Chữ Nôm - Knowledge

1935: 1404: 997: 1481: 35: 1213: 3772:

version 3.0 in 1999.) The Nôm Na Group, led by Ngô Thanh Nhàn, published a set of nearly 20,000 Nôm characters in 2005. This set includes both the characters proposed earlier and a large group of additional characters referred to as "V6". These are mainly Han characters from Trần Văn Kiệm's dictionary which were already assigned code points. Character readings were determined manually by Hồng's group, while Nhàn's group developed software for this purpose. The work of the two groups was integrated and published in 2008 as the

1688: 219: 2343: 3456: 2384: 4165: 4151: 2335: 4688:, p. 141: "Because the Chinese characters were pronounced according to Vietnamese preferences, and because certain stylistic modifications occurred over time, later scholars came to refer to a hybrid "Sino-Vietnamese" (Han-Viet) language. However, there would seem to be no more justification for this term than for a fifteenth-century "Latin-English" versus the Latin written contemporaneously in Rome." 178: 5370:父母恩重難報經 Fùmǔ Ēnzhòng Nánbàojīng, Phụ mẫu ân trọng nan báo kinh ("Sūtra on the Difficulty of Repaying the Heavy Debt to Parents"), in which the Chinese text is accompanied by a vernacular translation (called 解音 giải âm in Vietnam) in a rudimentary form of Chữ Nôm, where vernacular words are written with Chinese characters and modified versions thereof. 2405: 4211:

The word is still used in some dialects of Vietnamese, and is found fossilized in some words such as gà cồ 𪃿瞿 and cồ cộ 瞿椇. It is also used with the meaning of 'big' in the text, Cư Trần lạc đạo phú 居塵樂道賦, Đệ thất hội 第七會, where it reads 勉德瞿經裴兀扲戒咹㪰 (Mến đức cồ kiêng bùi ngọt cầm giới ăn chay). Other

1659:

The decline of the Chinese script also led to the decline of chữ Nôm given that Nôm and Chinese characters are so intimately connected. After the First World War, chữ Nôm gradually died out as the Vietnamese alphabet grew more and popular. In an article published in 1935 (based on a lecture given in

4817:

Laurence C. Thompson A Vietnamese Reference Grammar 1987 Page 53 "This stele at Ho-thành-sơn is the earliest irrefutable piece of evidence of this writing system, which is called in Vietnamese chữ nôm (chu 'written word', nom 'popular language'), probably ultimately related to nam 'south'-note that

1566:'s poetry. Although literacy in premodern Vietnam was limited to just 3 to 5 percent of the population, nearly every village had someone who could read Nôm aloud for the benefit of other villagers. Thus these Nôm works circulated orally in the villages, making it accessible even to the illiterates. 1547:

until the early 20th century, Nôm was the preferred script for literary compositions of the cultural elites. Nôm reached its golden period with the Nguyễn dynasty in the 19th century as it became a vehicle for diverse genres, from novels to theatrical pieces, and instructional manuals. Although it

1407:

The fourth page of Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) which shows text in Literary Chinese alongside an earlier form of chữ Nôm (phonetic rebus) representing Old Vietnamese pronunciation. Some pairs of characters are used to represent the consonant clusters and polysyllabic that

838:

missionaries, with the earliest known usage occurring in the 17th century, replaced chữ Nôm as the preferred way to record Vietnamese literature from the 1920s. While Chinese characters are still used for decorative, historic and ceremonial value, chữ Nôm has fallen out of mainstream use in modern

5369:

The document, 佛說大報父母恩重經 Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh ("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents", henceforth Đại báo), is held in the Société asiatique, Paris. It is a version of a popular Chinese apochyphon more commonly known under the title

1437:(1428–1433). Based on archaic features of the text compared with the Tran dynasty poems, including an exceptional number of words with initial consonant clusters written with pairs of characters, some scholars suggest that it is a copy of an earlier original, perhaps as early as the 12th century. 4618:

Asian research trends: a humanities and social science review – No 8 to 10 – Page 140 Yunesuko Higashi Ajia Bunka Kenkyū Sentā (Tokyo, Japan) – 1998 "Most of the source materials from premodern Vietnam are written in Chinese, obviously using Chinese characters; however, a portion of the literary

4642:

Viện nghiên cứu Hán Nôm (Vietnam), Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation – 2006 "The Di sản Hán Nôm notes 366 entries which are solely on either medicine or pharmacy; of these 186 are written in Chinese, 50 in Nôm, and 130 in a mixture of the two scripts. Many of these entries ... Vietnam were

3771:

to get its own registration code. V5 is a set of about 900 characters proposed in 2001. As these characters were already part of Unicode, the IRG concluded that they could not be edited and no Vietnamese code was added. (This is despite the fact that national codes were added retroactively for

5006:, 2001 "... to a word, is most frequently represented by combining two Chinese characters, one of which indicates the sound and the other the meaning. From the fifteenth to the nineteenth century many major works of Vietnamese poetry were composed in chữ nôm, including Truyện Kiều" 1626:

discouraged or simply banned the use of classical Chinese, and promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform movements in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the

4628:

Vietnam Courier 1984 Vol20/21 Page 63 "Altogether about 15,000 books in Han, Nom and Han—Nom have been collected. These books include royal certificates granted to deities, stories and records of deities, clan histories, family genealogies, records of cutsoms, land registers,

1660:

1925), Georges Cordier estimated that 70% of literate persons knew the alphabet, 20% knew chữ Nôm and 10% knew Chinese characters. However, estimates of the rate of literacy in the late 1930s range from 5% to 20%. By 1953, literacy (using the alphabet) had risen to 70%.

1311:, a national hero who succeeded in briefly expelling the Chinese in the late 8th century. The two characters have literal Chinese meanings 'cloth' and 'cover', which make no sense in this context. They have thus been interpreted as a phonetic transcription, via their 1969:, like Chinese, and has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables. In chữ Nôm, each monosyllabic word of Vietnamese was represented by a character, either borrowed from Chinese or locally created. The resulting system was even more difficult to use than the Chinese script. 1828:(even within a single text), with some coming fairly close to the modern concept of translation, while some are closer to annotations with "word-matching" between Literary Chinese and Vietnamese, with little to no regard to the structure or syntax of Vietnamese. 1643:

suggested that broad reform was possible. In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The teaching of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1917. On December 28, 1918, Emperor

5419:

Thus, the Literary Sinitic preface overtly claims the present dictionary to be an explication (giải nghĩa 解義) of Sĩ Nhiếp's original work—that is, the vernacular glossary to southern songs and poems entitled Guide to Collected Works (Chỉ nam phẩm vị

2467:

As in the Chinese writing system, the most common kind of invented character in Nôm is the phono-semantic compound, made by combining two characters or components, one suggesting the word's meaning and the other its approximate sound. For example,

4892:, p. 83: "An exception was during the brief Hồ dynasty (1400–07), when Chinese was abolished and chữ Nôm became the official script, but the subsequent Chinese invasion and twenty-year occupation put an end to that (Helmut Martin 1982:34)." 4905:

2001 Page 68 – "In part because of the ravages of the Ming occupation — the invaders destroyed or removed many Viet texts and the blocks for printing them — the earliest body of nom texts that we have dates from the early post-occupation era

812:

until the early 20th century (except for two brief interludes), chữ Nôm was widely used between the 15th and 19th centuries by the Vietnamese cultured elite for popular works in the vernacular, many in verse. One of the best-known pieces of

5165:, p. 126. This is a translation of a lecture Chau gave in Saigon in 1925. "Even at this moment, the so-called "Confucian scholars (i.e. those who have studied Chinese characters, and in particular, those who have passed the degrees of 1044:

is the logographic writing system of the Vietnamese language. It is based on the Chinese writing system but adds a large number of new characters to make it fit the Vietnamese language. Common historical terms for chữ Nôm were

4643:

written in either Nôm or Hán-Nôm rather than in 'pure' Chinese. My initial impression was that the percentage of texts written in Nôm was even higher. This is because for the particular medical subject I wished to investigate-

1359:. The first and third Chinese characters mean 'great' and 'Viet'. The second character was often used to transcribe non-Chinese terms and names phonetically. In this context, cồ is an obsolete Vietnamese word for 'big'. 4660:

2010– Page 31 "At least one Buddhist text, the Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục (CCPVP), preserves a story in Hán script about the early years of Buddhist influence in Vietnam and gives a parallel Nôm

1636:, "so-called Confucian scholars" lacked knowledge of the modern world, as well as real understanding of Han literature. Their degrees showed only that they had learned how to write characters, he claimed. 1523: 5333:

The material used in this study is obviously older than the poems of Nguyễn Trãi and belongs to the text type called giải âm 解音, which includes word-for-word translations of Chinese texts into Vietnamese.

1264:

for official purposes in 1010. For most of the period up to the early 20th century, formal writing was indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical Chinese works produced in China, Korea, and Japan.

1631:

of 1905, Japan was increasingly cited as a model for modernization. The Confucian education system was compared unfavourably to the Japanese system of public education. According to a polemic by writer

5173:) do not know anything, I am sure, of Confucianism. Yet every time they open their mouths they use Confucianism to attack modern civilization – a civilization they do not comprehend even a tiny bit." 1648:

declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. The traditional Civil Service Examination, which emphasized the command of classical Chinese, was dismantled in 1915 in

2338:

Here is the character tự 自 is written with the nháy mark (𖿱) showing to use its alternative reading từ or vice versa. (Depending on the context, the alternative reading could also be tợ instead)

1988:

alphabet. Moreover, most Vietnamese literati viewed Chinese as the proper medium of civilized writing, and had no interest in turning Nôm into a form of writing suitable for mass communication.

1824:), etc. Often these translations attempt to match the word order as the original Literary Chinese text with no regard for Vietnamese syntax). There is significant diversity within works called 1934: 1794: 1218: 3763:

The V2, V3, and V4 proposals were developed by a group at the Han-Nom Research Institute led by Nguyễn Quang Hồng. V4, developed in 2001, includes over 400 ideograms formerly used by the

1268:

Vietnamese scholars were thus intimately familiar with Chinese writing. In order to record their native language, they applied the structural principles of Chinese characters to develop

1505: 2434:

on the right suggests that the meaning of the character is linked to people. (The character after is the word Việt 越 meaning "Vietnamese"). The two characters mean "Vietnamese people".

2235:

Alternatively, a native Vietnamese word could be written using a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar sound, regardless of the meaning of the Chinese word. For example,

2120: 2293:

When a character would have two readings, a diacritic may be added to the character to indicate the "indigenous" reading. The two most common alternate reading diacritical marks are

1728:(1820) The poem is full of obscure archaic words and Chinese borrowings, so that modern Vietnamese struggle to understand an alphabetic transcription without clarifications. 5057:

Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

4225:. This mention was often cited, including by DeFrancis and Thompson, but according to Nguyễn Đình Hoà no-one has been able to find the inscription that Maspero referred to. 1588:

with a series of unsuccessful petitions (written in classical Chinese, like all court documents) proposing reforms in several areas of government and society. His petition

4728:

1976 – Page 220 "The earliest example of Vietnamese character writing, as we have noted earlier, is for the words bo and cai in the posthumous title given to Phung Hung."

2464:), which are mostly rarely used characters for indigenous natural phenomena, Vietnamese scribes created thousands of new characters, used throughout the language. 1604:('Please tolerate the national voice'). He proposed to replace classical Chinese with Vietnamese written using a script based on Chinese characters that he called 1403: 3480:. A revised standard, TCVN 6909:2001, defines 9,299 glyphs. About half of these glyphs are specific to Vietnam. Nôm characters not already encoded were added to 801:. This composite script was therefore highly complex and was accessible to less than five percent of the Vietnamese population who had mastered written Chinese. 538: 4647:-the percentage of texts written in Nom or Hán-Nôm is even higher than is the percentage of texts in Nôm and Hán-Nôm for general medical and pharmaceutical .." 2114: 1362:

The oldest surviving Nom inscription, dating from 1210, is a list naming 21 people and villages on a stele at the Tự Già Báo Ân pagoda in Tháp Miếu village (

470: 68: 2573:

A smaller group consists of semantic compound characters, which are composed of two Chinese characters representing words of similar meaning. For example,

1472:, chữ Nôm printing blocks, texts and inscriptions were thoroughly destroyed; as a result the earliest surviving texts of chữ Nôm post-date the occupation. 744: 1376:(r. 1278–1293) ordered that Nôm be used to communicate his proclamations to the people. The first literary writing in Vietnamese is said to have been an 6437: 2606:

A few characters were obtained by modifying Chinese characters related either semantically or phonetically to the word to be represented. For example,

164: 1908:

works focus on extracting as much meaning as possible from the source texts, with little to no regard to the structure and syntax of Literary Chinese.

1422:('Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents') was printed around 1730, but conspicuously avoids the character 10427: 7082: 6566: 5600: 6320: 10432: 7512: 7502: 7077: 6314: 996: 911:, meaning 'south'. It could also be based on the dialectal pronunciation from the South Central dialects (most notably in the name of province of 7492: 7482: 7072: 7067: 7062: 2232:

is actually an earlier Chinese loan that has become accepted as Vietnamese; William Hannas claims that all such readings are similar early loans.

