1271:
25:
1191:
894:
3116:
93:
948:
strikingly rectilinear; however, some curvature and some seal script influence often remains. Seal script tended towards uniformity of stroke width, but clerical script gave the brush freer rein, returning to the variations in width seen in early Zhōu brushwork. Most noticeable is the dramatically flared tail of one dominant horizontal or downward-diagonal stroke, especially that to the lower right. This characteristic stroke has famously been called 'silkworm head and wild goose tail' (
3766:
984:
1023:
815:
1084:
865:—are carved in materials like wood and jade, the forms themselves were originally written with brush and ink on bamboo slips and other media. Most modern readers cannot easily decipher seal script, and it is generally not used outside calligraphy and the production of seals. However, because seals act like legal
975:
modernized character structures, resulting in a form as transparent and legible as regular (or standard) script. The clerical script remains common as a typeface used for decorative purposes (for example, in displays), but other than in artistic calligraphy, adverts and signage, it is not commonly written.
1057:
Entire characters may be written without lifting the brush from the paper at all, and characters frequently flow into one another. Strokes are modified or eliminated to facilitate smooth writing and to create a beautiful, abstract appearance. Characters are highly rounded and soft in appearance, with
935:
script—is popularly thought to have developed in the Han dynasty and to have come directly from seal script, but recent archaeological discoveries and scholarship indicate that it instead developed from a roughly executed and rectilinear popular or "vulgar" variant of the seal script as well as seal
1238:
is a Korean decorative style of rendering
Chinese characters in which brush strokes are replaced with representational paintings that provide commentary on the meaning. The characters thus rendered are traditionally those for the eight Confucian virtues of humility, honor, duty, propriety, trust,
947:
Clerical script characters are often "flat" in appearance, being wider than the preceding seal script and the modern standard script, both of which tend to be taller than they are wide; some versions of clerical are square, and others are wider. Compared with the preceding seal script, forms are
1122:
Regular script is the most widely recognized style, and is the form taught to children in East Asian countries and others first learning to write characters. For students of calligraphy, regular script is usually studied first in order to provide students a base of knowledge from which to learn
974:
can often be difficult to read for a modern East Asian person, but the mature clerical script of the middle to late Han dynasty is generally legible. Modern calligraphy and practical applications like advertisements that use the clerical script tend to use the mature Han style, and may also use
766:
When used in decorative ornamentation, such as book covers, movie posters, and wall hangings, characters are often written in ancient variations or simplifications that deviate from the modern standards used in
Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese or Korean. Modern variations or simplifications of
1011:) approximates normal handwriting in which strokes and, more rarely, characters are allowed to run into one another. In writing in the semi-cursive script, the brush leaves the paper less often than in the regular script. Characters appear less angular and instead rounder.
1058:
a noticeable lack of angular lines. Due to the drastic simplification and ligature involved, this script is not considered particularly legible to the average person, and thus has never achieved widespread use beyond the realm of literati calligraphers.
1119:(619–908). It emerged from a neatly written, semi-cursive form of clerical script. As the name suggests, the regular script has been highly regularized, with the strokes made distinct from one another, in deliberate brush stroked lifting off the paper.
634:
may be written using several major historical styles, which developed organically over the history of
Chinese script. There are also various major regional styles associated with various modern and historical polities.
643:
The traditional model of scripts appearing suddenly in a well-defined order has been discredited by modern comparative study, which clearly indicates the gradual evolution and coexistence of styles.
1014:
In general, an educated person in China or Japan can read characters written in the semi-cursive script with relative ease, but may have occasional difficulties with certain idiosyncratic shapes.
1334:
1994:
2539:
1368:. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
2501:
412:
3241:
2023:
344:
885:, and because vermilion seal impressions are fundamental to aesthetic presentations of art like calligraphy and paintings, seal script remains ubiquitous.
618:
3048:
3038:
1054:, is a fully cursive script, with drastic simplifications requiring specialized knowledge; hence it is difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it.
3043:
2802:
2350:
2957:
1500:
400:
355:
579:
336:
3124:
2362:
1751:
1342:
2326:
2314:
611:
2338:
1830:
3422:
2661:
1468:
1433:
1411:
1392:
1373:
3472:
1259:
is a stylized calligraphic signature traditionally used by emperors, politicians, artists, and craftsmen across East Asia.
