriptions
4532:Alexander Cunningham
4508:John Hubert Marshall
4474:and have shown zeal.
4392:. However, in 1837,
4174:Distribution of the
3768:Cox's Bazar District
3637:Hellenistic kingdoms
3535:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
2872:, a non-Buddhist in
2769:Rakkhita to Vanavasa
1571:site at Pataliputra.
1533:, and Alexander (of
1527:Antigonus II Gonatas
1086:improve this article
13830:Emperors of Magadha
13759:In Indian language:
13752:Major Pillar Edicts
13735:Lumbini inscription
13640:Edicts No.1 ~ No.14
13621:Minor Pillar Edicts
13516:Laghman Inscription
13409:Major Pillar Edicts
13398:Minor Pillar Edicts
12421:(Ruled 269–232 BCE)
12401:Religion portal
12148:Temple of the Tooth
12027:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
11066:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
10559:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
10342:Two truths doctrine
10162:Mahapajapati Gotamī
9962:Mahapajapati Gotamī
9603:Rongxi, Li (1993).
9537:The Edicts of Aśoka
9326:South Asian Studies
8996:on 5 February 2012.
8859:, p. 131, 143.
8595:, pp. 143–157.
8529:, pp. 120–121.
8270:, pp. 152–153.
8060:10 May 2016 at the
7404:, pp. 167–168.
7361:, pp. 146–147.
6802:, pp. 154–155.
6404:, pp. 106–107.
6184:. 27 October 2018.
5749:, pp. 204–205.
5595:, pp. 226–227.
5480:, pp. 185–188.
5429:, pp. 154–157.
5400:, pp. 152–154.
5314:, pp. 331–332.
5021:, pp. 295–296.
4933:. The series stars
3944:Golden Age of India
3835: 14th century
3828:Dasavatthuppakarana
3788:Dasavatthuppakarana
3714:, are described in
3455:religious tolerance
3007:Dasavatthuppakarana
2052:Fen-pie-kung-te-hun
2000:, showing its four
1944:. According to the
1767:Rebellion at Taxila
1712:Ananda W. P. Guruge
1585:Pataliputra capital
1325:Osmund Bopearachchi
1321:Johannes Bronkhorst
1306:Minor Pillar Edicts
1287:Major Pillar Edicts
1267:Major Pillar Edicts
1255:Chandragupta Maurya
1244:Major Pillar Edicts
1212:Chandragupta Maurya
1203:Minor Pillar Edicts
1165:Major Pillar Edicts
1048:Ananda W. P. Guruge
49:Beloved of the Gods
13865:Buddhist pacifists
13600:Year 12 and later
13592:Jatinga-Rameshwara
13526:Year 11 and later
13520:Taxila inscription
12856:Jatinga/Rameshwara
12323:Western philosophy
11921:Dzong architecture
11743:Vipassana movement
11738:Buddhist modernism
11166:Emperor Wen of Sui
10934:Pratyekabuddhayāna
10867:Threefold Training
10669:Vipassana movement
10385:Hungry Ghost realm
10205:Avidyā (Ignorance)
10152:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
9901:Great Renunciation
9896:Eight Great Events
9778:
9010:. 19 August 2016.
8959:The New York Times
8818:Buddhist Religions
8243:, p. 163-165.
7502:A History of India
4767:, a 1923 novel by
4723:
4622:H. C. Raychaudhuri
4604:Impact of pacifism
4443:
4364:Modern scholarship
4277:punch-marked coins
4252:Minor Rock Edict 1
4210:
4184:
3905:Avadana-kalpa-lata
3823:in the next life.
3816:Maha-karma-vibhaga
3775:
3701:Hegesias of Cyrene
3607:
3531:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
3395:Minor Rock Edict 1
3318:Major Rock Edict 8
3284:Minor Rock Edict 1
3280:
3213:
2963:
2947:
2927:
2737:Moggaliputta-Tissa
2710:
2698:Moggaliputta-Tissa
2670:Moggaliputta-Tissa
2484:
2462:
2406:
2331:Moggaliputta Tissa
2209:
2030:
1896:
1846:Dharmarajika Stupa
1781:
1723:Seleucus I Nicator
1692:, a commentary on
1519:Antiochus II Theos
1514:
1411:Minor Pillar Edict
1038:who built several
982:
754:
675:, patronising the
619:Emperor of Magadha
329:(own inscriptions)
275:(own inscriptions)
99:Emperor of Magadha
13880:People from Patna
13813:
13812:
13789:
13780:Lauria Nandangarh
13732:
13707:
13689:
13657:
13612:Major Rock Edicts
13595:
13504:
13480:Pillars of Ashoka
13434:Minor Rock Edicts
13387:Major Rock Edicts
13369:Minor Rock Edicts
13315:
12952:
12423:
12409:
12408:
12047:Om mani padme hum
11753:Women in Buddhism
11669:Buddhist councils
11539:Western countries
11327:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
11088:Shaolin Monastery
10665:Samatha-vipassanā
10275:Pratītyasamutpāda
10079:Metteyya/Maitreya
9997:
9989:
9981:
9973:
9965:
9957:
9949:
9826:Four Noble Truths
9668:Media related to
9640:978-0-19-807724-4
9614:978-0-9625618-4-9
9595:978-1-78914-596-0
9576:978-0-19-807800-5
9557:978-0-300-27490-5
9512:978-3-8053-3712-0
9493:978-0-19-507640-0
9454:978-955-24-0065-0
9411:978-955-24-0065-0
9390:978-81-208-0616-0
9366:978-0-674-97527-9
9316:978-81-317-1120-0
9307:Pearson Education
9288:978-81-208-0582-8
9240:978-0-674-72882-0
9201:978-955-24-0065-0
9180:978-955-24-0065-0
9159:978-955-9226-00-0
9135:978-955-24-0065-0
9120:Gombrich, Richard
9083:978-1-408-70388-5
8927:978-1-135-94325-7
8885:978-81-7525-224-0
8679:978-0-9041731-6-1
8341:978-81-208-3139-1
8135:Click chapter XII
8130:Full text of the
8105:978-1-4422-4639-3
7991:. Lantern Books.
7954:978-90-411-0557-8
7858:978-0-299-14254-4
7770:, pp. 21–22.
7731:, pp. 20–21.
7631:, pp. 19–20.
7596:, pp. 43–44.
7512:978-0-415-32920-0
7489:, pp. 23–24.
7269:978-0-9844043-0-8
7230:978-1-59884-078-0
7193:978-1-152-74433-2
7065:, pp. 11–12.
7038:, pp. 10–11.
6850:978-1-118-98160-3
6621:, pp. 30–31.
6505:, pp. 49–50.
6445:978-0-8047-0114-3
6309:, pp. 12–13.
6245:, pp. 13–14.
6097:, pp. 24–25.
6058:, pp. 22–23.
6043:, pp. 94–95.
5989:, pp. 89–90.
5737:, pp. 25–26.
5520:978-0-691-17632-1
5193:978-93-5521-694-6
5166:978-0-7808-0098-4
4859:. The film stars
4822:Amar Chitra Katha
4807:Uttar-Priyadarshi
4799:is a 1947 Indian
4785:is a 1941 Indian
4739:Jaishankar Prasad
4721:, Madhya Pradesh)
4696:
4695:
4688:
4522:, in addition to
4390:Devanampiya Tissa
4313:punch-marked coin
4235:dialects, in the
4222:Achaemenid empire
4214:Pillars of Ashoka
4088:Symbols of Ashoka
4073:"flame palmettes"
3918:According to the
3808:Kalpana-manditika
3631:Hellenistic world
3593:Foreign relations
3506:dhamma-mahamattas
3436:Four Noble Truths
3355:Vamsatthapakasini
3159:According to the
3139:According to the
2997:According to the
2868:According to the
2814:Erich Frauwallner
2731:Buddhist missions
2704:. Nava Jetavana,
2610:Mir Rukun Stupa,
2468:The rediscovered
2066:Date of ascension
2043:Vamsatthapakasini
2006:Four Noble Truths
1859:According to the
1855:Viceroy of Ujjain
1783:According to the
1737:According to the
1686:Vamsatthapakasini
1587:, 4th–3rd c. BCE.
1474:Dasharatha Maurya
1302:Minor Rock Edicts
1271:Major Rock Edicts
1248:Major Rock Edicts
1230:Minor Rock Edicts
1193:Minor Rock Edicts
1155:Major Rock Edicts
1118:
1117:
1110:
890:(a commentary on
888:Vamsatthapakasini
700:Republic of India
591:[ɐˈɕoːkɐ]
542:
541:
509:
508:
384:
383:
380:("righteousness")
45:Universal Monarch
13927:
13910:Indian Buddhists
13875:Indian pacifists
13768:Allahabad pillar
13765:
13720:
13697:
13659:
13643:
13568:Rajula Mandagiri
13533:
13490:
13478:Erection of the
13454:Mahabodhi Temple
13417:
13406:
13396:Location of the
13395:
13385:Location of the
13384:
13377:
13367:Location of the
13366:
13343:
13342:
13325:
13324:
13313:
13303:
13302:
13289:
13288:
13270:
13269:
13256:
13255:
13246:
13235:
13234:
13219:
13218:
13203:
13202:
13187:
13186:
13173:
13172:
13152:
13151:
13136:
13135:
13120:
13119:
13104:
13103:
13088:
13087:
13072:
13071:
13056:
13055:
13040:
13039:
13024:
13023:
13008:
13007:
12992:
12991:
12976:
12975:
12962:
12961:
12942:
12934:
12933:
12910:
12909:
12874:Rajula/Mandagiri
12868:
12867:
12832:
12831:
12806:
12805:
12788:
12787:
12762:
12761:
12744:
12743:
12728:
12727:
12710:
12709:
12692:
12691:
12674:
12673:
12660:
12659:
12644:
12643:
12634:Rajula Mandagiri
12630:
12629:
12614:
12613:
12600:
12599:
12586:
12585:
12572:
12571:
12556:
12555:
12542:
12541:
12528:
12527:
12510:
12509:
12492:
12491:
12474:
12473:
12467:
12422:
12419:
12416:Edicts of Ashoka
12412:
12411:
12399:
12398:
12387:
12386:
12226:Sacred languages
12074:Maya Devi Temple
12037:Mahabodhi Temple
11841:Secular Buddhism
11806:Engaged Buddhism
10646:
10494:Tibetan Buddhism
10445:Vietnamese Thiền
10044:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
9995:
9987:
9979:
9971:
9963:
9955:
9947:
9796:
9795:
9783:
9773:
9763:
9756:
9749:
9740:
9739:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9719:
9718:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9698:
9667:
9652:
9629:(3rd ed.).
