679:(9), and the Ahoe. Among them, the Atel, the Themarou, and the Mlengbrou were previously nomadic hunter-gatherers, are not willing to adopt and practice the new sedentary lifestyle and intensive agriculture following government resettling program for ethnic minorities in the 1970s and the 1980s, and are still reliant much on the forest for accommodating much of their standard of living. Those tribes' populations have been plummeting from hundred people to just few individuals during recent decades, and could not survive as unique ethnic identities without intermarrying with other Vietic groups. It is highly likely that intermarriage between various Vietic tribes have been occurred throughout the last centuries. Special measures of the EMDP would be planning to address the Vietic groups which are most at risk. As the future fate of the affected Vietic groups in Nakai Valley would be an inevitable extinction if no major action undertaken to protect and conserve, James R. Chamberlain, researcher and editor of
651:(ADB), they would be handed to the Laotian government. The project's mismanagement of indigenous resettling left a traumatic impact on the vulnerable Vietic villagers and they had to be relocated far away from their homeland. Most concerns raised on Vietic type I ethnic groups who themselves heavily rely on nomadic lifestyle in the forests, due to the hydroelectric project's deforestation, and many tribes do not wish to engage and practice permanent sedentary agriculture in new allocated settlements. Plans to restore the livelihoods of villagers on the Nakai Plateau and along the
663:
representation” (ibid) among people whose “social and economic status restricts their capacity to assert their interests and rights” (Para. 2). To achieve policy objectives regarding the Vietic Type I people, special measures should be devised for their protection, and to ensure that they are afforded opportunities to participate in the process of devising culturally appropriate benefits... Specific arrangements for monitoring project-related impacts on Vietic Type I groups should be provided. Quote – Unquote (Gibson/WB BTOR 2004). The recommendation was unfortunately ignored.
659:(International Panel of Environmental and Social Experts) report in 2015, the percentage of Vietic villagers among new settlements dropped from 67.4% to 35% within 8 years, while Tai-speaking groups practically and economically dominating them. Other concerns such as government's integrated different Vietic groups with Tai and Hmong villages, and grouping smaller minorities, where Vietic labors were not only exploited by other groups in the villages but also discriminated in term of livelihood opportunities and healthcare.
2708:
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25:
2177:
683:, blames the government's incomprehensible action on indigenous Vietic peoples around the NT2 impacted areas that led to the trouble. Khamsone, the shaman of the Ahoe, called the NT2 project's promise a lie. The Ahoe believe that after death they will be reborn as squirrels, haunting the forests that surround the NT2 dam site, Ahoe spiritual territory.
938:
Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Changmai, Piya; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Gamarra, Beatriz; Harney, Eadaoin; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Kutanan, Wibhu; Michel, Megan; Novak, Mario; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Sirak, Kendra; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Flegontov, Pavel; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2018-05-17).
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as a hundred naked tribesmen dwelling in a cave. Since then, Chutic groups, including the Ruc, have been resettled by the North
Vietnamese government in Cu Nhái, Quảng Bình. However, new reports say that one third of the Ruc population have returned to the forest, dwelling in valleys that stand 2,000
937:
Lipson, Mark; Cheronet, Olivia; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Oxenham, Marc; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Pryce, Thomas Oliver; Willis, Anna; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Buckley, Hallie; Domett, Kate; Hai, Nguyen Giang; Hiep, Trinh Hoang; Kyaw, Aung Aung; Win, Tin Tin; Pradier, Baptiste; Broomandkhoshbacht,
428:
to indicate their vassalage, or simply called "Kha" by the Tais. Originally
Laotian Vietic groups that now speak Tai and Lao languages, for example, the Bo, were perhaps results of the Taization process: the willingness of adoption of the language and culture of the dominant, outnumbering group by
395:
Isolated tribes of
Vietics on the Laotian side of the Annamite mountains remained intact with limited outside influence. These tribes stayed out of the regions politics despite numerous contests between the Khmer, the Vietnamese, and the Chinese over the region from the year 722 to the mid-twelfth
662:
A safeguard recommendation to the WB in 2004 said: OD 4.20 emphasizes participatory processes, requiring development of minority plans “based on consideration of the options preferred by the indigenous peoples affected by the project.” It also emphasizes the importance of “ensuring genuine
626:
Concerns on environmental and anthropological impacts that potential cause consequences to the