363:
3314:
1493:
604:
68:
46:
39:
492:
452:
255:
3394:
2101:
1744:
1486:
284:
3788:
3710:
3164:
3769:
3680:
3204:
1112:
843:
262:
3685:
3557:
3482:
3139:
1536:
163:
3727:
3700:
3577:
3489:
3236:
3216:
1708:
1646:
1030:
944:—which then developed into clerical script during the early Han, and matured stylistically thereafter.
735:
592:
485:
279:
239:
201:
149:
3279:
1977:
1737:
1421:
267:
104:
92:
3653:
3638:
3628:
3342:
1284:
33:
3665:
1904:
3658:
3507:
3599:
3442:
2040:
842: – 256 BC), and later imposed as the standard across the country following
422:
407:
323:
50:
3594:
3517:
3231:
3209:
1964:
1797:
1596:
1584:
967:
937:
768:
395:
224:
186:
1404:
The
Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.)
1216:
3362:
3330:
3159:
2284:
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8:
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3066:
2907:
2902:
2656:
2466:
1972:
1634:
991:
851:
795:
794:
hangul saw increased use in calligraphy. In
Vietnam, recent calligraphy tends to use the
779:
are occasionally used, especially since many simplified forms derive from cursive forms.
556:
551:
206:
1069:, as well as many modern simplified forms in Simplified Chinese characters and Japanese
3722:
3589:
3552:
3437:
3335:
3269:
3264:
3154:
3144:
2770:
2748:
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2449:
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2331:
2319:
1843:
1524:
1190:
882:
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660:
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158:
84:
3633:
3623:
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3467:
3322:
3274:
3226:
2993:
2846:
2780:
2636:
2621:
2292:
2269:
2223:
2148:
2074:
1954:
1922:
1876:
1815:
1805:
1770:
1572:
1560:
1464:
1429:
1407:
1388:
1369:
690:
675:
216:
181:
176:
1148:
period in
Japanese history when they were created. Examples include 'sumo letters' (
936:
script itself, resulting first in what are called "proto-clerical" forms during the
3739:
3259:
3134:
2998:
2988:
2973:
2919:
2841:
2792:
2753:
2702:
2616:
2568:
2552:
2432:
2392:
2387:
2274:
2228:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2153:
1982:
1927:
1912:
1788:
1760:
1678:
874:
858:
518:
3690:
3670:
3567:
3527:
3512:
3251:
3101:
3091:
3071:
3028:
3023:
2889:
2853:
2836:
2826:
2765:
2583:
2519:
2461:
2409:
2404:
2306:
2202:
2197:
2106:
2053:
2048:
2028:
2013:
2008:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1917:
1889:
1861:
1838:
1610:
901:
893:
870:
705:
373:
196:
114:
1185:
1123:
other, more flowing styles, including a sense of correct placement and balance.
444:
3744:
3734:
3705:
3695:
3412:
3384:
3096:
3081:
2983:
2934:
2929:
2914:
2858:
2797:
2679:
2651:
2631:
2578:
2547:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2471:
2454:
2399:
2264:
2246:
2164:
2138:
2079:
1999:
1987:
1939:
1894:
1884:
1810:
1622:
1452:
1194:
A 1765 edict from the reign of Cảnh Hưng showing
Chinese characters written in
1144:
comprises a large family of calligraphic styles native to Japan, named for the
1108:
1107:) is the last major calligraphic style to develop, emerging during the Han and
1091:
878:
750:
543:
305:
234:
211:
3115:
1215:), as its name suggests, is mainly found in imperial edicts starting from the
850:
as well as various other scripts older than seal script found on Zhou dynasty
803:
799:
129:
3782:
3545:
3357:
3352:
2924:
2868:
2863:
2831:
2818:
2694:
2646:
2573:
2529:
2419:
2256:
2179:
2018:
1866:
1853:
827:
The seal script is the formal system of character forms that evolved in the
3417:
3367:
2743:
2626:
2599:
2143:
2133:
1292:
1276:
1116:
832:
828:
782:
The
Japanese syllabaries of katakana and hiragana are used in calligraphy;
720:
272:
3562:
3536:
3432:
3402:
3379:
3347:
3086:
3076:
2880:
2775:
2760:
2723:
2671:
2492:
2483:
2379:
2218:
2093:
1820:
1548:
1297:
1174:. These styles are typically not taught in Japanese calligraphy schools.
