1263:
if to better fit on tall, narrow slats. The style must have developed on books of bamboo or wood slats, and then carried over to the oracle bone script. Additionally, the layout of characters in columns from top to bottom is mostly carried over from bamboo books. In some instances, characters are instead written in rows in order to match the text with divinatory cracks; in others, columns of text rotate 90 degrees mid-phrase. These are exceptions to the normal pattern of writing, and inscriptions were never read bottom to top. Columns of text in
Chinese writing are traditionally laid out from right to left; this pattern is first found with the Shang-era bronze inscriptions. However, oracle bone inscriptions are often arranged with columns beginning near the center of the shell or bone, then moving toward the edge such that the two sides mirror one another.
1695:
1128:. In 1931, Zhou Yitong proposed for the first time that "oracle bone science" was an independent discipline. Wang Yuxin emphasized that oracle bones are precious cultural relics and historical materials left over from the ancient period, but their value for archaeological and historical research lies in orthography beyond script interpretation, which has become increasingly recognized by scholars as orthography develops. Oracle bone science is a systematic and scientific inquiry into the inherent laws of the oracle bone script itself and uses it as a basis for glimpsing the history, society, and customs of the ancient world. The oracle bones should not be confused with orthography.
1707:
1274:
1285:
30:
1330:
1468:
1251:
1205:
4715:
386:
1120:. This includes the integration of theories, research methods and materials from various disciplines, such as paleography, history, archaeology, historical culture, historical literature, and cultural anthropology, to thoroughly study the historical and cultural background of the oracle bones and some of the patterns of the oracle bone divination. It is a diversified and specialized discipline. In the early days of oracle bone discovery, oracle bones were called
1734:
1722:
1794:
1143:
phonetic loaning had also clearly been used by authors for some time, perhaps centuries. However, no clearly identifiable examples of writing dating prior to the 13th century BC have been discovered. Sets of inscribed symbols on pottery, jade, and bone that have been discovered at a variety of
Neolithic archeological sites across China have not been demonstrated to have any direct or indirect ancestry to the Shang oracle bone script at Anyang.
1770:
1393:
1154:
1782:
5365:
1758:
1746:
1553:
1166:
997:. It is also the direct ancestor of over a dozen East Asian writing systems. The length of inscriptions ranges from 10 to over 100 characters, but a few dozen is typical. The subjects of concern in inscriptions are broad, and include war, ritual sacrifice, and agriculture, as well as births, illnesses, and deaths in the royal family. As such, they provide invaluable insights into the character of late Shang society.
1420:
1580:
1006:
1571:). From their initial discovery during the 1950s, only a handful of examples from this later period had been uncovered, and those that did were fragments consisting of only one or two characters. In August 1977, a cache containing thousands of Zhou-era oracle bones was discovered at a site closely linked to the ancient Zhou heartland. Among thousands of pieces, 200–300 bore inscriptions.
1366:
One reason for the difficulty in decipherment is that components of certain oracle bone script characters may differ in later script forms. Such differences may be accounted for by character simplification and/or by later generations misunderstanding the original graph, which had evolved beyond recognition. For instance, the standard character
1192:
period writing on bronzes, the oracle bone script is clearly greatly simplified, and rounded forms are often converted to rectilinear ones; this is thought to be due to the difficulty of engraving the bone's hard surface, compared with the ease of writing them in the wet clay of the molds the bronzes
1365:
There are over 30,000 distinct characters found from all the bone fragments so far, which may represent around 4,000 individual characters in their various forms. The majority of these still remain undeciphered, although scholars believe they can decipher between 1,500 and 2,000 of these characters.
1262:
in wet clay, it is assumed that the style and structure of Shang graphs on bamboo were similar to those on bronzes, and also that the majority of writing occurred with a brush on such books. Additional support for this notion includes the reorientation of some graphs, by rotating them 90 degrees, as
1301:
language, and not merely fragments of ideas or words. This level of maturity clearly implies an earlier period of development of at least several hundred years. From their presumed origins as pictographs and signs, by the Shang dynasty, most graphs were already conventionalized in such a simplified
984:
became more common; far fewer oracle bone inscriptions are dated to the
Western Zhou. No Zhou-era sites with a comparable cache of inscriptions to Yinxu have been found; however, examples from this period appear to be more widespread, having been found near most major population centers. New sites
1216:
It is known that the Shang people also wrote with brush and ink, as brush-written graphs have been found on a small number of pottery, shell and bone, and jade and other stone items, and there is evidence that they also wrote on bamboo (or wooden) books just like those found from the late Zhou to
1142:
It is generally agreed that the tradition of writing represented by oracle bone script existed prior to the first known examples, due to the attested script's mature state. Many characters had already undergone extensive simplifications and linearizations, and techniques of semantic extension and
1353:
period, these traits had vanished, but in both periods, the script was not highly regular or standardized; variant forms of graphs abound, and the size and orientation of graphs is also irregular. A graph when inverted horizontally generally refers to the same word, and additional components are
1310:'dog' respectively. As William G. Boltz notes, most of the oracle bone graphs are not depicted realistically enough for those who do not already know the script to recognize what they stand for; although pictographic in origin, they are no longer pictographs in function. Boltz instead calls them
1427:
Some characters are only attested in the oracle bone script, dropping out of later usage and usually being replaced by newer characters. An example is a fragment bearing character for 'spring' that has no known modern counterpart. In such cases, available context may be used to determine the
1193:
were cast from. The more detailed and more pictorial style of the bronze graphs is thought to be more representative of typical Shang writing using bamboo books than the oracle bone forms; this typical style continued to evolve into writing styles of the
Western Zhou period, and then into the
1325:
now in use. Loangraphs, phono-semantic compounds, and associative compounds were already common. One structural and functional analysis of the oracle bone characters found that they were 23% pictographs, 2% simple indicatives, 32% associative compounds, 11% phonetic loans, 27% phono-semantic
1115:
oracle characters. Oracle bone science can be divided into a narrow sense of oracle bone science and a broad sense of oracle bone science. In the narrow sense, the study of oracle bone script is limited to the study of oracle bone script itself, and it is a discipline of
1913:
Boltz surmises that the
Chinese script was invented around the middle of the 2nd millennium BC during the early Shang, and based on the currently available evidence declares attempts to push this date earlier "unsubstantiated speculation and wishful thinking".
1187:
period appears pictographic. The earliest oracle bone script appears even more so than examples from late in the period (thus some evolution did occur over the roughly 200-year period). Comparing the oracle bone script to both Shang and early
1694:
953:
where the oracle bones were exposed to flames, creating patterns of cracks that were then subjected to interpretation. Both the prompt and interpretation were inscribed on the same piece of bone that had been used for the divination itself.
965:, Henan). The most recent major discovery was the Huayuanzhuang cache found near the site in 1993. Of the 1,608 Huayuanzhang pieces, 579 bear inscriptions. Each of the last nine Shang kings are named in the inscriptions beginning with
969:, whose accession is variously dated between 1250 and 1200 BC. Oracle bone inscriptions corresponding to Wu Ding's reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BC (±10 years). Following the overthrow of the Shang by the
1040:'turtle-shell and animal-bone script'). This term is a translation of the English phrase "inscriptions upon bone and tortoise shell", which had been coined by the American missionary Frank H. Chalfant (1862–1914) in his 1906 book
988:
The oracle bone inscriptions—along with several roughly contemporaneous bronzeware inscriptions using a different style—constitute the earliest corpus of
Chinese writing, and are the direct ancestor of the
1622:
collected over 30,000 oracle bones and published several volumes, identified the names of the Shang kings, and thus positively identified the oracle bones as being artifacts from the Shang reign.
1302:
fashion that the meanings of many of the pictographs are not immediately apparent. Without careful research to compare these to later forms, one would probably not know that these represented
1817:
A few such shells and bones do not record divinations, but bear other records such as those of hunting trips, records of sacrifices, wars or other events, calendars, or practice inscriptions;
1821:, pp. 31, 34 these are termed shell and bone inscriptions, rather than oracle bones, because no oracle (divination) was involved. However, they are still written in oracle bone script.
1706:
1254:
Table of the
Chinese sexagenary cycle inscribed on an ox scapula, dating to the reigns of the last two kings of the Shang dynasty during the first half of the 11th century BC
1297:
Despite the pictorial nature of the oracle bone script, it was a fully functional and mature writing system by the time of the Shang dynasty, meaning it was able to record the
1452:) as the phonetic. Though no modern character consists of these two components, it likely refers to a type of Shang dynasty ritual with a name similar to the pronunciation of
3593:
4138:
2861:. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
4100:
705:
1044:, which first appeared in Chinese books during the 1930s. In earlier decades, Chinese authors used a variety of names for the inscriptions based on the name of
4840:
3622:
637:
911:
4647:
4637:
1440:
on the right ( when converted from oracle bone forms to their modern printed equivalents). This character may reasonably be guessed to a compound with
6182:
5666:
4642:
4401:
3949:
6612:
6602:
6177:
4556:
1432:, and a rough meaning can be inferred based on the semantic component. For instance, an oracle bone character was recently found which consists of
6592:
6582:
6172:
6167:
6162:
3099:
8308:
6597:
693:
648:
872:
629:
1976:
sacrifice, will it benefit
Ancestor Wu?" The newly found graph was tentatively assigned the same modern reading as the phonetic component
1947:
This character was found on one of nine oracle bone fragments in the
Shandong Provincial Museum's collection. The full inscription reads:
5741:
4723:
3961:
5473:
3350:
1733:
1408:) which is closer to the oracle bone script form – albeit with the insect figure being confused with the similar-looking character for
8340:
5399:
3925:
3913:
904:
3937:
3429:
2150:
Flad, Rowan K. (2008). "Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the
Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China".