9618:
9599:
9580:
9561:
9542:
9540:
9529:
9527:
9516:
9497:
9481:
9458:
9437:
9415:
9394:
9370:
9349:
9320:
9292:
9268:
9249:Lahiri, Nayanjot
9244:
9216:
9205:
9184:
9163:
9139:
9115:
9087:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9033:
9027:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8992:. Archived from
8981:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8911:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8869:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8827:
8821:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8776:
8767:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8665:
8659:
8647:
8641:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8596:
8590:
8584:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8557:
8551:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8503:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8473:(848): 706–720.
8458:
8449:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8386:
8380:
8367:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8179:
8169:
8163:
8150:
8144:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8089:
8083:
8082:
8081:on 28 July 2013.
8077:. Archived from
8071:
8065:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8033:
8024:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
8002:
7990:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7823:, pp. 9–10.
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7448:, p. 97-98.
7443:
7437:
7431:
7420:
7414:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7362:
7356:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7318:
7317:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7215:Steven L. Danver
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7173:
7162:
7156:
7147:
7141:
7126:
7120:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
6998:
6992:
6986:
6980:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6932:
6926:
6915:
6909:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6776:
6770:
6761:
6755:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6690:
6684:
6673:
6667:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6554:
6548:
6533:
6532:
6526:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6433:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6378:
6372:
6363:
6357:
6344:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6265:
6259:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6215:
6209:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6059:
6053:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6017:
6011:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5953:, p. 66-67.
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5804:
5798:
5789:
5783:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5723:
5717:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5504:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5368:
5362:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5276:
5270:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5234:
5228:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5152:
5146:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5099:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5047:
5041:
5022:
5016:
5000:
4997:
4764:The Nine Unknown
4747:Ashoka's Anxiety
4743:Ashoka ki Chinta
4728:Ashoka the Great
4708:
4705:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4666:this section by
4657:inline citations
4644:
4643:
4636:
4544:Mortimer Wheeler
4499:
4496:Minor Rock Edict
4447:Minor Rock Edict
4431:Minor Rock Edict
4421:
4335:
4323:
4308:
4207:
4176:Edicts of Ashoka
4121:
4098:
4067:, detail of the
4061:
4042:
4030:
4019:Mahabodhi Temple
4010:
3990:
3836:
3833:
3801:According to an
3798:(15th century).
3796:Trai Bhumi Katha
3697:Edicts of Ashoka
3678:
3671:Edicts of Ashoka
3555:Advice to Sigala
3473:
3472:
3468:
3444:Indian religions
3387:dhamma-mahamatta
3277:
3274:
3269:Minor Rock Edict
3151:named Devapala.
3023:Trai Bhumi Katha
3015:Trai Bhumi Katha
2818:Richard Gombrich
2745:
2742:
2713:Richard Gombrich
2696:Ashoka and Monk
2644:dharma-mahamatra
2523:Mahabodhi Temple
2476:Mahabodhi Temple
2454:Pillar of Ashoka
2440:Mahabodhi Temple
2217:Edicts of Ashoka
1913:, the woman was
1580:
1564:
1547:
1544:
1399:Ashoka's title "
1396:
1383:Minor Rock Edict
1371:
1348:
1331:Names and titles
1200:
1190:
1175:
1162:
1152:
1133:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1066:
1065:
1058:
896:Samanta-pasadika
799:Buddhist legends
742:Edicts of Ashoka
724:his inscriptions
655:), he conquered
654:
651:
615:Ashoka the Great
612:
609:
604:
593:
588:
581:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
534:
527:
520:
441:Ashoka the Great
415:
408:
401:
400:
395:
386:
385:
211:
208:
132:
129:
117:
113:
110:
83:
80:
75:
35:
34:
13935:
13934:
13930:
13929:
13928:
13926:
13925:
13924:
13895:Indian warriors
13890:Indian monarchs
13835:Mauryan dynasty
13815:
13814:
13797:
13790:
13764:
13760:
13746:
13733:
13719:
13696:
13690:
13658:
13654:Mansehra Edicts
13642:
13638:
13636:
13635:
13532:
13514:
13489:
13477:
13472:
13468:
13463:
13461:
13451:
13442:
13440:Related events:
13424:
13423:
13422:
13421:
13412:
13401:
13390:
13379:
13372:
13361:
13355:
13354:
13353:
13352:
13344:
13336:
13335:
13334:
13326:
13318:
13317:
13316:
13312:
13304:
13296:
13295:
13290:
13282:
13281:
13280:
13271:
13263:
13262:
13257:
13249:
13248:
13247:
13236:
13228:
13227:
13226:
13220:
13212:
13211:
13210:
13204:
13196:
13195:
13194:
13188:
13180:
13179:
13174:
13166:
13165:
13164:
13163:
13159:
13153:
13145:
13144:
13143:
13137:
13129:
13128:
13127:
13121:
13113:
13112:
13111:
13105:
13097:
13096:
13095:
13089:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13073:
13065:
13064:
13063:
13057:
13049:
13048:
13047:
13041:
13033:
13032:
13031:
13025:
13017:
13016:
13015:
13009:
13001:
13000:
12999:
12993:
12985:
12984:
12983:
12977:
12969:
12968:
12963:
12955:
12954:
12953:
12941:
12935:
12927:
12926:
12925:
12919:
12911:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12895:
12889:
12883:
12877:
12869:
12861:
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12859:
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12847:
12841:
12833:
12825:
12824:
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12815:
12807:
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12789:
12781:
12780:
12779:
12771:
12763:
12755:
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12753:
12745:
12737:
12736:
12729:
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12711:
12703:
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12701:
12693:
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12675:
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12661:
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12607:
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12593:
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12587:
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12557:
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12543:
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12529:
12521:
12520:
12519:
12511:
12503:
12502:
12501:
12493:
12485:
12484:
12483:
12475:
12434:
12429:
12420:
12418:
12410:
12405:
12393:
12375:
12327:
12242:
12157:
11894:Ordination hall
11855:
11757:
11728:Buddhist crisis
11640:
11337:
11289:Mahayana sutras
11265:
11261:Thích Nhất Hạnh
11092:
10965:
10905:
10855:Bodhisattva vow
10540:
10406:
10346:
10305:Taṇhā (Craving)
10240:Five hindrances
10191:
10083:
10013:
9867:
9812:
9784:
9767:
9737:
9727:
9725:
9713:
9703:
9701:
9693:
9660:
9655:
9641:
9621:
9615:
9602:
9596:
9583:
9577:
9564:
9558:
9545:
9532:
9519:
9513:
9500:
9494:
9470:
9466:
9464:Further reading
9461:
9455:
9412:
9391:
9375:Strong, John S.
9367:
9317:
9289:
9265:
9241:
9221:Kosmin, Paul J.
9202:
9181:
9160:
9136:
9112:
9100:. Vol. 7.
9097:The Mahabharata
9084:
9058:
9053:
9043:
9041:
9034:
9030:
9023:
9019:
9006:
9005:
9001:
8982:
8978:
8968:
8966:
8951:
8947:
8937:
8935:
8928:
8912:
8905:
8895:
8893:
8886:
8870:
8863:
8855:
8851:
8837:Wayback Machine
8828:
8824:
8815:
8811:
8796:
8792:
8777:
8770:
8758:
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8719:
8715:
8705:
8703:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8666:
8662:
8657:Wayback Machine
8648:
8644:
8639:Wayback Machine
8630:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8606:
8599:
8591:
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8533:
8525:
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8506:
8490:
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8459:
8452:
8447:Wayback Machine
8438:
8434:
8426:
8422:
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8403:
8387:
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8377:Wayback Machine
8368:
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8322:
8314:
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8274:
8266:
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8223:
8215:
8211:
8203:
8199:
8192:
8170:
8166:
8161:Wayback Machine
8151:
8147:
8142:Wayback Machine
8129:
8125:
8115:
8113:
8106:
8090:
8086:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8062:Wayback Machine
8053:
8049:
8034:
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8010:
8006:
7999:
7978:
7974:
7964:
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7955:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7916:
7900:
7896:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7859:
7843:
7839:
7833:Fitzgerald 2004
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7811:, pp. 6–9.
7807:
7803:
7795:
7791:
7787:, pp. 3–4.
7783:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7754:
7747:
7739:
7735:
7727:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7703:
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7691:
7674:
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7662:
7654:
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7642:
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7592:
7588:
7580:
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7568:
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7549:
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7522:
7520:
7513:
7497:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7473:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7432:
7423:
7415:
7408:
7400:
7396:
7388:
7384:
7376:
7365:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7330:
7321:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7279:
7277:
7270:
7254:
7250:
7240:
7238:
7231:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7174:
7165:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7129:
7121:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6981:
6972:
6968:, pp. 8–9.
6964:
6960:
6952:
6935:
6927:
6918:
6910:
6897:
6889:
6885:
6877:
6870:
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6268:
6260:
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5843:
5836:
5828:
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5807:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5757:
5753:
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5733:
5726:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
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5672:
5664:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5606:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5521:
5505:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5371:
5363:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5326:, pp. 8–9.
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:, pp. 7–8.
5298:
5294:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5216:
5212:, pp. 5–8.
5208:
5204:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5153:
5149:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5072:Strong, John S.