971:
941:
854:, seal script is the oldest style that continues to be widely practised.
822:
171:
1478:
428:
2978:
2952:
2718:
2684:
2189:
2116:
791:
471:
296:
289:
3427:
3178:
3169:
2897:
2787:
2439:
2427:
2238:
2069:
1361:
866:
774:
1219:. The writing script is defined by its distinct sharp upward hooks.
3717:
3303:
2944:
2125:
1729:
1696:
1662:
1064:
787:
783:
571:
532:
525:
229:
3749:
566:
3616:
3296:
3183:
3012:
2608:
1134:
3675:
3477:
1230:
1165:
846:. Although some modern calligraphers practice the most ancient
786:
were derived from the shapes of regular script characters, and
461:
1385:
The Origin and Early
Development of the Chinese Writing System
983:
3188:
1250:
124:
119:
1155:
511:
1670:
861:
that give it its
English name. Though East Asian seals—or
814:
1315:
1145:
1083:
1022:
1461:
Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1070:
1062:
772:
1102:
1045:
1006:
954:
918:
1266:
857:Today, seal script is predominantly used for the
3780:
1210:
1204:
1195:
790:were derived from cursive forms. Following the
1115:(420–589), and ultimately maturing during the
1745:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1494:
1097:
1061:The cursive script is the source of Japanese
1040:
1001:
949:
612:
3544:
1406:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1387:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
1082:
1021:
982:
892:
813:
1239:loyalty, brotherly love, and filial piety.
3765:
3535:
1752:
1738:
1501:
1487:
1203:A Vietnamese calligraphic script known as
619:
605:
1508:
1463:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1451:
1401:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1189:
32:This article includes a list of general
3460:
3781:
1420:
1111:periods, gaining dominance during the
978:
1733:
1482:
1382:
647:Historical Chinese character scripts
1759:
364:Standard Form of National Characters
18:
16:Styles of writing Chinese characters
1360:
1321:
13:
1444:
888:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3800:
1078:
1017:
3764:
3242:Literary and colloquial readings
3114:
1269:
959:) due to its distinctive shape.
453:Literary and colloquial readings
91:
23:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1600:
1588:
1528:
1428:. Cambridge University Press.
1402:——— (2000).
1327:
1211:
915:
911:
809:
356:Nan Min Recommended Characters
1:
1339:National Folk Museum of Korea
1303:
836:
755:
740:
725:
710:
695:
680:
665:
3770:List of varieties of Chinese
1308:
1113:Northern and Southern period
767:characters, akin to Chinese
7:
1671:Derived from regular script
1262:
1177:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1103:
1071:
1063:
1046:
1007:
955:
919:
773:
348:(Hong Kong, 2007)
337:General Standard Characters
10:
3805:
3728:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
1383:Boltz, William G. (1994).
1353:
1248:
1228:
1222:
1183:
1132:
1126:
1089:
1028:
989:
899:
820:
593:Transliteration of Chinese
150:Neolithic symbols in China
3762:
3646:
3615:
3526:
3451:
3393:
3313:
3288:
3250:
3197:
3123:
3112:
3059:
3011:
2966:
2943:
2888:
2879:
2817:
2736:
2711:
2693:
2670:
2607:
2598:
2561:
2538:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2418:
2378:
2305:
2283:
2255:
2237:
2211:
2188:
2124:
2115:
2092:
2062:
2039:
1963:
1903:
1875:
1852:
1829:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1767:
1661:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1516:
1098:
1041:
1002:
950:
844:Qin's wars of unification
749:
734:
719:
704:
689:
674:
659:
654:
651:
638:
105:Chinese family of scripts
1473:– via pinyin.info.
1242:
345:Commonly-Used Characters
1324:, pp. 59, 104–108.
966:that was used from the
318:Collation and standards
53:more precise citations.