1208:
Comparison of characters in the Shang bronzeware script (first and fourth rows), oracle bone script (second and fifth rows), and
5021:
1587:
Among the major scholars making significant contributions to the study of the oracle bone writings, especially early on, were:
7530:
9410:
5659:
4260:
3068:
3021:
2981:
2962:
2936:
2885:
2866:
2844:
2821:
2781:
2762:
2740:
2717:
2698:
2675:
2653:
2617:
2543:
2294:
2261:
2126:
7979:
5071:
1830:
There are no such bamboo books extant before the late Zhou, however, as the materials were not permanent enough to survive.
656:
7416:
5728:
5488:
4913:
3092:
897:
5952:
1583:
Wang Yirong, Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize the oracle bone inscriptions as ancient writing.
2286:
2253:
9532:
9178:
9164:
9134:
8273:
5633:
1968:
had been attested attested in oracle bone inscriptions. Wang translated the sentence as: "Prognostication on the day
1700:
An oracle bone (incomplete) with a diviner asking the Shang king if there would be misfortune over the next ten days
1662:, first scholar to systematically treat the language of the oracle bones from the perspective of modern linguistics.
1644:
identified the diviners and established a chronology for the oracle bones as well as numerous other dating criteria.
9396:
8113:
7510:
5652:
1935:
1423:
Oracle bone script fragment featuring a character for 'spring' in the top-left which has no known modern descendant
1349:
Although it was a fully functional writing system, the oracle bone script was not fully standardized. By the early
1322:
785:
745:
548:
5957:
7836:
7097:
4993:
2534:
Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992). "Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language". In Zgusta, Ladislav (ed.).
1745:
1354:
sometimes present without changing the meaning. These irregularities persisted until the standardization of the
1321:
By the late Shang, oracle bone graphs had already evolved into mostly non-pictographic forms, including all the
9403:
7969:
7608:
3700:
3343:
3085:
1634:
296:
577:
9522:
8078:
7603:
6661:
5582:
5392:
5309:
4763:
2691:
Research on the Qin Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing
6940:
1314:, emphasizing their function as representing concepts exclusively through words. Similarly, Qiu labels them
9389:
9368:
6656:
6431:
5947:
5723:
5483:
5368:
5279:
4803:
555:
2451:
9269:
9248:
7928:
7923:
7618:
7520:
6042:
5733:
5284:
5156:
5081:
4738:
3135:
3043:
1600:
collected five thousand oracle bone fragments, published the first collection of 1,058 rubbings entitled
1547:
943:. The writings themselves mainly record the results of official divinations carried out on behalf of the
456:
184:
9336:
7933:
7500:
6913:
5974:
5417:
5326:
5299:
5176:
5088:
4835:
4815:
3307:
3245:
1721:
1137:
957:
Out of an estimated 150,000 inscriptions that have been uncovered, the vast majority were unearthed at
885:
778:
572:
532:
494:
442:
252:
6666:
5984:
1273:
7586:
7308:
6861:
6448:
5628:
4878:
3576:
3336:
1284:
990:
560:
397:
385:
273:
1793:
1005:
9086:
9072:
8377:
6960:
6763:
5979:
5385:
5252:
5237:
5227:
4941:
2493:
Online Journal of the Fudan University Center for Unearthed Texts and Paleography (复旦大学出土文献与古文字研究中心
8691:
6107:
9375:
8403:
7360:
7037:
7016:
6896:
6876:
6708:
6379:
6283:
5760:
5718:
5675:
5541:
5521:
5498:
5467:
5441:
5264:
3503:
2227:
1429:
1240:
5257:
5106:
2079:
Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2020).
1781:
1769:
1757:
1560:
There are relatively few oracle bone inscriptions dating after the conquest of the Shang by the
1396:
below said figure. In this case, the modern character is a simplification of an archaic variant
9527:
8093:
7032:
7022:
6955:
6465:
5898:
5198:
5041:
3639:
2610:
The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text
2559:
715:
700:
616:
1329:
993:
developed over the next three millennia. Their study is essential for the research of Chinese
29:
9477:
9382:
9171:
9120:
8580:
8502:
8266:
8205:
8190:
7759:
7638:
7380:
7340:
7072:
6748:
5932:
5920:
5893:
5878:
5193:
5116:
4830:
4808:
3563:
3396:
3195:
3183:
3108:
2085:
1610:, Tie Yun's Repository of Turtles) in 1903, and correctly identified thirty-four characters.
688:
517:
479:
434:
8185:
7390:
2774:
The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.)
9537:
9241:
8992:
8669:
8165:
7820:
7784:
7189:
7112:
6945:
6693:
6683:
6522:
6505:
5821:
5478:
4961:
4929:
4758:
3883:
3378:
981:
1628:
demonstrated that the commemorative cycle of the Shang kings matched the list of kings in
8:
9517:
8068:
7964:
7686:
7209:
5915:
5205:
5171:
5006:
4973:
4820:
4748:
4665:
4506:
4501:
4255:
4065:
3571:
3233:
2221:
1464:
means 'mound', 'hill', and the divination concerned the king traveling for a royal hunt.
849:
844:
499:
6231:
1467:
1428:
possible meaning of the character. In other cases, the character may be assumed to be a
9227:
9204:
8838:
8727:
8717:
8609:
8552:
8538:
8495:
8200:
8083:
7918:
7810:
7769:
7723:
7718:
7595:
7263:
7194:
7159:
7107:
6920:
6908:
6319:
6241:
6142:
5697:
5587:
5436:
5321:
5188:
5036:
4934:
4868:
4863:
4753:
4743:
4369:
4347:
4240:
4048:
4043:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3442:
2924:
2912:
2587:
2175:
2132:
1659:
932:
377:
332:
324:
8460:
8118:
351:
9350:
9343:
9079:
9065:
8977:
8866:
8776:
8755:
8734:
8662:
8594:
8453:
8411:
8363:
8098:
8088:
7733:
7728:
7633:
7628:
7535:
7490:
7313:
7293:
7283:
7273:
7268:
7204:
7199:
7127:
7062:
7047:
6997:
6992:
6935:
6871:
6829:
6671:
6557:
6480:
5996:
5991:
5868:
5232:
5222:
5101:
5066:
4921:
4873:
4825:
4592:
4445:
4379:
4235:
4220:
3891:
3868:
3822:
3747:
3673:
3553:
3521:
3475:
3414:
3404:
3369:
3171:
3159:
3064:
3017:
2996:
2977:
2958:
2932:
2881:
2862:
2840:
2817:
2777:
2758:
2736:
2713:
2694:
2671:
2649:
2637:
2613:
2539:
2290:
2257:
2167:
2122:
1379:
1180:
509:
474:
469:
236:
228:
2179:
1250:
940:
9484:
9422:
9315:
9276:
9262:
9220:
9095:
9041:
9022:
8956:
8948:
8934:
8927:
8852:
8648:
8623:
8559:
8531:
8446:
8432:
8349:
8322:
8259:
8170:
8073:
7895:
7738:
7365:
7345:
7335:
7330:
7214:
6970:
6903:
6891:
6856:
6851:
6834:
6773:
6738:
6698:
6500:
6495:
6443:
6394:
6278:
6212:
6152:
6102:
6047:
5964:
5942:
5927:
5873:
5863:
5797:
5612:
5451:
5338:
4858:
4733:
4597:
4587:
4572:
4518:
4440:
4391:
4352:
4301:
4215:
4167:
4151:
4031:
3991:
3986:
3873:
3827:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3752:
3581:
3526:
3511:
3387:
3359:
3277:
2904:
2663:
2159:
2094:
2049:
1383:
1258:
Since the ease of writing with a brush is even greater than that of writing with a
1112:
139:
108:
9322:
8517:
8143:
7794:
7164:
2895:
Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article".
811:
9308:
9000:
8941:
8887:
8880:
8859:
8845:
8829:
8807:
8762:
8655:
8630:
8602:
8587:
8510:
8488:
8481:
8439:
8399:
8370:
8058:
8028:
7851:
7774:
7540:
7470:
7375:
7323:
7303:
7239:
7229:
7219:
7184:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7052:
7007:
7002:
6886:
6881:
6728:
6718:
6572:
6537:
6532:
6512:
6406:
6364:
6304:
6187:
6157:
6067:
6027:
5969:
5903:
5883:
5831:
5814:
5802:
5289:
5269:
5166:
5126:
5111:
4850:
4700:
4690:
4670:
4627:
4622:
4488:
4452:
4435:
4425:
4364:
4182:
4118:
4060:
4008:
4003:
3905:
3801:
3796:
3705:
3652:
3647:
3627:
3612:
3607:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3516:
3488:
3460:
3437:
3209:
2750:
1680:
1204:
928:
666:
489:
407:
214:
7505:
6688:
737:
9542:
9445:
9329:
9213:
9193:
9102:
8970:
8901:
8800:
8748:
8741:
8573:
8566:
8545:
8524:
8425:
8418:
8225:
8180:
8108:
8103:
7954:
7938:
7913:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7681:
7555:
7515:
7485:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7395:
7370:
7318:
7258:
7224:
7174:
7122:
7087:
7042:
7012:
6965:
6925:
6824:
6778:
6733:
6651:
6587:
6542:
6527:
6490:
6470:
6438:
6426:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6349:
6344:
6261:
6246:
6236:
6202:
6192:
6137:
6122:
6087:
5937:
5841:
5789:
5679:
5551:
5536:
5408:
5343:
5333:
5304:
5294:
5011:
4983:
4695:
4680:
4582:
4533:
4528:
4513:
4457:
4396:
4278:
4250:
4230:
4177:
4146:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4070:
4053:
3998:
3863:
3845:
3763:
3737:
3678:
3598:
3586:
3538:
3493:
3483:
3409:
3221:
2976:. Translated by Caltonhill, Mark; Moser, Jeff. Taipei: National Palace Museum.