Laotian Vietic peoples in the Nakai-Nam Theum 2 Watershed National Protected Area (NPA) and Peripheral Impact Zone (PIZ) began to grow when the permission of constructing the reservoir
666:
The population of many Vietic ethnic groups in the region has been drastically decreased in recent years. The POE report found that four extreme vulnerable Vietic groups in the NPA and PIZ that are at risk of being extinct by the early twenty-first century: the
290:, where they had settled for at least 4,500 years. Although there is no good estimate, paleolithic human sites around the modern Vietic villages in Laos and Nghe An are dated 2,500 to 2,000 BC, indicates that perhaps they were. They were parts of the larger
1016:
112 (2017):41-56. cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from
Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State
465:
Currently there exist 25 Vietic ethnic groups expressing diverse lifestyles ranging from integration into nation-states to living as nomadic foragers. Many subsist as rice-paddy cultivators, inhabiting the hilly, mountainous landmass stretching from
423:
in China, social upheavals and unrest in
Vietnam, and Khmu Ho-Chueng war in Northern Laos. The new settlers immediately dominated the indigenous Vietic villagers, sometimes hiring them as labors. Some of Vietic groups were labeled as
388:. Based on linguistic evidence and historical records, anthropologists believe that the Viet-Muong eventually separated into two independent groups, Vietnamese and Muong, sometime between the seventh and tenth centuries (
332:
in Laos as the traditional Vietic homeland, due to high amount of diversity of archaic Vietic groups and languages present in the region. not in the Red River Delta, which had been originally inhabited by
1027:
McColl, Hugh; Racimo, Fernando; Vinner, Lasse; Demeter, Fabrice; Mayar, J. Víctor Moreno; Wilken, Uffe Gram; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Castro, Constanza de la Fuente; Wasef, Sally (2018-03-08),
352:
burial site (dated to 1,800 BCE, thus predating Proto-Vietic, which is dated to 1,000 BCE) have close proximity to modern
Austroasiatic speakers; meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from
294:
peoples, who inhabited widely on neolithic mainland
Southeast Asia. A human fossil site of these hunter-gatherers excavated in a cave at Pha Phen, 12 kilometres south of
1246:
639:
and Nakai valley, areas where indigenous West and
Southwest Vietic ethnic groups had been inhabiting for thousand years, was opened in 1997. The NT2 Project was a
559:
368:"; Therefore, "he likely spread of Vietic was southward from the , not northward. Accounting for southern diversity will require alternative explanations."
396:
century. The
Siamese launched several catastrophic raids onto Laotian Vietic areas between 1826 and 1860 as part of their punitive expeditions against the
2212:
2086:
1803:
676:
614:
528:
510:
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Corny, Julien, et al. 2017. "Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in Southeast Asia."
610:
1711:
312:
is regarded in Vietnam as the "Vietic homeland" after the Austroasiatic exodus from Yunnan (also believed to be a tribute to North Vietnamese leader
1423:
Chamberlain, James (2019), "Vanishing Nomads: Languages and Peoples of Nakai, Laos, and Adjacent Areas", in Brunn, Stanley; Kehrein, Roland (eds.),
2117:
1939:
1929:
1809:
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1215:
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2014:
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1798:
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1914:
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532:
1944:
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1814:
384:) and known as the Viet-Muong, had intensive contacts and interactions with the Tai people and Sinitic colonists from the north during the
1919:
1739:
1060:. Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State University
1345:
Operational Plan for the Environmental and Social Management of the Nakai-Nam Theun 2. Part 3, Ethnic Minorities Development Plan
441:
language." Anthropologists note that similar processes happened to many other Mon-Khmer speaking peoples in surrounding places.
2205:
921:
912:, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
1617:
1599:
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Scudder, Thayer (2021), "A retrospective analysis of Laos's Nam Theun 2 Dam", in Cecilia, Tortajada; Eduardo, Araral (eds.),
1580:
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829:
89:
61:
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68:
2747:
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2198:
108:
1515:
Ovesen, Jan (2008), "All Lao? Minorities in the Lao's People Democratic Republic", in Christopher R., Duncan (ed.),
1344:
2675:
819:
2742:
42:
75:
2737:
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1653:
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46:
1633:
316:'s birthplace). Anthropologists however considered the large area along the Northern Annamites Mountains from
636:
408:
291:
57:
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The proto-Vietic peoples are believed to have migrated by land from China to Laos and Vietnam through the
2606:
2655:
1465:
1200:
William Robichaud, Clive. W. Marsh, Sangthong Southammakoth and Sirivanh Khounthikoummane (June 2001).