1205:
1200:
1196:
1087:
1026:
987:
897:
818:
798:in parallel with both
580:Slavonic transcription
423:Japanese script reform
408:Traditional characters
1510:Chinese script styles
1193:
1086:
1025:
986:
968:Warring States period
964:proto-clerical script
938:Warring States period
896:
817:
769:simplified characters
396:Simplified characters
3789:Chinese script style
1679:Ming / Song
1285:Eight Principles of
1096:The regular script (
1050:), sometimes called
1635:Semi-cursive script
1517:Handwritten scripts
1158:wrestling posters,
998:semi-cursive script
992:Semi-cursive script
979:Semi-cursive script
923:)—sometimes called
869:in the cultures of
852:bronze inscriptions
796:Vietnamese alphabet
684: 1000 BC
669: 1200 BC
648:
367:(Taiwan, 1982)
359:(Taiwan, 2009)
3723:Cantonese Bopomofo
3590:Chinese characters
3518:Written Sichuanese
2102:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
1525:Oracle bone script
1217:Revival Lê dynasty
1201:
1088:
1027:
988:
898:
848:oracle bone script
819:
759: 150 AD
729: 200 BC
714: 200 BC
699: 500 BC
661:Oracle bone script
646:
632:Chinese characters
379:(Japan, 2010)
85:Chinese characters
3776:
3775:
3758:
3757:
3585:
3584:
3503:Written Cantonese
3498:
3497:
3280:Classical grammar
3275:Cantonese grammar
3110:
3109:
3007:
3006:
2813:
2812:
2732:
2731:
2594:
2593:
2301:
2300:
2088:
2087:
1978:Chengdu–Chongqing
1771:Sinitic languages
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1470:978-0-8248-1207-2
1435:978-0-521-29653-3
1413:978-1-55729-070-0
1394:978-0-940490-78-9
1375:978-1-55729-071-7
764:
763:
744: 50 BC
691:Small seal script
676:Large seal script
655:First appearance
629:
628:
493:Zetian characters
325:Kangxi Dictionary
79:
78:
71:
3796:
3768:
3767:
3740:Taiwanese Hangul
3629:Mainland Chinese
3542:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3458:
3457:
3135:Standard Chinese
3118:
2886:
2885:
2605:
2604:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2122:
2121:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1761:Chinese language
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1702:
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1554:
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1542:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1439:
1417:
1398:
1379:
1347:
1346:
1341:. Archived from
1331:
1325:
1319:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1199:
1173:
1163:
1154:) used to write
1153:
1143:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1074:
1068:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1010:
1005:
1004:
958:
953:
952:
922:
917:
913:
841:
838:
778:
760:
757:
745:
742:
730:
727:
715:
712:
700:
697:
685:
682:
670:
667:
649:
645:
621:
614:
607:
340:(PRC, 2013)
306:Digital encoding
225:Modern typefaces
108:
95:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
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19:
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3779:
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3772:
3754:
3691:Tongyong Pinyin
3671:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
3659:Dungan Cyrillic
3642:
3611:
3581:
3522:
3513:Written Hokkien
3494:
3453:
3447:
3423:Middle Mandarin
3389:
3309:
3284:
3246:
3193:
3126:
3119:
3106:
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3003:
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1959:
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1763:
1758:
1728:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1677:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1611:Clerical script
1609:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1512:
1507:
1477:
1471:
1453:DeFrancis, John
1447:
1445:Further reading
1442:
1436:
1414:
1395:
1376:
1366:Chinese Writing
1362:Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)
1356:
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1233:
1227:
1188:
1182:
1137:
1131:
1094:
1081:
1033:
1020:
994:
981:
908:clerical script
904:
902:Clerical script
891:
889:Clerical script
839:
825:
812:
758:
743:
728:
713:
706:Clerical script
698:
683:
668:
641:
625:
585:
584:
576:
563:
540:
506:
505:Derived systems
498:
497:
488:
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370:
351:
332:
319:
311:
310:
258:
254:Properties and
247:
246:
221:
193:
168:
155:
144:
115:Written Chinese
111:
102:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Taiwanese kana
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3706:Lessing-Othmer
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Written Dungan
3505:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Middle Chinese
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3380:Wubi (Wang Ma)
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:Xiangnan Tuhua
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Shaozhou Tuhua
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1995:Renshou–Fushun
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1905:Central Plains
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1647:Cursive script
1643:
1631:
1623:Regular script
1619:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1545:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1418:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:on 2007-03-13.