1996:

Chữ Nôm has never been standardized. As a result, a Vietnamese word could be represented by several Nôm characters. For example, the very word

1528: 1948:) with the original Literary Chinese text on the top, and Vietnamese translation on the bottom. The Vietnamese text is written in chữ Nôm and 1147:'Han and chữ Nôm characters') in Vietnamese designates the whole body of premodern written materials from Vietnam, either written in Chinese ( 9208: 7497: 526: 481: 1980:

morphology. Partly for this reason, there was no development of a phonetic system that could be taught to the general public, like Japanese

1449:(1400–07) Classical Chinese was discouraged in favor of vernacular Vietnamese written in Nôm, which became the official script. The emperor 705: 462: 6516:

fonts which require special software. The following web pages are collections of URLs from which Chữ Nôm capable fonts can be downloaded:

4619:

genre is written in Vietnamese, using chu nom. Therefore, han nom is the term designating the whole body of premodern written materials.."

6641: 6407:, a Windows-based Vietnamese multilingual keyboard driver that supports typing chữ Nôm in addition to Traditional and Simplified Chinese. 1779: 5829: 9240: 5235:

Les trois écritures utilisées en Annam: chu-nho, chu-nom et quoc-ngu (conférence faite à l'Ecole Coloniale, à Paris, le 28 mars 1925)

2216:

One way to represent a native Vietnamese word was to use a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar meaning. For example,

2038:). Both characters were invented for Vietnamese and have a semantic-phonetic structure, the difference being the phonetic indicator ( 1816:) - a category of chữ Nôm texts that translates the "sounds" (word-for-word) of the original Literary Chinese text. Examples include 1894:) - a category of chữ Nôm texts that translates the "meaning", often having no regard for Literary Chinese syntax. Examples include 1783:– French manuscript with illustrations depicting Vietnamese culture in French Indochina, the illustrations are described in chữ Nôm. 3472::1993, or VSCII), as well as a 16-bit standard for Nôm (TCVN 5773:1993). This group of glyphs is referred to as "V0." In 1994, the 1701:. This novel was first published in 1820 and is the best-known work in Nôm. The edition shown was printed in the late 19th century. 1261: 737: 5795: 5062: 4502:

Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh; Đặng, Thế Kiệt; Nguyễn, Doãn Vượng; Lê, Văn Đặng; Nguyễn, Văn Sâm; Nguyễn, Ngọc Bích; Trần, Uyên Thi (2009).

797:

and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including

191: 8430: 10310: 6559: 6154: 6135: 6069: 6050: 6031: 6012: 5993: 5974: 5932: 5721: 5406: 5162: 2387:

Usage of diacritical mark nháy (𖿱) can be seen here. The character yết (揭) with the mark ' 𖿱 ' changes the reading to xiết

1298:

The use of Chinese characters to transcribe the Vietnamese language can be traced to an inscription with the two characters "

1293: 8879: 6388:

There are a number of software tools that can produce chữ Nôm characters simply by typing Vietnamese words in chữ quốc ngữ:

1656:

on January 4, 1919. The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years.

1510: 10417: 6392: 1159:). Hán and Nôm could also be found in the same document side by side, for example, in the case of translations of books on 489: 6336: 1253: 1230:, the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. In this primer, chữ Nôm is used to gloss the Chinese characters, for example, 10422: 8316: 6628: 4260: 1614:'Han characters with national pronunciations'), though he described this as a new creation, and did not mention chữ Nôm. 730: 195: 6852: 4131:. It has been part of the Unicode standard only since version 8.0 of June 2015, so there is still very little font and 3481: 1469: 5090: 10078: 10064: 10034: 9173: 6185: 5847: 5281: 5070: 1480: 844: 6329: 10296: 9013: 8410: 6552: 6451:

by character shape. Supports over 70,000 characters. Users may add their own characters and character combinations.

6230: 618: 578: 381: 6857: 8736: 7997: 146: 6376: 1581: 1504:(1380–1442). The corpus of Nôm writings grew over time as did more scholarly compilations of the script itself. 1272:. The new script was mostly used to record folk songs and for other popular literature. Vietnamese written in 1226:), a 19th-century primer for teaching Vietnamese children Chinese characters. The work is attributed to Emperor 10437: 10303: 8869: 8508: 1747: 5738:

Country Report on Current Status and Issues of e-government Vietnam – Requirements for Documentation Standards

1536:(指南玉音解義; 'guide to Southern Jade sounds: explanations and meanings'), a 24,000-character bilingual Hán-to-Nôm 410: 8978: 8503: 7561: 6145:

Sun, Hongkai (2015), "Language policy of China's minority languages", in Sun, Chaofen; Yang, William (eds.),

6022:

Kornicki, Peter (2017), "Sino-Vietnamese literature", in Li, Wai-yee; Denecke, Wiebke; Tian, Xiaofen (eds.),

5386: 5191: 4956: 991: 7840: 6430: 5891: 2380:) where a character is represented by a simplified variant with two points on either side of the character. 10289: 10268: 7556: 7331: 6847: 6623: 4946:

Phan, John (2013). "Chữ Nôm and the Taming of the South: A Bilingual Defense for Vernacular Writing in the

3473: 1764: 388: 5897: 4469: 2242: 2209: 2193: 2177: 160: 156: 10169: 10148: 8828: 8823: 8518: 8420: 6942: 6633: 6365: 2053:

Another example of a Vietnamese word that is represented by several Nôm characters is the word for moon,

852: 289: 2155:

A large proportion of Vietnamese vocabulary had been borrowed from Chinese during the Tang period. Such

1465:, lasting twenty years, during which use of the vernacular language and demotic script were suppressed. 10236: 8833: 8400: 7813: 6874: 6128:

Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, late Middle Chinese, and early Mandarin

4263:

block in Unicode 13.0, but they are poorly supported as of April 2021. is a visual approximation.

4100: 3791: 2156: 2106: 1759: 1679:

and Vietnamese, but their priests use songbooks and scriptures written in chữ Nôm in their ceremonies.

1570: 794: 718: 611: 405: 365: 327: 275: 7566: 6884: 1733: 8486: 8208: 7761: 7348: 6398: 6281: 5535: 5099: 4183: 4178: 1846:. It features the original text on the top of the page and the Vietnamese translation on the bottom. 1462: 393: 230: 218: 5128:. Yale Southeast Asian Studies Monograph. Vol. 11. New Haven: Yale University. pp. 99–102. 1772: 1563: 9986: 9972: 9277: 7860: 7663: 6879: 9591: 7007: 5683: 10275: 9303: 8260: 7937: 7916: 7796: 7776: 7608: 7279: 7183: 6660: 6618: 6575: 6245: 2110: 1843: 1706: 1204:

in current use, but was used to refer to chữ Nôm before the Vietnamese alphabet was widely used.

798: 5709: 4866: 3468:

In 1993, the Vietnamese government released an 8-bit coding standard for alphabetic Vietnamese (

1976:, Vietnamese was a better fit for a character-based script than Japanese and Korean, with their 8993: 7932: 7922: 7855: 7365: 6798: 1246: 913: 548: 533: 449: 142: 34: 10377: 10282: 10071: 10020: 9480: 9402: 9166: 9105: 9090: 8659: 8538: 8280: 8240: 7972: 7648: 6832: 6820: 6793: 6778: 5737: 5594: 5313:"Sino-Vietnamese initials reflected in the phonetic components of 15th-century Nôm character" 1752: 1598:'Eight urgent matters', 1867), includes proposals on education, including a section entitled 1516: 1397: 814: 521: 350: 312: 267: 9085: 8290: 4202:

The reconstruction of Middle Chinese used here is Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese.

1367: 10141: 9892: 9569: 9065: 8720: 8684: 8089: 8012: 7845: 7593: 7583: 7422: 7405: 6721: 6444: 6285: 6208:/ (licencié en droit Nice, France : Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, R.I.A.S.E.M.) 6123: 2709:

As an example of the way chữ Nôm was used to record Vietnamese, the first two lines of the

1716: 1558: 1412:

had completely died out in the Vietnamese language, giving a development phase for chữ Nôm.

819: 4515: 4511: 4507: 1645: 1381: 8: 8968: 8864: 8586: 8109: 6815: 4917: 4867:

Sesquisyllabicity, Chữ Nôm, and the Early Modern embrace of vernacular writing in Vietnam

4103:

readings that are based on the characters given in parentheses. The common character for

1392:. Four poems written in Nom from the Tran dynasty, two by Trần Nhân Tông and one each by 1201: 1172: 831: 780: 771: 682: 677: 332: 81: 7131: 5297: 4932: 1817: 1787: 1363: 1212: 10127: 10104: 9738: 9627: 9617: 9509: 9452: 9438: 9395: 9100: 8983: 8818: 8710: 8669: 8623: 8618: 8513: 8495: 8163: 8094: 8059: 8007: 7820: 7808: 7219: 7141: 7042: 6597: 6267: 5087: 4973: 2342: 1966: 1640: 1628: 1073: 784: 284: 210: 103: 9360: 9018: 6395:, a Windows-based Vietnamese keyboard driver that supports Hán characters and chữ Nôm. 6104: 5233: 2057:. It can be represented by a Chinese character that is phonetically similar to trăng, 1633: 1501: 10250: 10243: 9979: 9965: 9877: 9766: 9676: 9655: 9634: 9562: 9494: 9353: 9311: 9263: 8998: 8988: 8633: 8628: 8533: 8528: 8435: 8390: 8213: 8193: 8183: 8173: 8168: 8104: 8099: 8027: 7962: 7947: 7897: 7892: 7835: 7771: 7729: 7571: 7457: 7380: 6896: 6891: 6768: 6181: 6150: 6131: 6065: 6046: 6027: 6008: 5989: 5970: 5942:

Gong, Xun (2019), "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology",

5928: 5717: 5402: 5277: 5158: 5066: 4977: 1973: 1668: 1574: 1544: 1454: 1176: 809: 342: 307: 302: 6082:(1912), "Etudes sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales", 5865: 5815: 4079: 1585: 1227: 1099: 762: 10384: 10322: 10215: 10176: 10162: 10120: 9995: 9941: 9922: 9856: 9848: 9834: 9827: 9752: 9548: 9523: 9459: 9431: 9346: 9332: 9249: 9222: 9159: 9070: 8973: 8795: 8638: 8265: 8245: 8235: 8230: 8114: 7870: 7803: 7791: 7756: 7751: 7734: 7673: 7638: 7598: 7400: 7395: 7343: 7294: 7178: 7112: 7052: 7002: 6947: 6864: 6842: 6827: 6773: 6763: 6697: 6308:– Dictionary of Nôm characters with excerpts, Institute of Vietnamese Studies, 2009 6105:"Graphemic borromings from Chinese: the case of chữ nôm – Vietnam's demotic script" 6091: 5951: 5582: 5394: 5358: 5324: 4965: 4170: 1724: 1693: 1385: 1257: 1160: 10222: 9417: 9043: 8694: 8064: 2424:

on the left suggests that the pronunciation of the character is linked to that of

2279: 1797:– a 32,004 character bilingual Literary Chinese – Vietnamese character dictionary. 1450: 839:

Vietnam. In the 21st century, chữ Nôm is being used in Vietnam for historical and

644: 10208: 9900: 9841: 9787: 9780: 9759: 9745: 9729: 9707: 9662: 9555: 9530: 9502: 9487: 9410: 9388: 9381: 9339: 9299: 9270: 8958: 8928: 8751: 8674: 8440: 8370: 8275: 8223: 8203: 8139: 8129: 8119: 8084: 8049: 8044: 8039: 7952: 7907: 7902: 7786: 7781: 7628: 7618: 7472: 7437: 7432: 7412: 7306: 7264: 7204: 7087: 7057: 6967: 6927: 6869: 6803: 6783: 6731: 6714: 6702: 6448: 6441: 6344: 6249: 6180:. Westminster, California: Institute of Vietnamese Studies, Viet-Hoc Pub. Dept.. 5140: 5094: 4069: 2159:

could be written with the original Chinese character for each word, for example:

1393: 1308: 840: 499: 322: 240: 8405: 7588: 6284: – wiki encyclopedia in chữ Nôm with many articles transliterated from the 6231:

http://www.academia.edu/6797639/Rebooting_the_Vernacular_in_17th-century_Vietnam

4290: 3768: 1339: 1125: 1115: 570: 10345: 10229: 10113: 10093: 10002: 9870: 9801: 9700: 9648: 9641: 9473: 9466: 9445: 9424: 9325: 9318: 9125: 9080: 9008: 9003: 8854: 8838: 8813: 8756: 8746: 8741: 8581: 8455: 8415: 8385: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8295: 8270: 8218: 8158: 8124: 8074: 8022: 7987: 7942: 7912: 7865: 7825: 7724: 7678: 7633: 7551: 7487: 7442: 7427: 7390: 7370: 7338: 7326: 7274: 7269: 7259: 7249: 7244: 7161: 7146: 7136: 7102: 7092: 7037: 7022: 6987: 6837: 6741: 6689: 6579: 5920: 5141:

Văn bản quản lý nhà nước và công tác công văn, giấy tờ thời phong kiến Việt Nam

4156: 2173: 1446: 1373: 1312: 1277: 897: 876: 669: 431: 360: 337: 5956: 5398: 5363: 2716: 1949: 1687: 907: 886: 789: 255: 99: 10411: 10352: 10201: 10134: 10057: 10027: 9885: 9863: 9794: 9690: 9669: 9516: 9374: 9292: 9285: 9256: 9215: 9130: 9120: 9115: 8902: 8596: 8255: 8198: 7850: 7623: 7507: 7462: 7417: 7385: 7234: 7151: 7124: 7097: 7027: 7012: 6997: 6952: 6709: 6261: 6079: 5705: 5328: 4222: 2016:(Vietnamese-only semantic-phonetic character). For another example, the word 1977: 1698: 1553: 1549: 824: 7171: 6194:. Vietnamese Studies Papers. : Indochina Institute, George Mason University. 6095: 5754: 5586: 5346: 4128: 3491:

code points. The characters that were encoded earlier have four-digit hex.)