5069:
5065:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4977:
4943:Pracchand Ashok
4911:Siddharth Nigam
4719:Raisen district
4706:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4662:Please help to
4661:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4615:Bactrian Greeks
4606:
4556:
4500:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4459:
4422:
4416:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4336:
4327:
4324:
4315:
4309:
4269:
4203:
4168:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4102:Ashoka's pillar
4099:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4062:
4053:
4043:
4034:
4031:
4022:
4011:
4002:
3991:
3952:
3939:
3924:myrobalan fruit
3913:
3861:
3856:
3834:
3830:(possibly from
3760:
3679:
3669:
3633:
3595:
3563:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3428:
3422:
3351:
3349:Other religions
3275:
3251:
3246:
3226:Seleucid Empire
3197:
3195:Imperial extent
3157:
3111:
3075:
2968:
2911:
2846:
2806:Etienne Lamotte
2743:
2733:
2661:
2655:
2621:
2386:
2381:
2305:Samantapasadika
2289:
2269:
2194:
2188:
2118:
2068:
2048:A-yi-uang-chuan
1954:
1919:Mahabodhi-vamsa
1873:Ujjain district
1857:
1769:
1731:
1682:Asokavadanamala
1670:Ashoka's mother
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1531:Magas of Cyrene
1482:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1360:Edict of Ashoka
1355:Asoka", in the
1349:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1291:Seleucid Empire
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:by introducing
1079:
1067:
1063:
987:
869:A-yü wang ching
865:A-yü wang chuan
801:
720:
692:Indian emperors
652:
627:Mauryan dynasty
610:
586:
579:
552:
548:
538:
445:273/268–232 BCE
393:
392:
332:
284:
232:
212:
209:
130:
115:
111:
93:
81:
62:
55:
51:
47:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13933:
13923:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13783:Lauriya-Araraj
13756:
13755:
13748:
13742:
13741:
13709:
13708:
13628:Edicts n°12-13
13624:
13616:
13615:
13608:
13601:
13597:
13596:
13527:
13523:
13522:
13506:
13505:
13483:
13482:
13458:Diamond throne
13437:
13430:
13426:
13425:
13419:Capital cities
13357:
13356:
13346:
13345:
13337:
13328:
13327:
13319:
13306:
13305:
13297:
13291:
13283:
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13264:
13258:
13250:
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13229:
13222:
13221:
13213:
13206:
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13197:
13190:
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13175:
13167:
13155:
13154:
13146:
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13042:
13034:
13027:
13026:
13018:
13011:
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13002:
12995:
12994:
12986:
12979:
12978:
12970:
12964:
12956:
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12913:
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12871:
12870:
12862:
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12826:
12809:
12808:
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12791:
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12782:
12765:
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12756:
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12704:
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12676:
12668:
12662:
12654:
12646:
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12457:
12444:
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12380:
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12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11961:
11960:
11958:Greco-Buddhist
11950:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11909:Burmese pagoda
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11865:
11863:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11843:
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11773:
11767:
11765:
11759:
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11745:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11691:Greco-Buddhism
11688:
11683:
11682:
11681:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11650:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11624:United Kingdom
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11569:Czech Republic
11566:
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11556:
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11517:
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11460:
11459:
11458:
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11443:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11347:
11345:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11335:
11333:Abhidharmadīpa
11330:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11275:
11273:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11251:B. R. Ambedkar
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11171:Songtsen Gampo
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11102:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10975:
10973:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10915:
10913:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10903:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10864:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10850:Eight precepts
10847:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10810:
10809:
10808:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10787:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10739:
10729:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10638:
10628:
10623:
10621:Five Strengths
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10561:
10556:
10550:
10548:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10416:
10414:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10362:
10356:
10354:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10260:Mental factors
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10201:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10112:Mahamoggallāna
10109:
10104:
10099:
10093:
10091:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10035:
10034:
10027:Avalokiteśvara
10023:
10021:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10011:
10006:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9991:
9983:
9975:
9967:
9959:
9951:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9877:
9875:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9828:
9822:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9766:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9743:
9736:
9735:
9723:
9711:
9691:
9690:
9681:
9673:
9659:
9658:External links
9656:
9654:
9653:
9639:
9623:Thapar, Romila
9619:
9613:
9600:
9594:
9581:
9575:
9562:
9556:
9543:
9530:
9517:
9511:
9505:. Von Zabern.
9498:
9492:
9472:Bentley, Jerry
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9453:
9438:
9420:Thapar, Romila
9416:
9410:
9395:
9389:
9371:
9365:
9350:
9321:
9315:
9297:Singh, Upinder
9293:
9287:
9269:
9264:978-0674057777
9263:
9245:
9239:
9217:
9206:
9200:
9185:
9179:
9164:
9158:
9140:
9134:
9116:
9110:
9094:, ed. (2004).
9088:
9082:
9064:Allen, Charles
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9028:
9017:
8999:
8976:
8945:
8926:
8903:
8884:
8861:
8849:
8822:
8809:
8790:
8768:
8752:
8733:
8713:
8685:
8678:
8660:
8642:
8624:
8622:, p. 133.
8612:
8610:, p. 127.
8597:
8585:
8573:
8571:, p. 143.
8558:
8543:
8541:, p. 126.
8531:
8519:
8504:
8484:
8450:
8432:
8420:
8401:
8381:
8359:
8340:
8320:
8308:
8296:
8294:, p. 165.
8284:
8282:, p. 153.
8272:
8260:
8258:, p. 152.
8245:
8233:
8231:, p. 163.
8221:
8219:, p. 147.
8209:
8207:, p. 146.
8197:
8190:
8164:
8145:
8123:
8104:
8084:
8066:
8047:
8025:
8016:
8004:
7998:978-1590561065
7997:
7972:
7953:
7933:
7914:
7894:
7876:
7857:
7837:
7835:, p. 120.
7825:
7813:
7801:
7789:
7772:
7760:
7745:
7733:
7721:
7709:
7697:
7672:
7660:
7658:, p. 157.
7648:
7633:
7621:
7598:
7586:
7584:, p. 134.
7574:
7572:, p. 142.
7559:
7547:
7530:
7511:
7491:
7479:
7462:
7450:
7438:
7421:
7419:, p. 151.
7406:
7394:
7392:, p. 167.
7382:
7380:, p. 166.
7363:
7348:
7336:
7334:, p. 333.
7319:
7303:
7297:Parishtaparvan
7287:
7268:
7248:
7229:
7206:
7192:
7163:
7161:, p. 232.
7148:
7127:
7125:, p. 149.
7106:
7094:
7082:
7067:
7055:
7040:
7028:
7016:
6999:
6987:
6970:
6958:
6933:
6916:
6895:
6893:, p. 159.
6883:
6881:, p. 158.
6868:
6849:
6828:
6816:
6804:
6792:
6790:, p. 135.
6777:
6762:
6745:
6743:, p. 108.
6733:
6731:, p. 110.
6718:
6706:
6691:
6689:, p. 109.
6674:
6659:
6647:
6635:
6623:
6611:
6599:
6584:
6572:
6555:
6534:
6516:Smith, Vincent
6507:
6492:
6458:
6444:
6418:
6416:, p. 107.
6406:
6394:
6392:, p. 106.
6379:
6377:, p. 105.
6364:
6345:
6328:
6311:
6299:
6266:
6247:
6235:
6216:
6199:
6169:
6157:
6155:, p. 210.
6145:
6143:, p. 209.
6130:
6128:, p. 102.
6111:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6073:, p. 101.
6060:
6045:
6033:
6018:
6003:
6001:, p. 154.
5991:
5979:
5967:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5917:, p. 208.
5904:
5892:
5873:
5871:, p. 207.
5861:
5859:, p. 206.
5849:
5834:
5822:
5820:, p. 332.
5805:
5790:
5775:
5763:
5751:
5739:
5724:
5722:, p. 204.
5709:
5694:
5682:
5670:
5653:
5651:, p. 226.
5641:
5639:, p. 129.
5629:
5617:
5614:. p. 113.
5611:Asokan studies
5597:
5585:
5565:
5550:
5548:, p. 205.
5538:
5519:
5482:
5470:
5455:
5443:
5431:
5419:
5417:, p. 155.
5402:
5390:
5388:, p. 144.
5369:
5367:, p. 143.
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5277:
5262:
5260:, p. 141.
5250:
5248:, p. 131.
5235:
5233:, p. 132.
5214:
5202:
5192:
5172:
5165:
5147:
5131:
5063:
5061:, p. 331.
5048:
5046:, p. 162.