2878:
Anyang and Sanxingdui: Unveiling the Mysteries of Ancient Chinese Civilizations
2641:
2053:
1597:
1338:
1244:
1209:
931:, dating to the late 2nd millennium BC. Inscriptions were made by carving
836:
598:
527:
504:
198:
7655:
4714:
2081:"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China"
422:
9511:
9452:
9301:
9234:
9157:
9127:
8985:
8963:
8894:
8790:
8769:
8616:
8474:
8392:
8385:
8356:
8315:
8230:
8220:
8215:
8002:
7696:
7355:
7298:
6950:
6723:
6607:
6562:
6517:
6485:
6334:
6251:
6224:
6197:
6127:
6112:
6097:
6052:
5809:
5577:
5144:
4956:
4951:
4523:
4467:
4462:
4430:
4417:
4293:
4245:
4172:
4128:
4018:
3855:
3778:
3617:
3465:
3452:
2469:
2171:
2136:
2114:
1652:
266:
6271:
3000:
2488:
8908:
8873:
8814:
8301:
8063:
7959:
7872:
7764:
7665:
7475:
7288:
7253:
7234:
7169:
7057:
6819:
6743:
6552:
6547:
6458:
6453:
6389:
6329:
6309:
6266:
6256:
6207:
6092:
6072:
6062:
5910:
5888:
5846:
5644:
5607:
5016:
4966:
4342:
4225:
4198:
3742:
3732:
1561:
1350:
1334:
1198:
1189:
1117:
970:
949:
565:
341:
146:
7117:
3058:
2795:[Looking at Shell and Bone Inscriptions From the Point of View of the
2755:
Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China
2040:(2002). "The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results".
1712:
Tortoise plastron with divination inscription dating to the reign of King
1111:
and oracle bone script. It is a humanities discipline that focuses on the
9491:
9255:
9186:
8467:
8158:
8018:
7779:
7623:
7480:
7385:
7154:
7082:
7067:
6975:
6768:
6678:
6577:
6567:
6421:
6384:
6339:
6324:
6299:
6219:
6147:
6132:
5836:
5161:
5135:
5031:
5001:
4978:
4946:
4685:
4675:
4479:
4374:
4359:
4322:
4270:
4091:
4082:
3978:
3817:
3692:
3419:
3147:
1849:
1641:
1625:
1591:
1359:
1355:
1298:
1218:
1194:
1108:
994:
936:
464:
88:
71:
41:
3077:
2099:
2080:
1378:'fire', whereas the oracle bone form depicts an insect-like figure with
721:
8148:
8123:
7691:
7134:
6624:
6619:
6475:
6416:
6057:
5592:
4577:
4551:
4317:
4283:
3788:
3715:
3039:
2974:
Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin
2916:
1676:
1619:
1613:
1184:
944:
764:
589:
582:
245:
9459:
9438:
9431:
8210:
8047:
7743:
7710:
7545:
7436:
6985:
6713:
6629:
6354:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5026:
4777:
4768:
4496:
4386:
4038:
4026:
3837:
3668:
2854:
2037:
1647:
1629:
289:
8153:
2908:
1683:
3 (the Tertiary Ideographic Plane) have been tentatively allocated.
8175:
8138:
8133:
8013:
7974:
7815:
7574:
7459:
7350:
7092:
6980:
6930:
6801:
6314:
6117:
6077:
5858:
5851:
5702:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5446:
5431:
5316:
4902:
4543:
3724:
3328:
3295:
3261:
2583:
2474:
2163:
1594:
recognized the characters as being ancient Chinese writing in 1899.
1552:
1456:
in Old Chinese. In the same collection of fragments, the character
1392:
1153:
864:
825:
818:
522:
310:
160:
8195:
5377:
5348:
2565:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC. 2015-10-21
859:
8282:
7789:
7660:
7550:
7525:
7411:
7248:
7102:
7077:
6846:
6753:
6401:
6015:
5826:
5511:
5215:
4895:
4782:
4611:
4207:
1713:
1672:
1165:
1010:
966:
348:
2376:
9283:
7027:
6839:
6758:
6703:
6411:
6082:
5597:
5274:
5076:
2931:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
2560:"L2/15-280: Request for comment on encoding Oracle Bone Script"
1876:"Duoshi" chapter also refers to use of such books by the Shang.
1419:
1387:
1259:
962:
754:
2668:
The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System
1579:
1460:
was surmised to be a place name, since the semantic component
7650:
7645:
7495:
7278:
7179:
6866:
5777:
5506:
4787:
1934:; the percentages do not add up to 100% due to rounding; see
1230:, depicting a hand holding a writing brush) and bamboo book (
1045:
958:
417:
412:
356:
2404:
2347:
2345:
1247:
turned 90 degrees, are present in oracle bone inscriptions.
8128:
8023:
5602:
2499:
2000:
by Diviner Lü: if the king travels to , will there be harm?
1885:
Identification of these graphs is based on consultation of
804:
3269:
2366:
2364:
2203:
2201:
3014:
Concise Reader of Oracle Bone Inscription Classifications
2342:
329:
315:
301:
1739:
Oracle script inquiry about rain: "Today, will it rain?"
257:
2735:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing University Press.
2392:
2361:
2198:
2060:
2831:
Liu Xiang (刘翔) Li, Xueqin; et al., eds. (1989).
2432:
1028:'shell and bone script'), which is an abbreviation of
1843:
1234:
1225:
1077:
1065:
1054:
1035:
1023:
233:
219:
203:
189:
165:
151:
2332:
2330:
2612:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6, Table 20.
2515:
2420:
1656:, the largest published collection of oracle bones.
939:, usually either the shoulder bones of oxen or the
278:
2955:The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters
2948:The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters
2816:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Wenshizhe chubanshe.
2186:
1938:for explanations of the various types listed here.
1333:Comparison of oracle bone script, large and small
1016:The common Chinese term for oracle bone script is
961:, the site of the final Shang capital (modern-day
2327:
2315:
2018:
1616:was the first serious researcher of oracle bones.
1221:periods, because the graphs for a writing brush (
947:royal family. These divinations took the form of
9509:
1671:A proposal to include the oracle bone script in
2303:
2839:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe.
2244:Wang Yuxin (王宇信); Wei Jianzhen (魏建震) (2010).
2226:. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Institute. p.
8267:
5660:
5393:
3344:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3093:
3016:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
2693:] (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
2239:
2237:
1991:
1961:
1950:
1605:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1403:
1397:
1071:
1060:
1049:
1029:
1017:
905:
113:
5674:
5143:
2776:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2757:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2670:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
2636:
2607:
2078:
1853:
1751:Oracle script inquiry about rain (annotated)
1070:'to engrave'). A previously common term was
1059:'to divine'), or the method of inscription (
985:have continued to be discovered since 2000.
2733:General Introduction to Chinese Paleography
1124:, and the study of oracle bones was called
8274:
8260:
5667:
5653:
5400:
5386:
5364:
5134:
3351:
3337:
3100:
3086:
2234:
2093:(1). Cambridge University Press: 155–175.
2072:
912:
898:
3107:
2993:Chinese writing: its origin and evolution
2923:
2771:
2749:
2608:Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A. (1978).
2456:Multi-function Chinese Character Database
2398:
2386:
2370:
2207:
2098:
2066:
1898:
1471:Oracle bone script forms, from the left:
1370:'autumn' now appears with the components
1266:
2995:. Macau: University of East Asia Press.
2219:
1996:Translation: Prognostication on the day
1578:
1551:
1541:
1466:
1418:
1328:
1283:
1272:
1249:
1203:
1164:
1152:
1004:
5472:Languages by writing system /
5059:
3056:
2837:Reader of Shang–Zhou Ancient Characters
2707:
2533:
2243:
1958:This was the first time that the graph
9510:
2536:History, languages, and lexicographers
2121:. Yale University Press. p. 217.
1243:bound with horizontal strings, like a
331:
235:
9411:American Printing House for the Blind
9187:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
8839:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
8255:
8045:
8000:
7893:
7572:
7457:
6799:
6013:
5775:
5758:
5648:
5381:
3332:
3081:
2894:
2662:
2438:
2426:
2410:
2192:
2113:
1915:
7894:
3358:
3060:Oracle records from the Waste of Yin
3007:
2990:
2875:
2684:
2486:
2276:
2149:
2024:
1931:
1886:
1666:
657:Standard Form of National Characters
8281:
5407:
3038:
2957:] (in Chinese). Taipei: Caves.
2853:
2830:
2807:
2726:
2509:
2505:
2414:
2382:
2351:
2336:
2321:
2309:
1902:
1890:
1866:
13:
8001:
5479:Ancient languages corpuses by size
2971:
2945:
2790:
2521:
2355:
2287:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2254:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2036:
1927:
1894:
1818:
14:
9554:
3032:
2880:. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.
2646:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
2042:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
1412:'turtle' and the addition of the
1323:major types of Chinese characters
5363:
4841:Literary and colloquial readings
4713:
1936:Chinese character classification
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1705:
1693:
1391:
1390:– with a variant depicting fire
1326:compounds, and 6% undetermined.
1183:, the oracle bone script of the
746:Literary and colloquial readings
384:
28:
8046:
2629:
2601:
2576:
2552:
2527:
2480:
2462:
2444:
2270:
2213:
1984:
1941:
1921:
1907:
1879:
1859:
1852:dialectal variant of this word
1833:
1824:
1556:Hand copy of a Zhou inscription
927:is the oldest attested form of
357:
330:
316:
302:
279:
258:
16:Ancient form of written Chinese
5740:Languages by writing system /
3311:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3199:
3187:
3127:
3057:Menzies, James Mellon (1917).