3455: 2391:(Middle left). For lâm (林) with the mark ' 𖿱 ' changes the reading to chấm 2151:

Unmodified Chinese characters were used in chữ Nôm in three different ways.

1543:

While almost all official writings and documents continued to be written in

1434: 1408:

were present in Old Vietnamese. After the 15th century, polysyllabicity and

9808: 9773: 9714: 9201: 8963: 8859: 8772: 8664: 8565: 8375: 8188: 8153: 8134: 8069: 7957: 7719: 7643: 7452: 7447: 7358: 7353: 7289: 7229: 7209: 7166: 7156: 7107: 6992: 6972: 6962: 6810: 6788: 6746: 6544: 5741: 5312: 4132: 2711: 1577:

compiled a Nôm dictionary, helping with the standardization of the script.

1540:

compiled between the 15th and 18th centuries, most likely in 1641 or 1761.

1457:

into Nôm and pushed for reinterpretation of Confucian thoughts in his book

1335: 1334:

After Vietnam established its independence from China in the 10th century,

1281: 1104: 398: 8017: 5570: 4969: 4017: 3977: 3897: 3866: 3347: 3238: 3172: 3100: 3057: 3013: 2969: 2926: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2639: 2612: 2575: 2527: 2473: 2414: 1190: 1084: 10391: 10155: 10086: 9367: 9058: 8918: 8679: 8523: 8380: 8285: 8054: 7982: 7967: 7875: 7668: 7578: 7477: 7467: 7321: 7284: 7239: 7224: 7199: 7119: 7047: 7032: 6736: 5845:

Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies and Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation,

3488: 2383: 2262: 1676: 1623: 1377: 1243: 297: 46: 5904: 2404: 554: 9048: 9023: 8591: 8034: 7524: 7519: 7375: 7316: 6957: 6303: 5391:

Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919

4458:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 5, 215. 4086:, "Code Charts – CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A). The Han-Viet readings are from 3764: 2257: 1664: 1537: 1409: 597: 422: 415: 6521: 6513: 6252:"This site is about Chữ Nôm, the classical writing system of Vietnam." 4604:

Trần, Văn Chánh (January 2012). "Tản mạn kinh nghiệm học chữ Hán cổ".

4029: 4026: 3989: 3986: 3949: 3946: 3937: 3909: 3906: 3869: 3862: 3853: 3825: 3822: 3813: 3427: 3413: 3407: 3389: 3368: 3332: 3321: 3303: 3281: 3271: 3260: 3215: 3205: 3194: 3143: 3133: 3122: 3085: 3079: 3046: 3035: 3002: 2991: 2954: 2948: 2690: 2663: 2651: 2624: 2599: 2593: 2559: 2553: 2541: 2533: 2530: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2430: 2420: 2269: 2237: 2199: 2183: 2163: 2046: 2040: 2004: 2002:('character', 'script'), a Chinese loanword, can be written as either 1424: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1303: 1300: 1196: 1193: 1143: 1140: 1087: 10359: 10338: 10331: 9110: 8947: 8643: 8610: 8445: 8336: 7885: 7613: 7529: 7254: 6024:

The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900 CE)

3469: 2119: 1389: 9053: 6533: 6227:"A Comparative Study of Writing Systems"). Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe. 6043:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

5274:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China

851:

is the main research centre for pre-modern texts from Vietnam, both

9075: 9038: 9033: 8913: 8874: 8715: 8474: 8359: 8250: 7992: 7880: 7830: 7701: 7214: 7017: 6977: 6758: 6751: 6602: 6404: 5126:

Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign Interventions, 1858–1900

4644: 4164: 4064: 3685: 2334: 2287: 2283: 1667:, descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam to islands off 1440: 1164: 776: 697: 658: 651: 355: 152: 9095: 5657:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 56. 5642:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 63. 5571:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects" 5195: 2278:, in which characters are used only for their sound value, or the 692: 9182: 8689: 8560: 8450: 8425: 8311: 8148: 8002: 7977: 7746: 7653: 7301: 6915: 6726: 5347:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology" 5238:, Bulletin de la Société d'Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin 15: 121. 4491:. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 293, 899. 4365:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 5. 4060: 3477: 1653: 1433:, suggesting that it was written (or copied) during the reign of 1175:

both in Hán script and in a parallel Nôm translation. The Jesuit

805: 132: 6379:, digitized manuscripts held by the National Library of Vietnam. 6255: 5833:, Nôm Na Group, Hanoi, 2005. The set contains 19,981 characters. 5194:[Towards 1000 years of Thang Long-Hanoi]. Archived from 2649:'work', 'labour') is a simplified form of the Chinese character 10183: 7927: 7739: 7658: 7603: 7311: 6982: 6460:

Fonts with a sufficient coverage of Chữ Nôm characters include

6270:, Bathrobe's Chinese, Japanese & Vietnamese Writing Systems 3377:'to be', using the character of near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese 2688:(một 'one') comes from the right part of the Chinese character 2622:'that', 'those') is a simplified form of the Chinese character 2439: 1985: 1649: 1500:

Among the earlier works in Nôm of this era are the writings of

1249: 835: 587: 6171:

A Collection of Chữ Nôm Scripts with Pronunciation in Quốc-Ngữ

5967:

Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script

4669: 4667: 8550: 8545: 8395: 8178: 8079: 7766: 6677: 6410: 6273: 4964:(1). Oakland, California: University of California Press: 1. 4398: 4396: 2449: 2274: 1672: 848: 250: 245: 6295: 5105: 4083: 9028: 8923: 6416: 6192:

The State of Chữ Nôm Studies: The Demotic Script of Vietnam

5672:. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 838. 5536:"Proposal to Encode Two Vietnamese Alternate Reading Marks" 5387:"4 Rebooting the Vernacular in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam" 4664: 4119:, a rare variation shown in the chart above. The character 1981: 1719:. The original is Hán, and there is also a Nôm translation. 1652:

and was given for the last time at the imperial capital of

1552:(1820–1840), apogees of Vietnamese literature emerged with 637: 5500: 5488: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5038: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4755: 4731: 4706: 4393: 4088: 4073:; J = Japan; KP= North Korea; K = South Korea; T = Taiwan. 1617: 1461:. These efforts were reversed with the fall of the Hồ and 1284:(1778–1802), but in both cases this was swiftly reversed. 6242: 5476: 5002:

B. N. Ngô "The Vietnamese Language Learning Framework" –

2897:

word talent word destiny clever {to be} hate {each other}

2418:), a term for people or humans (in general). The radical 1790:– Used to teach beginners Chinese characters and chữ Nôm. 1276:

briefly replaced Chinese for official purposes under the

5740:". The character list for the 1993 standard is given in 5253: 5241: 5214: 5202: 4821: 4784: 4782: 4212:

variant characters for cồ include 𡚝 (⿱大瞿) and 𬯵 (⿱賏瞿).

3319:

variant character of the near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese

1744:(1851). A Hán-to-Nôm dictionary for Vietnamese speakers. 1242:

Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the

5552: 5550: 5548: 5517: 5515: 5449: 5425: 4984: 4794: 4435: 4330: 4115:(insects). This radical is added redundantly to create 3688:", Unicode, Inc., "Code Charts – CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A). 6005:

Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

5272:

Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".

5028: 5026: 5024: 4767: 4743: 4696: 4694: 4640:

Nghiên cứu chữ Nôm: Kỷ yếu Hội nghị Quốc tế về chữ Nôm

4408: 4381: 4318: 3695:

Characters were extracted from the following sources:

2115:

Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters

1622:

From the latter half of the 19th century onwards, the

1179:(1605–1656) had also used parallel Hán and Nôm texts. 6366:"The Hán-Nôm Special Collection Digitization Project" 6149:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 541–553, 6026:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 568–578, 5533: 5437: 4848: 4779: 4573: 4543: 4342: 2905:

Derivations of Nôm characters in the first two lines

1380:

in verse composed in 1282 by the Minister of Justice

6178:

Chuyên Khảo Về Chữ Nôm = Monograph on Nôm Characters

5607: 5545: 5512: 5009: 4838: 4836: 4593:. Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Thông tin. pp. 281, 900. 4369: 4234:

The original line in the Chinese version is 人不學，不知義.

4146: 2147:

has a diacritic to indicate different pronunciation.

901: 880: 853:

Chinese-language texts written in Chinese characters

151:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 6206:

Dictionnaire Historique Des Idéogrammes Vietnamiens

6130:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 5021: 4691: 4533:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội. p. 16. 4531:

Nguồn gốc và quá trình hình thành cách đọc Hán Việt

1103:'Confucian characters', due to the connection with 6201:. Honolulu: Asia Collection, University of Hawaii. 6112:Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 4871: 4608:. Nhà xuất bản Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: 82. 4501: 3459:Chữ Hán characters compared to chữ Nôm characters. 2370:Other alternate reading diacritical marks include 2022:('middle'; 'in between') can be written either as 6401:which enables chữ Nôm and Hán typing on Mac OS X. 6337:"Southeast Asia Collection: Hán Nôm Studies 研究漢喃" 6315:Vấn đề chữ viết nhìn từ góc độ lịch sử tiếng Việt 5619: 5098:. This is a revision of a dictionary compiled by 4833: 4099:The characters that do not exist in Chinese have 2012:(Vietnamese-only compound-semantic character) or 1856:Without learning, one does not understand reason. 1853:𠊚空𭓇別𨤰夷麻推 (Người không học biết nhẽ gì mà suy) 1573:literature until the late 19th century. In 1838, 1129:) refers literature written in Literary Chinese. 10409: 5534:Collins, Lee; Ngô Thanh Nhàn (6 November 2017). 5271: 5004:Journal of Southeast Asian Language and Teaching 4948: 4306: 4276:is also used in Chinese as an alternate form of 4254: 4248: 3444: 3433: 3417: 3395: 3378: 3372: 3356: 3337: 3325: 3309: 3287: 3264: 3248: 3221: 3198: 3182: 3160: 3149: 3126: 3110: 3089: 3067: 3039: 3023: 2995: 2979: 2958: 2936: 2695: 2656: 2644: 2629: 2617: 2586: 2580: 2564: 2546: 2521: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2371: 2353: 2347: 2322: 2308: 2294: 2246: 2227: 2221: 2203: 2187: 2167: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2017: 1997: 1939: 1921: 1911: 1895: 1885: 1871: 1861: 1833: 1807: 1605: 1599: 1589: 1521: 1441:Hồ dynasty (1400–07) and Ming conquest (1407–27) 1428: 1417: 1343: 1326: 1320: 1252:in 111 BC. Independence was achieved after the 1183: 1154: 1148: 1133: 1108: 1092: 1077: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1039: 1030: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 973: 931: 925: 891: 870: 856: 165:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 5589:(inactive 2024-04-04) – via SageJournals. 3482: 2719:of Vietnamese verse, consist of 14 characters: 2069:) which is composed of two phonetic components 1715:This history of Vietnam was written during the 1488:(日用常談; 1851). Characters representing words in 6447:for Windows that allows keyboard entry of all 6084:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 5885: 4563:. Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Thông tin. p. 281. 4429:Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (sơ thảo) 4221:The Hộ Thành Sơn inscription was mentioned by 2443: 2399: 2331:, with a diacritic at the upper right corner. 9167: 6560: 6431: 6321: 6222: 6212: 5599:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 5065:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 4139:, the corresponding character in Vietnamese. 738: 6574: 6413:, a browser-based editor for typing chữ Nôm. 6199:A Short Bibliography of Sources on "Chữ-Nôm" 3476:agreed to include Nôm characters as part of 3443:character of near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese 2459: 2453: 2255:The first two categories are similar to the 2226:('capital, funds'). In this case, the word 861:) and Vietnamese-language texts in chữ Nôm. 6122: 5925:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 5704: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5153:Phan Châu Trinh, "Monarchy and Democracy", 4921:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 68. 2798:A hundred years—in this life span on earth, 2715:(1871 edition), written in the traditional 1780:Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam 1366:, Hanoi). Another stele at Hộ Thành Sơn in 67:Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left ( 9174: 9160: 6567: 6553: 6147:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 5818:", (N4358-A), JTC1/SC2/WG2, Oct. 10, 2012. 5155:Phan Châu Trinh and His Political Writings 4933:Thanh Hóa, thế và lực mới trong thế kỷ XXI 2483:'three') is composed of the phonetic part 1200:'national language script') refers to the 779:writing system formerly used to write the 745: 731: 5955: 5919: 5894:, Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. 5362: 5259: 5247: 5220: 5208: 5111: 5056: 5044: 4939: 4805: 4761: 4737: 4712: 4441: 4414: 4402: 4336: 2366:with two dots on its left and right side. 1419:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh 10428:Writing systems using Chinese characters 6062:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 6021: 5810: 5808: 5787: 5686:. Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 5190:Phùng, Thành Chủng (November 12, 2009). 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 4990: 4324: 3454: 2438:In contrast to the few hundred Japanese 2403: 2382: 2341: 2333: 2118: 2093:(lăng) and a semantic component meaning 1933: 1737:("National Language Poetry Compilation") 1686: 1479: 1402: 1400:, were collected and published in 1805. 1211: 995: 10433:Writing systems without word boundaries 6341:Yale University Library Research Guides 6078: 6002: 5841: 5839: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5747: 5310: 5290: 5226: 5102:in 1772–1773. It was reprinted in 1884. 4827: 4773: 4749: 4679: 3881:wound, injury, to love non-romantically 3159:character of homophone Sino-Vietnamese 1618:French Indochina and the Latin alphabet 1475: 196:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 16:Chinese-based Vietnamese writing system 10410: 6419:, a rime-based IME for typing chữ Nôm. 6256:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 6102: 5983: 5964: 5830:Manual, the Nôm Na Coded Character Set 5800:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 5652: 5637: 5613: 5568: 5556: 5521: 5458: 5443: 5192:"Hướng tới 1000 năm Thăng Long-Hà Nội" 5123: 5079: 5015: 4909: 4889: 4854: 4788: 4673: 4528: 4453: 4426: 4387: 4360: 4084:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 2272:respectively. The third is similar to 2138:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca. 2100: 1639:The popularity of Hanoi's short-lived 1307:", as part of the posthumous title of 1169:Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục 924:There are many ways to write the name 10311:American Printing House for the Blind 10087:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 9739:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 9155: 8945: 8900: 8793: 8472: 8357: 7699: 6913: 6675: 6658: 6548: 6330:Chữ Nôm to Vietnamese Latin Converter 5854: 5805: 5684:"Truyện Kiều – An electronic version" 5569:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019). 5380: 5378: 5189: 5176: 4135:support for it. It is a variation of 3767:of northern Vietnam. This allows the 3572:Basic Block (763), A (151), B (2,291) 3526:Basic Block (593), A (138), B (1,515) 1991: 1795:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca 1484:A page from the bilingual dictionary 1331:'father and mother' (of the people). 1294:List of early inscriptions in Vietnam 1219:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca 770: 8794: 6274:Han-Nom Revival Committee of Vietnam 6059: 5941: 5836: 5764: 5716:. Yale University Press. p. 3. 5431: 5384: 5276:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454. 5059:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 5032: 4945: 4877: 4700: 4685: 4658:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 4603: 4431:. Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. p. 47. 4293:, the Vietnamese variant is 𢀭 giàu. 3757:Góp phần nghiên cứu văn hoá Việt Nam 3487:. (These characters have five-digit 3463: 2245:) may represent the Vietnamese word 1453:even ordered the translation of the 1287: 1029:), a Literary Chinese – Vietnamese ( 1011:) was used historically to refer to 490:Standard Form of National Characters 155:. For the distinction between , 9181: 6144: 5872: 5821: 5344: 4924: 4588: 4558: 4348: 4289:This character is only used in the 4261:Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation 3727:Vũ Văn Kính & Nguyễn Quang Xỷ, 3666:Proposed in 2001, but already coded 3330:'hole', Sino-Vietnamese reading of 2900:talent and destiny are apt to feud. 2894:Chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau. 2135:(bottom), meaning turban/towel, in 2089:) composed of a phonetic component 1842:), a Vietnamese translation of the 1569:Chữ Nôm was the dominant script in 1548:was prohibited during the reign of 13: 8901: 6258:. Features a character dictionary. 6163: 6064:, University of California Press, 6040: 5742:Nôm Proper Code Table: Version 2.1 5667: 5625: 5575:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 5375: 5317:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 5311:Shimizu, Masaaki (4 August 2020). 4842: 4486: 4375: 4312: 3774:Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire 2557:'woman' as semantic component and 2172:('service', 'corvée'), from Early 1850:人不𭓇不知理 (Nhân bất học bất tri lý) 1470:Ming dynasty occupation of Vietnam 14: 10449: 6236: 5902:Kiệm, 2004, p. 424, "Entry giàu." 5796:Giới thiệu Kho chữ Hán Nôm mã hoá 5759:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0 4915:Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen, 4470:""Mi ở Quảng Nôm hay Quảng Nam?"" 3595:Basic Block (91), A (19), B (425) 3449:'bountiful, abundant, plentiful' 2282:script that became the origin of 2192:('root', 'foundation'), from EMC 2077:(lăng) for the Middle Vietnamese 1801: 1338:(r. 968–979), the founder of the 1319:, of a Vietnamese phrase, either 890:, meaning ' character'. The word 5944:Journal of Language Relationship 5351:Journal of Language Relationship 4901:Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen 4283: 4163: 4149: 3743:Bảng tra chữ Nôm sau thế kỷ XVII 3165:'little, few; rather, somewhat' 2795:hundred year in world person our 2591:'sky', 'heaven') is composed of 1713:Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự. 1707:Vietnamese literature § Nôm 1519:, is generally given credit for 1171:(1752) gives the story of early 930:in chữ Nôm characters. The word 875:'character' is derived from the 579:Literary and colloquial readings 217: 176: 33: 8946: 6372:. Northern Illinois University. 5730: 5698: 5676: 5661: 5646: 5631: 5562: 5527: 5338: 5304: 5298:Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự 5265: 5147: 5132: 5117: 5050: 4996: 4895: 4883: 4860: 4811: 4718: 4650: 4632: 4622: 4612: 4597: 4582: 4567: 4552: 4537: 4522: 4495: 4480: 4462: 4447: 4420: 4266: 4237: 4228: 4215: 4205: 4196: 4067:); G3 = China (GB 7589); GHZ = 1580:The reformist Catholic scholar 896:'Southern' is derived from the 804:Although all formal writing in 147:International Phonetic Alphabet 6640:Languages by writing system / 6377:The Digital Library of Hán-Nôm 6370:Southeast Asia Digital library 5988:, University of Hawaii Press, 5892:Detailed information: V+63830" 5088:Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum 4918:Culture and Customs of Vietnam 4903:Culture and Customs of Vietnam 4574:Hội Khai-trí tiến-đức (1954). 4544:Hội Khai-trí tiến-đức (1954). 4354: 4277: 4273: 4244: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4024: 4016: 3984: 3976: 3944: 3936: 3904: 3896: 3860: 3852: 3820: 3812: 3644:Unencoded V4 and V6 characters 3621:Defined as sources 1, 3, and 6 3485:Unified Ideographs Extension B 3426: 3412: 3406: 3388: 3367: 3351: 3346: 3331: 3320: 3302: 3280: 3270: 3259: 3242: 3237: 3214: 3204: 3193: 3176: 3171: 3142: 3132: 3121: 3104: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3061: 3056: 3045: 3034: 3017: 3012: 3001: 2990: 2973: 2968: 2953: 2947: 2930: 2925: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2623: 2611: 2598: 2592: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2540: 2526: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2392: 2388: 2377: 2363: 2359: 2328: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2300: 2236: 2217: 2198: 2182: 2162: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1953: 1945: 1927: 1917: 1901: 1891: 1877: 1867: 1839: 1821: 1813: 1611: 1595: 1445:During the seven years of the 1423: 1348: 1299: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1189: 1139: 1124: 1114: 1098: 1083: 1065: 1053: 1025: 1007: 985: 979: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 761: 482:Nan Min Recommended Characters 25: 1: 10079:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 10035:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 8473: 8358: 7700: 6268:The Vietnamese Writing System 5869:, 2004, "Entry càng", p. 290. 4957:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4548:. Văn Mới. pp. 141, 228. 4300: 2061:(lăng), a chữ Nôm character, 1960: 992:History of writing in Vietnam 10290:National Braille Association 10269:Braille Institute of America 9987:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 6914: 6223: 6213: 5385:Phan, John D. (2014-01-01), 3474:Ideographic Rapporteur Group 2792:Trăm năm trong cõi người ta, 2352:would be with the character 902: 881: 864: 845:Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies 823:, was written in chữ Nôm by 140: This article contains 7: 10418:Logographic writing systems 10170:Refreshable braille display 10149:Optical braille recognition 9746:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 9278:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 8421:New Epoch Notation Painting 6383: 6007:, Oxford University Press, 5986:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 5157:, SEAP Publications, 2009, 4142: 3713:Nguyễn Quang Hồng, editor, 2883: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2817: 2806: 2781: 2770: 2759: 2748: 2737: 2726: 2400:Locally invented characters 1941:Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm 1835:Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm 1624:French colonial authorities 1492:(Chinese) are explained in 474:(Hong Kong, 2007) 463:General Standard Characters 59:13th century – 20th century 10: 10454: 10423:Vietnamese writing systems 10237:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 6676: 6417:Bộ gõ Hán Nôm: Phương Viên 6358: 6296:Han-Nom Research Institute 5655:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 5640:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 5345:Xun, Gong (4 March 2020). 