1771:
1207:
1321:
1699:
2618:
1819:
1559:
1575:
1125:
the increased use of computerized typesetting and word processing software, most of which does not directly support right-to-left layout of East Asian languages. However, right-to-left horizontal writing is still seen in these scripts, in such places as signs, on the right-hand side of vehicles, and on the right-hand side of stands selling food at festivals. It is also used to simulate archaic writing, for example in reconstructions of old Japan for tourists, and it is still found in the captions and titles of some newspapers.
1305:
1134:
1184:
124:
1751:
27:
1491:
1407:
1156:
1738:) are often printed vertically in Japanese on one side, and horizontally in English on the other. Postcards and handwritten letters may be arranged horizontally or vertically, but the more formal the letter the more likely it is to be written vertically. Envelope addresses are usually vertical, with the recipient's address on the right and the recipient's name in the exact centre of the envelope. See also
1464:'left horizontal writing'), the current standard. This resembled the right-to-left horizontal writing style of languages such as Arabic with line breaks on the left. It was probably based on the traditional single-row right-to-left writing. This form was widely used for pre-WWII advertisements and official documents (like banknotes), but has not survived outside of old-fashioned signboards.
1482:), while horizontal writing is used more often in other media, especially those containing English language references. In general, dialogue in manga is written vertically. However, in scenes where a character speaks a foreign language, the dialogue may be written horizontally. In this case, there is a mixture of vertical and horizontal writing on a single page.
1386:, the People's Republic of China decided to use horizontal writing. All newspapers in China changed from vertical to horizontal alignment on 1 January 1956. In publications, text is run horizontally although book titles on spines and some newspaper headlines remain vertical for convenience. Inscriptions of signs on most state organs are still vertical.
1802:
Vertical alignment is generally used for artistic or aesthetic purposes like in logos and on book covers, in scholarly works on
Literary Chinese works, or when space constraints demand it, like on the spines of books and when labelling diagrams. Naturally, vertical text is also used on signs that are
1124:
Today, the left-to-right direction is dominant in all three languages for horizontal writing: this is due partly to the influence of
English and other Western languages to make it easier to read when the two languages are found together—for example, on airport signs at a train station—and partly to
917:
may be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from right-to-left, vertically
985:
marks, for example the relative position of commas and full stops (periods), differ between horizontal and vertical writing. Punctuation such as the parentheses, quotation marks, book title marks (Chinese), ellipsis mark, dash, wavy dash (Japanese), proper noun mark (Chinese), wavy book title mark
1923:
Since the late 1990s, W3C (World Wide Web
Consortium) has been drafting Cascading Style Sheets properties to enable display on the Web of the various languages of the world according to their heritage text directions. Their latest efforts in 2011 show some revisions to the previous format for the
1870:
Even though vertical text display is generally not well supported, composing vertical text for print has been made possible. For example, in Asian editions of
Windows, Asian fonts are also available in a vertical version, with font names prefixed by "@". Users can compose and edit the document as
1799:
right-to-left scripts like Arabic, in which case
Chinese may follow the right-to-left alignment. Right-to-left writing direction can also often be seen on the right side of tourist buses, as it is customary to have the text run (on both sides of the vehicle) from the front of the bus to its rear.
1724:
Horizontal writing is easier for some purposes; academic texts are sometimes written this way since they often include words and phrases in other languages, which are more easily incorporated horizontally. Scientific and mathematical texts are nearly always written horizontally, since in vertical
1839:
In modern Korea, vertical writing is uncommon. Modern Korean is usually written horizontally from left to right. Vertical writing is used when the writing space is long vertically and narrow horizontally. For example, titles on the spines of books are usually written vertically. When a foreign
1710:
Vertical writing is commonly used for novels, newspapers, manga, and many other forms of writing. Because it goes downward, vertical writing is invariably used on the spines of books. Some newspapers combine the two forms, using the vertical format for most articles but including some written
1378:
With the proliferation of horizontal text, both horizontal and vertical came to be used concurrently. Proponents of horizontal text argued that vertical text in right-to-left columns was smudged easily when written, and moreover demanded greater movement from the eyes when read. Vertical text
1855:) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found.