5023:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4959:
4938:
4918:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4868:Mason Jennings
4864:
4861:Shah Rukh Khan
4848:
4845:N. T. Rama Rao
4836:
4825:
4818:
4804:
4794:
4778:
4772:
4760:
4757:Madan Theatres
4750:
4736:
4694:
4693:
4648:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4610:Maurya dynasty
4605:
4602:
4555:
4552:
4489:
4456:
4414:
4394:George Turnour
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4268:
4265:
4167:
4164:
4152:Mauryan polish
4123:
4116:
4115:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4063:
4056:
4054:
4051:British Museum
4044:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4015:Diamond throne
4012:
4005:
4003:
3992:
3985:
3951:
3948:
3938:
3935:
3912:
3909:
3865:Pillar Edict 4
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3810:, Aryashura's
3783:pratyekabuddha
3759:
3756:
3667:
3632:
3629:
3594:
3591:
3562:
3561:Animal welfare
3559:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3462:
3432:Gautama Buddha
3424:Main article:
3421:
3418:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3276: 258 BCE
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3156:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3110:
3107:
3074:
3071:
3003:pratyekabuddha
2988:Tishyarakshita
2967:
2964:
2910:
2907:
2874:Pundravardhana
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2845:
2842:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2744: 250 BCE
2732:
2729:
2657:Main article:
2654:
2651:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2596:Swat, Pakistan
2589:
2586:Madhya Pradesh
2579:
2570:
2556:
2542:
2532:
2531:, Bihar, India
2526:
2525:, Bihar, India
2520:
2510:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2288:
2285:
2268:
2265:
2190:Main article:
2187:
2184:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2140:
2117:
2114:
2106:John S. Strong
2067:
2064:
2026:Sarnath Museum
1953:
1950:
1927:Gautama Buddha
1856:
1853:
1839:discovered at
1768:
1765:
1730:
1727:
1690:Mahavamsa-tika
1609:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1546: 304 BCE
1481:
1478:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1337:
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1208:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1084:. Please help
1070:
1068:
1061:
986:
983:
929:destroyed. In
923:Tishyarakshita
900:
899:
872:
800:
797:
786:discovered at
784:An inscription
773:John S. Strong
719:
716:
698:of the modern
653: 260 BCE
641:. A patron of
540:
539:
537:
536:
529:
522:
514:
511:
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270:
264:
258:
251:
249:
245:
244:
242:Mauryan Empire
229:
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222:Mauryan Empire
210: 304 BCE
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
131: 269 BCE
125:
119:
118:
116: 232 BCE
112: 268 BCE
106:
102:
101:
95:
94:
76:
68:
67:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13932:
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13911:
13908:
13906:
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13901:
13898:
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13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13885:Ancient India
13883:
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13763:
13757:
13754:
13753:
13743:
13740:
13736:
13730:
13727:
13724:
13718:
13717:Queen's Edict
13714:
13711:
13710:
13705:
13701:
13694:
13687:
13683:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13662:Brahmi script
13655:
13651:
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13641:
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13607:
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13561:
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13528:
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13521:
13517:
13512:
13508:
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13494:
13488:
13485:
13484:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13467:
13459:
13455:
13450:
13446:
13443:Visit to the
13441:
13436:
13435:
13427:
13420:
13416:
13410:
13405:
13399:
13394:
13388:
13383:
13376:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13351:
13350:
13333:
13332:
13311:
13310:
13294:
13279:
13276:
13261:
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13241:
13225:
13209:
13193:
13178:
13162:
13158:
13142:
13126:
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13094:
13078:
13062:
13046:
13030:
13014:
12998:
12982:
12967:
12950:
12946:
12940:
12924:
12923:
12918:
12917:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12893:
12888:
12887:
12882:
12881:
12876:
12875:
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12857:
12852:
12851:
12846:
12845:
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12839:
12822:
12820:
12814:
12813:
12796:
12795:
12778:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12752:
12751:
12735:
12734:
12718:
12717:
12700:
12699:
12682:
12681:
12665:
12651:
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12605:
12591:
12577:
12563:
12562:
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12518:
12517:
12500:
12499:
12482:
12481:
12466:
12456:
12454:
12450:
12442:
12441:
12437:
12433:Type of Edict
12427:
12426:
12417:
12413:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12390:
12382:
12381:
12378:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
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12352:
12349:
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12316:
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12311:
12309:
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12299:
12296:
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12289:
12286:
12284:
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12279:
12276:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12263:
12262:
12259:
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12254:
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12251:
12249:
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12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
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12187:
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12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12163:Miscellaneous
12160:
12154:
12153:Vegetarianism
12151:
12149:
12146:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12048:
12045:
12044:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11997:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11975:Buddha in art
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11954:
11951:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11871:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11858:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11760:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11643:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11629:United States
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11537:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11523:
11520:
11516:
11513:
11512:
11511:
11508:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11456:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11344:
11340:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11328:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11311:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11186:Padmasambhava
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11098:Major figures
11095:
11089:
11086:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11045:
11044:Western tulku
11042:
11041:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10968:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10908:
10902:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10869:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10845:Five precepts
10843:
10842:
10841:
10838:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10823:Dhamma vicaya
10821:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10814:
10811:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10670:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10591:Buddhābhiṣeka
10589:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10551:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10491:
10490:
10487:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10235:Enlightenment
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10225:Dhamma theory
10223:
10221:
10220:Buddha-nature
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10059:Samantabhadra
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9992:
9990:
9984:
9982:
9976:
9974:
9968:
9966:
9960:
9958:
9952:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9870:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9764:
9759:
9757:
9752:
9750:
9745:
9744:
9741:
9734:
9724:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9710:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9688:
9687:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9671:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9606:
9601:
9597:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9578:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9538:
9531:
9526:
9525:
9518:
9514:
9508:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9473:
9469:
9468:
9456:
9450:
9446:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9396:
9392:
9386:
9382:
9381:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9362:
9358:
9357:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9308:
9305:. New Delhi:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9227:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9193:
9192:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9171:
9165:
9161:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9131:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9111:0-226-25250-7
9107:
9103:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9039:
9032:
9026:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8980:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8949:
8933:
8929:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8910:
8908:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8868:
8866:
8858:
8853:
8846:
8845:955-24-0104-6
8842:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8826:
8819:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8786:
8782:
8775:
8773:
8765:
8761:
8760:Hultzsch 1925
8756:
8740:
8736:
8734:9788184758078
8730:
8726:
8725:
8717:
8701:
8697:
8696:
8689:
8681:
8675:
8671:
8664:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8628:
8621:
8616:
8609:
8604:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8583:, p. 23.
8582:
8577:
8570:
8565:
8563:
8555:
8550:
8548:
8540:
8535:
8528:
8523:
8516:
8511:
8509:
8502:
8501:0-415-35615-6
8498:
8494:
8488:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8455:
8448:
8444:
8441:
8436:
8430:, p. 96.
8429:
8428:Mookerji 1962
8424:
8408:
8404:
8402:9780495573678
8398:
8394:
8393:
8385:
8378:
8374:
8371:
8366:
8364:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8332:
8324:
8318:, p. 18.
8317:
8312:
8306:, p. 36.
8305:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8281:
8276:
8269:
8264:
8257:
8252:
8250:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8206:
8201:
8193:
8191:0-15-503769-2
8187:
8183:
8178:
8177:
8168:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8133:
8127:
8111:
8107:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8030:
8020:
8014:, p. 57.
8013:
8008:
8000:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7937:
7921:
7917:
7915:9788120613331
7911:
7907:
7906:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7841:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7786:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7769:
7764:
7758:, p. 31.
7757:
7752:
7750:
7743:, p. 20.
7742:
7737:
7730:
7725:
7719:, p. 19.
7718:
7713:
7707:, p. 37.
7706:
7701:
7694:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7670:, p. 29.
7669:
7664:
7657:
7652:
7646:, p. 44.
7645:
7640:
7638:
7630:
7625:
7618:
7617:Gombrich 1995
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7595:
7590:
7583:
7578:
7571:
7566:
7564:
7557:, p. 15.
7556:
7551:
7544:
7543:Gombrich 1995
7539:
7537:
7535:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7495:
7488:
7483:
7477:, p. 24.
7476:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7460:, p. 22.
7459:
7454:
7447:
7442:
7436:, p. 23.
7435:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7418:
7413:
7411:
7403:
7398:
7391:
7386:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7345:
7344:Mookerji 1962
7340:
7333:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7315:
7314:
7307:
7299:
7298:
7291:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7252:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7210:
7195:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7160:
7155:
7153:
7146:, p. 28.
7145:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7104:, p. 36.
7103:
7098:
7092:, p. 32.
7091:
7086:
7080:, p. 12.
7079:
7078:Gombrich 1995
7074:
7072:
7064:
7063:Gombrich 1995
7059:
7053:, p. 11.
7052:
7051:Gombrich 1995
7047:
7045:
7037:
7036:Gombrich 1995
7032:
7025:
7024:Gombrich 1995
7020:
7014:, p. 10.
7013:
7012:Gombrich 1995
7008:
7006:
7004:
6997:, p. 45.
6996:
6991:
6984:
6983:Gombrich 1995
6979:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6966:Gombrich 1995
6962:
6956:, p. 51.
6955:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6930:
6929:Gombrich 1995
6925:
6923:
6921:
6914:, p. 50.
6913:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6873:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6814:
6808:
6801:
6796:
6789:
6784:
6782:
6775:, p. 35.
6774:
6769:
6767:
6760:, p. 49.
6759:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6725:
6723:
6716:, p. 34.
6715:
6710:
6703:
6702:Gombrich 1995
6698:
6696:
6688:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6672:, p. 47.
6671:
6666:
6664:
6657:, p. 43.
6656:
6651:
6645:, p. 42.
6644:
6639:
6633:, p. 56.
6632:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6609:, p. 37.
6608:
6603:
6597:, p. 38.
6596:
6591:
6589:
6582:, p. 33.
6581:
6576:
6570:, p. 36.
6569:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6553:, p. 18.
6552:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6530:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6497:
6477:
6470:
6469:
6462:
6447:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6431:
6422:
6415:
6410:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6369:
6362:, p. 29.
6361:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6343:, p. 46.
6342:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6326:, p. 13.
6325:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6297:, p. 30.
6296:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6264:, p. 14.
6263:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6233:, p. 27.
6232:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6214:, p. 26.
6213:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6127:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6109:, p. 25.
6108:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6085:, p. 97.
6084:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6042:
6037:
6031:, p. 98.
6030:
6025:
6023:
6016:, p. 28.
6015:
6010:
6008:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5977:, p. 67.
5976:
5971:
5965:, p. 68.
5964:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5941:, p. 70.
5940:
5935:
5929:, p. 66.
5928:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5902:, p. 65.
5901:
5896:
5890:, p. 21.
5889:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5847:, p. 27.
5846:
5841:
5839:
5832:, p. 20.
5831:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5802:
5801:Mookerji 1962
5797:
5795:
5788:, p. 19.
5787:
5782:
5780:
5773:, p. 31.
5772:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5707:, p. 13.
5706:
5701:
5699:
5692:, p. 26.
5691:
5686:
5680:, p. 24.
5679:
5674:
5668:, p. 25.
5667:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5627:, p. 11.
5626:
5621:
5613:
5612:
5604:
5602:
5594:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5563:, p. 79.
5562:
5557:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5453:, p. 15.
5452:
5447:
5441:, p. 11.
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5399:
5394:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5338:, p. 12.
5337:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5020:
5015:
5011:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4857:Santosh Sivan
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4831:'s series of
4830:
4829:Piers Anthony
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:in 1937–1947.
4734:
4733:Wytze Keuning
4730:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4700:
4690:
4687:
4679:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4627:
4626:Romila Thapar
4623:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:archaeologist
4497:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:Brahmi script
4376:
4375:James Prinsep
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:Maurya Empire
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4160:Ashoka Chakra
4157:
4153:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4133:or Dhamma in
4132:
4126:
4125:Ashoka Chakra
4120:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:Dharmaraksita
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3677:(S. Dhammika)
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:dhammavijaya,
3612:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:Barabar Caves
3369:
3363:
3361:
3360:Rock Edict 12
3356:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3270:
3266:
3265:Brahmi script
3262:
3261:
3255:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:Romila Thapar
3116:
3106:
3104:
3103:Rajatarangini
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:According to
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2943:Brahmi script
2940:
2936:
2935:Kanaganahalli
2931:
2924:
2923:Kanaganahalli
2920:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Vinaya Nidana
2819:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2798:Pillar Edicts
2793:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:Butkara Stupa
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:reconstructed
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:Barabar Caves
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:impress him.
