301:
adopted resolution 2295/QĐ-UBND, specifying a new Mường alphabet to be used in instruction within the province. The alphabet consists of 28 letters and four tone marks. The provincial
1817:[Resolution adopting an alphabet for the Mường people of Hòa Bình Province (2295/QĐ-UBND)] (in Vietnamese). Hòa Bình: People's Committee of Hòa Bình Province. 8 September 2016
1814:
228:. According to Phan (2012), the Mường dialects are not a single language, or even most closely related to each other, but rather are an ethnically defined and
3056:
2659:
3181:
1955:
Nguyễn, Văn Khang, Bùi Chi, and Hoàng Văn Hành. (2002). Từ điển Mường-Việt (A Mường-Vietnamese dictionary). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Văn Hoá Dân Tộc.
317:) began publishing its electronic edition in Mường in addition to Vietnamese and English, surprising some readers with the unusual orthography.
2013:
1936:
1939:[Understanding Muong grammar]. (in Vietnamese and Muong). Thanh Sơn–Phú Thọ Province Continuing Education Center. Archived from
3061:
856:
The vowel inventory is given in the following table. It appears to be quite uniform among the different dialects. Two of the vowels (
3073:
2652:
790:, having only the voiceless one of each pair. The Mường Khói and Mường Ống dialects have the full voiceless series, but lack
1837:
286:
Mường had no written form until
Western academics in the 20th century developed a provisional alphabet based on a modified
2006:
2645:
2626:
17:
1917:
Glottalization, tonal contrasts and intonation : an experimental study of the Kim Thuong dialect of Muong
4495:
3435:
2754:
2082:
1999:
4410:
4065:
4026:
3068:
2911:
2077:
1669:(extant and widely understood as a negation word in Vietnamese, but rarely used except in poetic contexts).
1004:
990:
982:
970:
955:
947:
935:
920:
912:
904:
861:
857:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
762:
735:
715:
690:
678:
656:
646:
638:
623:
613:
605:
588:
580:
572:
564:
542:
534:
526:
518:
2552:
473:
in the stops (being Mường Bi, Mường Thành, Mường Động, and Ba Trại). The spelling is given in italics.
302:
1778:"Mường is not a subgroup: Phonological evidence for a paraphyletic taxon in the Viet-Muong sub-family"
4490:
3851:
2608:
2284:
4417:
3350:
1552:
Note two different romanisations are used to show Khmer here. (UNGEGN and
Wiktionary Transcription)
778:
The Mường Vang dialect completely lacks the distinction between the voiced and unvoiced stop pairs
235:
Mường dialects are primarily spoken in mountainous regions of the northern
Vietnamese provinces of
147:
3641:
2668:
2532:
2055:
244:
221:
105:
1016:
271:
64:
4424:
4358:
3371:
3345:
2621:
2507:
2384:
2303:
1949:
1940:
820:
All of these consonants can appear syllable-initially. At the end of syllables only the nasals
597:
298:
263:
236:
56:
2472:
4467:
4431:
4363:
248:
256:
240:
60:
4438:
3993:
3588:
2397:
2346:
2022:
8:
4240:
3507:
3051:
2886:
2876:
2616:
2527:
2036:
665:
287:
225:
205:
2522:
2502:
4226:
4119:
3654:
3626:
3408:
3085:
2714:
2681:
2492:
2263:
2064:
488:
483:
2512:
2374:
2117:
252:
184:
68:
4368:
4324:
4314:
4235:
4159:
4034:
3966:
3560:
3472:
3274:
3269:
2973:
2598:
2439:
2279:
2248:
2185:
748:
556:
503:
493:
470:
4184:
3659:
2289:
4267:
4245:
4216:
4169:
4105:
4093:
4070:
4044:
4039:
4016:
3846:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3710:
3578:
3538:
3477:
3447:
3302:
3209:
3160:
3033:
2934:
2845:
2840:
2800:
2780:
2578:
2573:
2557:
2497:
2364:
2359:
2213:
2162:
2147:
110:
4301:
4200:
4195:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4011:
3882:
3800:
3795:
3737:
3664:
3631:
3387:
3355:
3279:
3243:
3150:
3010:
2871:
2805:
2790:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2709:
2704:
2593:
2588:
2477:
2447:
2429:
2424:
2405:
2369:
2336:
2253:
2152:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2107:
2087:
1684:, it was formerly the primary word for head, but has been displaced with đầu (頭).