2772:——— (2000).
2710:The Origins of Chinese Writing
2143:
2117:(2001). "The Changes (Yi 易)".
2107:
2030:
1811:
1574:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1085:
649:Nan Min Recommended Characters
234:
220:
204:
190:
167:
166:
152:
114:
1:
9179:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
9135:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7573:
7458:
6800:
3063:. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh.
2929:Chinese History: A New Manual
2685:Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) (2003).
2283:General Theory of Oraculology
2252:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
2119:The Five "Confucian" Classics
2007:
1727:Oracle script from a divining
1565:
1444:'altar' as the semantic and
974:
54:
9390:National Braille Association
9369:Braille Institute of America
9087:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
6014:
5484:Undeciphered writing systems
5369:List of varieties of Chinese
2972:Xu Yahui (許雅惠), ed. (2002).
2808:Liu Xinglong (刘兴隆) (1997).
2012:
1869:, pp. 62–63 notes, the
1179:Along with the contemporary
1082:'Yinxu divinatory texts').
7:
9270:Refreshable braille display
9249:Optical braille recognition
8846:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8378:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
7521:New Epoch Notation Painting
5489:Creators of writing systems
3270:Derived from regular script
2791:Li Xiaoding (李孝定) (1968).
2712:. Oxford University Press.
2648:. Oxford University Press.
2538:. De Gruyter. p. 108.
2487:Wang, Entian (2015-08-27).
2250:Introduction to Oraculology
2220:Chalfant, Frank H. (1906).
1972:: if the king performs the
1844:
1679:U+35400–U+36BFF in Unicode
1548:Chinese bronze inscriptions
1235:
1226:
1078:
1066:
1055:
1036:
1024:
1009:Fragments of divination on
641:(Hong Kong, 2007)
630:General Standard Characters
10:
9559:
9337:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
5776:
5418:Index of language articles
5327:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3008:Zhao Cheng (趙誠) (2009) .
2814:New Oracle Bone Dictionary
2277:Wang Yuxin (王宇信) (1999).
2054:10.1163/156852302322454585
1799:Shang oracle bone numerals
1686:
1545:
1138:Neolithic symbols in China
1135:
1131:
886:Transliteration of Chinese
443:Neolithic symbols in China
9469:
9420:
9360:
9293:
9203:
9149:
9112:
9073:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
9052:
9033:
9014:
8919:
8825:
8786:
8713:
8640:
8339:
8332:
8293:
8251:
8054:
8041:
8009:
7996:
7947:
7906:
7902:
7889:
7865:
7829:
7803:
7752:
7709:
7674:
7594:
7587:Chinese family of scripts
7585:
7581:
7568:
7466:
7453:
7404:
6812:
6808:
6795:
6657:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
6644:
6292:
6035:
6026:
6022:
6009:
5784:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5754:
5742:by first written accounts
5711:
5690:
5686:
5621:
5570:
5497:
5460:
5424:
5415:
5361:
5245:
5214:
5125:
5050:
4992:
4912:
4887:
4849:
4796:
4722:
4711:
4658:
4610:
4565:
4542:
4487:
4478:
4416:
4335:
4310:
4292:
4269:
4206:
4197:
4160:
4137:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4017:
3977:
3904:
3882:
3854:
3836:
3810:
3787:
3723:
3714:
3691:
3661:
3638:
3562:
3502:
3474:
3451:
3428:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3366:
3260:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3115:
1992:
1977:
1962:
1951:
1840:
1606:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1342:
1307:
1303:
1288:
1277:
1231:
1222:
1170:
1158:
1072:
1061:
1050:
1030:
1018:
991:Chinese family of scripts
398:Chinese family of scripts
368:
347:
340:
323:
309:
295:
288:
272:
265:
251:
244:
227:
213:
197:
183:
159:
145:
138:
133:
129:
121:
107:
103:
98:
82:
77:
67:
48:
36:
27:
21:
9533:Obsolete writing systems
9060:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8323:Unicode braille patterns
8309:International uniformity
6764:Thomas Natural Shorthand
5474:by first written account
3044:
3009:
2950:
2876:Shen, Chen, ed. (2002).
2832:
2809:
2792:
2728:
2686:
2278:
2245:
1854:Baxter & Sagart 2014
1804:
1787:Oracle script for Winter
1775:Oracle script for Autumn
1763:Oracle script for Spring
1635:Records of the Historian
1146:
638:Commonly-Used Characters
9397:Blindness organizations
9376:Braille Without Borders
9165:Canadian currency marks
8787:Egyptian lineage family
7970:Southwest Paleohispanic
5442:History of the alphabet
2727:Gao Ming (高明) (1996).
2708:Demattè, Paola (2022).
1930:, p. 95, cited in
1430:phono-semantic compound
1241:bamboo and wooden slips
1113:Chinese Upper Antiquity
1000:
611:Collation and standards
8714:Russian lineage family
8114:Great Lakes Algonquian
7023:Greco-Iberian alphabet
6956:Gabelsberger shorthand
5899:Inscriptional Parthian
2991:Woon, Wee Lee (1987).
2946:Wu, Teresa L. (1990).
1990:The full inscription:
1956:
1584:
1557:
1538:
1424:
1346:
1292:
1281:
1267:Structure and function
1255:
1213:
1212:(third and sixth rows)
1174:
1162:
1013:
873:Slavonic transcription
716:Japanese script reform
701:Traditional characters
9478:Accessible publishing
9404:Schools for the blind
9383:Japan Braille Library
9172:Computer Braille Code
8826:Indian lineage family
8206:Old Persian cuneiform
7073:Carolingian minuscule
5879:Ancient North Arabian
3109:Chinese script styles
2803:(in Chinese): 84–106.
2223:Early Chinese Writing
1948:
1582:
1555:
1546:Further information:
1542:Zhou-era inscriptions
1470:
1422:
1332:
1287:
1276:
1253:
1207:
1168:
1156:
1042:Early Chinese Writing
1008:
689:Simplified characters
125:shell and bone script
9523:Chinese script style
9242:Mountbatten Brailler
8597:(largely reassigned)
8380:(largely reassigned)
7929:Southeastern Iberian
7924:Northeastern Iberian
5822:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3278:Ming / Song
2801:Nanyang Daxue Xuebao
2584:"Roadmap to the TIP"
2285:] (in Chinese).
2152:Current Anthropology
1169:Oracle bone form of
1157:Oracle bone form of
941:plastrons of turtles
9194:Nemeth braille code
8980:(reassigned vowels)
8505:(extended to 8-dot)
8079:Canadian Aboriginal
7965:Khitan small script
7687:Khitan large script
6877:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
3234:Semi-cursive script
3116:Handwritten scripts
2925:Wilkinson, Endymion
2751:Keightley, David N.
2100:10.1017/RDC.2020.90
1675:is being prepared.
1569: 1046 BC
1037:guījiǎ shòugǔ wénzì
980:, divination using
660:(Taiwan, 1982)
652:(Taiwan, 2009)
62: 1050 BC
9228:Braille translator
9205:Braille technology
9181:(science; GS8/GS6)
9150:Symbols in braille
9080:Taiwanese Mandarin
8595:Taiwanese Mandarin
8201:Nwagu Aneke script
7753:Other logosyllabic
7675:Chinese-influenced
7614:Oracle bone script
7596:Chinese characters
7531:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
6921:Eclectic shorthand
6909:Duployan shorthand
6862:Caucasian Albanian
6662:Canadian syllabics
5698:History of writing
5583:Canadian syllabics
5452:Scripts in Unicode
5437:History of writing
5322:Cantonese Bopomofo
5189:Chinese characters
5117:Written Sichuanese
3701:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
3124:Oracle bone script
3050:Yinxu inscriptions
2638:Baxter, William H.
2588:Unicode Consortium
2489:"王恩田：王獻唐先生征集甲骨文考釋"
1848:is derived from a
1660:Ken-ichi Takashima
1585:
1558:
1539:
1513:'beasts of prey',
1458:⟨阝心⟩
1425:
1374:'plant stalk' and
1347:
1293:
1282:
1256:
1214:
1175:
1163:
1107:) is the study of
1014:
925:Oracle bone script
672:(Japan, 2010)
378:Chinese characters
99:Oracle bone script
22:Oracle bone script
9505:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9423:tactile alphabets
9351:William Bell Wait
9344:Sabriye Tenberken
9145:
9144:
9010:
9009:
8995:(Japanese vowels)
8793:-mediated scripts
8720:-mediated scripts
8247:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8099:Ditema tsa Dinoko
8037:
8036:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7705:
7704:
7564:
7563:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6640:
6639:
6005:
6004:
5992:Teeline Shorthand
5750:
5749:
5642:
5641:
5634:In Southeast Asia
5375:
5374:
5357:
5356:
5184:
5183:
5102:Written Cantonese
5097:
5096:
4879:Classical grammar
4874:Cantonese grammar
4709:
4708:
4606:
4605:
4412:
4411:
4331:
4330:
4193:
4192:
3900:
3899:
3687:
3686:
3577:Chengdu–Chongqing
3370:Sinitic languages
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3070:978-0-659-90806-3
3023:978-7-101-00254-6
2983:978-957-562-420-0
2964:978-957-606-002-1
2938:978-0-674-08846-7
2887:978-0-88854-441-4
2868:978-1-55729-071-7
2846:978-7-80006-238-4
2823:978-7-80173-355-9
2783:978-1-55729-070-0
2764:978-0-520-02969-9
2742:978-7-301-02285-6
2719:978-0-19-763576-6
2700:978-957-671-995-0
2677:978-0-940490-18-5
2664:Boltz, William G.
2655:978-0-19-994537-5
2619:978-0-521-21821-4
2545:978-3-11-134107-1
2524:, pp. 16–19.