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2201:Kanaganahalli
2198:
2193:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2156:Ashoka's Hell
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:according to
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:Asiatic lions
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:(present day
1870:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:Piodassēs").
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:Devanaṃpiyena
1395:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:Devānampiyasa
1347:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1314:Kushan Empire
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1293:in the West.
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1075:single source
1071:This section
1069:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:Rajatarangini
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
985:Other sources
979:
975:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
849:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
796:
794:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
765:
759:
758:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
715:
713:
709:
708:Ashoka Chakra
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Brahmi script
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
605:
603:
597:
592:
584:
583:
573:
546:
535:
530:
528:
523:
521:
516:
515:
513:
512:
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:(322–180 BCE)
391:
390:Maurya Empire
388:
387:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
344:
341:
339:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:
293:
291:
287:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
126:
124:
120:
107:
103:
100:
96:
91:
87:
74:
69:
66:
65:
64:King of Kings
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
13791:
13771:Delhi-Meerut
13750:
13713:Schism Edict
13686:Delhi Edicts
13650:Shahbazgarhi
13619:
13610:
13603:
13460:in Bodh Gaya
13439:
13432:
13418:
13347:
13329:
13314:(Greek city)
13307:
13177:Nigali Sagar
13161:Nigali Sagar
13077:Shahbazgarhi
12921:
12914:
12897:
12891:
12885:
12879:
12873:
12855:
12849:
12843:
12836:
12816:
12811:
12792:
12772:
12767:
12748:
12731:
12715:
12696:
12679:
12663:
12647:
12633:
12618:
12603:
12589:
12559:
12545:
12531:
12514:
12497:
12479:
12446:
12428:Regnal years
12341:Bodhisattvas
12261:Christianity
12256:Baháʼí Faith
12121:Dharmachakra
12111:Prayer wheel
12101:Prayer beads
11869:Architecture
11748:969 Movement
11658:
11532:Saudi Arabia
11510:Central Asia
11503:South Africa
11325:
11308:
11241:Panchen Lama
11146:Buddhapālita
10742:Satipatthana
10737:Mindful Yoga
10650:Recollection
10564:Brahmavihara
10435:Japanese Zen
10430:Chinese Chan
10390:Animal realm
10197:Key concepts
10019:Bodhisattvas
9831:Three Jewels
9684:
9676:
9626:
9604:
9585:
9566:
9547:
9536:
9523:
9502:
9482:. New York:
9477:
9443:
9424:
9400:
9379:
9355:
9329:
9325:
9301:
9277:
9253:
9225:
9211:
9190:
9169:
9148:
9124:
9096:
9068:
9042:. Retrieved
9031:
9020:
9002:
8994:the original
8989:
8979:
8967:. Retrieved
8958:
8948:
8936:. Retrieved
8916:
8894:. Retrieved
8874:
8852:
8825:
8817:
8812:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8787:(45): 31–37.
8784:
8780:
8755:
8743:. Retrieved
8723:
8716:
8704:. Retrieved
8694:
8688:
8669:
8663:
8645:
8627:
8615:
8588:
8576:
8556:, p. 6.
8534:
8522:
8487:
8470:
8466:
8435:
8423:
8411:. Retrieved
8391:
8384:
8350:. Retrieved
8330:
8323:
8311:
8299:
8287:
8275:
8263:
8236:
8224:
8212:
8200:
8175:
8167:
8148:
8131:
8126:
8114:. Retrieved
8094:
8087:
8079:the original
8069:
8050:
8041:
8037:
8019:
8007:
7986:
7981:Phelps, Norm
7975:
7963:. Retrieved
7943:
7936:
7924:. Retrieved
7904:
7897:
7879:
7867:. Retrieved
7847:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7804:
7799:, p. 5.
7792:
7763:
7736:
7724:
7712:
7700:
7695:, p. 4.
7663:
7651:
7624:
7619:, p. 3.
7589:
7577:
7550:
7545:, p. 1.
7521:. Retrieved
7501:
7494:
7482:
7453:
7441:
7397:
7385:
7346:, p. 9.
7339:
7312:
7306:
7296:
7290:
7278:. Retrieved
7258:
7251:
7239:. Retrieved
7219:
7209:
7197:. Retrieved
7179:The Ajivikas
7178:
7097:
7085:
7058:
7031:
7026:, p. 6.
7019:
6990:
6985:, p. 5.
6961:
6931:, p. 8.
6886:
6859:. Retrieved
6839:
6831:
6819:
6807:
6795:
6736:
6709:
6704:, p. 7.
6650:
6638:
6626:
6614:
6602:
6575:
6521:
6510:
6483:. Retrieved
6467:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6429:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6302:
6238:
6190:. Retrieved
6181:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6102:
6090:
6078:
6036:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5895:
5864:
5852:
5825:
5803:, p. 2.
5766:
5754:
5742:
5685:
5673:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5610:
5588:
5574:
5568:
5541:
5529:. Retrieved
5509:
5478:Guruge 1995b
5473:
5468:, p. 9.
5446:
5434:
5422:
5393:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5290:, p. 7.
5275:, p. 8.
5253:
5205:
5197:
5182:
5175:
5156:
5150:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5086:(1). Paris:
5083:
5079:
5066:
5014:
4995:
4963:Civilization
4961:
4941:
4921:
4903:Ashok Banker
4896:
4887:
4878:
4850:
4840:Samrat Ashok
4838:
4815:Ratan Thiyam
4806:
4797:Samrat Ashok
4796:
4780:
4775:Samrat Ashok
4774:
4769:Talbot Mundy
4762:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4726:
4709:painting by
4682:
4673:
4654:
4619:
4607:
4594:
4579:
4577:
4557:
4502:
4457:
4444:
4403:
4372:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4270:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4166:Inscriptions
4149:
4128:
3960:
3953:
3950:Architecture
3940:
3932:
3927:
3920:Ashokavadana
3919:
3917:
3914:
3904:
3900:Ashokavadana
3899:
3897:
3892:
3889:Ashokavadana
3888:
3881:Ashokavadana
3880:
3876:
3874:
3862:
3838:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:Ashokavadana
3802:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3749:
3730:
3723:
3709:
3684:
3681:
3642:
3634:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3587:
3571:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3534:
3514:Ashokavadana
3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3452:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3258:
3230:Antiochus II
3214:
3185:non-Buddhist
3169:
3161:Ashokavadana
3160:
3158:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2976:Asandhimitra
2969:
2903:
2899:Ashokavadana
2898:
2870:Ashokavadana
2869:
2867:
2851:Ashokavadana
2849:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2821:
2811:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2760:to Sri Lanka
2752:
2734:
2718:
2711:
2688:
2681:
2662:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2562:
2549:Dharmarajika
2513:Dhamek Stupa
2501:
2495:
2492:Ashokavadana
2491:
2487:
2485:
2469:
2447:
2425:Ashokavadana
2424:
2422:
2417:
2414:Ashokavadana
2413:
2409:
2407:
2362:
2351:
2347:Ashokavadana
2346:
2341:
2339:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:dramatically
2245:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2210:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2132:Ashokavadana
2131:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2110:Ashokavadana
2109:
2097:Ashokavadana
2096:
2092:Ashokavadana
2091:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2014:Dharmachakra
1973:chakravartin
1971:
1964:Ashokavadana
1963:
1962:
1958:crown prince
1955:
1945:
1933:
1931:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1869:Avantirastra
1860:
1858:
1850:
1831:
1829:
1812:Ashokavadana
1811:
1809:
1797:Kunala-sutra
1796:
1793:Ashoka-sutra
1792:
1785:Ashokavadana
1784:
1782:
1754:
1740:Ashokavadana
1738:
1736:
1732:
1716:
1705:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:Ashokavadana
1677:
1668:states that
1666:Ashokavadana
1665:
1664:
1632:Ashokavadana
1631:
1628:Chandragupta
1617:
1611:
1515:
1462:Devanampriya
1461:
1455:
1453:
1434:
1428:
1423:Ashokavadana
1421:
1419:
1375:
1318:
1295:
1259:Amitrochates
1252:
1237:
1223:
1179:
1141:
1104:
1098:January 2023
1095:
1072:
1053:
1052:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1011:Arthashastra
1010:
1004:
1000:Arthashastra
998:
988:
962:
955:Dutthagamani
950:
943:Ashokavadana
942:
934:
931:Ashokavadana
930:
918:
915:Ashokavadana
914:
912:
901:
895:
891:
887:
881:
875:
868:
864:
860:Ashokavadana
858:
852:
806:
802:
777:
768:
762:
760:
757:Inscriptions
756:
755:
746:Rudradaman I
721:
685:
647:
614:
599:
544:
543:
491:Shatadhanvan
421:Chandragupta
279:Tishyaraksha
261:Asandhimitra
193:Avantirastra
158:Crown Prince
84:relief from
43:
32:
13774:Delhi-Topra
13745:Year 26, 27
13331:Pataliputra
12449:Kalinga War
12447:End of the
12186:Dharma talk
12015:Asalha Puja
11811:Eschatology
11614:Switzerland
11594:New Zealand
11522:Middle East
11431:Philippines
11351:Afghanistan
11156:Bodhidharma
11141:Buddhaghosa
11061:Householder
10971:Monasticism
10924:Bodhisattva
10779:Prostration
10732:Mindfulness
10660:Anapanasati
10643:Kammaṭṭhāna
10440:Korean Seon
10380:Asura realm
10375:Human realm
10315:Ten Fetters
10270:Parinirvana
10172:Uppalavanna
10137:Mahākaccana
10122:Mahākassapa
10054:Kṣitigarbha
10049:Ākāśagarbha
9946:Suddhodāna
9891:Four sights
9818:Foundations
9056:Works cited
8969:16 November
8938:10 February
8806:(3): 40–43.