385:
281:
483:
453:
403:
During the late nineteenth century, the Laotian Vietic homeland of Khammouane (now Khamkeut District,
321:
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The Vietic peoples are aboriginal to northern Vietnam, Laos and surrounding areas, mostly in northern
345:
2394:
2221:
2025:
922:"Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese"
494:
181:
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905:
353:
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2564:
2233:
2053:
1488:
225:
35:
2534:
648:
2190:
449:
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Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities
376:
The Northern groups of the Vietics, residing in the norde-extremê Annamites (part of ancient
82:
2670:
1645:
1355:
1257:
1209:
959:
951:
617:. The Bo and the Kaleung are perhaps Vietic groups that recently switched to Tai languages.
479:
467:
416:
404:
397:
325:
317:
309:
299:
437:, but we decided to adopt Lao language and became Lao Loum, and now we have forgotten our
8:
1959:
1342:
471:
329:
1535:
Dead in the Water: Global Lessons from the World Bank's Model Hydropower Project in Laos
955:
344:, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from
2660:
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2589:
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2257:
1890:
990:
939:
430:
412:
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2584:
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1778:
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1595:
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1252:(Report). Nam Theun 2 Multipurpose Project. Lao People's Democratic Republic Lao PDR.
995:
977:
825:
692:
652:
502:
420:
365:
361:
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940:"Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory"
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1955:
1842:
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985:
969:
773:
769:
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Twenty-Forth Report of the International Environmental and Social Panel of Experts
2455:
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2112:
2008:
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785:
743:
739:
735:
724:
716:
712:
708:
704:
672:
628:
602:
594:
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411:) experienced the massive arrival of Tai-speaking and Hmong-speaking groups from
229:
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2557:
2470:
2445:
2412:
2379:
2314:
2263:
1824:
1744:
1727:
1701:
754:
731:
699:) are generally divided by anthropologists into four categories per lifestyle:
547:
517:
419:. These migrating populations included many former Zhuang warriors fleeing the
306:
people separated from Vieto-Katuic to be an independent group around 1,000 BC.
257:
245:
221:
217:
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2450:
2435:
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The history of the Southeast Vietics (Chutic) is lesser known, especially the
349:
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Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia
981:
777:
590:
334:
241:
1393:"Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture"
1058:"Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture"
973:
551:
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2507:
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2319:
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1998:
1972:
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1706:
1634:
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-030-02438-3_17
999:
950:(6397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 92–95.
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1967:
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1610:
Facets of Power and Its Limitations Political Culture in Southeast Asia
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from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the
1680:
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meters above the sea level, with many suffering from jungle malaria.
201:
185:
1427:, Vientiane: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1589–1606,
24:
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2145:
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964:
265:
261:
189:
177:
153:
1554:
Ethnic Groups of Laos: Profiles of Austro-Asiatic-speaking peoples
1343:
Nam Theum 2 Watershed Management and Protection Authority (2005).
1988:
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886:
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in Vietnam, heavily concentrating in Khamkhuet and Nakai Valley.
381:
377:
295:
197:
149:
906:"The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history"
2220:
1592:
Global Water Resources: Festschrift in Honour of Asit K. Biswas
1573:
Ethnic Groups of Laos: Profiles of Austro-Thai-speaking peoples
287:
1612:. Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies. Conference.
1443:
The Last Unicorn: A Search for One of Earth's Rarest Creatures
1181:
2614:
1404:
Babaev, Kirill; Samarina, Irina (2021). Sidwell, Paul (ed.).
1145:
269:
1675:
936:
1324:
1169:
1075:
475:
145:
1133:
1092:
1090:
838:
799:
448:. They were encountered in 1959 by Vietnamese soldiers in
1026:
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1312:
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leader in Bolikhamsai: "We are Lao Loum; before we were
1642:
Vietic languages in SEALANG Mon-Khmer Languages Project
1222:
1202:
Review of the National Protected Area System in Lao PDR
1102:
1087:
1063:
1406:
A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam
1300:
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13.2 (2020): xiii-xlv. University of Hawaiʼi Press. p.