1490:
848:
seems to be more restricted than the distribution of the other final consonants.
498:
97:
2749:
2517:
2092:
1915:
4461:
4398:
4353:
4337:
4332:
4250:
4190:
4178:
4129:
4124:
4114:
3950:
3945:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3898:
3785:
3762:
3685:
3680:
3611:
3603:
3543:
3522:
3462:
3176:
2989:
2891:
2881:
2861:
2785:
2759:
2724:
2719:
2583:
2482:
2462:
2457:
2354:
2326:
2321:
2221:
2203:
2195:
2180:
2142:
2122:
2102:
2072:
1070:
551:
310:
197:
136:
115:
1739:
469:
The following table details the consonants of those dialects that show a full
4484:
4375:
3919:
3825:
3815:
3790:
3705:
3616:
3467:
3403:
3320:
3259:
3227:
3186:
3134:
3119:
3111:
3101:
3005:
2866:
2835:
2815:
2775:
2487:
2467:
2419:
2409:
2392:
2331:
2316:
2311:
2241:
2226:
2175:
2112:
1350:
294:
and allowing different consonant pairs and final consonants than
Vietnamese.
4309:
4060:
3649:
3583:
3493:
3264:
3155:
3129:
3124:
2957:
2952:
2795:
2699:
2236:
2231:
2170:
2097:
229:
213:
143:
78:
2637:
274:
and Thanh Hóa provinces while in Hòa Bình
Province, it is merged with the
168:
3805:
3621:
3593:
3568:
2810:
2452:
1394:
1322:
896:
886:
874:
1937:"Tìm hiểu về ngữ pháp tiếng Mường (Thim hiếu wuê ngử pháp thiểng Mường)"
1777:
4154:
3573:
1991:
1744:
962:
879:
510:
1840:[Facts about the Hòa Bình online newspaper's new 'alphabet'].
1714:(孫) for 'grandchild', Vietnamese uses a native word for 'grandchild',
794:
among the voiced stops. The Thạch Sơn dialect on the other hand lacks
2401:
1001:
927:
177:
161:
1518:
1486:
1458:
1406:
1082:
809:
instead. This dialect is also described as having the labio-velars
2413:
1815:"Quyết định về việc phê chuẩn bộ chữ dân tộc Mường tỉnh Hòa Bình"
1019:
province) has been the object of an experimental phonetic study.
801:
Furthermore, the Mường Khói dialect lacks the aspirated alveolar
217:
46:
1978:
1556:
1759:
1757:
1795:
1754:
1695:(肉) for 'meat', Vietnamese uses a native word for 'meat',
419:
395:
391:
355:
347:
331:
327:
1838:"Sự thật về 'bảng chữ cái' mới trên báo điện tử Hòa Bình"
1015:
All Mường dialects are tonal. The Kim Thương dialect (
453:
449:
445:
441:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
343:
339:
335:
323:
1965:
Phonetics of the Mường language through its dialects
1000:
Apart from these monophthongs, there are also three
1913:
844:. Furthermore, the distribution of syllable-final
1844:(in Vietnamese). Viet Nam Journalists Association
4482:
1958:
1934:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1801:
1763:
2653:
2007:
1985: – online newspaper in Mường
297:In September 2016, the People's Committee of
1557:Comparison of Mường and Vietnamese sentences
2667:
1979:
2660:
2646:
2014:
2000:
1680:for 'head', it is cognate with Vietnamese
2021:
1661:for 'no', it is cognate with Vietnamese
27:Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam
1861:
1859:
1835:
836:occur. Of these phonemes, the palatals
290:, including additional consonants like
224:language family and closely related to
212:) is a group of dialects spoken by the
14:
4483:
1961:Ngữ âm tiếng Mường qua các phương ngôn
464:
4396:
4289:
4091:
3991:
3735:
3433:
3300:
3207:
3031:
2932:
2679:
2641:
1995:
1856:
1775:
840:have been analysed as glide + velar
4397:
3434:
1769:
24:
4466:Languages between parentheses are
3057:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
1928:
1733:
851:
25:
4507:
4364:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
1972:
1472:trăng (Middle Vietnamese: blăng)
281:
1428:tŭənlei ទន្លេ (kŭənlɔɔng គន្លង)
270:(heavy) tone is present only in
1907:
1895:
1825:– via Thư viện Pháp luật.