8620:Lahiri 2015
8608:Lahiri 2015
8593:Lahiri 2015
8581:Thapar 1995
8569:Lahiri 2015
8554:Thapar 1961
8539:Lahiri 2015
8527:Lahiri 2015
8352:15 November
8316:Strong 1989
8304:Kosmin 2014
8292:Strong 1995
8280:Strong 1995
8268:Strong 1995
8256:Strong 1995
8241:Strong 1995
8229:Strong 1995
8217:Strong 1995
8205:Strong 1995
8012:Kosmin 2014
7926:17 December
7869:13 February
7821:Strong 1989
7809:Strong 1989
7797:Strong 1989
7785:Strong 1989
7768:Thapar 1995
7756:Thapar 1995
7741:Thapar 1995
7729:Thapar 1995
7717:Thapar 1995
7705:Thapar 1961
7693:Strong 1989
7668:Thapar 1995
7656:Lahiri 2015
7644:Guruge 1995
7629:Thapar 1995
7594:Guruge 1995
7582:Lahiri 2015
7570:Strong 1995
7555:Strong 1989
7523:9 September
7487:Thapar 1961
7475:Thapar 1961
7458:Thapar 1961
7446:Lahiri 2015
7434:Thapar 1961
7417:Strong 1995
7402:Strong 1995
7390:Strong 1995
7378:Strong 1995
7359:Strong 1995
7159:Strong 1989
7144:Thapar 1961
7123:Strong 1995
7102:Thapar 1995
7090:Thapar 1995
6995:Guruge 1995
6954:Guruge 1995
6912:Guruge 1995
6891:Strong 1995
6879:Strong 1995
6800:Strong 1995
6788:Lahiri 2015
6773:Thapar 1961
6758:Guruge 1995
6741:Lahiri 2015
6729:Lahiri 2015
6714:Thapar 1961
6687:Lahiri 2015
6670:Guruge 1995
6655:Guruge 1995
6643:Guruge 1995
6631:Guruge 1995
6619:Thapar 1995
6607:Guruge 1995
6595:Guruge 1995
6580:Thapar 1961
6568:Thapar 1961
6551:Thapar 1995
6503:Guruge 1995
6414:Lahiri 2015
6402:Lahiri 2015
6390:Lahiri 2015
6375:Lahiri 2015
6360:Thapar 1961
6341:Guruge 1995
6324:Strong 1989
6307:Strong 1989
6295:Thapar 1961
6262:Thapar 1961
6243:Thapar 1961
6231:Thapar 1961
6212:Thapar 1961
6153:Strong 1989
6141:Strong 1989
6126:Lahiri 2015
6107:Thapar 1961
6095:Thapar 1961
6083:Lahiri 2015
6071:Lahiri 2015
6056:Thapar 1961
6041:Lahiri 2015
6029:Lahiri 2015
6014:Guruge 1993
5987:Lahiri 2015
5975:Lahiri 2015
5963:Lahiri 2015
5951:Lahiri 2015
5939:Lahiri 2015
5927:Lahiri 2015
5915:Strong 1989
5900:Lahiri 2015
5888:Thapar 1961
5869:Strong 1989
5857:Strong 1989
5845:Lahiri 2015
5830:Thapar 1961
5786:Guruge 1993
5771:Lahiri 2015
5759:Lahiri 2015
5747:Strong 1989
5735:Thapar 1961
5720:Strong 1989
5705:Thapar 1961
5690:Lahiri 2015
5678:Lahiri 2015
5666:Lahiri 2015
5649:Thapar 1961
5637:Lahiri 2015
5625:Strong 1989
5593:Thapar 1961
5546:Strong 1989
5466:Thapar 1961
5451:Thapar 1995
5439:Thapar 1961
5427:Strong 1995
5415:Strong 1995
5398:Strong 1995
5386:Strong 1995
5365:Strong 1995
5336:Strong 1989
5324:Thapar 1961
5300:Thapar 1961
5288:Thapar 1961
5273:Thapar 1961
5258:Strong 1995
5210:Thapar 1961
5139:Lahiri 2015
5019:Lahiri 2015
4948:Ekta Kapoor
4935:Aham Sharma
4927:Anupam Kher
4922:Bharatvarsh
4915:Mohit Raina
4833:space opera
4782:Ashok Kumar
4707: 1910
4668:introducing
4528:Mohenjodaro
4369:Rediscovery
4352:Dimensions:
4104:capital of
4071:, with two
3975:Pataliputra
3870:Tissarakkha
3812:Jataka-mala
3296:Shakya-Muni
3234:Pataliputra
3205:Afghanistan
3096:Divyavadana
3067:Sanghamitta
3038:Divyavadana
3034:Tissarakkha
2891:Pataliputra
2790:Sanghamitta
2683:Kathavatthu
2402:Satavahanas
2365:Pataliputra
2342:Divyavadana
2340:A story in
2327:Kukkutarama
2267:Kalinga war
2192:Kalinga war
2144:Ashoka tree
1942:Sanghamitta
1832:Uttarapatha
1757:Takshashila
1729:As a prince
1707:Divyavadana
1644:Ajatashatru
1595:Pataliputra
1460:(Sanskrit:
1457:Devanampiya
1445:regnal name
1239:Devanampiya
1181:Devanampiya
1143:Devanampiya
1044:Aurel Stein
1030:mentions a
995:Brahmanical
854:Divyavadana
750:Skandagupta
669:Kalinga War
639:Pataliputra
631:Afghanistan
505:187–180 BCE
501:Brihadratha
495:195–187 BCE
485:202–195 BCE
475:215–202 BCE
465:224–215 BCE
455:232–224 BCE
435:297–273 BCE
425:322–297 BCE
304:Sanghamitta
234:Pataliputra
214:Pataliputra
168:Predecessor
137:Predecessor
13819:Categories
13796:, on rock:
13747:and later
13646:Kharoshthi
13584:Brahmagiri
13536:Panguraria
13445:Bodhi tree
13309:Ai Khanoum
13192:Nandangarh
12880:Brahmagiri
12844:Palkigundu
12619:Pakilgundu
12590:Brahmagiri
12430:of Ashoka
12303:Psychology
12283:Gnosticism
12271:Comparison
12266:Influences
12248:Comparison
12131:Bhavacakra
12089:Kushinagar
12064:Pilgrimage
12010:Māgha Pūjā
11965:Bodhi Tree
11781:Buddhology
11771:Abhidharma
11763:Philosophy
11696:Menander I
11564:Costa Rica
11515:Uzbekistan
11356:Bangladesh
11310:Dhammapada
11294:Pali Canon
11256:Ajahn Chah
11236:Dalai Lama
11136:Kumārajīva
11131:Vasubandhu
11106:The Buddha
11014:Zen master
10949:Sakadagami
10929:Buddhahood
10860:Pratimokṣa
10675:Shikantaza
10631:Meditation
10606:Deity yoga
10477:Madhyamaka
10370:Deva realm
10265:Mindstream
10215:Bodhicitta
10127:Aṅgulimāla
9994:Devadatta
9970:Yaśodharā
9873:The Buddha
9863:Middle Way
8896:5 February
8857:Singh 2012
8762:, p.
8515:Singh 2012
7965:30 October
7332:Singh 2008
7199:30 October
6824:Allen 2012
6529:Wikisource
6485:22 January
6451:30 October
6165:Allen 2012
5999:Allen 2012
5818:Singh 2008
5561:Allen 2012
5531:31 January
5312:Singh 2008
5246:Singh 2012
5231:Singh 2012
5141:, p.
5059:Singh 2008
5044:Singh 2017
5007:References
4956:Adnan Khan
4937:as Ashoka.
4863:as Ashoka.
4793:as Ashoka.
4791:V. Nagayya
4651:references
4573:Ajivikaism
4565:Brahmanism
4498:of Ashoka.
4478:Jambudvipa
4340:karshapana
4261:mahamatras
4257:arya-putra
4180:Ai-Khanoum
3885:Bodhi Tree
3854:Last years
3846:to create
3814:, and the
3772:Bangladesh
3752:Persepolis
3733:Rudradaman
3675:Rock Edict
3624:Achaemenid
3579:Chaturmasa
3575:castration
2636:pradesikas
2614:, Pakistan
2582:Deorkothar
2569:, Pakistan
2559:Bhir Mound
2555:, Pakistan
2373:Bodhi Tree
2296:Brahmanism
2239:Middle Way
2152:Jambudvipa
2139:ministers.
1911:Mahamvamsa
1907:Dipamvamsa
1881:rock edict
1789:Bhir Mound
1652:Prasenajit
1642:, through
1265:") in his
927:Bodhi Tree
696:The emblem
661:brutal war
635:Bangladesh
611: 304
481:Devavarman
471:Shalishuka
451:Dasharatha
372:Supported
151:Dasharatha
123:Coronation
114: – c.
13786:Amaravati
13729:Allahabad
13682:Yerragudi
13572:Yerragudi
13449:Bodh Gaya
12981:Yerragudi
12794:Mahasthan
12649:Yerragudi
12516:Saru Maru
12371:Festivals
12351:Buddhists
12313:Theosophy
12116:Symbolism
12106:Hama yumi
12079:Bodh Gaya
11846:Socialism
11821:Evolution
11796:Economics
11634:Venezuela
11549:Australia
11544:Argentina
11468:Sri Lanka
11463:Singapore
11381:Indonesia
11343:Countries
11284:Tripiṭaka
11246:Ajahn Mun
11121:Nagarjuna
11116:Aśvaghoṣa
10999:Anagārika
10994:Śrāmaṇerī
10989:Śrāmaṇera
10984:Bhikkhunī
10944:Sotāpanna
10833:Passaddhi
10774:Offerings
10749:Nekkhamma
10626:Iddhipada
10546:Practices
10516:Theravada
10489:Vajrayana
10482:Yogachara
10452:Pure Land
10365:Six Paths
10352:Cosmology
10132:Anuruddha
10107:Sāriputta
10097:Kaundinya
10089:Disciples
10064:Vajrapāṇi
9916:Footprint
9881:Tathāgata
9649:964509329
9625:(2015) .