1422:, when the Japanese began to print Western language dictionaries. Initially they printed the dictionaries in a mixture of horizontal Western and vertical Japanese text, which meant readers had to rotate the book ninety degrees to read the Western text. Because this was unwieldy, the idea of
953:
in the right hand while continually unrolling the sheet of paper or scroll with the left. Since the nineteenth century, it has become increasingly common for these languages to be written horizontally, from left to right, with successive rows going from top to bottom, under the influence of
1798:
is now comparatively rare, more so in print than in writing and signage. Most publications are now printed in horizontal alignment, like
English. Horizontal writing is written left to right in the vast majority of cases, with a few exceptions such as bilingual dictionaries of Chinese and
1326:
Text on the sides of China Post vehicles runs from the front of the car to the rear, i.e. from left to right on the vehicle's left side, and from right to left on its right side. English text on the right side is also in reverse order. This arrangement is common on tour buses in China as
1676:
magazine), while other publishers may reverse the page flow with use of mirrored pages. When manga was first released in
Anglophone countries, it was usually in the reversed format (also known as "flipped" or "flopped"), but the non-reversed format eventually came to predominate.
1525:
was the last major newspaper to publish in vertical right-to-left writing; it published its last issue in vertical right-to-left writing on 1 March 1999, four days before its 79th anniversary. Other major newspapers had already switched to horizontal writing by 1 January 1998;
995:
Where a text is written in horizontal format, pages are read in the same order as
English books, with the binding at the left and pages progressing to the right. Vertical books are printed the other way round, with the binding at the right, and pages progressing to the left.
1803:
longer than they are wide; such signs are the norm at the entrances of schools, government offices and police stations. Calligraphy – in simplified or traditional characters – is invariably written vertically. Additionally, vertical text may still be encountered on some
1397:
communities, horizontal writing has been gradually adopted since the 1990s. By the early 2000s, most newspapers in these areas had switched to left-to-right horizontal writing, either entirely or in a combination of vertical text with horizontal left-to-right headings.
1374:
In the subsequent decades, the occurrence of words in a
Western script became more frequent, and readers began to appreciate the unwieldiness of rotating the paper at each occurrence for vertically set texts. This accelerated acceptance of horizontal writing.
1107:
in Taiwan is usually written vertically regardless of the direction of the main text. Text in the Latin alphabet is usually written horizontally when it appears in vertical text, or else it is turned sideways with the base of the characters on the left.
1867:. Today, most computer programs do not fully support the vertical writing system; however, most advanced word processing and publication software that target the East Asian region support the vertical writing system either fully or to a limited extent.
1587:
Traditionally, Vietnamese writing was vertical, with columns running right to left as the language used a mixture of
Chinese characters and independently developed characters derived from Chinese ones to write the native language in a script called
1728:
Similarly, English language textbooks, which contain many English words, are usually printed in horizontal writing. This is not a fixed rule, however, and it is also common to see English words printed sideways in vertical writing texts.
1924:
Writing Mode property which provides for vertical layout and text display. The format "writing-mode:tb-rl" has been revised as "writing-mode: vertical-rl" in CSS, but the former syntax was preserved as a part of SVG 1.1 specification.
1544:
on 14 September 1996. Announcements about the impending change in these newspapers in the days preceding often shared a common theme of "appealing to younger audiences". Today, major Korean newspapers hardly ever run text vertically.
1646:
tend to flow in a vertical direction. Page ordering is the same as books that use vertical direction: from right to left. Frames that are chronologically before or after each other use less spacing in between as a visual cue.
1931:
was the first one that had been supporting vertical text and layout coded in HTML. Starting with IE 5.5 in 2000, Microsoft has enabled the writing mode property as a "Microsoft extension to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)".
1116:
Historically, vertical writing was the standard system, and horizontal writing was only used where a sign had to fit in a constrained space, such as over the gate of a temple or the signboard of a shop. Before the end of
1369:
This magazine is printed sideways from the top left, and marked with Western punctuation. This is to convene the insertion of mathematical, physical and chemical formulae, rather than hunt novelty. We ask for readers'
1694:
in a few limited contexts, such as some books on ancient literature, or as an aesthetic choice for some signs on shops, temples, etc. In those contexts, both horizontal and vertical writing are used as well.