2441:, pp. 31–33.
2296:978-7-5004-0329-6
2263:978-7-5004-8878-1
2128:978-0-300-13033-1
1856:, pp. 42–43.
1667:Computer encoding
1239:, a book of thin
1181:bronzeware script
1048:, their purpose (
922:
921:
786:Zetian characters
618:Kangxi Dictionary
372:
371:
364:
363:
297:Yale Romanization
140:Standard Mandarin
94:
93:
9550:
9494:
9487:
9485:Braille literacy
9480:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9434:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9332:
9325:
9318:
9311:
9304:
9286:
9279:
9277:Slate and stylus
9272:
9265:
9263:Perkins Brailler
9258:
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9221:Braille embosser
9216:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9174:
9167:
9160:
9138:
9130:
9123:
9105:
9098:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9045:
9042:American Braille
9026:
9023:Algerian Braille
9003:
8996:
8988:
8981:
8973:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8944:
8937:
8930:
8912:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8848:
8841:
8818:
8810:
8803:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8506:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8407:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8337:
8336:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8287:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8253:
8252:
8043:
8042:
7998:
7997:
7904:
7903:
7896:Semi-syllabaries
7891:
7890:
7592:
7591:
7583:
7582:
7570:
7569:
7455:
7454:
6810:
6809:
6797:
6796:
6699:Japanese Braille
6284:Zanabazar square
6153:Nepalese scripts
6043:Bengali–Assamese
6033:
6032:
6024:
6023:
6011:
6010:
5928:Pitman shorthand
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5755:
5688:
5687:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5571:Current examples
5552:Semi-syllabaries
5402:
5395:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5366:
5339:Taiwanese Hangul
5228:Mainland Chinese
5141:
5140:
5132:
5131:
5057:
5056:
4734:Standard Chinese
4717:
4485:
4484:
4204:
4203:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4087:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3721:
3720:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3360:Chinese language
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3267:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3053:
3027:
3004:
2987:
2968:
2942:
2920:
2891:
2872:
2850:
2827:
2804:
2787:
2768:
2746:
2723:
2704:
2687:秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察
2681:
2659:
2624:
2623:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2478:
2477:: 从禾，省聲。𪛁，籒文不省。
2466:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2289:. pp. 3–4.
2274:
2268:
2267:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2217:
2211:
2208:Wilkinson (2015)
2205:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1839:The modern word
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1709:
1697:
1609:
1608:
1570:
1567:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:(modern reading
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:on the left and
1435:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1344:
1309:
1305:
1290:
1279:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1172:
1160:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1020:
979:
976:
914:
907:
900:
633:(PRC, 2013)
599:Digital encoding
518:Modern typefaces
401:
388:
374:
373:
360:
359:
336:
335:
334:
319:
318:
317:gaap3 gwat1 man4
305:
304:
284:
283:
282:
261:
260:
240:
239:
238:
223:
222:
209:
208:
207:
193:
192:
179:
178:
177:
175:
171:
155:
154:
131:
130:
117:
116:
96:
95:
63:
59:
56:
32:
19:
18:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9497:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9430:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9356:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9314:
9309:Charles Barbier
9307:
9300:
9289:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9177:
9170:
9163:
9156:
9141:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9085:
9078:
9071:
9064:
9059:
9048:
9040:
9034:Frequency-based
9029:
9021:
9006:
8999:
8991:
8984:
8976:
8969:
8962:
8955:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8915:
8907:
8900:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8865:
8858:
8851:
8844:
8837:
8830:Bharati Braille
8827:
8821:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8788:
8782:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8715:
8709:
8702:
8697:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8668:
8661:
8654:
8647:
8636:
8629:
8622:
8615:
8608:
8601:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8544:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8410:
8404:Unified English
8398:
8391:
8384:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8333:Braille scripts
8328:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8235:
8050:
8033:
8029:Stokoe notation
8005:
7984:
7943:
7898:
7877:
7861:
7825:
7804:Logoconsonantal
7799:
7748:
7701:
7670:
7577:
7560:
7541:Siglas poveiras
7462:
7441:
7400:
7304:Younger Futhark
7008:Gregg shorthand
6804:
6783:
6636:
6288:
6018:
6001:
5780:
5763:
5746:
5719:Writing systems
5707:
5682:
5680:writing systems
5673:
5643:
5638:
5617:
5566:
5493:
5468:Writing systems
5456:
5420:
5411:
5409:Writing systems
5406:
5376:
5371:
5353:
5290:Tongyong Pinyin
5270:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
5258:Dungan Cyrillic
5241:
5210:
5180:
5121:
5112:Written Hokkien
5093:
5052:
5046:
5022:Middle Mandarin
4988:
4908:
4883:
4845:
4792:
4725:
4718:
4705:
4654:
4602:
4561:
4538:
4474:
4408:
4327:
4306:
4288:
4265:
4189:
4156:
4133:
4077:
4013:
3973:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3896:
3878:
3850:
3832:
3806:
3783:
3710:
3683:
3657:
3634:
3558:
3498:
3470:
3447:
3424:
3373:
3362:
3357:
3327:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3276:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3210:Clerical script
3208:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3111:
3106:
3071:
3046:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3011:
3010:甲骨文簡明詞典——卜辭分類讀本
2984:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2909:10.2307/3249839
2888:
2869:
2859:Chinese Writing
2855:Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)
2847:
2834:
2824:
2811:
2794:
2784:
2765:
2743:
2730:
2720:
2701:
2688:
2678:
2656:
2642:Sagart, Laurent
2632:
2627:
2620:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2148:
2144:
2129:
2112:
2108:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1669:
1577:
1568:
1550:
1544:
1531:'to lead', and
1457:
1341:characters for
1295:
1294:
1269:
1177:
1176:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1088:
1003:
977:
929:written Chinese
918:
878:
877:
869:
856:
833:
799:
798:Derived systems
791:
790:
781:
771:
770:
760:
750:
741:
730:
729:
712:
684:
676:
675:
663:
644:
625:
612:
604:
603:
551:
547:Properties and
540:
539:
514:
486:
461:
448:
437:
408:Written Chinese
404:
395:
280:
215:Tongyong Pinyin
205:
185:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
173:
169:
122:Literal meaning
85:
78:Related scripts
61:
57:
51:
44:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9556:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9473:
9471:
9470:Related topics
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9446:New York Point
9442:
9435:
9427:
9425:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9333:
9330:Harris Mowbray
9326:
9319:
9312:
9305:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9214:Braille e-book
9209:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9175:
9168:
9161:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9131:
9124:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9099:
9092:
9091:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9056:
9054:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8997:
8989:
8982:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8938:
8931:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8905:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8834:
8832:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8811:
8804:
8796:
8794:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8723:
8721:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8666:
8659:
8652:
8644:
8642:
8635:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8499:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8396:
8389:
8382:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8345:
8343:
8341:French-ordered
8334:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8290:
8279:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8256:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8181:Linear Elamite
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8003:Sign languages
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7980:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7955:Espanca script
7951:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7914:Linear Elamite
7910:
7908:
7900:
7899:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7795:Yi (Classical)
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7621:
7619:Bronze scripts
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7589:
7579:
7578:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7432:Flag semaphore
7429:
7427:New York Point
7424:
7422:Telegraph code
7419:
7417:Maritime flags
7414:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7371:Visible Speech
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7341:Sorang Sompeng
7338:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7225:Galik alphabet
7222:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7123:Tironian notes
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6966:Garay alphabet
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6806:
6805:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6749:Sorang Sompeng
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6672:Déné syllabics
6669:
6659:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Proto-Sinaitic
5930:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5622:Related topics
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5568:
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5539:
5534:
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5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
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5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5464:
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5458:
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5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
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5405:
5404:
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5390:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Taiwanese kana
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5305:Lessing-Othmer
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5235:
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5220:
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5212:
5211:
5209:
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5202:
5201:
5196:
5185:
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5169:
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5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Written Dungan
5104:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5012:Middle Chinese
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4979:Wubi (Wang Ma)
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4924:
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4909:
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4855:
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4798:
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4774:
4773:
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4771:
4766:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:Xiangnan Tuhua
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Shaozhou Tuhua
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
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4608:
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4590:
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4509:
4504:
4493:
4491:
4482:
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4472:
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4465:
4460:
4450:
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4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4275:
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4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3594:Renshou–Fushun
3591:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3504:Central Plains
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3246:Cursive script
3242:
3230:
3222:Regular script
3218:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3144:
3132:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3054:
3034:
3033:External links
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3005:
2988:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2921:
2903:(3): 239–246.
2892:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2851:
2845:
2828:
2822:
2805:
2788:
2782:
2769:
2763:
2747:
2741:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2600:
2575:
2551:
2544:
2526:
2514:
2512:, p. 327.
2508:, p. 67;
2498:
2479:
2461:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2413:, p. 31;
2403:
2399:Keightley 1978
2391:
2387:Keightley 1978
2385:, p. 67;
2375:
2371:Keightley 1978
2360:
2354:, p. 63;
2341:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2295:
2269:
2262:
2233:
2212:
2210:, p. 681.
2197:
2185:
2164:10.1086/588495
2158:(3): 403–437.
2142:
2127:
2115:Nylan, Michael
2106:
2071:
2069:, p. 228.