9346:143362618
9044:27 August
9040:. Polygon
8493:Routledge
8132:Mahavamsa
5106:2117-6272
5090:: 35–54.
4952:Colors TV
4940:In 2024,
4907:Colors TV
4895:In 2015,
4866:In 2002,
4820:In 1973,
4741:composed
4676:June 2024
4418:Dipavamsa
4398:Dipavamsa
4383:Priyadasi
4293:triskelis
4047:ringstone
3893:Mahavamsa
3877:Mahavamsa
3839:Mahavamsa
3792:Mahavamsa
3779:Mahavamsa
3725:Mahavamsa
3689:Dionysius
3662:Alexander
3654:Antigonos
3646:Antiochos
3620:Kharosthi
3567:sacrifice
3393:Ashoka's
3338:Saru Maru
3257:The word
3228:ruled by
3149:kshatriya
3141:Mahavamsa
3134:Mahavamsa
3115:Bhikkhunī
3109:Daughters
3063:Dipavamsa
3030:Mahavamsa
3011:Mahavamsa
2999:Mahavamsa
2980:Padmavati
2955:Deer Park
2725:Bimbisara
2706:Shravasti
2612:Nawabshah
2605:Karnataka
2496:Mahavamsa
2488:Mahavamsa
2480:Bodh Gaya
2471:Vajrasana
2449:Vajrasana
2444:Bodh Gaya
2429:cat's eye
2418:Mahavamsa
2410:Mahavamsa
2392:Stupa of
2369:Mahabodhi
2354:Brahmanas
2314:Dipavamsa
2281:Taranatha
2175:Mahavamsa
2084:Mahavamsa
2076:Dipavamsa
2072:Mahavamsa
2039:Dipavamsa
2034:Mahavamsa
1946:Mahavamsa
1934:Mahavamsa
1877:Saru Maru
1861:Mahavamsa
1816:elephants
1749:Bindusara
1745:Bindusara
1702:Kshatriya
1694:Mahavamsa
1660:Taranatha
1640:Bimbisara
1636:Bindusara
1624:Bindusara
1619:Mahavamsa
1510:Alexander
1502:Antigonus
1494:Antiochus
1436:Dipavamsa
1431:Priyadasi
1429:The name
1378:) in the
1281:, or the
1216:Bindusara
1090:citations
1082:talk page
1019:lost work
963:Mahavamsa
959:Sri Lanka
951:Mahavamsa
939:Ramagrama
935:Mahavamsa
919:Mahavamsa
892:Mahavamsa
883:Mahavamsa
877:Dipavamsa
845:Khotanese
623:his death
431:Bindusara
353:Bindusara
322:Charumati
267:Padmavati
178:Successor
147:Successor
141:Bindusara
90:Ramagrama
13777:Rampurva
13660:(in the
13648:script:
13632:Kandahar
13588:Siddapur
13576:Udegolam
13501:Kandahar
13429:Year 10
13293:Rampurva
13278:Rampurva
13093:Mansehra
12966:Kandahar
12939:Kandahar
12892:Siddapur
12886:Udegolam
12850:Gavimath
12576:Siddapur
12532:Udegolam
12389:Category
12318:Violence
12288:Hinduism
12236:Sanskrit
12191:Hinayana
12176:Amitābha
12136:Swastika
12005:Uposatha
11995:Holidays
11980:Calendar
11826:Humanism
11664:Kanishka
11654:Timeline
11478:Thailand
11446:Kalmykia
11441:Buryatia
11426:Pakistan
11411:Mongolia
11406:Maldives
11401:Malaysia
11366:Cambodia
11231:Shamarpa
11226:Nichiren
11176:Xuanzang
11111:Nagasena
11029:Rinpoche
10759:Pāramitā
10601:Devotion
10521:Navayana
10509:Dzogchen
10472:Nichiren
10420:Mahayana
10412:Branches
10290:Saṅkhāra
10039:Mañjuśrī
9996:(cousin)
9988:(cousin)
9956:(mother)
9948:(father)
9936:Miracles
9886:Birthday
9803:Glossary
9776:Buddhism
9721:Religion
9474:(1993).
9422:(1961).
9377:(1989).
9299:(2008).
9275:(1962).
9251:(2015).
9223:(2014).
9146:(1993).
9074:Hachette
9066:(2012).
9012:Archived
8990:Balletco
8963:Archived
8932:Archived
8890:Archived
8833:Archived
8739:Archived
8700:Archived
8653:Archived
8635:Archived
8443:Archived
8407:Archived
8373:Archived
8346:Archived
8157:Archived
8138:Archived
8110:Archived
8058:Archived
7983:(2007).
7959:Archived
7920:Archived
7889:Archived
7863:Archived
7517:Archived
7274:Archived
7235:Archived
6855:Archived
6518:(1920).
6476:Archived
6186:Archived
5525:Archived
5124:8 August
5118:Archived
5114:44167352
4975:See also
4931:ABP News
4589:"dhamma"
4580:indicate
4561:Buddhism
4490:—
4415:—
4410:Ujjayani
4348:Reverse:
4344:Obverse:
4295:and the
4273:caduceus
4245:Xuanzang
4239:script.
4200:Kandahar
4131:Sanskrit
4045:Mauryan
3728:, XII).
3668:—
3583:Uposatha
3543:Brahmins
3523:Xuanzang
3448:eusebeia
3376:Ajivikas
3368:Karuvaki
3240:region.
3155:Brothers
3089:Xuanzang
3054:Mahavmsa
2984:Karuvaki
2966:Consorts
2887:Ajivikas
2879:Mahavira
2674:bhikkhus
2666:uposatha
2632:rajjukas
2319:appamada
2300:Ajivikas
2168:Xuanzang
2074:and the
2060:families
2010:Buddhism
1925:clan of
1820:chariots
1805:Gandhara
1704:clan. A
1616:and the
1608:Ancestry
1569:Kumrahar
1449:Basileus
1441:Sanskrit
1404:Piyadasi
1275:Buddhism
1246:and the
1234:Piyadasi
1138:Piyadasi
1032:Kashmiri
925:had the
809:Sanskrit
738:Junagadh
659:after a
643:Buddhism
461:Samprati
374:Buddhism
369:Religion
298:Mahendra
273:Karuvaki
13794:Aramaic
13723:Sarnath
13704:Jaugada
13678:Sannati
13564:Sasaram
13560:Gujarra
13556:Ahraura
13511:Aramaic
13497:Aramaic
13275:Araraj,
13208:Kosambi
13157:Lumbini
13125:Sarnath
13109:Sannati
13061:Jaugada
12949:Aramaic
12922:Sasaram
12916:Ahraura
12819:Aramaic
12812:Laghman
12775:Aramaic
12750:Barabar
12733:Ahraura
12680:Rupnath
12664:Sasaram
12604:Jatinga
12498:Gujarra
12480:Bahapur
12443:Year 8
12366:Temples
12346:Buddhas
12308:Science
12298:Judaism
12293:Jainism
12211:Lineage
12171:Abhijñā
12141:Thangka
12084:Sarnath
12069:Lumbini
11990:Funeral
11985:Cuisine
11861:Culture
11836:Reality
11786:Creator
11776:Atomism
11646:History
11619:Ukraine
11579:Germany
11498:Senegal
11488:Vietnam
11416:Myanmar
11216:Shinran
11206:Karmapa
11181:Shandao
11151:Dignāga
11076:Śrāvaka
11056:Donchee
11051:Kappiya
11009:Sayadaw
10979:Bhikkhu
10954:Anāgāmi
10911:Nirvana
10877:Samadhi
10764:Paritta
10705:Tonglen
10700:Mandala
10655:Smarana
10636:Mantras
10584:Upekkha
10554:Bhavana
10504:Shingon
10457:Tiantai
10310:Tathātā
10300:Śūnyatā
10295:Skandha
10285:Saṃsāra
10280:Rebirth
10255:Kleshas
10245:Indriya
10147:Subhūti
10032:Guanyin
9986:Ānanda
9978:Rāhula
9858:Nirvana
9798:Outline
9733:History
9695:Portals
8764:174–175
8745:13 July
8706:13 July
8413:17 June
8116:18 June
6861:7 March
6192:16 July
6182:YouTube
4886:2014's
4664:improve
4585:upasaka
4569:Jainism
4540:Bharhut
4524:Harappa
4520:Sarnath
4356:Weight:
4350:Symbol
4279:of the
4267:Coinage
4233:Prakrit
4196:Aramaic
4106:Sarnath
4081:Symbols
4017:at the
3995:Lumbini
3848:plaster
3745:Gujarat
3650:Ptolemy
3469:⁄
3440:Nirvana
3399:amissā
3374:to the
3323:In the
3316:In the
3311:upasaka
3304:upasaka
3288:upasaka
3260:Upāsaka
3238:Magadha
3236:in the
3085:Mahinda
3058:samvasa
3050:Vidisha
2961:relief.