850:
340:
However, archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the
1485:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
1157:
635:, Nam Noy and Nam Nyang Rivers, basically inside the
874:
862:
1505:
892:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1279:Trip Report: Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project - Laos
1204:(Report). Lao-Swedish Forestry Programme, Lao PDR.
925:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
621:
2724:
489:Their languages are classified to belong to the
1607:
1276:
1151:
1127:
1113:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFChamberlain2018 (
1403:
805:
764:Vietic type IV: Rice farmers, slash-and-burn (
460:
2206:
1661:
1570:
1551:
1139:
400:, greatly depopulating many Vietic villages.
1608:Trankell, Ing-Britt; Summers, Laura (1998).
1506:Montgomery, Sy; Galbreath, Garry J. (2009).
1262:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1425:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map
1422:
1360:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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910:The International Conference on Tai Studies
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691:The isolating Vietics in Laos (exclude the
681:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map
2213:
2199:
1668:
1654:
1594:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 129–148,
824:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
493:language family, which is a branch of the
251:
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1318:
1228:
1096:
1069:
989:
963:
856:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1462:The Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia
655:have yet to be ratified. According to a
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868:
643:dam which was mainly fundraised by the
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1514:
1440:
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880:
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1649:
1390:
260:, although they can also be found in
356:'s Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "
140:Regions with significant populations
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
429:minority groups. As explained by a
302:is dated to 6190 BP (4190 BC). The
13:
135:~90,000,000 (~5,000,000 overseas )
14:
2764:
1627:
1537:. University of Wisconsin Press.
893:Montgomery & Galbreath (2009)
2707:
2706:
2696:
2175:
1640:http://sealang.net/mk/vietic.htm
1636:Endangered Vietic nomads in Laos
1241:David McDowell, Thayer Scudder,
23:
1571:Schliesinger, Joachim (2003b).
1552:Schliesinger, Joachim (2003a).
1519:, NUS Press, pp. 214–240,
1508:Search for the Golden Moon Bear
1336:
1270:
1234:
1193:
1050:
1020:
1006:
930:
34:needs additional citations for
1384:
915:
898:
811:
622:Concerns on NT2 Project impact
501:Northern Vietic (Viet-Muong):
386:thousand years of Chinese rule
1:
1152:Trankell & Summers (1998)
1128:Trankell & Summers (1998)
792:
637:Nakai-Nam Theun National Park
409:Nakai-Nam Theun National Park
818:Taylor, K. W. (2013-05-09).
806:Babaev & Samarina (2021)
7:
2692:– Not officially recognized
1533:Robichaud, William (2018).
1510:. New England Compact Disc.
821:A History of the Vietnamese
542:Southeast Vietic (Chutic):
461:Classification and language
10:
2769:
2278:Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)
1466:Cambridge University Press
1056:Alves, Mark (2019-05-10).
1014:Journal of Human Evolution
686:
371:
282:Peopling of Southeast Asia
279:
2753:Ethnic groups in Thailand
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2643:
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2421:
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2232:
2172:
2137:
2105:
2052:
2024:
1954:
1889:
1841:
1823:
1753:
1687:
730:Vietic type II: Recently
275:
216:
211:
176:
171:
164:
159:
144:
139:
134:
129:
2748:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
2222:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
1441:deBuys, William (2015).
1277:Leslie Johnston (2010).
904:Chamberlain, J.R. 1998,
206:Native Ancestral Worship
182:Vietnamese folk religion
1489:Oxford University Press
1460:Enfield, N. J. (2021).
1445:. Hachette Book Group.
974:10.1126/science.aat3188
761:–upper Noy-Pheo river).
750:–lower Noy-Pheo river).
703:Vietic type I: Nomadic
252:Geographic distribution
2743:Ethnic groups in China
2535:Sino-Tibetan languages
649:Asian Development Bank
2738:Ethnic groups in Laos
1677:Ethnic groups in Laos
1575:. White Lotus Press.
1556:. White Lotus Press.
1483:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
631:(NT2 Project) on the
240:refers to a group of
212:Related ethnic groups
1391:Alves, Mark (2019).
1245:(October 23, 2015).
1140:Schliesinger (2003b)
520:(Tuom, Liha, Phong).
468:Bolikhamsai Province
405:Bolikhamsai Province
346:Phùng Nguyên culture
300:Bolikhamsai Province
43:improve this article
1190:, pp. 1594–97.