44:
1340:
1810:
Since 2012, street markings are written vertically, but unusually from bottom to top. This is so that the characters are read from nearest to furthest from the drivers' perspective.
1270:-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counter-clockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.
1871:
normal horizontal text. When complete, changing the text font to a vertical font converts the document to vertical orientation for printing purposes. Additionally,
91:
63:
937:
are written vertically in columns going from top to bottom and ordered from right to left, with each new column starting to the left of the preceding one. The
3120:
70:
1660:, are aimed at the international market and strive to optimize for translation and localization, therefore make use of horizontal text and speech bubbles.
1008:
in Japanese which provides a phonetic guide for unusual or difficult-to-read characters, follow the direction of the main text. Example in Japanese, with
966:
Chinese characters, Japanese kana, Vietnamese chữ Nôm and Korean hangul can be written horizontally or vertically. There are some small differences in
77:
3019:
3024:
59:
3168:
3059:
1702:
Example of a newspaper article written vertically in Traditional Chinese with a horizontal headline from left to right. The Latin letters and
3087:
2176:
3267:
1996: – Typesetting of Chinese characters (used in China, Japan and (traditionally) Vietnam. Also by the Chinese diaspora around the world)
1826:
1823:
2150:
2125:
2100:
2075:
2533:
1478:) is still commonly used in Japan in novels, newspapers and magazines, including most Japanese comics and graphic novels (also known as
2232:
2492:
1599:, influenced by the Portuguese alphabet, started to be used nationwide to replace chữ Nôm, vertical writing style fell into disuse.
3290:
2874:
1956:
property in version 38.0, later enabled by default in version 41.0. Starting with Google Chrome version 48 in 2016, the unprefixed
84:
3351:
1663:
In some cases, horizontal writing in text bubbles may be used to indicate that a translation convention is in use – for example,
3102:
3039:
1670:
Some publishers that translate manga into European languages may choose to keep the original page order (a notable example is
949:
all facilitate writing in this manner. In addition, writing in vertical columns from right to left facilitated writing with a
2059:
1907:"feature tags" to define glyphs that can be transformed or adjusted within vertical text; they can be enabled or disabled in
1690:
Both horizontal and vertical writing are used in Japan, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Traditional characters are also used in
1667:
uses Japanese text arranged horizontally to imply that a character is actually speaking in a foreign language, like English.
1770:
3321:
2769:
3064:
1840:
language film is subtitled into Korean, the subtitles are sometimes written vertically at the right side of the screen.
3203:
3082:
2974:
2420:
2194:
110:
1642:
tend to use vertical direction for text. Manga frames tend to flow in right-to-left horizontal direction. Frames in
3331:
3280:
3140:
2949:
2799:
2774:
1206:
958:
such as English, although vertical writing is still frequently used in Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macau, and Taiwan.
3346:
3160:
2526:
3341:
3213:
3150:
3125:
3011:
2764:
2033:
1444:
At the beginning of the change to horizontal alignment in Meiji era Japan, there was a short-lived form called
763:
528:
392:
166:
48:
3198:
3135:
2982:
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2889:
2786:
2550:
542:
180:
3311:
3221:
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2734:
1335:
1320:
1698:
1568:
are Chinese characters glossed with their equivalent chữ Nôm characters alongside the Vietnamese alphabet.
3112:
2909:
2859:
2287:
1863:
Early computer installations were designed only to support left-to-right horizontal writing based on the
3356:
3326:
3285:
3275:
3183:
3178:
2519:
3316:
3054:
2939:
2829:
2485:
Grinols, Mark. "Using vertical layout in Internet Explorer 5.5" (Microsoft Corporation, October 2000)
2366:
2341:
2316:
3336:
2959:
2794:
479:
2904:
2490:"Explaining why Chinese characters move vertically (tb-rl)" (a passage from Ishikawa Kyuyo's book)
2484:
2992:
1311:
934:
37:
2879:
2312:
2213:
1242:
There are only two types of vertical scripts known to have been written from left to right: the
992:
mark (Japanese) are all rotated 90 degrees when switching between horizontal and vertical text.