1444:trời (Middle Vietnamese: blời)
90:(1.1 million cited 1999 census)
4470:of the language on their left.
3992:
2627:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language
1967:] (Ph.D.) (in Vietnamese).
1883:
1871:
1829:
1807:
13:
1:
1935:Hà Quang Phùng (2012-09-06).
1726:
1022:
4359:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
2680:
1914:Nguyễn T. Minh Châu (2021).
1836:Tử Hưng (17 February 2018).
1364:nước (dialects include nác)
471:voiced-voiceless distinction
459:
456:are only used in loanwords.
320:The alphabet is as follows:
7:
1718:. It is cognate with Mường
1699:. It is cognate with Mường
10:
4512:
4290:
4092:
3301:
3208:
3032:
2933:
303:Communist Party of Vietnam
4452:
4405:
4392:
4346:
4323:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4259:
4225:
4209:
4168:
4104:
4100:
4087:
4053:
4025:
4004:
4000:
3987:
3959:
3938:
3907:
3891:
3875:
3868:
3839:
3778:
3771:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3698:
3673:
3640:
3602:
3559:
3552:
3531:
3515:
3506:
3486:
3455:
3446:
3442:
3429:
3396:
3380:
3364:
3338:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3296:
3252:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3169:
3143:
3110:
3094:
3044:
3040:
3027:
2998:
2982:
2966:
2945:
2941:
2928:
2904:
2854:
2831:
2824:
2768:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2609:Vietnamese sign languages
2607:
2566:
2545:
2438:
2383:
2345:
2302:
2272:
2212:
2194:
2161:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2029:
1703:'uncommon word for meat'.
878:
873:
871:
747:
664:
550:
509:
480:
175:
159:
154:
133:
94:
84:
74:
52:
42:
37:
32:
1489:लोक (loka, “world”) and
864:) can be long or short.
3388:Somray (Northern Chong)
2669:Austroasiatic languages
2567:Other foreign languages
1980:
1959:Nguyễn Văn Tài (1982).
1750:(subscription required)
1687:"Tlước ăn chay khau ăn
1493:*khəjʔ (“moon; month”)
1010:
314:
264:six tones of Vietnamese
201:
2622:Haiphong Sign Language
2546:Main foreign languages
1946:on September 19, 2016.
1776:Phan, John D. (2012).
1615:Tlước ăn chay khau ăn
1107:*muuj ~ *muəj ~ *muuɲ
1085:शून्य (śūnya, “zero”)
824:, the voiceless stops
209:
1710:mễ Tử." - Mường uses
1622:Trước ăn chay sau ăn
1461:मेघ (megha, “cloud”)
4496:Languages of Vietnam
2023:Languages of Vietnam
1657:yểng." - Mường uses
4411:Proto-Austroasiatic
4066:Southern Nicobarese
3456:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
2617:Hanoi Sign Language
1902:Nguyễn Văn Tài 1982
1890:Nguyễn Văn Tài 1982
1878:Nguyễn Văn Tài 1982
1866:Nguyễn Văn Tài 1982
1802:Hà Quang Phùng 2012
1764:Hà Quang Phùng 2012
1028:
465:Consonant inventory
288:Vietnamese alphabet
1981:Wa̒ Bi̒nh diê̠n tứ
1293:prămbuŏn ប្រាំបួន
1224:prămmuŏy ប្រាំមួយ
1027:
315:Wa̒ Bi̒nh diê̠n tứ
220:. They are in the
61:Thanh Hóa Province
4478:
4477:
4462:extinct languages
4448:
4447:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3694:
3693:
3502:
3501:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2900:
2899:
2635:
2634:
2541:
2540:
2298:
2297:
2030:Official language
1785:Mon-Khmer Studies
1748:(18th ed., 2015)
1646:
1645:
1549:
1548:
1247:prămpir ប្រាំពីរ
996:
995:
832:, and the glides
774:
773:
299:Hòa Bình Province
191:
190:
57:Hòa Bình Province
16:(Redirected from
4503:
4491:Vietic languages
4394:
4393:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4088:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3873:
3872:
3776:
3775:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3733:
3732:
3557:
3556:
3513:
3512:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3336:
3335:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3065:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2829:
2828:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2574:Mandarin Chinese
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1968:
1947:
1945:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1691:." - Mường uses
1561:
1560:
1480:look khae លោកខែ
1270:prămbĕi ប្រាំបី
1053:Other languages
1050:Proto-Mon-Khmer
1044:Other languages
1029:
1026:
1006:
992:
984:
972:
957:
949:
937:
922:
914:
906:
869:
868:
863:
859:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
764:
737:
717:
692:
680:
658:
648:
640:
625:
615:
607:
590:
582:
574:
566:
544:
536:
528:
520:
478:
477:
307:Hòa Bình điện tử
187:
171:
164:
139:
100:
65:Phú Thọ Province
30:
29:
21:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4444:
4418:Proto-Palaungic
4401:
4399:Proto-languages
4380:
4342:
4319:
4292:
4273:
4255:
4221:
4205:
4164:
4096:
4075:
4049:
4021:
3996:
3971:
3955:
3934:
3903:
3887:
3856:
3835:
3767:
3740:
3715:
3690:
3669:
3636:
3598:
3548:
3527:
3498:
3482:
3438:
3436:Khasi–Palaungic
3413:
3392:
3376:
3360:
3331:
3325:
3305:
3284:
3248:
3232:
3212:
3191:
3165:
3139:
3106:
3090:
3059:
3036:
3015:
2994:
2978:
2962:
2937:
2916:
2896:
2850:
2820:
2764:
2684:
2671:
2666:
2636:
2631:
2603:
2562:
2537:
2434:
2379:
2341:
2294:
2268:
2208:
2190:
2157:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2020:
1986:
1975:
1943:
1931:
1929:Further reading
1926:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1559:
1491:Proto-Mon-Khmer
1344:muŏy rôy មួយរយ
1025:
1013:
854:
852:Vowel inventory
467:
462:
284:
266:; however, the
183:
167:
160:
140:
135:
129:
101:
98:Language family
96:
87:
86:Native speakers
69:Sơn La Province
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
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4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
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4109:
4098:
4097:
4085:
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3599:
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3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:East Palaungic
3550:
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3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3532:West Palaungic
3529:
3528:
3526:
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3368:
3366:
3362:
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3333:
3330:Western Pearic
3327:
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3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3294:
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3147:
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3141:
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3017:
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3008:
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2986:
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2908:
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2898:
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2696:
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2673:
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2110:
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2067:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1974:
1973:External links
1971:
1970:
1969:
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1953:
1930:
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1894:
1882:
1870:
1855:
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1672:"Nả tang chái
1670:
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1521:पक्षि (pakṣi)
1515:
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1105:
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1077:
1074:
1071:Middle Chinese
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
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1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
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923:
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893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
877:
872:
853:
850:
828:, the lateral
776:
775:
772:
771:
769:
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537:
529:
521:
513:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
466:
463:
461:
458:
283:
282:Writing system
280:
278:(sharp) tone.
262:Mường has all
189:
188:
181:
173:
172:
165:
157:
156:
155:Language codes
152:
151:
141:
137:Writing system
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
104:
102:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
18:Muong language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4508:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:Proto-Khmeric
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4338:Bugan (Pakan)
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
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4138:
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4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
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4033:
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4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:Chaura-Teresa
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
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3937:
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3405:
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3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3372:Western Chong
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Central Chong
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
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3278:
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3188:
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3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
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3136:
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3126:
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3118:
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3115:
3113:
3109:
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2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Tai Hang Tong
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2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Austroasiatic
2053:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1722:'son-in-law'.
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:Nó đang chải
1605:
1603:
1600:Nả tang chái
1599:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1512:baksəy បក្សី
1511:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:भाषा (bhāṣā)
1408:
1404:
1402:
1400:phiəsaa ភាសា
1399:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:, ร้อย (roi)
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:Proto-Vietic
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1003:
989:
986:
981:
977:
974:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
954:
951:
946:
942:
939:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
919:
916:
911:
908:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
876:
870:
867:
866:
865:
849:
818:
799:
770:
768:
766:
761:
757:
754:
752:
750:
746:
743:
741:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
695:
689:
686:
684:
682:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
663:
660:
655:
652:
650:
645:
642:
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:
622:
619:
617:
612:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
584:
579:
576:
571:
568:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
549:
546:
541:
538:
533:
530:
525:
522:
517:
514:
512:
508:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
474:
472:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:Austroasiatic
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
182:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
132:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:Austroasiatic
103:
99:
93:
89:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4457:
4437:
4432:Proto-Aslian
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4266:
4260:unclassified
4183:
3280:Phong-Kniang
3080:
2385:Sino-Tibetan
2304:Austronesian
2258:
1964:
1960:
1944:(FlashPaper)
1941:the original
1916:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1846:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1809:
1804:, p. 2.