956:2018Sci...361...92L
484:Quảng Bình Province
472:Khammouane Province
454:Quảng Bình Province
330:Khammouane Province
322:Quảng Bình Province
292:proto-Austroasiatic
126:
16:Asian ethnic groups
1331:Chamberlain (2019)
1188:Chamberlain (2019)
1176:Chamberlain (2019)
1130:, pp. 50, 52.
1109:Chamberlain (2018)
1082:Chamberlain (2019)
845:Chamberlain (2019)
573:Southwest Vietic:
516:Northwest Vietic:
362:Tai-Kadai speakers
258:Annamite mountains
124:
2720:
2719:
2607:Malayo-Polynesian
2188:
2187:
1619:978-9-15544-124-1
1601:978-1-00045-503-8
1582:978-9-744-80037-4
1563:978-9-744-80036-7
1544:978-0-299-31790-4
1526:978-9-97169-418-0
1498:978-0-190-05379-6
1475:978-0-190-05379-6
1452:978-0-31623-288-3
1434:978-3-03002-437-6
1415:978-9-00446-108-6
831:978-0-521-87586-8
753:Vietic type III:
653:Xe Bang Fai River
497:language family.
421:Taiping rebellion
398:Vientiane Kingdom
235:
234:
226:Mon–Khmer peoples
119:
118:
111:
93:
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2215:
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2138:General grouping
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1375:Robichaud (2018)
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1319:Robichaud (2018)
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1284:(Report). USAID.
1283:
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1229:Robichaud (2018)
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1097:Robichaud (2018)
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1070:Robichaud (2018)
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857:Robichaud (2018)
854:
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815:
809:
803:
705:Hunter-gatherers
354:Đông Sơn culture
166:Vietic languages
130:Total population
127:
123:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Vietic peoples"
51:
27:
19:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2688:
2680:
2639:
2601:
2529:
2417:
2389:
2273:
2228:
2226:language family
2219:
2189:
2184:
2182:Laos portal
2176:
2174:
2168:
2133:
2101:
2048:
2020:
1950:
1885:
1837:
1819:
1779:Kinh/Vietnamese
1749:
1683:
1681:language family
1674:
1630:
1620:
1602:
1583:
1564:
1545:
1527:
1499:
1476:
1453:
1435:
1416:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:, p. 1604.
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:, p. 1600.
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1084:, p. 1597.
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1007:
935:
931:
920:
916:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
847:, p. 1603.
843:
839:
832:
816:
812:
804:
800:
795:
689:
629:Nam Theun 2 Dam
624:
463:
374:
342:Đông Sơn period
284:
278:
254:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Vietic peoples
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2702:Vietnam portal
2694:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:Thái Hàng Tổng
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1628:External links
1626:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1605:
1600:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1549:
1543:
1530:
1525:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1480:
1474:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1433:
1420:
1414:
1401:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:, p. 101.
1367:
1335:
1323:
1321:, p. 100.
1311:
1309:, p. 138.
1307:Scudder (2021)
1299:
1297:, p. 136.
1295:Scudder (2021)
1287:
1269:
1233:
1221:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 215.
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1101:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1049:
1039:10.1101/278374
1019:
1005:
965:10.1101/278374
929:
914:
897:
895:, p. 239.
885:
883:, p. 286.
873:
869:Kiernan (2019)
861:
849:
837:
830:
810:
797:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
762:
755:Slash-and-burn
751:
732:Slash-and-burn
728:
688:
685:
623:
620:
619:
618:
571:
540:
521:
514:
495:Austro-Asiatic
462:
459:
450:Sơn Đoòng Cave
373:
370:
277:
274:
253:
250:
246:Southeast Asia
238:Vietic peoples
233:
232:
222:Khmuic peoples
218:Katuic peoples
214:
213:
209:
208:
174:
173:
169:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
142:
141:
137:
136:
132:
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31:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2765:
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2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:Tibeto-Burman
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
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2351:
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2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:Austroasiatic
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2054:Tibeto-Burman
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1243:Lee M. Talbot
1237:
1231:, p. 99.
1230:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1164:Ovesen (2008)
1160:
1154:, p. 52.
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1099:, p. 97.
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1072:, p. 92.