5331:– via SageJournals. 4950:Chỉ Nam Ngọc Âm Giải Nghĩa 4506:. Viện Việt-học. pp. 4456:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 4363:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 3706:Institute of Linguistics, 3549:Basic Block (3,110), C (1) 2704: 2694:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2655:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2628:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2563:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2501:'three'. 'Father' is also 2489:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2157:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 2107:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 2104: 2081:, or a chữ Nôm character, 1897:Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa 1704: 1524:Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa 1370:(1343) lists 20 villages. 1291: 1280:(1400–1407) and under the 1207: 989: 795:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 719:Transliteration of Chinese 276:Neolithic symbols in China 10369: 10320: 10260: 10193: 10103: 10049: 10012: 9973:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 9952: 9933: 9914: 9819: 9725: 9686: 9613: 9540: 9239: 9232: 9193: 9151: 8954: 8941: 8909: 8896: 8847: 8806: 8802: 8789: 8765: 8729: 8703: 8652: 8609: 8574: 8494: 8487:Chinese family of scripts 8485: 8481: 8468: 8366: 8353: 8304: 7712: 7708: 7695: 7557:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 7544: 7192: 6935: 6926: 6922: 6909: 6684: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6654: 6642:by first written accounts 6611: 6590: 6586: 6432: 6322: 6305:Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Trích Dẫn 6176:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (2001). 6173:. Tokyo: Keiô University. 6169:Chʻen, Ching-ho (n. d.). 6124:Pulleyblank, Edwin George 6103:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (1990), 5957:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 5399:10.1163/9789004279278_005 5364:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 5232:Cordier, Georges (1935), 5138:Quyền Vương Đình (2002), 5100:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 4591:Hán-Việt từ-điển giản yếu 4561:Hán-Việt từ-điển giản yếu 4504:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn 4184:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 4179:Chinese family of scripts 4054: 3736:Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam 3686:Unibook Character Browser 3679: 3665: 3383:'net for catching birds' 2460: 2454: 2444: 906: 885: 231:Chinese family of scripts 138: 126: 116: 92: 87: 77: 63: 53: 41: 32: 21: 9960:Chinese semi-syllabaries 9223:Unicode braille patterns 9209:International uniformity 7664:Thomas Natural Shorthand 6455: 6411:Chunom.org Online Editor 5898:List of Unicode Radicals 5866:Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt 5816:Code Charts – CJK Ext. E 5367:– via De Gruyter. 5329:10.1177/2513850220936774 5124:Truong, Buu Lâm (1967). 4529:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn (2001). 4427:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn (1995). 4259:marks were added to the 4189: 3722:Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt 2569:) as phonetic component. 2495:) and the semantic part 2448:) and handful of Korean 1984:syllabary or the Korean 1906:giải nghĩa or diễn nghĩa 1682: 1463:Chinese conquest of 1407 1069:, 'national language'). 1057:, 'national sound') and 799:phono-semantic compounds 471:Commonly-Used Characters 10297:Blindness organizations 10276:Braille Without Borders 10065:Canadian currency marks 9687:Egyptian lineage family 8870:Southwest Paleohispanic 6399:Vietnamese Keyboard Set 6219:Bijiao wenzi xue chutan 6096:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713 6060:Marr, David G. (1984), 5984:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997), 5755:Han Unification History 5587:10.1177/251385021986116 4606:Suối Nguồn, Tập 3&4 4578:. Văn Mới. p. 228. 4111:) contains the radical 3411:'heart' classifier and 2362:) which was written as 2321:is meant to be read as 2111:Sino-Vietnamese reading 1844:Three Character Classic 1793:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm, 1017:. Such as in the book, 444:Collation and standards 143:phonetic transcriptions 9614:Russian lineage family 9014:Great Lakes Algonquian 7923:Greco-Iberian alphabet 7856:Gabelsberger shorthand 6799:Inscriptional Parthian 6449:Unicode CJK characters 6204:Schneider, Paul 1992. 6190:Nguyễn, N. B. (1984). 5848:Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá 5393:, Brill, p. 122, 4949: 4255: 4249: 3720:Father Trần Văn Kiệm, 3684:: Nguyễn Quang Hồng, " 3460: 3445: 3434: 3418: 3396: 3379: 3373: 3357: 3338: 3326: 3310: 3288: 3265: 3249: 3222: 3199: 3183: 3161: 3150: 3127: 3111: 3090: 3068: 3040: 3024: 2996: 2980: 2959: 2937: 2880: 2869: 2858: 2847: 2836: 2825: 2814: 2803: 2778: 2767: 2756: 2745: 2734: 2723: 2696: 2657: 2645: 2630: 2618: 2587: 2581: 2565: 2547: 2522: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2435: 2408:The Nôm character for 2396: 2372: 2367: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2323: 2309: 2303:), (a variant form of 2295: 2247: 2241:(Early Middle Chinese 2228: 2222: 2204: 2188: 2168: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2018: 1998: 1957: 1940: 1922: 1912: 1896: 1886: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1834: 1808: 1702: 1675:, now speak a form of 1606: 1601:Xin khoan dung quốc âm 1600: 1590: 1584:presented the Emperor 1522: 1497: 1429: 1418: 1413: 1344: 1327: 1321: 1239: 1184: 1155: 1149: 1134: 1109: 1093: 1078: 1059: 1047: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1019: 1013: 1001: 974: 932: 926: 892: 871: 857: 834:created by Portuguese 772:[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥nom˧˧] 706:Slavonic transcription 549:Japanese script reform 534:Traditional characters 184:This article contains 73:Left-to-right (modern) 10438:Vietnamese inventions 10378:Accessible publishing 10304:Schools for the blind 10283:Japan Braille Library 10072:Computer Braille Code 9726:Indian lineage family 9106:Old Persian cuneiform 7973:Carolingian minuscule 6779:Ancient North Arabian 6423:Other entry methods: 6197:O'Harrow, S. (1977). 6003:Kiernan, Ben (2017), 5668:Vũ, Văn Kính (2005). 5653:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 5638:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 5301:, NLVNPF-0105 R.2254. 5198:on December 15, 2009. 5085:Taberd, J.L. (1838), 4978:10.1525/vs.2013.8.1.1 4970:10.1525/vs.2013.8.1.1 4676:, pp. 78–79, 82. 4589:Đào, Duy Anh (2005). 4559:Đào, Duy Anh (2005). 4487:Vũ, Văn Kính (2005). 4454:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 4361:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 4127:) is specific to the 3837:(slightly formal) and 3458: 3297:Sino-Vietnamese word 3231:Sino-Vietnamese word 2520:), while 'turtle' is 2407: 2386: 2345: 2337: 2122: 2008:(Chinese character), 1937: 1848: 1690: 1483: 1406: 1292:Further information: 1215: 999: 815:Vietnamese literature 522:Simplified characters 10142:Mountbatten Brailler 9497:(largely reassigned) 9280:(largely reassigned) 8829:Southeastern Iberian 8824:Northeastern Iberian 6722:Egyptian hieroglyphs 6510:FZKaiT-Extended(SIP) 6445:Cangjie input method 6286:Vietnamese Knowledge 5965:Handel, Zev (2019), 5794:Nguyễn Quang Hồng, " 5061:. Ithaca, New York: 4726:The Birth of Vietnam 4724:Keith Weller Taylor 3650:V04-4022 to V04-583E 1818:Tam thiên tự giải âm 1742:Nhật Dụng Thường Đàm 1486:Nhật dụng thường đàm 1476:15th to 19th century 1388:to expel a menacing 1384:and thrown into the 1342:, named the country 1153:) or in Vietnamese ( 1107:) and uncommonly as 869:The Vietnamese word 10094:Nemeth braille code 9880:(reassigned vowels) 9405:(extended to 8-dot) 8979:Canadian Aboriginal 8865:Khitan small script 8587:Khitan large script 7777:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 5880:Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày 5670:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm 5434:, pp. 141–142. 5114:, pp. 101–105. 4489:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm 4378:, pp. 102–103. 4351:, pp. 552–553. 3750:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm 3701:Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày 3655:V6: 4, manuscripts 3366:simplified form of 2906: 2346:An example of what 2327:, it is written as 2220:may also represent 2208:('head'), from EMC 2101:Borrowed characters 1938:The second page of 1765:Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc 1571:Vietnamese Catholic 1506:Trịnh Thị Ngọc Trúc 1254:Battle of Bạch Đằng 1202:Vietnamese alphabet 1173:Buddhism in Vietnam 1119:'Han characters'). 1091:'Han characters'), 917:, known locally as 832:Vietnamese alphabet 781:Vietnamese language 493:(Taiwan, 1982) 485:(Taiwan, 2009) 10128:Braille translator 10105:Braille technology 10081:(science; GS8/GS6) 10050:Symbols in braille 9980:Taiwanese Mandarin 9495:Taiwanese Mandarin 9101:Nwagu Aneke script 8653:Other logosyllabic 8575:Chinese-influenced 8514:Oracle bone script 8496:Chinese characters 8431:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 7821:Eclectic shorthand 7809:Duployan shorthand 7762:Caucasian Albanian 7562:Canadian syllabics 6598:History of writing 6440:2013-12-14 at the 6323:越南北屬時期漢字文獻異體字整理與研究 6248:2020-12-19 at the 5744:by Ngô Thanh Nhàn. 5093:2013-06-26 at the 4830:, p. 7, n. 1. 4405:, pp. 32, 38. 3755:Nguyễn Văn Huyên, 3627:V4-4021 to V4-4B2F 3604:V3-3021 to V3-3644 3581:V2-6E21 to V2-9171 3558:V1-4A21 to V1-6D35 3535:V0-3021 to V0-4927 3461: 3275:'character; word' 3209:'character; word' 2904: 2891:𡨸才𡨸命窖𱺵恄饒 2682:the Nôm character 2637:the Nôm character 2610:the Nôm character 2436: 2428:ngại. The radical 2397: 2368: 2340: 2149: 2141:The character for 1992:Variant characters 1958: 1832:Here is a line in 1703: 1641:Tonkin Free School 1629:Russo-Japanese War 1515:, consort of King 1498: 1414: 1368:Ninh Bình Province 1240: 1074:Chinese characters 1037: 936:may be written as 785:Chinese characters 505:(Japan, 2010) 211:Chinese characters 104:Chinese characters 10405: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10323:tactile alphabets 10251:William Bell Wait 10244:Sabriye Tenberken 10045: 10044: 9910: 9909: 9895:(Japanese vowels) 9693:-mediated scripts 9620:-mediated scripts 9147: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 8999:Ditema tsa Dinoko 8937: 8936: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8605: 8604: 8464: 8463: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8344: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7540: 7539: 6905: 6904: 6892:Teeline Shorthand 6650: 6649: 6522:Fonts for Chu Nom 6156:978-0-19985-634-3 6137:978-0-7748-0366-3 6071:978-0-520-90744-7 6052:978-1-00-069906-7 6033:978-0-199-35659-1 6014:978-0-19-516076-5 5995:978-0-8248-1892-0 5976:978-90-04-38632-7 5934:978-90-279-7643-7 5736:Luong Van Phan, " 5723:978-0-300-04051-7 5710:Huỳnh, Sanh Thông 5461:, pp. 80–81. 5408:978-90-04-27927-8 5163:978-0-87727-749-1 5063:SEAP Publications 5047:, pp. 44–46. 4764:, pp. 23–24. 4740:, pp. 22–23. 4715:, pp. 21–22. 4638:Khắc Mạnh Trịnh, 4390:, pp. 82–83. 4243:Properly written 4097: 4096: 4093: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3464:Computer encoding 3453: 3452: 2507:, but written as 1974:analytic language 1771:Various poems by 1748:Nguyễn Đình Chiểu 1575:Jean-Louis Taberd 1545:classical Chinese 1455:Book of Documents 1325:'great king', or 1288:Early development 1234:is used to gloss 1177:Girolamo Maiorica 810:classical Chinese 755: 754: 619:Zetian characters 451:Kangxi Dictionary 192:rendering support 172: 171: 10445: 10394: 10387: 10385:Braille literacy 10380: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10186: 10179: 10177:Slate and stylus 10172: 10165: 10163:Perkins Brailler 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10121:Braille embosser 10116: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10038: 10030: 10023: 10005: 9998: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9945: 9942:American Braille 9926: 9923:Algerian Braille 9903: 9896: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9866: 9859: 9852: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9812: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9718: 9710: 9703: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9237: 9236: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9187: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9153: 9152: 8943: 8942: 8898: 8897: 8804: 8803: 8796:Semi-syllabaries 8791: 8790: 8492: 8491: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8469: 8355: 8354: 7710: 7709: 7697: 7696: 7599:Japanese Braille 7184:Zanabazar square 7053:Nepalese scripts 6943:Bengali–Assamese 6933: 6932: 6924: 6923: 6911: 6910: 6828:Pitman shorthand 6673: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6656: 6655: 6588: 6587: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6546: 6545: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6373: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6335:Bianchi, Brent. 