930:
3251:
3145:
2997:
2894:
2839:
1961:
1672:
1625:
1278:
written vertically on the model of Mongolian to supplant those writing systems current in the
3092:
2954:
2899:
2644:
1993:
1795:
2478:
3188:
3074:
3044:
3007:
2924:
2472:
2242:
1937:
1617:
873:
2362:
2337:
1818:
1347:
The earliest widely known Chinese publication using horizontal alignment was the magazine
8:
2834:
2489:
1984:
1941:
1613:
1596:
1263:
1243:
684:
313:
1565:
1558:
3193:
2987:
2919:
2884:
2849:
1739:
1621:
1574:
1534:
1349:
955:
906:
145:(1037–1101). The calligraphy is read in columns from top to bottom, from right to left.
661:
607:
290:
245:
3049:
2844:
2626:
2416:
2055:
1928:
1510:
Traditionally, Korean writing has been vertical, with columns running right to left.
1383:
1650:
Most text in manga is written vertically, which dictates the vertical shapes of the
3233:
3130:
3034:
3029:
2934:
2864:
2710:
2700:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2452:
2008: – Order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are traditionally written
1999:
1712:
1564:
Vietnamese is shown here written right to left, top to bottom. Characters shown in
1394:
1267:
1247:
1149:
is written from right to left, while the plaques on the sides use vertical writing.
975:
565:
203:
1441:'pocket illustrated German to Japanese dictionary') published in 1885 (Meiji 18).
2729:
2715:
2656:
2496:
2460:
2049:
1949:
1703:
1664:
1527:
1496:
1259:
1255:
1214:
999:
971:
922:
3227:
1379:
proponents considered horizontal text to be a break from established tradition.
3244:
2964:
2869:
2739:
2585:
2573:
2011:
1864:
1791:
1725:
writing equations must be turned sideways, making them more difficult to read.
1691:
1656:
1651:
1503:
1304:
1283:
1275:
1251:
1183:
1140:
586:
224:
2265:
1589:
942:
926:
3305:
3097:
2822:
2759:
2690:
2661:
2031:
György Kara, "Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages", in Daniels & Bright
1933:
1804:
1643:
1540:
1515:
1279:
600:
238:
2447:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1630:
In East Asian calligraphy, vertical writing remains the dominant direction.
1133:
2812:
2744:
2724:
2005:
1389:
In Singapore, vertical writing has also become rare. In Taiwan, Hong Kong,
1271:
1173:) written from right to left on the right-hand side of a festival stall in
1118:
938:
698:
651:
572:
327:
280:
210:
138:
1189:
Two examples of right-to-left characters on a Chinese postcard from 1901,
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2695:
2639:
2634:
2602:
2597:
1521:
982:
967:
2506:
2449:
60, no. 1 (1997): 86–94 (available in the JSTOR online journal archive).
1502:
uses right-to-left vertical writing. It uses hanja and small hangul for
1359:). Its first issue in January 1915 explained the (then) unusual format:
818:
3257:
2854:
2817:
2651:
2438:. Translated by Waku Miller. Tokyo: International House of Japan, 2011.
1717:
2501:
2214:"Manga Answerman – How Come Some Manga Are Still Published "Flopped"?"
961:
3173:
2754:
2617:
2563:
2542:
1829:
station in Seoul. The Korean texts were written vertically. The sign
1755:
1419:
1314:
featuring Chinese text written vertically along the strips of bamboo.
1282:. Of these, only traditional Mongolian still remains in use today in
950:
841:
630:
259:
123:
1750:
1426:
came to be accepted. One of the first publications to partially use
26:
2592:
2442:
2177:"Manga critic calls for Japanese comics to read from left to right"
1872:
1774:
Highway markings are read from bottom to top. The right lane reads
1490:
1411:
1163:
1104:
1010:
1004:
905:
Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically.
795:
637:
447:
266:
988:
3238:
2749:
2705:
2668:
1519:
became the first Korean newspaper to use horizontal writing. The
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1406:
2607:
1734:
1174:
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717:
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142:
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Styling vertical Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian text
1639:
1479:
1390:
740:
666:
424:
369:
295:
2511:
918:
from top-to-bottom, and even vertically from bottom-to-top.