2939:Sannati
2883:Jainism
2830:Vidisha
2758:Mahinda
2748:Mahinda
2700:at the
2607:, India
2603:Stupa,
2601:Sannati
2588:, India
2584:Stupa,
2573:Bharhut
2541:, India
2535:Nalanda
2517:Sarnath
2458:Bharhut
2398:Shungas
2358:bhikkus
2335:Jainism
2323:upasaka
2260:upasaka
2255:gradual
2213:Kalinga
2101:Lumbini
1998:Sarnath
1938:Mahinda
1903:Vidisha
1865:Viceroy
1801:viceroy
1614:Puranas
1539:Corinth
1498:Ptolemy
1408:Lumbini
1376:A-so-ka
991:Puranas
908:Mahinda
833:Sinhala
825:Burmese
821:Chinese
817:Tibetan
657:Kalinga
338:Dynasty
316:Jalauka
248:Spouses
238:Magadha
218:Magadha
189:Viceroy
162:Magadha
60:Magadha
57:King of
13825:Ashoka
13726:Sanchi
13700:Dhauli
13674:Sopara
13670:Girnar
13580:Nittur
13552:Bairat
13466:Sangha
13349:Ujjain
13260:Araraj
13240:Meerut
13141:Sanchi
13045:Sopara
13029:Khalsi
13013:Dhauli
12997:Girnar
12898:Nittur
12768:Taxila
12716:Bhabru
12698:Bairat
12546:Nittur
12453:Dharma
12361:Sutras
12356:Suttas
12221:Siddhi
12206:Koliya
12181:Brahmā
12096:Poetry
12042:Mantra
12032:Kasaya
11904:Pagoda
11884:Kyaung
11879:Vihāra
11874:Temple
11816:Ethics
11659:Ashoka
11609:Sweden
11604:Poland
11599:Norway
11589:Mexico
11574:France
11559:Canada
11554:Brazil
11493:Africa
11473:Taiwan
11436:Russia
11361:Bhutan
11321:Vinaya
11201:Naropa
11191:Saraha
11126:Asanga
10882:Prajñā
10791:Refuge
10754:Nianfo
10715:Tertön
10710:Tantra
10695:Ganana
10685:Tukdam
10611:Dhyāna
10579:Mudita
10574:Karuṇā
10467:Risshū
10462:Huayan
10395:Naraka
10335:Anattā
10330:Dukkha
10325:Anicca
10230:Dharma
10182:Channa
10117:Ānanda
10102:Assaji
10069:Skanda
9972:(wife)
9941:Family
9921:Relics
9846:Sangha
9841:Dharma
9836:Buddha
9670:Ashoka
9647:
9637:
9611:
9592:
9573:
9554:
9509:
9490:
9451:
9434:736554
9432:
9408:
9387:
9363:
9344:
9313:
9285:
9261:
9237:
9198:
9177:
9156:
9132:
9108:
9080:
8924:
8882:
8843:
8731:
8724:Ashoka
8676:
8499:
8479:877526
8477:
8399:
8338:
8188:
8102:
7995:
7951:
7912:
7855:
7509:
7280:23 May
7266:
7241:23 May
7227:
7190:
6847:
6524:
6442:
5517:
5190:
5163:
5112:
5104:
4968:Gandhi
4954:where
4909:where
4811:Agyeya
4753:Ashoka
4715:Sanchi
4653:, but
4571:, and
4548:Taxila
4530:. Sir
4516:Sanchi
4472:Samgha
4462:Buddha
4439:Edicts
4406:Buddha
4387:Ceylon
4358:3.4 g.
4299:mark.
4297:Taxila
4237:Brahmi
4069:abacus
3979:edicts
3971:thatch
3967:bamboo
3937:Legacy
3928:sangha
3844:Ānanda
3741:Girnar
3737:Yavana
3519:Faxian
3495:dhamma
3420:Dharma
3414:amiśra
3406:amissā
3342:vihara
3209:Bengal
3176:arhat.
3127:sangha
3042:Kunala
2959:Sanchi
2919:Sanchi
2909:Family
2895:dinara
2828:(near
2826:Bhilsa
2721:Yijing
2640:dhamma
2567:Taxila
2553:Taxila
2545:Taxila
2507:Sanchi
2494:, the
2394:Sanchi
2302:. The
2234:before
2205:Brahmi
2164:Faxian
2018:abacus
1978:Yaksha
1968:Susima
1923:Shakya
1841:Sirkap
1761:Ujjain
1719:Appian
1674:Champa
1654:, and
1648:Udayin
1535:Epirus
1310:Sangha
1283:Sangha
1279:Buddha
1277:, the
1263:Dharma
1040:stupas
1015:Indica
978:Sanchi
843:, and
788:Sirkap
769:dhamma
764:dhamma
681:sangha
673:stupas
665:dhamma
617:, was
545:Ashoka
378:dharma
359:Mother
349:Father
343:Maurya
327:Tivala
310:Kunala
182:Kunala
172:Susima
86:Sanchi
53:Humane
38:Ashoka
13666:Kalsi
13540:Maski
13493:Greek
13224:Topra
12945:Greek
12838:Maski
12561:Maski
12333:Lists
12201:Kalpa
12196:Iddhi
12059:Music
12054:Mudra
12020:Vassa
12000:Vesak
11970:Budai
11916:Candi
11899:Stupa
11831:Logic
11584:Italy
11483:Tibet
11421:Nepal
11391:Korea
11386:Japan
11376:India
11371:China
11316:Sutra
11271:Texts
11221:Dōgen
11211:Hōnen
11196:Atiśa
11161:Zhiyi
11071:Achar
11039:Tulku
11034:Geshe
11019:Rōshi
11004:Ajahn
10959:Arhat
10919:Bodhi
10889:Vīrya
10806:Sacca
10801:Satya
10796:Sādhu
10784:Music
10727:Merit
10720:Terma
10680:Zazen
10616:Faith
10569:Mettā
10250:Karma
10210:Bardo
10177:Asita
10167:Khema
10157:Upāli
10142:Nanda
9980:(son)
9954:Māyā
9931:Films
9808:Index
9709:India
9524:Asoka
9342:S2CID
9278:Aśoka
8475:JSTOR
7905:Asoka
7186:–69.
6813:p.4ff
6479:(PDF)
6472:(PDF)
5582:–148.
5110:JSTOR
5102:eISSN
4987:Notes
4852:Aśoka
4801:Hindi
4787:Tamil
4493:Maski
4466:Sakya
4451:Maski
4435:Maski
4285:Mudra
3999:Nepal
3911:Death
3875:Both
3705:Magas
3685:dütas
3658:Magas
3611:dütas
3548:Bhima
3539:Topra
3410:amṛṣa
3292:sakya
3222:Herat
3218:Burma
3170:arhat
3019:karma
2937:near
2576:stupa
2539:Bihar
2408:Both
2251:after
1825:Khasa
1656:Nanda
1599:Patna
1506:Magas
1466:Maski
1380:Maski
1357:Maski
1236:, or
1034:king
1017:is a
974:Nagas
947:Nāgas
941:. In
829:Khmer
602:Aśoka
290:Issue
105:Reign
13801:and
13644:(in
13495:and
13491:(in
13456:and
12947:and
12231:Pāḷi
12216:Māra
12126:Flag
11527:Iran
11451:Tuva
11396:Laos
11024:Lama
10872:Śīla
10840:Śīla
10828:Pīti
10818:Sati
10769:Puja
10690:Koan
10596:Dāna
10187:Yasa
10074:Tārā
9645:OCLC
9635:ISBN
9609:ISBN
9590:ISBN
9571:ISBN
9552:ISBN
9507:ISBN
9488:ISBN
9449:ISBN
9430:OCLC
9406:ISBN
9385:ISBN
9361:ISBN
9311:ISBN
9283:ISBN
9259:ISBN
9235:ISBN
9196:ISBN
9175:ISBN
9154:ISBN
9130:ISBN
9106:ISBN
9078:ISBN
9046:2024
8971:2018
8940:2021
8922:ISBN
8898:2021
8880:ISBN
8841:ISBN
8747:2018
8729:ISBN
8708:2018
8674:ISBN
8497:ISBN
8415:2017
8397:ISBN
8354:2015
8336:ISBN
8186:ISBN
8154:p.18
8118:2017
8100:ISBN
7993:ISBN
7967:2012
7949:ISBN
7928:2015
7910:ISBN
7871:2016
7853:ISBN
7525:2017
7507:ISBN
7282:2013
7264:ISBN
7243:2013
7225:ISBN
7201:2012
7188:ISBN
6863:2021
6845:ISBN
6487:2020
6453:2012
6440:ISBN
6194:2022
5533:2020
5515:ISBN
5188:ISBN
5161:ISBN
5126:2021
4913:and
4526:and
4518:and
4429:The
4271:The
4190:The
4135:Pali
4013:The
3898:The
3879:and
3720:Yona
3716:Pali
3660:and
3581:and
3521:and
3401:devā
3336:The
3188:Jain
3132:The
3101:The
3094:The
3073:Sons
2986:and
2972:Devi
2816:and
2634:and
2486:The
2423:The
2412:and
2312:The
2173:The
2130:The
2124:kama
2090:The
2032:The
2022:bell
1992:The
1982:Naga
1932:The
1915:Devi
1909:and
1890:The
1810:The
1795:and
1775:The
1698:Pali
1583:The
1508:and
1488:The
1480:Date
1323:and
1269:and
1224:For
1214:and
1003:and
917:and
867:and
837:Thai
813:Pali
748:and
596:IAST
580:SHOH
255:Devi
228:Died
203:Born
13447:in
11953:Art
11889:Wat
10425:Zen
9334:doi
8471:115
8182:428
8042:130
6436:173
5580:147
5143:219
5092:doi
4827:In
4433:of
3969:or
3438:or
3207:to
2565:),
2478:in
2241:".
2054:).
2008:of
1996:in
1867:of
1803:in
1688:or
1537:or
1140:or
957:of
841:Lao
744:),
736:at
582:-kə
191:of
160:of
13821::
13737:,
13715:,
13702:,
13684:,
13680:,
13676:,
13672:,
13668:,
13664::
13652:,
13590:,
13586:,
13582:,
13578:,
13574:,
13570:,
13566:,
13562:,
13558:,
13554:,
13550:,
13546:,
13542:,
13538:,
13518:,
13499:,
11455:ru
9643:.
9633:.
9486:.
9340:.
9330:28
9328:.
9309:.
9233:.
9229:.
9104:.
9076:.
9072:.
8988:.
8961:.
8957:.
8930:.
8906:^
8888:.
8864:^
8804:20
8802:.
8785:44
8783:.
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8737:.
8600:^
8561:^
8546:^
8507:^
8495:,
8469:.
8465:.
8453:^
8405:.
8362:^
8344:.
8248:^
8184:.
8108:.
8040:.
8028:^
7957:.
7918:.
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7465:^
7424:^
7409:^
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7322:^
7272:.
7233:.
7184:68
7166:^
7151:^
7130:^
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7070:^
7043:^
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6973:^
6936:^
6919:^
6898:^
6871:^
6853:.
6780:^
6765:^
6748:^
6721:^
6694:^
6677:^
6662:^
6587:^
6558:^
6537:^
6495:^
6438:.
6382:^
6367:^
6348:^
6331:^
6314:^
6269:^
6250:^
6219:^
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6180:.
6133:^
6114:^
6063:^
6048:^
6021:^
6006:^
5907:^
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5837:^
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5727:^
5712:^
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5600:^
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