2067:Keightley 1978
2059:
2029:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1993:戊寅卜，旅貞：王其于，亡災？
1983:
1940:
1920:
1906:
1899:Keightley 1978
1878:
1858:
1832:
1823:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1767:
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1762:
1755:
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1750:
1743:
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1738:
1731:
1729:
1726:
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1711:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1650:editor of the
1645:
1639:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1602:Tieyun Canggui
1595:
1576:
1573:
1543:
1540:
1339:regular script
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1245:Venetian blind
1210:regular script
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1136:Main article:
1133:
1130:
1087:
1084:
1002:
999:
978: 1046 BC
920:
919:
917:
916:
909:
902:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:
880:
879:
876:
875:
868:
867:
862:
855:
854:
853:
852:
847:
839:
837:Jurchen script
832:
831:
830:
829:
822:
815:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
782:
777:
776:
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772:
769:
768:
759:
758:
749:
748:
742:
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735:
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728:
727:
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711:
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624:
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601:
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595:
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587:
575:
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569:
568:
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552:
549:classification
546:
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541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
485:
484:
483:
482:
477:
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460:
459:
454:
447:
446:
438:
432:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
403:
402:
390:
389:
381:
380:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
354:
345:
344:
338:
337:
327:
321:
320:
313:
307:
306:
299:
293:
292:
290:Yue: Cantonese
286:
285:
276:
270:
269:
263:
262:
259:chiaʔ-kueʔ ven
255:
249:
248:
242:
241:
231:
225:
224:
217:
211:
210:
201:
195:
194:
187:
181:
180:
163:
157:
156:
149:
143:
142:
136:
135:
134:Transcriptions
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
101:
100:
92:
91:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
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69:
65:
64:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9555:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9528:Shang dynasty
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9461:
9457:
9454:
9453:Night writing
9450:
9447:
9443:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9419:
9412:
9408:
9405:
9401:
9398:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9361:Organisations
9359:
9352:
9348:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9334:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9323:Valentin Haüy
9320:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9302:Louis Braille
9299:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9235:Braille watch
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9173:
9169:
9166:
9162:
9159:
9158:Braille music
9155:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9136:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9121:Luxembourgish
9118:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9043:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9024:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:Other scripts
8918:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8878:
8875:
8871:
8868:
8864:
8861:
8857:
8854:
8850:
8847:
8843:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8824:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8805:
8802:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8785:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8753:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8712:
8701:
8696:
8693:
8692:Northern Sámi
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:Nordic family
8639:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8607:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8581:South African
8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8529:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8503:Luxembourgish
8500:
8497:
8493:
8490:
8486:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8451:
8448:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8394:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8331:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8316:ASCII braille
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8292:
8284:
8277:
8272:
8270:
8265:
8263:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8250:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7995:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7847:Attic (Greek)
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7785:Proto-Elamite
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7567:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7452:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7299:Elder Futhark
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7190:Old Hungarian
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6724:Masaram Gondi
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6694:Gunjala Gondi
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6506:Old Sundanese
6504:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6449:Old Maldivian
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6432:Bilang-bilang
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Sylheti Nagri
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Brahmi script
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:South Arabian
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:Inscriptional
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5370:
5360:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5253:Cyrillization
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5145:Script styles
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4716:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4469:
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4461:
4459:
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4454:
4451:
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4403:
4400:
4398:
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4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
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4338:
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4321:
4319:
4316:
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4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
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4291:
4285:
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4280:
4277:
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4262:
4259:
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4247:
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4232:
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4224:
4222:
4219:
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4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3136:Bronze script
3133:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Artibus Asiae
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2495:(in Chinese).
2494:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:Shuowen Jiezi
2465:
2458:(in Chinese).
2457:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2429:, p. 55.
2428:
2423:
2417:, p. 29.
2416:
2412:
2407:
2401:, p. 53.
2400:
2395:
2389:, p. 50.
2388:
2384:
2379:
2373:, p. 50.
2372:
2367:
2365:
2358:, p. 12.
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2339:, p. 63.
2338:
2333:
2331:
2324:, p. 64.
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2195:, p. 31.
2194:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2137:j.ctt1nq7hj.9
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2027:, p. 86.
2026:
2021:
2017:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1955:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:Jiaguwen Heji
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1525:'low table',
1469:
1465:
1451:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1316:semantographs
1313:
1300:
1286:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1167:
1155:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1026:
1012:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
986:
983:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
915:
910:
908:
903:
901:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
884:
883:
882:
881:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
823:
821:
820:
816:
814:
813:
809:
808:
807:
806:
802:
801:
795:
794:
787:
784:
783:
780:
775:
774:
767:
766:
762:
761:
757:
756:
752:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
734:
733:
724:
723:
719:
718:
717:
714:
713:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
686:
680:
679:
671:
669:
665:
664:
659:
658:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
640:
639:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
621:
619:
615:
614:
608:
607:
600:
597:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
439:
436:
435:script styles
433:Evolution of
430:
429:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
367:
355:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
333:
328:
326:
322:
314:
312:
308:
303:gaapgwāt màhn
300:
298:
294:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
268:
264:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
237:
232:
230:
226:
218:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
188:
186:
182:
164:
162:
158:
150:
148:
144:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
90:
87:
84:Child systems
81:
76:
73:
70:
66:
53:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
20:
8993:Thai and Lao
8670:Scandinavian
8302:1829 braille
8294:Braille cell
8094:Cypro-Minoan
7960:Pahawh Hmong
7873:Sitelen Pona
7837:Hindu-Arabic
7613:
7170:Mundari Bani
6744:Pahawh Hmong
6553:Tamil-Brahmi
6459:Eveyla Akuru
6454:Dhives Akuru
5921:Paleo-Hebrew
5788:
5724:undeciphered
5547:Pictographic
5542:Phonogrammic
5275:Hanyu Pinyin
5265:Romanization
5172:Semi-cursive
5151:
5017:Old Mandarin
4974:Stroke count
4901:
4894:
4816:Old National
4659:Unclassified
3564:Southwestern
3397:Northeastern
3379:Major groups
3368:
3285: /
3123:
3059:
3049:
3013:
2992:
2973:
2954:
2947:
2928:
2900:
2896:
2877:
2858:
2836:
2813:
2800:
2796:
2773:
2754:
2732:
2709:
2690:
2667:
2645:
2630:Bibliography
2609:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2590:. 2016-01-21
2578:
2567:. Retrieved
2554:
2535:
2529:
2517:
2501:
2492:
2482:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2406:
2394:
2378:
2317:
2305:
2282:
2272:
2249:
2222:
2215:
2188:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2118:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2074:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2020:
1997:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1923:
1918:, p. 39
1909:
1881:
1870:
1861:
1835:
1826:
1813:
1670:
1651:
1633:
1601:
1586:
1562:Zhou dynasty
1559:
1507:'elephant',
1449:
1426:
1364:
1351:Western Zhou
1348:
1335:seal scripts
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:'swine' and
1296:
1257:
1215:
1199:state of Qin
1190:Western Zhou
1178:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1109:oracle bones
1102:
1090:
1089:
1041:
1015:
1011:bull scapula
987:
971:Zhou dynasty
956:
950:scapulimancy
948:
937:oracle bones
924:
923:
824:
817:
810:
803:
763:
753:
740:and readings
720:
694:second round
667:
655:
647:
636:
628:
617:
590:
583:
500:Semi-cursive
451:
441:
396:
342:Southern Min
274:Romanization
253:Romanization
147:Hanyu Pinyin
9538:Oraculology
9492:RoboBraille
9316:Róża Czacka
9256:Perforation
9053:Independent
8951:(Bhutanese)
8686:Greenlandic
8357:Azerbaijani
8159:Jindai moji
8048:Syllabaries
8019:SignWriting
7919:Celtiberian
7821:Hieroglyphs
7624:Seal script
7609:Traditional
7481:Blissymbols
7386:Warang Citi
7361:Tolong Siki
7314:Marcomannic
7294:Dalecarlian
7284:Anglo-Saxon
7264:Pau Cin Hau
7155:Medefaidrin
7108:Merovingian
7068:Blackletter
6976:Asomtavruli
6769:Warang Citi
6578:Ulu scripts
6523:New Tai Lue
6466:Mon–Burmese
6320:Bhattiprolu
6148:Nandinagari
5975:ʾEsṭrangēlā
5734:constructed
5562:Syllabaries
5532:Logographic
5527:Ideogrammic
5344:Xiao'erjing
5206:Punctuation
5199:Traditional
5152:Oracle bone
5136:Logographic
5032:Proto-Hakka
5007:Eastern Han
5002:Old Chinese
4864:Classifiers
4831:Northern Wu
4759:Singaporean
3965: [
3953: [
3941: [
3929: [
3917: [
3148:Seal script
3040:Luo, Zhenyu
2793:從六書的觀點看甲骨文字
2086:Radiocarbon
2048:: 321–333.
1677:Code points
1642:Dong Zuobin
1626:Wang Guowei
1592:Wang Yirong
1575:Scholarship
1416:component.
1382:– either a
1360:Qin dynasty
1358:during the
1356:seal script
1312:zodiographs
1299:Old Chinese
1197:within the
1195:seal script
1118:paleography
1091:Oraculology
1086:Oraculology
995:etymologies
578:Orthography
452:Oracle bone
358:kah-kut bûn
281:Gap-gut vun
206:Chia-ku wen
89:Seal script
72:Old Chinese
58: 1250
50:Time period
42:Logographic
37:Script type
9518:Divination
9512:Categories
9044:(obsolete)
9025:(obsolete)
8817:(Pakistan)
8728:Belarusian
8610:Vietnamese
8553:Portuguese
8539:Philippine
8496:Lithuanian
8149:Hentaigana
8144:Man'yōgana
7604:Simplified
7491:Ersu Shaba
7405:Non-linear
7210:Old Uyghur
7200:Old Permic
7195:Old Italic
7128:Visigothic
7063:Beneventan
6998:Glagolitic
6961:Gadabuursi
6625:Kolezhuthu
6620:Vatteluttu
6558:Tanchangya
6481:Saurashtra
6058:Devanagari
5916:Phoenician
5869:Manichaean
5593:Devanagari
5295:Wade–Giles
5194:Simplified
5089:Vernacular
5082:in Vietnam
4935:Simplified
4922:Biaoxingma
4869:Honorifics
4804:Historical
4749:Philippine
4739:Sichuanese
4666:Badong Yao
4370:Shao–Jiang
4241:Philippine
4049:Xiangxiang
4044:Shuangfeng
3789:Taizhou Wu
3572:Sichuanese
2951:中國文字只起源與繁衍
2594:2016-01-23
2569:2016-01-23
2473:entry for
2439:Boltz 1994
2427:Boltz 1994
2411:Boltz 1994
2193:Boltz 1994
2008:References
1916:Boltz 1994
1620:Luo Zhenyu
1614:Sun Yirang
1519:'turtle',
1185:Late Shang
1079:Yīnxū bǔcí
945:Late Shang
933:characters
812:man'yōgana
738:Homographs
591:xin zixing
584:jiu zixing
556:Components
510:Flat brush
221:jiǎ-gǔ wún
199:Wade–Giles
191:jeaguu wen
60: – c.