1326:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1264:
1261:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1184:Main article:
1181:
1176:
1133:Main article:
1130:
1125:
1109:Three Kingdoms
1092:Regular script
1090:Main article:
1080:
1079:Regular script
1077:
1037:cursive script
1031:Cursive script
1029:Main article:
1019:
1018:Cursive script
1016:
990:Main article:
980:
977:
900:Main article:
890:
887:
821:Main article:
811:
808:
762:
761:
753:
751:Regular script
747:
746:
738:
732:
731:
723:
717:
716:
708:
702:
701:
693:
687:
686:
678:
672:
671:
663:
657:
656:
653:
640:
637:
627:
626:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
587:
586:
583:
582:
575:
574:
569:
562:
561:
560:
559:
554:
546:
544:Jurchen script
539:
538:
537:
536:
529:
522:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
466:
465:
456:
455:
449:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
418:
417:
416:
415:
405:
404:
403:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
369:
368:
360:
350:
349:
341:
331:
330:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
302:
301:
294:
282:
277:
276:
275:
265:
259:
256:classification
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
145:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
110:
109:
97:
96:
88:
87:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3801:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:Cyrillization
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3546:Script styles
3543:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1537:Bronze script
1534:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Norman, Jerry
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:sloppy script
1048:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1009:
999:
993:
985:
976:
973:
970:to the early
969:
965:
960:
957:
956:cántóu yànwěi
945:
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
921:
909:
903:
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
834:
830:
824:
816:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
776:
770:
754:
752:
748:
739:
737:
733:
724:
722:
718:
709:
707:
703:
694:
692:
688:
679:
677:
673:
664:
662:
658:
650:
644:
636:
633:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
602:
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591:
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581:
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573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
547:
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542:
541:
535:
534:
530:
528:
527:
523:
521:
520:
516:
515:
514:
513:
509:
508:
502:
501:
494:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
474:
473:
469:
468:
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463:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
446:
441:
440:
431:
430:
426:
425:
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421:
420:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
378:
376:
372:
371:
366:
365:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
347:
346:
342:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:
315:
314:
307:
304:
300:
299:
295:
293:
292:
288:
287:
286:
283:
281:
278:
274:
271:
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269:
266:
264:
261:
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257:
251:
250:
241:
238:
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233:
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228:
227:
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223:
222:
218:
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213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:script styles
140:Evolution of
137:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
107:
106:
101:
100:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
86:
83:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2013
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3676:Hanyu Pinyin
3666:Romanization
3573:Semi-cursive
3418:Old Mandarin
3375:Stroke count
3302:
3295:
3217:Old National
3060:Unclassified
1965:Southwestern
1798:Northeastern
1780:Major groups
1769:
1686: /
1509:
1460:
1425:
1403:
1384:
1365:
1343:the original
1338:
1329:
1317:
1293:Stroke order
1286:
1277:China portal
1256:
1254:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1202:
1178:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1117:Tang dynasty
1095:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1036:
1034:
1013:
997:
995:
963:
961:
946:
932:
928:
924:
907:
905:
862:
856:
833:Eastern Zhou
829:state of Qin
826:
806:characters.