1797:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1766:, p. 1.
1743:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1014:
999:
987:
979:
975:
967:
952:
944:
940:
932:
917:
909:
901:
855:
819:
805:, but has a
800:
777:
759:
755:
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
708:
704:
700:
687:
675:
653:
643:
635:
620:
610:
602:
585:
577:
569:
561:
539:
531:
523:
515:
468:
440:The letters
439:
322:
319:
306:
296:
291:
285:
275:
267:
261:
234:
230:paraphyletic
202:thiểng Mường
193:
192:
176:
148:Chữ Quốc ngữ
120:
38:Thiểng Mường
4439:Proto-Munda
3589:Muak Sa-aak
3060: [
2946:West Katuic
2430:Mantsi Lolo
1676:Mường uses
1653:bong, lòng
1649:"Cải tlỗng
1576:bong, lòng
1567:Vietnamese
1395:Old Chinese
1325:十 (*di̯əp)
1323:Old Chinese
1200:pram ប្រាំ
1093:mốch, môch
1076:sony សូន្យ
1038:Vietnamese
305:newspaper,
210:tiếng Mường
4485:Categories
4241:Semaq Beri
4229:(Southern)
4108:(Northern)
3994:Nicobarese
3939:Gutob-Remo
3908:Sora-Gorum
3772:Kherwarian
3170:Phong–Liha
3052:Vietnamese
3045:Viet-Muong
2887:Mel-Khaonh
2347:Hmong-Mien
2046:Indigenous
2037:Vietnamese
1987:(in Muong)
1904:, II.3.3.3
1892:, II.3.3.1
1880:, II.3.3.2
1745:Ethnologue
1727:References
1572:Cải tlỗng
1540:prɨy ព្រៃ
1023:Vocabulary
1005:/iə,ɯə,uə/
1002:diphthongs
670:voiceless
226:Vietnamese
216:people of
206:Vietnamese
116:Viet–Muong
4468:varieties
4460:indicate
4369:Khmer Khe
4172:(Central)
4120:Cheq Wong
3655:Quang Lam
3642:Bit-Khang
3627:Meung Yum
3508:Palaungic
3253:Phay-Pram
2493:Tai Daeng
2402:Cantonese
2285:Quảng Lâm
2048:languages
1842:Công Luận
1583:Cái bụng
1452:meik មេឃ
1431:*d(n)liʔ
1382:language
1189:đằm, đăm
1176:buŏn បួន
1104:muŏy មួយ
887:unrounded
763:/l,tl~kl/
666:Fricative
598:aspirated
557:voiceless
460:Phonology
257:Ninh Bình
245:Vĩnh Phúc
241:Thanh Hóa
178:Glottolog
162:ISO 639-3
75:Ethnicity
4315:Nyah Kur
4236:Mah Meri
4227:Semelaic
4054:Southern
4035:Nancowry
3840:Santalic
3779:Mundaric
3473:Lyngngam
3397:Southern
3381:Northern
3270:Ksingmul
3069:in China
2967:Ta'oihic
2682:Bahnaric
2599:Japanese
2488:Tày Sapa
2118:Maa (Mạ)
2065:Bahnaric
1920:(Ph.D.).
1848:26 March
1821:26 March
1674:tlốc." -
1519:Sanskrit
1487:Sanskrit
1459:Sanskrit
1447:*b-ləːj
1423:*k-roːŋ
1407:Sanskrit
1372:tɨk ទឹក
1330:hundred
1316:dáb ដប់
1219:*p-ruːʔ
1128:pir ពីរ
1083:Sanskrit
1032:English
891:rounded
489:Alveolar
484:Bilabial
237:Hòa Bình
185:muon1246
4458:Italics
4325:Pakanic
4268:Kenaboi
4246:Semelai
4217:Jah Hut
4210:Jah Hut
4155:Ten'edn
4071:Shompen
4045:Katchal
4040:Camorta
4027:Central
4017:Teressa
3847:Santali
3831:Agariya
3821:Majhwar
3811:Mundari
3711:Tai Loi
3579:Man Met
3561:Angkuic
3539:Palaung
3478:Maharam
3365:Western
3339:Central
3332:(Chong)
3161:Thavưng
2846:Tampuan
2841:Tariang
2825:Central
2801:Nyaheun
2579:Russian
2558:English
2533:Lao Bóc
2528:Thu Lao
2523:Tày Tac
2503:Tai Dón
2498:Tai Dam
2440:Kra-Dai
2414:Hokkien
2406:Teochew
2398:Chinese
2365:Kim Mun
2360:Iu Mien
2148:Tariang
1791:: 1–18.