9460:Vibratese
9439:Moon type
9432:Decapoint
9113:Eight-dot
9066:Cantonese
9015:Reordered
8978:Inuktitut
8867:Malayalam
8777:Ukrainian
8756:Mongolian
8735:Bulgarian
8698:Norwegian
8663:Icelandic
8454:Hungarian
8412:Esperanto
8364:Cantonese
7948:Redundant
7760:Anatolian
7711:Cuneiform
7639:bird-worm
7575:Logograms
7546:Testerian
7460:Ideograms
7437:Moon type
7324:Staveless
7215:Mongolian
7160:Molodtsov
7118:Sütterlin
6986:Mkhedruli
6852:Bassa Vah
6802:Alphabets
6774:Mwangwego
6739:Mwangwego
6714:Kharosthi
6667:Blackfoot
6630:Malayanma
6501:Sundanese
6496:Sukhothai
6444:Malayalam
6395:Khom Thai
6355:Goykanadi
6279:Tocharian
6232:ʼPhags-pa
6103:Khudabadi
6048:Bhaiksuki
5943:Samaritan
5874:Nabataean
5729:inventors
5629:In Africa
5613:Mongolian
5557:Shorthand
5517:Alphabets
5447:Graphemes
5233:Taiwanese
5223:Cantonese
5067:Classical
5027:Proto-Min
4962:Microsoft
4821:Cantonese
4797:Phonology
4778:Cantonese
4769:Singdarin
4754:Malaysian
4744:Taiwanese
4648:Rongjiang
4638:Yongjiang
4634:Southern
4619:Northern
4593:Luo–Guang
4502:Hong Kong
4497:Guangzhou
4453:Taiwanese
4446:Changting
4380:Zhanjiang
4294:Zhongshan
4261:Malaysian
4256:Singapore
4221:Zhangzhou
4173:Zhongshan
4066:Yong–Quan
3962:Jing-Zhan
3892:Xuancheng
3869:Jiangshan
3748:Changzhou
3669:Junjiahua
3522:Guanzhong
3405:Changchun
3262:Typefaces
3196:Nine-fold
3184:Bird-worm
2857:(2000) .
2753:(1985) .
2666:(2003) .
2172:0011-3204
2038:Li Xueqin
2025:Shen 2002
2013:Citations
1952:丁未卜，王叀父戊？
1932:Woon 1987
1887:Zhao 1988
1648:Guo Moruo
1630:Sima Qian
1537:'illness'
1489:'swine',
1483:'tiger',
1477:'horse',
480:Bird-worm
153:jiǎgǔ wén
68:Languages
9096:Japanese
8957:Georgian
8949:Dzongkha
8935:Armenian
8853:Gujarati
8718:Cyrillic
8649:Estonian
8624:Yugoslav
8560:Romanian
8532:Nigerian
8447:Hawaiian
8433:Ghanaian
8350:Albanian
8211:Sumerian
8176:Linear B
8139:Katakana
8134:Hiragana
8084:Cherokee
8014:ASLwrite
7975:Bopomofo
7830:Numerals
7816:Hieratic
7775:Isthmian
7744:Sumerian
7724:Assyrian
7719:Akkadian
7376:Vithkuqi
7351:Tifinagh
7319:Medieval
7274:Pisidian
7269:Phrygian
7240:Vagindra
7185:Ol Chiki
7093:Interlac
7048:Kayah Li
7038:Jenticha
6993:Veso Bey
6981:Nuskhuri
6971:Georgian
6941:Formosan
6936:Etruscan
6931:Enochian
6887:Cyrillic
6872:Coelbren
6830:Armenian
6729:Meroitic
6719:Mandombe
6709:Jenticha
6573:Tigalari
6538:Tai Viet
6533:Tai Tham
6513:Tagbanwa
6365:Javanese
6315:Baybayin
6305:Balinese
6293:Southern
6188:Pracalit
6183:Pachumol
6158:Bhujimol
6118:Mahajani
6078:Gurmukhi
6068:Gujarati
6036:Northern
6016:Abugidas
5997:Ugaritic
5985:Maḏnḥāyā
5859:Tifinagh
5852:Solitreo
5790:Numerals
5703:Grapheme
5691:Overview
5522:Featural
5512:Abugidas
5432:Language
5425:Overview
5317:Bopomofo
5246:Phonetic
5238:Two-cell
5167:Clerical
5077:in Japan
5072:Adoption
5060:Official
5051:Literary
4926:Boshiamy
4903:Xiehouyu
4859:Numerals
4836:Mandarin
4764:Standard
4724:Standard
4598:Qin–Lian
4588:Yong–Xun
4573:Gao–Yang
4519:Jiujiang
4507:Malaysia
4441:Tingzhou
4392:Wenchang
4353:Jianyang
4343:Northern
4302:Sanxiang
4216:Quanzhou
4199:Southern
4168:Manjiang
4032:Changsha
3992:Nanchang
3987:Chang–Du
3884:Xuanzhou
3874:Qingtian
3828:Wencheng
3774:Jiangyin
3769:Jinxiang
3759:Shaoxing
3753:Hangzhou
3733:Shanghai
3674:Qinjiang
3582:Minjiang
3554:Xinjiang
3512:Dongping
3476:Jiaoliao
3415:Shenyang
3388:Mandarin
3296:Fangsong
3042:(1912).
3001:21757249
2927:(2015).
2729:中国古文字学通论
2644:(2014).
2510:Gao 1996
2506:Liu 1989
2415:Qiu 2000
2383:Qiu 2000
2352:Qiu 2000
2337:Qiu 2000
2322:Qiu 2000
2310:Qiu 2000
2180:62795316
1966:⟩
1960:⟨
1903:Qiu 2000
1891:Liu 1997
1871:Shangshu
1867:Qiu 2000
1380:antennae
1345:'autumn'
1104:jiǎgǔxué
1025:jiǎgǔwén
865:Bopomofo
826:katakana
819:hiragana
779:Variants
722:kyūjitai
573:Radicals
523:Fangsong
490:Clerical
311:Jyutping
161:Bopomofo
9001:Tibetan
8942:Burmese
8928:Amharic
8911:(India)
8888:Sinhala
8881:Punjabi
8860:Kannada
8808:Persian
8763:Russian
8703:Swedish
8681:Finnish
8656:Faroese
8631:Zambian
8603:Turkish
8588:Spanish
8511:Maltese
8489:Latvian
8482:Italian
8461:Iñupiaq
8440:Guarani
8400:English
8371:Catalan
8288:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8283:Braille
8166:Kikakui
8104:Eskayan
8089:Cypriot
7939:Dunging
7811:Demotic
7790:Tenevil
7734:Hittite
7729:Elamite
7682:Jurchen
7661:Sawndip
7656:Chữ Nôm
7556:Zapotec
7551:Yerkish
7526:Nsibidi
7511:Miꞌkmaw
7501:Isotype
7471:Adinkra
7412:Braille
7396:Zaghawa
7366:Vellara
7346:Sunuwar
7336:Sidetic
7331:Shavian
7259:Osmanya
7249:Ol Onal
7103:Kurrent
7088:Insular
7078:Fraktur
7053:Klingon
7043:Kaddare
7017:Archaic
6926:Elbasan
6914:Chinook
6904:Deseret
6892:Bosnian
6847:Avoiuli
6835:Avestan
6825:Ariyaka
6754:Tengwar
6652:Bharati
6613:Serawai
6603:Pasemah
6588:Lampung
6543:Lai Tay
6528:Tai Noi
6491:Sinhala
6471:Pallava
6439:Makasar
6427:Lontara
6402:Kulitan
6375:Kannada
6370:Kadamba
6360:Hanunoo
6350:Grantha
6345:Fakkham
6262:Tibetan
6247:Soyombo
6242:Siddhaṃ
6237:Sharada
6213:Litumol
6203:Tirhuta
6193:Ranjana
6178:Kvemmol
6138:Multani
6123:Marchen
6088:Kalinga
6028:Brahmic
5965:Sogdian
5904:Psalter
5884:Pahlavi
5864:Mandaic
5842:Cursive
5827:Elymaic
5798:Aramaic
5588:Chinese
5537:Numeral
5216:Braille
5177:Cursive
5127:Scripts
4994:History
4984:ZhengMa
4930:Cangjie
4896:Chengyu
4851:Grammar
4826:Hokkien
4783:Hokkien
4691:Waxiang
4671:Danzhou
4643:Guandao
4628:Younian
4623:Tongdao
4612:Pinghua
4552:Taishan
4468:Raoping
4436:Huizhou
4426:Meixian
4402:Banqiao
4375:Leizhou
4365:Pu–Xian
4360:Central
4348:Jian'ou
4323:Longyan
4271:Teochew
4208:Hokkien
4183:Nanlang
4139:Fu–Ning
4119:Changle
4101:Houguan
4092:Eastern
4039:Loushao
4027:Changyi
4009:Da–Tong
4004:Ying–Yi
3950:Yanzhou
3818:Wenzhou
3811:Oujiang
3802:Tiantai
3797:Taizhou
3706:Zhi–Yan
3653:Nantong
3648:Nanjing
3623:Gui–Liu
3613:Nanping
3608:Kunming
3534:Luoyang
3489:Qingdao
3461:Tianjin
3438:Beijing
3430:Beijing
2917:3249839
2833:商周古文字读本
2810:新编甲骨文字典
2799:].