781:
771:or Japanese
765:
721:Semi-cursive
642:
630:
531:
524:
517:
510:
470:
460:
447:and readings
427:
401:second round
374:
362:
354:
343:
335:
324:
297:
290:
207:Semi-cursive
148:
141:
103:
65:
56:
37:
3745:Xiao'erjing
3607:Punctuation
3600:Traditional
3553:Oracle bone
3537:Logographic
3433:Proto-Hakka
3408:Eastern Han
3403:Old Chinese
3265:Classifiers
3232:Northern Wu
3160:Singaporean
2366: [
2354: [
2342: [
2330: [
2318: [
1549:Seal script
1298:Wonton font
972:Han dynasty
942:Qin dynasty
831:during the
823:Seal script
810:Seal script
285:Orthography
159:Oracle bone
51:introducing
3696:Wade–Giles
3595:Simplified
3490:Vernacular
3483:in Vietnam
3336:Simplified
3323:Biaoxingma
3270:Honorifics
3205:Historical
3150:Philippine
3140:Sichuanese
3067:Badong Yao
2771:Shao–Jiang
2642:Philippine
2450:Xiangxiang
2445:Shuangfeng
2190:Taizhou Wu
1973:Sichuanese
1304:References
1229:See also:
867:signatures
863:name chops
840: 771
792:Korean War
519:man'yōgana
445:Homographs
298:xin zixing
291:jiu zixing
263:Components
217:Flat brush
34:references
3634:Taiwanese
3624:Cantonese
3468:Classical
3428:Proto-Min
3363:Microsoft
3222:Cantonese
3198:Phonology
3179:Cantonese
3170:Singdarin
3155:Malaysian
3145:Taiwanese
3049:Rongjiang
3039:Yongjiang
3035:Southern
3020:Northern
2994:Luo–Guang
2903:Hong Kong
2898:Guangzhou
2854:Taiwanese
2847:Changting
2781:Zhanjiang
2695:Zhongshan
2662:Malaysian
2657:Singapore
2622:Zhangzhou
2574:Zhongshan
2467:Yong–Quan
2363:Jing-Zhan
2293:Xuancheng
2270:Jiangshan
2149:Changzhou
2070:Junjiahua
1923:Guanzhong
1806:Changchun
1663:Typefaces
1597:Nine-fold
1585:Bird-worm
1457:"Chinese"
1364:(2000) .
1335:"Munjado"
1309:Citations
1164:used for
1161:kanteiryū
1072:shinjitai
835:dynasty (
775:shinjitai
187:Bird-worm
3783:Category
3718:Bopomofo
3647:Phonetic
3639:Two-cell
3568:Clerical
3478:in Japan
3473:Adoption
3461:Official
3452:Literary
3327:Boshiamy
3304:Xiehouyu
3260:Numerals
3237:Mandarin
3165:Standard
3125:Standard
2999:Qin–Lian
2989:Yong–Xun
2974:Gao–Yang
2920:Jiujiang
2908:Malaysia
2842:Tingzhou
2793:Wenchang
2754:Jianyang
2744:Northern
2703:Sanxiang
2617:Quanzhou
2600:Southern
2569:Manjiang
2433:Changsha
2393:Nanchang
2388:Chang–Du
2285:Xuanzhou
2275:Qingtian
2229:Wencheng
2175:Jiangyin
2170:Jinxiang
2160:Shaoxing
2154:Hangzhou
2134:Shanghai
2075:Qinjiang
1983:Minjiang
1955:Xinjiang
1913:Dongping
1877:Jiaoliao
1816:Shenyang
1789:Mandarin
1697:Fangsong
1455:(1989).
1424:(1988).
1322:Qiu 2000
1263:See also
1206:Lệnh thư
1197:Lệnh thư
1186:Lệnh thư
1179:Lệnh thư
1171:higemoji
1151:sumōmoji
1065:hiragana
925:official
788:hiragana
784:katakana
572:Bopomofo
533:katakana
526:hiragana
486:Variants
429:kyūjitai
280:Radicals
230:Fangsong
197:Clerical
3617:Braille
3578:Cursive
3528:Scripts
3395:History
3385:ZhengMa
3331:Cangjie
3297:Chengyu
3252:Grammar
3227:Hokkien
3184:Hokkien
3092:Waxiang
3072:Danzhou
3044:Guandao
3029:Younian
3024:Tongdao
3013:Pinghua
2953:Taishan
2869:Raoping
2837:Huizhou
2827:Meixian
2803:Banqiao
2776:Leizhou