1706:"Ho là
1642:bà Tự.
1638:Tôi là
1635:mễ Tử.
1543:*briiʔ
1535:*k-rəŋ
1526:forest
1507:*-ciːm
1475:*b-laŋ
1385:thiểng
1339:*k-lam
1288:*ciːnʔ
1265:*saːmʔ
1171:*poːnʔ
1152:bĕi បី
1017:Phú Thọ
749:Lateral
697:voiced
632:voiced
504:Glottal
494:Palatal
272:Phú Thọ
249:Yên Bái
232:taxon.
218:Vietnam
47:Vietnam
4347:Others
4291:Others
4201:Temiar
4196:Semnam
4170:Senoic
4150:Mintil
4145:Minriq
4140:Kintaq
4135:Kensiu
4106:Jahaic
4094:Aslian
4012:Chaura
3883:Kharia
3876:Kharia
3801:Birhor
3796:Birjia
3699:Others
3665:Bumang
3632:Savaiq
3448:Khasic
3409:Sa'och
3356:Kasong
3303:Pearic
3244:Mlabri
3237:Mlabri
3210:Khmuic
3151:Maleng
3034:Vietic
3011:Phuong
2935:Katuic
2877:Ra’ong
2872:Stieng
2806:Sapuan
2745:Rengao
2740:Bahnar
2735:Sedang
2730:Todrah
2710:Kayong
2705:Halang
2594:Korean
2589:German
2553:French
2513:Tai Lü
2478:Qabiao
2448:Caolan
2375:Ná-Meo
2370:Mo Piu
2337:Roglai
2254:Maleng
2214:Vietic
2163:Katuic
2153:Todrah
2138:Stieng
2133:Sedang
2128:Rengao
2108:Kayong
2088:Halang
1631:Ho là
1595:theo.
1580:yểng.
1564:Mường
1469:tlăng
1417:không
1414:river
1388:tiếng
1375:*ɗaːk
1367:*ɗaːk
1358:water
1311:*maːl
1256:eight
1233:seven
1203:*pɗam
1179:*punʔ
1138:three
1131:*ɓaar
1123:*haːr
1099:*moːc
1064:không
1061:không
1047:Khmer
1035:Mường
983:/aː,a/
948:/ɤː,ɤ/
842:/ʲkʲŋ/
826:/ptck/
822:/mnɲŋ/
452:, and
255:, and
253:Sơn La
111:Vietic
53:Region
4354:Khmer
4333:Bolyu
4302:Monic
4251:Temoq
4191:Semai
4185:Sabüm
4179:Lanoh
4160:Wila'
4130:Jedek
4125:Jahai
4115:Batek
3951:Gutob
3946:Bonda
3930:Lodhi
3925:Juray
3915:Gorum
3899:Juang
3892:Juang
3869:South
3786:Korwa
3763:Korku
3756:Korku
3749:North
3738:Munda
3686:Kiorr
3681:Lamet
3674:Lamet
3660:Kháng
3612:Blang
3544:Riang
3523:Danau
3516:Danau
3463:Khasi
3351:Samre
3177:Phong
3086:Nguồn
3081:Mường
3074:in US
3064:]
2990:Pacoh
2983:Pacoh
2974:Ta'Oi
2892:Thmon
2882:Mnong
2862:Chrau
2855:South
2786:Laven
2760:Katua
2725:Monom
2720:Takua
2715:Kaco’
2693:North
2584:Czech
2463:Lachi
2458:Gelao
2425:Xapho
2410:Hakka
2355:Hmong
2327:Jarai
2322:Haroi
2290:Kháng
2273:Other
2264:Nguồn
2259:Mường
2204:Khmer
2196:Khmer
2186:Ta'Oi
2181:Pacoh
2143:Takua
2123:Monom
2103:Katua
2073:Chrau
1963:[
1868:, I.2
1781:(PDF)
1740:Mường
1667:chẳng
1663:chăng
1659:chăng
1655:chăng
1651:chăng
1602:tlốc.