6325: 6324: 6313: 6302: 6294: 6280: 6226: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6159: 6141: 6119: 6109: 6099: 6075: 6056: 6037: 6018: 5999: 5980: 5961: 5959: 5938: 5908: 5889: 5883: 5878:Hoàng Triều Ân, 5876: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5827:Thanh Nhàn Ngô, 5825: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5793: 5789: 5762: 5751: 5745: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5714:The Tale of Kieu 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5507:Pulleyblank 1991 5504: 5498: 5495:Pulleyblank 1991 5492: 5486: 5483:Pulleyblank 1991 5480: 5474: 5471:Pulleyblank 1991 5468: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5187: 5174: 5151: 5145: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4576:Việt-nam tự-điển 4571: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4546:Việt-nam tự-điển 4541: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4476:. 6 August 2016. 4466: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4173: 4171:Languages portal 4168: 4167: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4089:Hán Việt Từ Điển 4063:); G1 = China ( 4055: 4032: 4021: 4020: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3912: 3901: 3900: 3872: 3857: 3856: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3779: 3778: 3708:Bảng tra chữ Nôm 3699:Hoàng Triều Ân, 3680: 3494: 3493: 3484: 3448: 3437: 3430: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3399: 3392: 3382: 3376: 3371: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3324: 3313: 3306: 3291: 3284: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3225: 3218: 3208: 3202: 3197: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3164: 3153: 3146: 3136: 3130: 3125: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3071: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3027: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3005: 2999: 2994: 2983: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2940: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2907: 2903: 2789:𤾓𢆥𥪞𡎝𠊛些 2699: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2536: 2525: 2519: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2394: 2390: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1965:Vietnamese is a 1955: 1947: 1943: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1915: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1841: 1837: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1725:The Tale of Kieu 1694:The Tale of Kieu 1613: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1582:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 1559:The Tale of Kiều 1534: 1532: 1514: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1364:Mê Linh District 1358: 1347: 1330: 1324: 1306: 1258:Literary Chinese 1237: 1233: 1225: 1199: 1187: 1161:Chinese medicine 1158: 1152: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1118: 1112: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1081: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1020:Đại Nam quốc ngữ 1016: 1010: 1009: 1004: 981: 977: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954: 949: 945: 944: 939: 935: 929: 910: 905: 895: 889: 884: 874: 860: 820:The Tale of Kiều 774: 769: 765: 747: 740: 733: 466:(PRC, 2013) 432:Digital encoding 351:Modern typefaces 234: 221: 207: 206: 198: instead of 180: 179: 168: 162: 158: 37: 27: 19: 18: 10453: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10376: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10209:Charles Barbier 10207: 10200: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10041: 10033: 10026: 10019: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9959: 9948: 9940: 9934:Frequency-based 9929: 9921: 9906: 9899: 9891: 9884: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9815: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730:Bharati Braille 9727: 9721: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9633: 9626: 9615: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9304:Unified English 9298: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9233:Braille scripts 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9135: 8950: 8933: 8929:Stokoe notation 8905: 8884: 8843: 8798: 8777: 8761: 8725: 8704:Logoconsonantal 8699: 8648: 8601: 8570: 8477: 8460: 8441:Siglas poveiras 8362: 8341: 8300: 8204:Younger Futhark 7908:Gregg shorthand 7704: 7683: 7536: 7188: 6918: 6901: 6680: 6663: 6646: 6619:Writing systems 6607: 6582: 6580:writing systems 6573: 6506:FZKaiT-Extended 6458: 6442:Wayback Machine 6427: 6386: 6364: 6361: 6349: 6347: 6345:Yale University 6334: 6312:(in Vietnamese) 6311: 6301:(in Vietnamese) 6300: 6293:(in Vietnamese) 6292: 6279:(in Vietnamese) 6278: 6250:Wayback Machine 6239: 6166: 6164:Further reading 6157: 6138: 6107: 6072: 6053: 6041:Li, Yu (2020), 6034: 6015: 5996: 5977: 5935: 5921:DeFrancis, John 5911: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882:, 2003, p. 178. 5877: 5873: 5863:Trần Văn Kiệm, 5861:(in Vietnamese) 5860: 5859: 5855: 5844: 5837: 5826: 5822: 5813: 5806: 5792:(in Vietnamese) 5791: 5790: 5765: 5752: 5748: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5647: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5592: 5591: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5383: 5376: 5343: 5339: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5188: 5177: 5152: 5148: 5137: 5133: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5095:Wayback Machine 5084: 5080: 5073: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4944: 4940: 4930:Viết Luân Chu, 4929: 4925: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4568: 4557: 4553: 4542: 4538: 4527: 4523: 4500: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4474:Người Quảng Nam 4468: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4288: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4101:Sino-Vietnamese 4080:Unihan Database 4074: 4070:Hanyu Da Zidian 4015: 3975: 3935: 3895: 3851: 3811: 3792:Sino-Vietnamese 3731:, Saigon, 1971. 3729:Tự điển chữ Nôm 3715:Tự điển chữ Nôm 3654: 3466: 3236: 3170: 3098: 3055: 3011: 2967: 2924: 2902: 2889: 2878: 2867: 2856: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2812: 2800: 2787: 2776: 2765: 2754: 2743: 2732: 2707: 2402: 2395:(Middle right). 2123:Characters for 2117: 2103: 1994: 1963: 1920:) - synonym of 1870:) - synonym of 1804: 1734:Quốc âm thi tập 1717:Tây Sơn dynasty 1709: 1685: 1634:Phan Châu Trinh 1620: 1591:Tế cấp bát điều 1526: 1508: 1478: 1443: 1315:pronunciations 1296: 1290: 1210: 1072:In Vietnamese, 994: 988: 951: 941: 867: 793:) to represent 767: 751: 711: 710: 702: 689: 666: 632: 631:Derived systems 624: 623: 614: 604: 603: 593: 583: 574: 563: 562: 545: 517: 509: 508: 496: 477: 458: 445: 437: 436: 384: 380:Properties and 373: 372: 347: 319: 294: 281: 270: 241:Written Chinese 237: 228: 205: 204: 203: 190:Without proper 181: 177: 139: 129: 119: 112: 95: 88:Related scripts 72: 56: 49: 28: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10451: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10373: 10371: 10370:Related topics 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10346:New York Point 10342: 10335: 10327: 10325: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10230:Harris Mowbray 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10114:Braille e-book 10109: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10031: 10024: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9882: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9734: 9732: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9694: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9623: 9621: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9542: 9535: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9407: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9245: 9243: 9241:French-ordered 9234: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9179: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9156: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9081:Linear Elamite 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8903:Sign languages 8894: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8880:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:Espanca script 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8814:Linear Elamite 8810: 8808: 8800: 8799: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8695:Yi (Classical) 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8615: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8521: 8519:Bronze scripts 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8489: 8479: 8478: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8332:Flag semaphore 8329: 8327:New York Point 8324: 8322:Telegraph code 8319: 8317:Maritime flags 8314: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8271:Visible Speech 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8241:Sorang Sompeng 8238: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8125:Galik alphabet 8122: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8023:Tironian notes 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7866:Garay alphabet 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7706: 7705: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649:Sorang Sompeng 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7572:Déné syllabics 7569: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6930: 6920: 6919: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6833:Proto-Sinaitic 6830: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6694: 6693: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6665: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6584: 6583: 6572: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6539:hannom-rcv.org 6530: 6462:Han-Nom Gothic 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6433:倉頡之友《倉頡平台2012》 6421: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6374: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6332: 6327: 6318: 6317:, Trần Trí Dõi 6309: 6298: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6238: 6237:External links 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6211:Zhou Youguang 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6174: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6142: 6136: 6120: 6100: 6080:Maspero, Henri 6076: 6070: 6057: 6051: 6038: 6032: 6019: 6013: 6000: 5994: 5981: 5975: 5962: 5950:(1–2): 55–72, 5939: 5933: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5884: 5871: 5853: 5835: 5820: 5804: 5763: 5746: 5729: 5722: 5697: 5675: 5660: 5645: 5630: 5628:, p. 103. 5618: 5606: 5561: 5544: 5526: 5511: 5509:, p. 218. 5499: 5497:, p. 311. 5487: 5475: 5473:, p. 371. 5463: 5448: 5446:, p. 153. 5436: 5424: 5407: 5374: 5357:(1–2): 58–59. 5337: 5323:(3): 183–195. 5303: 5289: 5282: 5264: 5262:, p. 240. 5260:DeFrancis 1977 5252: 5250:, p. 218. 5248:DeFrancis 1977 5240: 5225: 5223:, p. 205. 5221:DeFrancis 1977 5213: 5211:, p. 179. 5209:DeFrancis 1977 5201: 5175: 5146: 5131: 5116: 5112:DeFrancis 1977 5104: 5078: 5071: 5049: 5045:DeFrancis 1977 5037: 5035:, p. 142. 5020: 5008: 4995: 4993:, p. 570. 4983: 4938: 4923: 4908: 4894: 4882: 4870: 4859: 4857:, p. 396. 4847: 4845:, p. 104. 4832: 4820: 4810: 4806:DeFrancis 1977 4793: 4791:, p. 395. 4778: 4776:, p. 138. 4766: 4762:DeFrancis 1977 4754: 4752:, p. 141. 4742: 4738:DeFrancis 1977 4730: 4717: 4713:DeFrancis 1977 4705: 4703:, p. 141. 4690: 4678: 4663: 4649: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4596: 4581: 4566: 4551: 4536: 4521: 4494: 4479: 4461: 4446: 4442:DeFrancis 1977 4434: 4419: 4415:DeFrancis 1977 4407: 4403:DeFrancis 1977 4392: 4380: 4368: 4353: 4341: 4339:, p. 252. 4337:DeFrancis 1977 4329: 4327:, p. 569. 4317: 4315:, p. 102. 4304: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4282: 4272:The character 4265: 4236: 4227: 4214: 4204: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4160: 4157:Vietnam portal 4144: 4141: 4095: 4094: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3902: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3858: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3806:Other sources 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3710:, Hanoi, 1976. 