2766:Pu–Xian
2761:Central
2749:Jian'ou
2724:Longyan
2672:Teochew
2609:Hokkien
2584:Nanlang
2540:Fu–Ning
2520:Changle
2502:Houguan
2493:Eastern
2440:Loushao
2428:Changyi
2410:Da–Tong
2405:Ying–Yi
2351:Yanzhou
2219:Wenzhou
2212:Oujiang
2203:Tiantai
2198:Taizhou
2107:Zhi–Yan
2054:Nantong
2049:Nanjing
2024:Gui–Liu
2014:Nanping
2009:Kunming
1935:Luoyang
1890:Qingdao
1862:Tianjin
1839:Beijing
1831:Beijing
1426:Chinese
1354:Sources
1236:Munjado
1224:Munjado
1141:Edomoji
1135:Edomoji
1128:Edomoji
1008:xíngshū
933:scribal
883:Vietnam
804:chữ Nôm
800:chữ Hán
736:Cursive
548:Khitan
390:Reforms
268:Strokes
212:Regular
202:Cursive
130:Chữ Hán
47:improve
3686:Postal
3681:MPS II
3558:Bronze
3438:Ba–Shu
3358:Google
3353:Pinyin
3289:Idioms
3102:Yeheni
2984:Wu–Hua
2979:Goulou
2958:Xinhui
2935:Dapeng
2930:Weitou
2915:Xiguan
2890:Yuehai
2859:Sixian
2798:Haikou
2788:Hainan
2719:Zhenan
2685:Haklau
2680:Swatow
2652:Penang
2637:Taiwan
2632:Chawan
2579:Longdu
2548:Ningde
2525:Gutian
2515:Fuqing
2510:Fuzhou
2472:Qiyang
2455:Wugang
2400:Yi–Liu
2327:Xiu-Yi
2315:Ji-She
2265:Quzhou
2257:Chu–Qu
2247:Jinhua
2239:Wuzhou
2224:Rui'an
2165:Ningbo
2139:Suzhou
2029:Wuming
2000:Zigong
1988:Leshan
1950:Lanyin
1945:Dungan
1940:Xuzhou
1918:Gangou
1895:Weihai
1885:Dalian
1844:Taiwan
1811:Harbin
1709:Gothic
1467:
1432:
1410:
1391:
1372:
1231:Minhwa
1168:, and
1166:kabuki
1104:kǎishū
1047:cǎoshū
881:, and
639:Styles
462:Kanbun
413:debate
329:(1716)
164:Bronze
36:, but
3750:Nüshu
3454:forms
3368:Sogou
3315:Input
3189:Hakka
3127:forms
2967:Other
2925:Shiqi
2864:Hailu
2832:Wuhua
2819:Hakka
2737:Other
2712:Other
2647:Pedan
2562:Other
2553:Fu'an
2530:Matsu
2462:Ji–Xu
2420:Xiang
2370:]
2358:]
2346:]
2339:Qi-De
2334:]
2322:]
2180:Shadi
2126:Taihu
2080:Gyami
2063:Other
2019:Wuhan
1928:Xi'an
1867:Jinan
1573:Small
1561:Large
1257:huaya
1251:Huaya
1244:Huaya
931:, or
929:draft
920:lìshū
879:Korea
875:Japan
871:China
859:seals
567:Nüshu
557:small
552:large
377:kanji
327:forms
273:order
182:Small
177:Large
125:Hanja
120:Kanji
3711:Yale
3701:EFEO
3563:Seal
3348:Dayi
2945:Siyi
2627:Amoy
2144:Wuxi
2041:Huai
1854:Jilu
1465:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1287:Yong
1156:sumo
1035:The
996:The
962:The
951:蠶頭雁尾
940:and
906:The
802:and
652:Name
512:Kana
375:Jōyō
235:Ming
172:Seal
3443:Gan
3343:CKC
3210:Old
3087:She
3077:Mai
2881:Yue
2484:Min
2380:Gan
2307:Hui
2156:(?)
2094:Jin
1821:Taz
1701:仿宋體
1601:九疊篆
1589:鳥蟲篆
1529:甲骨文
1146:Edo
472:Idu
240:Hei
3785::
2368:zh
2356:zh
2344:zh
2332:zh
2320:zh
2117:Wu
1713:黑體
1689:宋體
1683:明體
1651:草書
1639:行書
1627:楷書
1615:隸書
1577:小篆
1565:大篆
1553:篆書
1541:金文
1459:.
1337:.
1255:A
1212:令書
1099:楷書
1075:.
1042:草書
1003:行書
927:,
916:隸書
914:;
912:隶书
877:,
873:,
837:c.
756:c.
741:c.
726:c.
711:c.
696:c.
681:c.
666:c.
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1502:e
1495:t
1488:v
1438:.
1416:.
1397:.
1378:.
1209:(
1039:(
1000:(
910:(
620:e
613:t
606:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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