1071:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
926:
923:
918:
911:
907:
901:
894:
889:
882:
881:deBuys (2015)
877:
871:, p. 46.
870:
865:
859:, p. 93.
858:
853:
846:
841:
833:
827:
823:
822:
814:
807:
802:
798:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
700:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:West Vietic:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
242:ethnic groups
239:
231:
230:Munda peoples
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:
128:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2689:
2558:Sán Dìu
2522:
2295:Bru-Vân Kiều
2256:
2160:
2152:
2144:
1609:
1591:
1572:
1553:
1534:
1516:
1507:
1484:
1461:
1442:
1424:
1405:
1397:ResearchGate
1396:
1370:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1272:
1236:
1224:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1142:, p. 7.
1135:
1123:
1104:
1077:
1065:
1052:
1042:, retrieved
1029:
1022:
1013:
1008:
947:
943:
932:
924:
917:
909:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
820:
813:
808:, p. 5.
801:
757:, villages (
690:
680:
665:
661:
625:
511:Nguồn people
488:
464:
443:
438:
434:
425:
402:
394:
390:Tang dynasty
375:
360:from China,
324:in Vietnam,
308:
285:
255:
237:
236:
121:Ethnic group
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2590:Phù Lá
2575:Hà Nhì
2408:H'Mông/Mông
2269:Việt (Kinh)
1736:(White Tai)
1730:(Black Tai)
1385:Works cited
1356:cite report
1258:cite report
1210:cite report
675:(30+), the
671:(16+), the
326:Bolikhamsai
314:Ho Chi Minh
194:Catholicism
2727:Categories
2644:Expatriate
2595:Si La
2585:Lô Lô
2580:La Hủ
2481:Thái Trắng
2310:Giẻ Triêng
2157:(Highland)
2154:Lao Theung
2026:Hmong–Mien
1044:2024-09-04
1017:University
793:References
693:Vietnamese
645:World Bank
503:Vietnamese
280:See also:
69:newspapers
2676:Taiwanese
2491:Tày Thanh
2423:Tai–Kadai
2395:Hmong–Dao
2149:(Lowland)
1960:Palaungic
1804:Phon Sung
1724:(Red Tai)
1722:Tai Daeng
1408:. Brill.
1350:(Report).
982:0036-8075
721:Mlengbrou
677:Mlengbrou
633:Nam Theun
615:Mlengbrou
478:and from
431:Tai Khang
413:Houaphanh
202:Shamanism
186:Hoahaoism
160:Languages
99:June 2021
2712:Category
2671:Nigerian
2656:Japanese
2486:Phu Thái
2471:Thái Đen
2456:Sán Chay
2375:Xinh Mun
2162:Lao Sung
2146:Lao Loum
2009:Xinh Mun
1891:Bahnaric
1740:Tai Maen
1734:Tai Khao
1712:Phu Thai
1000:29773666
776:, Liha,
717:Thémarou
695:and the
673:Themarou
647:and the
603:Themarou
560:Mã Liềng
525:Thavueng
338:speakers
266:Cambodia
262:Thailand
190:Caodaism
178:Buddhism
172:Religion
154:Thailand
2630:Gia Rai
2476:Thái Đỏ
2413:Pà Thẻn
2380:Xơ Đăng
2123:Kaleung
2113:Chinese
2017:(Kiorr)
1940:Talieng
1930:Nyaheun
1910:Kataang
1906:(Lavae)
1810:Thavung
1745:Tai Nüa
1728:Tai Dam
1689:Lao-Tai
991:6476732
960:bioRxiv
952:Bibcode
944:Science
786:Pakatan
734:(Arao,
707:(Atop,
687:Society
599:Pakatan
591:Kaleung
480:Nghệ An
417:Nghệ An
382:Jiuzhen
378:Jiaozhi
372:History
350:Mán Bạc
318:Nghệ An
310:Nghệ An
296:Lak Sao
198:Animism
150:Vietnam
83:scholar
2690:italic
2666:Jewish
2661:Korean
2651:Indian
2635:Raglai
2620:Chu Ru
2518:Pu Péo
2508:La Chí
2503:Cơ Lao
2365:Rơ Măm
2355:Chơ Ro
2340:Xtiêng
2335:M'Nông
2325:Khơ Mú
2238:Vietic
2165:(Hill)
2130:(Lawi)
2092:Phunoi
2087:Phana'
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