1593:không
1591:lòng
1585:không
1578:chăng
1574:chăng
1532:rừng
1529:rầng
1517:From
1504:chim
1501:chim
1498:bird
1485:From
1466:moon
1457:From
1441:tlời
1420:sông
1405:from
1393:from
1349:from
1336:trăm
1333:tlăm
1321:from
1308:mười
1305:mườl
1285:chín
1282:chỉn
1279:nine
1259:thảm
1242:*pəs
1213:khảu
1195:*ɗam
1186:five
1162:four
1155:*piʔ
1081:from
1069:from
1058:zero
897:Close
875:Front
846:/cɲl/
815:/kʷʰ/
736:/z~j/
657:/ɡ~ɣ/
511:Nasal
499:Velar
311:Muong
214:Mường
198:Muong
194:Mường
144:Latin
121:Mường
79:Muong
33:Mường
4376:Mang
3967:Gta’
3960:Gta’
3920:Sora
3826:Turi
3816:Koda
3791:Asur
3706:Kuan
3617:Lawa
3604:Waic
3468:Pnar
3404:Suoi
3321:Pear
3314:Pear
3275:O’du
3260:Prai
3228:Khmu
3221:Khmu
3187:Liha
3182:Tuom
3135:Sach
3120:Arem
3112:Chứt
3102:Cuoi
3095:Cuoi
3006:Katu
2999:Katu
2905:East
2867:Koho
2836:Alak
2816:Brao
2781:Jru'
2776:Lavi
2769:West
2755:Duan
2483:Padi
2473:Nùng
2468:Laha
2420:Hani
2393:Akha
2332:Rade
2317:Chru
2312:Cham
2280:Mảng
2249:Cuối
2242:Sach
2227:Arem
2222:Chut
2176:Katu
2113:Koho
2083:Duan
1950:More
1850:2019
1823:2019
1720:chảu
1716:cháu
1712:thôn
1708:thôn
1701:thit
1697:thịt
1693:nhúc
1689:nhúc
1682:trốc
1678:tlốc
1665:and
1640:cháu
1633:thôn
1624:thịt
1617:nhúc
1587:vâng
1438:sky
1361:đác
1351:Thai
1302:ten
1262:tám
1239:bảy
1236:páy
1216:sáu
1210:six
1192:năm
1168:bốn
1165:pổn
1147:*pa
1120:hai
1117:hal
1114:two
1096:một
1090:one
1011:Tone
963:Open
880:Back
860:and
838:/cɲ/
834:/jw/
813:and
811:/kʷ/
807:/hr/
803:/tʰ/
788:/kɡ/
784:/td/
780:/pb/
624:/kʰ/
614:/tʰ/
606:/pʰ/
552:Stop
268:nặng
4310:Mon
4061:Car
3852:Kol
3650:Bit
3584:Mok
3494:War
3487:War
3265:Mal
3156:Kri
3144:Kri
3130:Ruc
3125:May
2958:Bru
2953:Kuy
2912:Cua
2796:Juk
2791:Su'
2750:Hrê
2700:Jeh
2518:Tày
2237:Ruc
2232:May
2171:Bru
2098:Jeh
2093:Hrê
2078:Cua
1742:at
1608:đầu
1144:ba
1141:pa
991:/ɔ/
971:/ɛ/
956:/o/
936:/e/
928:Mid
921:/u/
913:/ɯ/
905:/i/
862:/a/
858:/ɤ/
830:/l/
796:/p/
792:/ɡ/
716:/β/
691:/h/
679:/s/
647:/d/
639:/b/
589:/k/
581:/c/
573:/t/
565:/p/
543:/ŋ/
535:/ɲ/
527:/n/
519:/m/
276:sắc
169:mtq
4487::
3806:Ho
3622:Wa
3594:Va
3569:Hu
3062:vi
2811:Oi
2453:En
2412:·
2408:·
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1858:^
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1073:空
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733:y
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723:/
721:d
713:u
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709:o
707:/
705:w
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701:v
688:h
676:x
654:g
644:đ
636:b
586:c
570:t
562:p
524:n
516:m
454:Z
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436:Y
432:X
428:W
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420:Ư
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412:T
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396:Ơ
392:Ô
388:O
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380:M
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368:I
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356:Ê
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348:Đ
344:D
340:C
336:B
332:Â
328:Ă
324:A
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