3704: 3691: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3552:TCVN 6056:1995 3550: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3529:TCVN 5773:1993 3527: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3465: 3462: 3451: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3403: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3364: 3361: 3354: 3343: 3342: 3317: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3276: 3256: 3253: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3190: 3187: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3115: 3108: 3095: 3094: 3075: 3072: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3028: 3021: 3008: 3007: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2952:'hundred' and 2944: 2941: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2879: 2868: 2857: 2846: 2835: 2824: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2777: 2766: 2755: 2744: 2733: 2722: 2721: 2717:six-eight form 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2680: 2635: 2571: 2570: 2551:'mother') has 2538: 2401: 2398: 2253: 2252: 2233: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2196: 2180: 2174:Middle Chinese 2102: 2099: 1993: 1990: 1967:tonal language 1962: 1959: 1932: 1931: 1909: 1882: 1881: 1830: 1829: 1803: 1802:Types of texts 1800: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1786:Ngô Thì Nhậm, 1784: 1776: 1775:(18th century) 1769: 1768:(18th century) 1757: 1756:(19th century) 1745: 1740:Phạm Đình Hồ, 1738: 1729: 1720: 1684: 1681: 1619: 1616: 1607:Quốc âm Hán tự 1477: 1474: 1442: 1439: 1374:Trần Nhân Tông 1313:Middle Chinese 1289: 1286: 1209: 1206: 990:Main article: 987: 984: 978:is written as 898:Middle Chinese 877:Middle Chinese 866: 863: 843:purposes. The 753: 752: 750: 749: 742: 735: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 713: 712: 709: 708: 701: 700: 695: 688: 687: 686: 685: 680: 672: 670:Jurchen script 665: 664: 663: 662: 655: 648: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 615: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 592: 591: 582: 581: 575: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 544: 543: 542: 541: 531: 530: 529: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 495: 494: 486: 476: 475: 467: 457: 456: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 428: 427: 420: 408: 403: 402: 401: 391: 385: 382:classification 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 318: 317: 316: 315: 310: 305: 293: 292: 287: 280: 279: 271: 265: 264: 261: 260: 259: 258: 253: 248: 243: 236: 235: 223: 222: 214: 213: 194:, you may see 182: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 163:⟩, see 136: 135: 130: 128:Sister systems 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 98: 96: 94:Parent systems 93: 90: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 65: 61: 60: 57: 54: 51: 50: 45: 43: 39: 38: 30: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10450: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10353:Night writing 10350: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10319: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261:Organisations 10259: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10223:Valentin Haüy 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10202:Louis Braille 10199: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10135:Braille watch 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10058:Braille music 10055: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10021:Luxembourgish 10018: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820:Other scripts 9818: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9612: 9601: 9596: 9593: 9592:Northern Sámi 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9541:Nordic family 9539: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9481:South African 9478: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9403:Luxembourgish 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9216:ASCII braille 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8792: 8788: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8747:Attic (Greek) 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8685:Proto-Elamite 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199:Elder Futhark 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8090:Old Hungarian 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Masaram Gondi 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594:Gunjala Gondi 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7406:Old Sundanese 7404: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7349:Old Maldivian 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7332:Bilang-bilang 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Sylheti Nagri 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6953:Brahmi script 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6848:South Arabian 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794:Inscriptional 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6563: 6558: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6534:Han-Nom Fonts 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6319: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6232: 6229: 6220: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6186:0-9716296-0-9 6183: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6118:(2): 383–432. 6117: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045:, Routledge, 6044: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5907:", VDict.com. 5906: 5899: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5685: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5616:, p. 79. 5615: 5610: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5559:, p. 81. 5558: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5537: 5530: 5524:, p. 80. 5523: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5485:, p. 32. 5484: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5445: 5444:Handel (2019) 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5283:0-8161-1810-8 5279: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5072:9780877277828 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5018:, p. 78. 5017: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4991:Kornicki 2017 4987: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4936:, 2003, p. 52 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4880:, p. 60. 4879: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4808:, p. 23. 4807: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4661:translation." 4659: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4444:, p. 27. 4443: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4417:, p. 26. 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4325:Kornicki 2017 4321: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4292: 4286: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4240: 4231: 4224: 4223:Henri Maspero 4218: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4106: 4102: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3748:Vũ Văn Kính, 3747: 3744: 3741:Vũ Văn Kính, 3740: 3737: 3734:Vũ Văn Kính, 3733: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615:785 (encoded) 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3503:Unicode block 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3457: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2451: 2441: 2432: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2317:). Thus when 2311: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2080: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2020: 2006: 2000: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:agglutinative 1975: 1970: 1968: 1956:) verse form. 1951: 1942: 1936: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1773:Hồ Xuân Hương 1770: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760:Đặng Trần Côn 1758: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731:Nguyễn Trãi, 1730: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1564:Hồ Xuân Hương 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1496:(Vietnamese). 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1416:The Nôm text 1411: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:Nguyễn Thuyên 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1049: 1042: 1035:) dictionary. 1033: 1021: 1015: 1003: 998: 993: 983: 976: 934: 928: 922: 920: 916: 915: 909: 904: 899: 894: 888: 883: 878: 873: 862: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 821: 816: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 791: 786: 782: 778: 773: 764: 759: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 728: 726: 725: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 707: 704: 703: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 673: 671: 668: 667: 661: 660: 656: 654: 653: 649: 647: 646: 642: 641: 640: 639: 635: 634: 628: 627: 620: 617: 616: 613: 608: 607: 600: 599: 595: 594: 590: 589: 585: 584: 580: 577: 576: 572: 567: 566: 557: 556: 552: 551: 550: 547: 546: 540: 537: 536: 535: 532: 528: 525: 524: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 504: 502: 498: 497: 492: 491: 487: 484: 483: 479: 478: 473: 472: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 454: 452: 448: 447: 441: 440: 433: 430: 426: 425: 421: 419: 418: 414: 413: 412: 409: 407: 404: 400: 397: 396: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 295: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 278: 277: 273: 272: 269: 268:script styles 266:Evolution of 263: 262: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 233: 232: 227: 226: 225: 224: 220: 216: 215: 212: 209: 208: 201: 197: 193: 189: 187: 166: 154: 150: 148: 144: 137: 134: 131: 125: 121: 118:Child systems 115: 108: 107: 105: 101: 97: 91: 86: 83: 80: 76: 70: 66: 62: 58: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 31: 20: 9893:Thai and Lao 9570:Scandinavian 9202:1829 braille 9194:Braille cell 8994:Cypro-Minoan 8860:Pahawh Hmong 8773:Sitelen Pona 8737:Hindu-Arabic 8555: 8070:Mundari Bani 7644:Pahawh Hmong 7453:Tamil-Brahmi 7359:Eveyla Akuru 7354:Dhives Akuru 6821:Paleo-Hebrew 6688: 6624:undeciphered 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494:MingLiU-ExtB 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470:Han-Nom Ming 6469: 6466:Han-Nom Minh 6465: 6461: 6459: 6428:(in Chinese) 6422: 6387: 6369: 6348:. Retrieved 6340: 6304: 6218: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6177: 6170: 6146: 6127: 6115: 6111: 6087: 6083: 6061: 6042: 6023: 6004: 5985: 5966: 5947: 5943: 5924: 5887: 5879: 5874: 5864: 5856: 5846: 5828: 5823: 5799: 5758: 5749: 5732: 5713: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5678: 5669: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5595:cite journal 5578: 5574: 5564: 5529: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5439: 5427: 5418: 5412:, retrieved 5390: 5368: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5332: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5296: 5292: 5273: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5234: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5196:the original 5170: 5166: 5154: 5149: 5139: 5134: 5125: 5119: 5107: 5086: 5081: 5058: 5052: 5040: 5011: 5003: 4998: 4986: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4916: 4911: 4902: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4862: 4850: 4828:Maspero 1912 4823: 4813: 4774:Kiernan 2017 4769: 4757: 4750:Kiernan 2017 4745: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4708: 4681: 4657: 4656:Wynn Wilcox 4652: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4584: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4545: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4410: 4383: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4291:Tày language 4285: 4280:'beautiful'. 4268: 4239: 4230: 4217: 4207: 4198: 4133:input method 4124: 4104: 4098: 4087: 4075: 4068: 4059:G0 = China ( 4056: 4001:claw, pincer 3961:plain, bland 3890:G1,J,KP,K,T 3846:G0,J,KP,K,T 3773: 3769:Tày language 3762: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3681: 3653:V4: 1, 3, 6; 3607:Manuscripts 3467: 3405:compound of 3258:compound of 3192:compound of 3120:compound of 3083:'earth' and 3077:compound of 3033:compound of 2989:compound of 2946:compound of 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2875: 2864: 2853: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2809: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2773: 2762: 2751: 2740: 2729: 2712:Tale of Kiều 2710: 2708: 2605: 2597:('sky') and 2572: 2466: 2437: 2409: 2369: 2292: 2273: 2268:of Japanese 2263: 2256: 2254: 2150: 2078: 2054: 2052: 1995: 1971: 1964: 1905: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1831: 1825: 1788:Tam thiên tự 1778: 1763: 1753:Lục Vân Tiên 1751: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1712: 1692: 1691:A page from 1671:in southern 1662: 1658: 1638: 1621: 1579: 1568: 1557: 1542: 1520: 1517:Lê Thần Tông 1499: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1467: 1458: 1444: 1415: 1398:Mạc Đĩnh Chi 1372: 1361: 1340:Đinh dynasty 1336:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 1333: 1316: 1297: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1256:in 938, but 1241: 1217: 1216:A page from 1185:chữ Quốc ngữ 1181: 1168: 1131: 1120: 1105:Confucianism 1071: 1038: 923: 918: 912: 868: 829: 818: 808:was done in 803: 788: 757: 756: 657: 650: 643: 636: 596: 586: 573:and readings 553: 527:second round 500: 488: 480: 469: 461: 450: 423: 416: 333:Semi-cursive 274: 229: 199: 185: 183: 159:and ⟨ 141: 10392:RoboBraille 10216:Róża Czacka 10156:Perforation 9953:Independent 9851:(Bhutanese) 9586:Greenlandic 9257:Azerbaijani 9059:Jindai moji 8948:Syllabaries 8919:SignWriting 8819:Celtiberian 8721:Hieroglyphs 8524:Seal script 8509:Traditional 8381:Blissymbols 8286:Warang Citi 8261:Tolong Siki 8214:Marcomannic 8194:Dalecarlian 8184:Anglo-Saxon 8164:Pau Cin Hau 8055:Medefaidrin 8008:Merovingian 7968:Blackletter 7876:Asomtavruli 7669:Warang Citi 7478:Ulu scripts 7423:New Tai Lue 7366:Mon–Burmese 7220:Bhattiprolu 7048:Nandinagari 6875:ʾEsṭrangēlā 6634:constructed 6478:Nom Na Tong 6474:Han-Nom Kai 5914:Works cited 5614:Hannas 1997 5557:Hannas 1997 5522:Hannas 1997 5459:Hannas 1997 5016:Hannas 1997 4890:Hannas 1997 4855:Nguyễn 1990 4789:Nguyễn 1990 4674:Hannas 1997 4388:Hannas 1997 3788:Nôm reading 3785:Composition 3641:Extension E 3618:Extension C 3598:VHN 02:1998 3575:VHN 01:1998 3489:hexadecimal 3440:each other 2919:derivation 2603:('upper'). 1722:Nguyễn Du, 1677:Yue Chinese 1527: [ 1509: [ 1502:Nguyễn Trãi 1468:During the 1410:inflections 1394:Huyền Quang 1378:incantation 1345:Đại Cồ Việt 1244:Han dynasty 1076:are called 986:Terminology 777:logographic 411:Orthography 285:Oracle bone 69:traditional 55:Time period 47:Logographic 42:Script type 10412:Categories 9944:(obsolete) 9925:(obsolete) 9717:(Pakistan) 9628:Belarusian 9510:Vietnamese 9453:Portuguese 9439:Philippine 9396:Lithuanian 9049:Hentaigana 9044:Man'yōgana 8504:Simplified 8391:Ersu Shaba 8305:Non-linear 8110:Old Uyghur 8100:Old Permic 8095:Old Italic 8028:Visigothic 7963:Beneventan 7898:Glagolitic 7861:Gadabuursi 7525:Kolezhuthu 7520:Vatteluttu 7458:Tanchangya 7381:Saurashtra 6958:Devanagari 6816:Phoenician 6769:Manichaean 6527:chunom.org 6350:2023-04-15 6264:, Omniglot 6243:Chunom.org 5927:, Mouton, 5905:Entry giàu 5706:Nguyễn, Du 5414:2023-12-20 4301:References 4129:Tày people 3970:G3,KP,K,T 3800:Code point 3765:Tày people 3500:Characters 2887:each other 2280:Man'yōgana 2129:(top) and 2105:See also: 2097:('moon'). 