2797:Liu Shu
2522:Xu 2002
2356:Xu 2002
1970:dingwei
1928:Li 1968
1895:Wu 1990
1819:Xu 2002
1714:Wu Ding
1687:Samples
1673:Unicode
1501:'rat',
1495:'dog',
1384:cricket
1280:'swine'
1161:'tiger'
1132:Origins
1126:qiology
982:milfoil
967:Wu Ding
841:Khitan
683:Reforms
561:Strokes
505:Regular
495:Cursive
423:Chữ Hán
349:Hokkien
109:Chinese
9421:Other
9294:People
9284:Braigo
9103:Korean
8971:Hebrew
8902:Telugu
8801:Arabic
8791:Arabic
8749:Kyrgyz
8742:Kazakh
8676:Danish
8574:Slovak
8567:Samoan
8546:Polish
8525:Navajo
8426:German
8419:French
8286:
8231:Yugtun
8221:Woleai
8171:Kpelle
8154:Sōgana
8074:Byblos
7852:Muisca
7770:Cretan
7739:Luwian
7697:Tangut
7516:Mixtec
7486:Dongba
7391:Yezidi
7381:Wancho
7356:Todhri
7309:Gothic
7289:Cipher
7230:Manchu
7220:Evenki
7205:Orkhon
7150:Manchu
7145:Lydian
7140:Lycian
7083:Gaelic
7033:Hanifi
7028:Hangul
7003:Gothic
6951:Fraser
6946:Fox II
6882:Coptic
6857:Carian
6840:Pazend
6813:Linear
6759:Thaana
6704:Sarati
6645:Others
6608:Rejang
6593:Lembak
6583:Incung
6563:Telugu
6518:Tai Le
6412:Langdi
6335:Chakma
6225:Karani
6198:Tamyig
6173:Kummol
6168:Himmol
6163:Golmol
6143:Nagari
6128:Meitei
6113:Lepcha
6098:Khojki
6083:Kaithi
5970:Syriac
5958:Musnad
5837:Ashuri
5832:Hebrew
5815:Elifba
5810:Arabic
5803:Hatran
5778:Abjads
5598:Hangul
5578:Arabic
5507:Abjads
5285:Postal
5280:MPS II
5157:Bronze
5037:Ba–Shu
4957:Google
4952:Pinyin
4888:Idioms
4701:Yeheni
4583:Wu–Hua
4578:Goulou
4557:Xinhui
4534:Dapeng
4529:Weitou
4514:Xiguan
4489:Yuehai
4458:Sixian
4397:Haikou
4387:Hainan
4318:Zhenan
4284:Haklau
4279:Swatow
4251:Penang
4236:Taiwan
4231:Chawan
4178:Longdu
4147:Ningde
4124:Gutian
4114:Fuqing
4109:Fuzhou
4071:Qiyang
4054:Wugang
3999:Yi–Liu
3926:Xiu-Yi
3914:Ji-She
3864:Quzhou
3856:Chu–Qu
3846:Jinhua
3838:Wuzhou
3823:Rui'an
3764:Ningbo
3738:Suzhou
3628:Wuming
3599:Zigong
3587:Leshan
3549:Lanyin
3544:Dungan
3539:Xuzhou
3517:Gangou
3494:Weihai
3484:Dalian
3443:Taiwan
3410:Harbin
3308:Gothic
3067:
3052:].
3020:
2999:
2980:
2961:
2935:
2915:
2884:
2865:
2843:
2820:
2780:
2761:
2739:
2716:
2697:
2674:
2652:
2616:
2542:
2293:
2260:
2178:
2170:
2135:
2125:
1901:, and
1874:'s
1388:locust
1337:, and
1260:stylus
1031:龜甲獸骨文字
963:Anyang
935:into
755:Kanbun
706:debate
622:(1716)
457:Bronze
174:
170:
9543:Yinxu
9137:(GS8)
9128:Kanji
8986:Khmer
8964:Greek
8895:Tamil
8828:i.e.
8789:i.e.
8770:Tatar
8716:i.e.
8617:Welsh
8518:Māori
8475:Irish
8393:Dutch
8386:Czech
8196:Nüshu
8064:Bamum
8059:Afaka
7866:Other
7857:Roman
7842:Abjad
7765:Bagam
7666:Bowen
7651:Kanji
7646:Hanja
7634:small
7629:large
7536:Olmec
7506:Kaidā
7496:Emoji
7476:Aztec
7279:Runic
7254:Osage
7235:Oirat
7180:Ogham
7113:Sigla
7058:Latin
7013:Greek
6897:Early
6867:Cirth
6820:Adlam
6689:Geʽez
6684:Fox I
6548:Tamil
6407:Lanna
6390:Khmer
6380:Karen
6330:Buhid
6310:Batak
6267:Uchen
6257:Takri
6208:Limbu
6108:Laṇḍā
6093:Khema
6073:Gupta
6063:Dogri
5980:Serṭā
5953:Zabur
5938:Punic
5911:Pegon
5847:Rashi
5761:Types
5712:Lists
5676:Types
5608:Latin
5499:Types
5461:Lists
5349:Nüshu
5053:forms
4967:Sogou
4914:Input
4788:Hakka
4726:forms
4566:Other
4524:Shiqi
4463:Hailu
4431:Wuhua
4418:Hakka
4336:Other
4311:Other
4246:Pedan
4161:Other
4152:Fu'an
4129:Matsu
4061:Ji–Xu
4019:Xiang
3969:]
3957:]
3945:]
3938:Qi-De
3933:]
3921:]
3779:Shadi
3725:Taihu
3679:Gyami
3662:Other
3618:Wuhan
3527:Xi'an
3466:Jinan
3172:Small
3160:Large
3048:[
3012:[
2953:[
2913:JSTOR
2835:[
2812:[
2731:[
2689:[
2563:(PDF)
2475:秋 (秌)
2281:[
2279:甲骨学通论
2248:[
2246:甲骨学导论
2176:S2CID
2133:JSTOR
1998:wuyin
1974:sheng
1805:Notes
1681:Plane
1598:Liu E
1450:sheng
1386:or a
1291:'dog'
1173:'eye'
1147:Style
1122:qiwen
1046:Yinxu
959:Yinxu
860:Nüshu
850:small
845:large
670:kanji
620:forms
566:order
475:Small
470:Large
418:Hanja
413:Kanji
267:Hakka
8909:Urdu
8874:Odia
8815:Urdu
8191:Loma
8186:Lisu
8129:Kana
8119:Iban
8109:Geba
8069:Bété
8024:si5s
7934:Khom
7907:Full
7780:Maya
7175:N'Ko
6734:Miao
6679:Dham
6598:Ogan
6568:Thai
6486:Shan
6422:Leke
6385:Kawi
6340:Cham
6325:Buda
6300:Ahom
6220:Odia
6133:Modi
5889:Book
5603:Kana
5310:Yale
5300:EFEO
5162:Seal
4947:Dayi
4544:Siyi
4226:Amoy
3743:Wuxi
3640:Huai
3453:Jilu
3065:ISBN
3045:殷虛書契
3018:ISBN
2997:OCLC
2978:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2737:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2168:ISSN
2123:ISBN
1607:鐵雲藏龜
1402:(or
1073:殷墟卜辭
1001:Name
805:Kana
668:Jōyō
528:Ming
465:Seal
168:ㄐㄧㄚˇ
8468:IPA
8216:Vai
8124:Idu
7692:Sui
7165:Mru
7135:Luo
7098:IPA
6779:Rma
6476:Pyu
6417:Lao
6272:Umê
5678:of
5042:Gan
4942:CKC
4809:Old
4686:She
4676:Mai
4480:Yue
4083:Min
3979:Gan
3906:Hui
3755:(?)
3693:Jin
3420:Taz
3300:仿宋體
3200:九疊篆
3188:鳥蟲篆
3128:甲骨文
2905:doi
2452:"秋"
2160:doi
2095:doi
2050:doi
1865:As
1850:Qin
1632:'s
1219:Han
1099:甲骨學
1095:甲骨学
1019:甲骨文
973:in
765:Idu
533:Hei
352:POJ
325:IPA
229:IPA
176:ㄨㄣˊ
172:ㄍㄨˇ
115:甲骨文
9514::
8226:Yi
3967:zh
3955:zh
3943:zh
3931:zh
3919:zh
3716:Wu
3312:黑體
3288:宋體
3282:明體
3250:草書
3238:行書
3226:楷書
3214:隸書
3176:小篆
3164:大篆
3152:篆書
3140:金文
2911:.
2901:43
2899:.
2640:;
2586:.
2491:.
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2329:^
2256:.
2236:^
2228:30
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1980:.
1963:礻升
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1889:,
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1101:;
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1564:(
1534:疾
1528:為
1522:爿
1516:龜
1510:豸
1504:象
1498:鼠
1492:犬
1486:豕
1480:虎
1474:馬
1462:阜
1454:升
1446:升
1442:示
1438:升
1434:礻
1414:禾
1410:龜
1376:火
1372:禾
1368:秋
1343:秋
1308:犬
1304:豕
1289:犬
1278:豕
1232:冊
1223:聿
1171:目
1159:虎
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