1961:Characters 1923:giải nghĩa 1913:Diễn nghĩa 1887:Giải nghĩa 1705:See also: 1665:Gin people 1538:dictionary 1447:Hồ dynasty 1309:Phùng Hưng 1278:Hồ dynasty 841:liturgical 783:. It uses 645:man'yōgana 571:Homographs 424:xin zixing 417:jiu zixing 389:Components 343:Flat brush 82:Vietnamese 10360:Vibratese 10339:Moon type 10332:Decapoint 10013:Eight-dot 9966:Cantonese 9915:Reordered 9878:Inuktitut 9767:Malayalam 9677:Ukrainian 9656:Mongolian 9635:Bulgarian 9598:Norwegian 9563:Icelandic 9354:Hungarian 9312:Esperanto 9264:Cantonese 8848:Redundant 8660:Anatolian 8611:Cuneiform 8539:bird-worm 8475:Logograms 8446:Testerian 8360:Ideograms 8337:Moon type 8224:Staveless 8115:Mongolian 8060:Molodtsov 8018:Sütterlin 7886:Mkhedruli 7752:Bassa Vah 7702:Alphabets 7674:Mwangwego 7639:Mwangwego 7614:Kharosthi 7567:Blackfoot 7530:Malayanma 7401:Sundanese 7396:Sukhothai 7344:Malayalam 7295:Khom Thai 7255:Goykanadi 7179:Tocharian 7132:ʼPhags-pa 7003:Khudabadi 6948:Bhaiksuki 6843:Samaritan 6774:Nabataean 6629:inventors 6502:Han Nom B 6498:Han Nom A 6393:HanNomIME 6090:: 1–124, 5969:, Brill, 5432:Marr 1984 5033:Marr 1984 4878:Gong 2019 4701:Marr 1984 4686:Marr 1984 3782:Character 3647:Projected 3470:TCVN 5712 3137:'person' 3050:'inside' 2910:character 2523:con ba ba 2073:(ba) and 1699:Nguyễn Du 1646:Khải Định 1554:Nguyễn Du 1550:Minh Mạng 1451:Hồ Quý Ly 1390:crocodile 1386:Red River 1247:conquered 1224:嗣德聖製字學解義歌 1182:The term 1132:The term 919:Quảng Nôm 914:Quảng Nam 865:Etymology 825:Nguyễn Du 313:Bird-worm 78:Languages 64:Direction 9996:Japanese 9857:Georgian 9849:Dzongkha 9835:Armenian 9753:Gujarati 9618:Cyrillic 9549:Estonian 9524:Yugoslav 9460:Romanian 9432:Nigerian 9347:Hawaiian 9333:Ghanaian 9250:Albanian 9111:Sumerian 9076:Linear B 9039:Katakana 9034:Hiragana 8984:Cherokee 8914:ASLwrite 8875:Bopomofo 8730:Numerals 8716:Hieratic 8675:Isthmian 8644:Sumerian 8624:Assyrian 8619:Akkadian 8276:Vithkuqi 8251:Tifinagh 8219:Medieval 8174:Pisidian 8169:Phrygian 8140:Vagindra 8085:Ol Chiki 7993:Interlac 7948:Kayah Li 7938:Jenticha 7893:Veso Bey 7881:Nuskhuri 7871:Georgian 7841:Formosan 7836:Etruscan 7831:Enochian 7787:Cyrillic 7772:Coelbren 7730:Armenian 7629:Meroitic 7619:Mandombe 7609:Jenticha 7473:Tigalari 7438:Tai Viet 7433:Tai Tham 7413:Tagbanwa 7265:Javanese 7215:Baybayin 7205:Balinese 7193:Southern 7088:Pracalit 7083:Pachumol 7058:Bhujimol 7018:Mahajani 6978:Gurmukhi 6968:Gujarati 6936:Northern 6916:Abugidas 6897:Ugaritic 6885:Maḏnḥāyā 6759:Tifinagh 6752:Solitreo 6690:Numerals 6603:Grapheme 6591:Overview 6486:Heiti TC 6438:Archived 6405:WinVNKey 6384:Software 6282:VinaWiki 6246:Archived 6217:(1998). 6126:(1991), 5923:(1977), 5900:", VNPF. 5712:(1983). 5581:(3): 6. 5144:, p. 50. 5091:Archived 4818:the ..." 4645:smallpox 4349:Sun 2015 4143:See also 4065:GB 12345 3803:V Source 3630:1, 3, 6 3515:Sources 3512:V Source 3506:Standard 3294:destiny 2943:hundred 2373:tháu đấm 2349:tháu đấm 2288:katakana 2284:hiragana 2266:readings 2251:('one'). 2178:/jwiajk/ 1904:). Some 1669:Dongxing 1459:Minh đạo 1167:history 1165:Buddhist 1060:Quốc ngữ 1002:Quốc ngữ 972:, while 698:Bopomofo 659:katakana 652:hiragana 612:Variants 555:kyūjitai 406:Radicals 356:Fangsong 323:Clerical 157:/ / 153:Help:IPA 9901:Tibetan 9842:Burmese 9828:Amharic 9811:(India) 9788:Sinhala 9781:Punjabi 9760:Kannada 9708:Persian 9663:Russian 9603:Swedish 9581:Finnish 9556:Faroese 9531:Zambian 9503:Turkish 9488:Spanish 9411:Maltese 9389:Latvian 9382:Italian 9361:Iñupiaq 9340:Guarani 9300:English 9271:Catalan 9188:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ 9183:Braille 9066:Kikakui 9004:Eskayan 8989:Cypriot 8839:Dunging 8711:Demotic 8690:Tenevil 8634:Hittite 8629:Elamite 8582:Jurchen 8561:Sawndip 8556:Chữ Nôm 8456:Zapotec 8451:Yerkish 8426:Nsibidi 8411:Miꞌkmaw 8401:Isotype 8371:Adinkra 8312:Braille 8296:Zaghawa 8266:Vellara 8246:Sunuwar 8236:Sidetic 8231:Shavian 8159:Osmanya 8149:Ol Onal 8003:Kurrent 7988:Insular 7978:Fraktur 7953:Klingon 7943:Kaddare 7917:Archaic 7826:Elbasan 7814:Chinook 7804:Deseret 7792:Bosnian 7747:Avoiuli 7735:Avestan 7725:Ariyaka 7654:Tengwar 7552:Bharati 7513:Serawai 7503:Pasemah 7488:Lampung 7443:Lai Tay 7428:Tai Noi 7391:Sinhala 7371:Pallava 7339:Makasar 7327:Lontara 7302:Kulitan 7275:Kannada 7270:Kadamba 7260:Hanunoo 7250:Grantha 7245:Fakkham 7162:Tibetan 7147:Soyombo 7142:Siddhaṃ 7137:Sharada 7113:Litumol 7103:Tirhuta 7093:Ranjana 7078:Kvemmol 7038:Multani 7023:Marchen 6988:Kalinga 6928:Brahmic 6865:Sogdian 6804:Psalter 6784:Pahlavi 6764:Mandaic 6742:Cursive 6727:Elymaic 6698:Aramaic 6514:Mojikyō 6490:MingLiU 6482:STXiHei 6262:Chữ Nôm 6224:比較文字学初探 5851:(2008). 5761:(2006). 5626:Li 2020 5171:tiến sĩ 5167:cử nhân 4843:Li 2020 4376:Li 2020 4313:Li 2020 4076:Sources 4061:GB 2312 4047:V4-405E 4044:U+2B86F 4007:V4-536F 4004:U+2B2D9 3967:V3-313D 3927:V2-6E4F 3924:U+2029B 3887:V1-4C22 3843:V0-3122 3797:Meaning 3794:reading 3759:, 1995. 3752:, 1999. 3745:, 1994. 3738:, 1994. 3724:, 2004. 3717:, 2006. 3703:, 2003. 3682:Sources 3478:Unicode 3316:clever 3228:talent 3117:person 3006:'year' 2843:destiny 2730:hundred 2705:Example 1950:lục bát 1946:三字經六八演音 1873:giải âm 1863:Diễn âm 1840:三字經六八演音 1826:giải âm 1809:Giải âm 1322:vua cái 1282:Tây Sơn 1274:chữ Nôm 1270:chữ Nôm 1262:adopted 1208:History 1156:chữ Nôm 1150:chữ Hán 1135:Hán Nôm 1121:Hán văn 1094:chữ Nho 1079:chữ Hán 1048:Quốc Âm 1041:Chữ Nôm 1032:chữ Nôm 1014:chữ Nôm 966:𱚂(⿱字渚) 962:𲂯(⿰貝字) 958:𡦂(⿰字字) 953:𫿰(⿰字文) 943:𫳘(⿰字宁) 927:chữ Nôm 858:chữ Hán 806:Vietnam 790:chữ Hán 775:) is a 758:Chữ Nôm 674:Khitan 516:Reforms 394:Strokes 338:Regular 328:Cursive 256:Chữ Hán 200:chữ Nôm 186:chữ Nôm 145:in the 133:Sawndip 122:Nom Tay 109:Chữ Nôm 100:Chữ Hán 22:Chữ Nôm 10321:Other 10194:People 10184:Braigo 10003:Korean 9871:Hebrew 9802:Telugu 9701:Arabic 9691:Arabic 9649:Kyrgyz 9642:Kazakh 9576:Danish 9474:Slovak 9467:Samoan 9446:Polish 9425:Navajo 9326:German 9319:French 9186: 9131:Yugtun 9121:Woleai 9071:Kpelle 9054:Sōgana 8974:Byblos 8752:Muisca 8670:Cretan 8639:Luwian 8597:Tangut 8416:Mixtec 8386:Dongba 8291:Yezidi 8281:Wancho 8256:Todhri 8209:Gothic 8189:Cipher 8130:Manchu 8120:Evenki 8105:Orkhon 8050:Manchu 8045:Lydian 8040:Lycian 7983:Gaelic 7933:Hanifi 7928:Hangul 7903:Gothic 7851:Fraser 7846:Fox II 7782:Coptic 7757:Carian 7740:Pazend 7713:Linear 7659:Thaana 7604:Sarati 7545:Others 7508:Rejang 7493:Lembak 7483:Incung 7463:Telugu 7418:Tai Le 7312:Langdi 7235:Chakma 7125:Karani 7098:Tamyig 7073:Kummol 7068:Himmol 7063:Golmol 7043:Nagari 7028:Meitei 7013:Lepcha 6998:Khojki 6983:Kaithi 6870:Syriac 6858:Musnad 6737:Ashuri 6732:Hebrew 6715:Elifba 6710:Arabic 6703:Hatran 6678:Abjads 6512:, and 6184: 6153: 6134: 6068: 6049: 6030: 6011: 5992: 5973: 5931: 5720: 5690:10 Feb 5420:指南品彙). 5405: 5280: 5161: 5069: 4976: 4247:. The 4041:wealth 3964:U+391D 3921:people 3884:U+50B7 3878:thương 3875:thương 3840:U+5427 3363:to be 3352:(⿱罒𪜀) 3074:world 2854:clever 2821:talent 2774:person 2440:kokuji 2307:) and 2194:/pənˀ/ 2176:(EMC) 2113:, and 1986:hangul 1972:As an 1902:指南玉音解義 1650:Tonkin 1586:Tự Đức 1435:Lê Lợi 1328:bố cái 1317:bu kaj 1250:Nanyue 1228:Tự Đức 1163:. The 1110:Hán tự 836:Jesuit 588:Kanbun 539:debate 455:(1716) 290:Bronze 161: 10037:(GS8) 10028:Kanji 9886:Khmer 9864:Greek 9795:Tamil 9728:i.e. 9689:i.e. 9670:Tatar 9616:i.e. 9517:Welsh 9418:Māori 9375:Irish 9293:Dutch 9286:Czech 9096:Nüshu 8964:Bamum 8959:Afaka 8766:Other 8757:Roman 8742:Abjad 8665:Bagam 8566:Bowen 8551:Kanji 8546:Hanja 8534:small 8529:large 8436:Olmec 8406:Kaidā 8396:Emoji 8376:Aztec 8179:Runic 8154:Osage 8135:Oirat 8080:Ogham 8013:Sigla 7958:Latin 7913:Greek 7797:Early 7767:Cirth 7720:Adlam 7589:Geʽez 7584:Fox I 7448:Tamil 7307:Lanna 7290:Khmer 7280:Karen 7230:Buhid 7210:Batak 7167:Uchen 7157:Takri 7108:Limbu 7008:Laṇḍā 6993:Khema 6973:Gupta 6963:Dogri 6880:Serṭā 6853:Zabur 6838:Punic 6811:Pegon 6747:Rashi 6661:Types 6612:Lists 6576:Types 6508:plus 6500:plus 6456:Fonts 6359:Texts 6108:(PDF) 5539:(PDF) 4974:JSTOR 4190:Notes 4050:None 4010:None 3955:suông 3930:None 3915:người 3675:2, 5 3638:1,028 3584:2, 5 3569:3,205 3561:2, 5 3546:3,311 3523:2,246 3446:nhiêu 3402:hate 3327:khiếu 3255:word 3243:(⿰宁字) 3189:word 3177:(⿰宁字) 3112:người 3105:(⿰㝵人) 3062:(⿰土癸) 3025:trong 3018:(⿺竜內) 2986:year 2974:(⿰南年) 2931:(⿱百林) 2916:gloss 2884:nhau. 2865:to be 2771:người 2763:world 2749:trong 2673:> 2667:> 2450:gukja 2410:người 2275:ateji 2270:kanji 2243:/mət/ 2210:/dəw/ 2079:blăng 2055:trăng 2030:) or 1822:三千字解音 1683:Texts 1673:China 1531:] 1513:] 968:, or 900:word 879:word 849:Hanoi 693:Nüshu 683:small 678:large 503:kanji 453:forms 399:order 308:Small 303:Large 251:Hanja 246:Kanji 188:text. 149:(IPA) 9809:Urdu 9774:Odia 9715:Urdu 9091:Loma 9086:Lisu 9029:Kana 9019:Iban 9009:Geba 8969:Bété 8924:si5s 8834:Khom 8807:Full 8680:Maya 8075:N'Ko 7634:Miao 7579:Dham 7498:Ogan 7468:Thai 7386:Shan 7322:Leke 7285:Kawi 7240:Cham 7225:Buda 7200:Ahom 7120:Odia 7033:Modi 6789:Book 6492:plus 6182:ISBN 6151:ISBN 6132:ISBN 6066:ISBN 6047:ISBN 6028:ISBN 6009:ISBN 5990:ISBN 5971:ISBN 5929:ISBN 5798:" , 5718:ISBN 5692:2021 5601:link 5403:ISBN 5278:ISBN 5169:and 5159:ISBN 5067:ISBN 4906:..." 4629:..." 4256:nháy 4253:and 4125:chàu 4105:càng 4057:Key: 4035:chàu 3995:càng 3958:song 3672:None 3669:2001 3663:~900 3624:2009 3601:2001 3578:2001 3555:1999 3532:2001 3509:Date 3497:Code 3435:nhau 3397:ghét 3339:giáo 3311:khéo 3289:mệnh 3269:and 3203:and 3156:our 3131:and 3128:ngại 3044:and 3041:long 3000:and 2938:trăm 2913:word 2876:hate 2873:ghét 2851:khéo 2840:mệnh 2832:word 2810:word 2741:year 2727:Trăm 2588:trời 2582:giời 2355:quốc 2310:nháy 2286:and 2261:and 2169:dịch 2144:khăn 2132:khăn 2044:vs. 2019:giữa 1982:kana 1663:The 1612:國音漢字 1596:濟急八條 1562:and 1396:and 1260:was 1026:大南國語 830:The 768:IPA: 638:Kana 501:Jōyō 361:Ming 298:Seal 9368:IPA 9116:Vai 9024:Idu 8592:Sui 8065:Mru 8035:Luo 7998:IPA 7679:Rma 7376:Pyu 7317:Lao 7172:Umê 6578:of 6537:on 6525:on 6488:), 6214:周有光 6092:doi 5952:doi 5757:", 5583:doi 5395:doi 5359:doi 5325:doi 4966:doi 4954:". 4516:866 4512:249 4508:248 4245:本𖿱 4038:N/A 3998:N/A 3918:N/A 3635:V04 3592:535 3483:CJK 3419:cát 3336:is 3266:trữ 3250:chữ 3223:tài 3200:trữ 3184:chữ 3091:quý 3069:cõi 3030:in 2997:nam 2981:năm 2960:lâm 2829:chữ 2818:tài 2807:Chữ 2785:our 2782:ta, 2760:cõi 2738:năm 2697:một 2661:) ( 2658:lạm 2646:làm 2585:or 2378:草𢶸 2324:vốn 2264:kun 2248:một 2229:vốn 2223:vốn 2205:đầu 2189:bản 2126:cân 2087:⿰月夌 2067:⿱巴陵 2050:). 2036:⿰字中 2028:⿰守中 1999:chữ 1697:by 1654:Huế 1556:'s 1494:Nôm 1490:Hán 1430:lợi 1100:𡨸儒 975:Nôm 933:chữ 921:). 903:nom 893:Nôm 882:dzi 872:chữ 847:at 763:𡨸喃 598:Idu 366:Hei 26:𡨸喃 10414:: 9126:Yi 6504:, 6496:, 6480:, 6476:, 6472:, 6468:, 6464:, 6368:. 6343:. 6339:. 6116:61 6114:, 6110:, 6088:12 6086:, 5948:17 5946:, 5838:^ 5807:^ 5766:^ 5708:; 5597:}} 5593:{{ 5577:. 5573:. 5547:^ 5514:^ 5451:^ 5417:, 5401:, 5389:, 5377:^ 5355:17 5353:. 5349:. 5319:. 5315:. 5178:^ 5023:^ 4972:. 4960:. 4835:^ 4796:^ 4781:^ 4693:^ 4666:^ 4514:, 4510:, 4472:. 4395:^ 4250:cá 4121:𫡯 4117:𫋙 4082:, 4078:: 4018:𫡯 3978:𫋙 3898:𠊛 3867:𠂉 3834:ba 3831:và 3776:. 3660:V5 3612:V4 3589:V3 3566:V2 3543:V1 3538:5 3520:V0 3380:la 3374:là 3358:là 3348:𱺵 3239:𡨸 3173:𡨸 3162:ta 3151:ta 3101:𠊛 3058:𡎝 3014:𥪞 2970:𢆥 2927:𤾓 2862:là 2859:𱺵 2826:𡨸 2804:𡨸 2768:𠊛 2757:𡎝 2752:in 2746:𥪞 2735:𢆥 2724:𤾓 2700:). 2685:𠬠 2679:). 2676:𫜵 2670:𪵯 2640:𫜵 2634:). 2619:ấy 2613:𧘇 2576:𡗶 2566:mỹ 2548:mẹ 2528:𡥵 2512:(⿱ 2504:ba 2492:ba 2480:ba 2474:𠀧 2461:國字 2458:, 2455:국자 2445:国字 2415:𠊛 2315:𖿱 2301:𖿰 2296:cá 2290:. 2258:on 2109:, 2083:𦝄 2063:𢁋 2032:𫡉 2024:𡨌 2014:𡨸 2010:𡦂 1954:六八 1930:). 1928:解義 1918:演義 1892:解義 1880:). 1878:解音 1868:演音 1814:解音 1762:, 1750:, 1529:vi 1511:vi 1232:𡗶 1191:𡨸 1126:漢文 1116:漢字 1085:𡨸 1066:國語 1054:國音 1008:國語 982:. 964:, 960:, 956:, 950:, 948:𡨸 946:, 940:, 827:. 817:, 766:, 9306:) 9302:( 9175:e 9168:t 9161:v 7919:) 7915:( 6568:e 6561:t 6554:v 6541:. 6529:. 6484:( 6353:. 6221:( 6140:. 6098:. 6094:: 6074:. 6055:. 6036:. 6017:. 5998:. 5979:. 5960:. 5954:: 5937:. 5896:" 5814:" 5802:. 5753:" 5726:. 5694:. 5603:) 5585:: 5579:3 5541:. 5397:: 5361:: 5327:: 5321:4 5286:. 5075:. 4980:. 4968:: 4962:8 4518:. 4278:美 4274:媄 4137:朝 4123:( 4113:虫 4109:強 4107:( 4092:. 4030:乙 4027:朝 4025:⿰ 3990:強 3987:虫 3985:⿰ 3950:充 3947:忄 3945:⿰ 3938:㤝 3910:人 3907:㝵 3905:⿰ 3870:昜 3865:⿱ 3863:亻 3861:⿰ 3854:傷 3826:巴 3823:口 3821:⿰ 3814:吧 3428:饒 3414:吉 3408:忄 3390:恄 3369:羅 3333:窖 3322:竅 3304:窖 3282:命 3272:字 3261:宁 3216:才 3206:字 3195:宁 3144:些 3134:人 3123:㝵 3086:癸 3080:土 3047:內 3036:竜 3003:年 2992:南 2955:林 2949:百 2881:饒 2870:恄 2848:窖 2837:命 2815:才 2779:些 2691:没 2664:濫 2652:濫 2643:( 2631:ý 2625:衣 2616:( 2600:上 2594:天 2579:( 2560:美 2554:女 2545:( 2542:媄 2537:. 2534:蚆 2531:蚆 2517:巴 2514:父 2510:爸 2498:三 2486:巴 2477:( 2452:( 2442:( 2431:人 2426:㝵 2421:㝵 2412:( 2393:林 2389:揭 2376:( 2364:王 2360:國 2358:( 2329:本 2319:本 2313:( 2305:个 2299:( 2238:沒 2218:本 2200:頭 2184:本 2164:役 2095:月 2091:夌 2085:( 2075:陵 2071:巴 2065:( 2059:菱 2047:字 2041:守 2034:( 2026:( 2005:字 1952:( 1944:( 1926:( 1916:( 1900:( 1890:( 1876:( 1866:( 1838:( 1820:( 1812:( 1610:( 1594:( 1425:利 1356:越 1353:瞿 1350:大 1304:蓋 1301:布 1238:. 1236:天 1222:( 1197:語 1194:國 1188:( 1144:喃 1141:漢 1138:( 1123:( 1113:( 1097:( 1088:漢 1082:( 1063:( 1051:( 1023:( 1005:( 980:喃 970:宁 938:字 908:南 887:字 855:( 787:( 760:( 746:e 739:t 732:v 202:. 167:. 106:) 102:( 71:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index