1908:
1766:") are written in simplified characters from left to right.
1538:
on 6 April 1997 (the day before its 50th anniversary), and
1334:
The first printed Chinese text in horizontal alignment was
914:
2459:. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
1266:. The former developed because the Uyghurs rotated their
642:
271:
2507:
Unicode Technical Annex #50 Unicode Vertical Text Layout
2436:
Taction: The Drama of the Stylus in Oriental Calligraphy
1454:, literally "right horizontal writing"), in contrast to
1989:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1532:
published its last vertical issue on 31 December 1997,
941:
and stroke direction of Chinese characters, Vietnamese
60:"Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts"
2502:
Unicode Technical Note #22 Robust Vertical Text Layout
2443:
Vertical or Horizontal? Reading Directions in Japanese
1468:
1436:
878:
484:
2423:(in Japanese), chapter 9, deals with the change from
591:
577:
229:
215:
2195:"Flipped and Flopped: Manga Fandom In The Mid-1990s"
1580:
Characters on a Vietnamese edict written vertically.
1494:
768:
397:
2307:
2305:
2014: – Convention of symbols representing language
1685:
1111:
962:
Differences between horizontal and vertical writing
612:
250:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1835:requires two columns which run from right to left.
1237:
970:. In horizontal writing it is more common to use
3303:
3025:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
2302:
1987: – Text that contains both LTR and RTL text
1706:are rotated when written with the vertical text.
703:
689:
332:
318:
3169:Association of East Asian Research Universities
1121:in Japan, those signs were read right to left.
2475:W3C Internationalization Article 13 March 2017
2406:
2400:
2394:
1764:Long live the unity of the people of the world
1473:
1459:
1449:
1431:
1365:本雜誌印法，旁行上左，並用西文句讀點之，以便插寫算術及物理化學諸程式，非故好新奇，讀者諒之。
1168:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1067:
1049:
1042:
1031:
1024:
16:Writing conventions of eastern Asian countries
3121:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
2527:
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2534:
2520:
1715:for some Japanese instruments such as the
1418:Horizontal text came into Japanese in the
3020:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2211:
2047:
1817:
1780:'slow lane' while the middle lane reads
1769:
1760:Long live the People's Republic of China
1749:
1711:horizontally, especially for headlines.
1697:
1489:
1410:Meiji-era playing card manufacturies of
1405:
122:
2457:The Mathematics of Direction in Writing
3304:
3040:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
2263:
2515:
1745:
1430:was a German to Japanese dictionary (
1414:, with its sign written right-to-left
2264:Kaplan, Michael S. (4 August 2005).
1964:browsers, with the exception of the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1824:Dongdaemun History and Culture Park
1344:, published in 1815–1823 in Macau.
981:In these scripts, the positions of
13:
2481:W3C Working Draft 15 November 2012
2479:"CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3"
2384:
2230:
2048:Janhunen, Juha (27 January 2006).
1960:property is now also supported by
1341:Dictionary of the Chinese language
1143:in Beijing. The plaque at the top
978:are more common in vertical text.
14:
3368:
2466:
2002: – Japanese manuscript paper
3204:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
2616:
1686:Japanese and Traditional Chinese
1573:
1557:
1319:
1303:
1230:were written from right to left.
1205:
1182:
1154:
1132:
1112:Right-to-left horizontal writing
25:
2355:
2330:
2280:
2257:
2224:
1944:(since 15.0) has supported the
1858:
1807:and personal letters in China.
1680:
667:
643:
613:
296:
272:
251:
36:needs additional citations for
3352:Natural language and computing
3151:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
3126:East Asian Football Federation
2231:Gu Yue (古月) (11 August 2012).
2212:Deb Aoki (14 September 2018).
2205:
2187:
2168:
2143:
2118:
2093:
2068:
2041:
2025:
1851:
1782:
1776:
1607:
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1238:Left-to-right vertical writing
1226:
1220:
986:(Chinese), emphasis mark, and
879:
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704:
592:
578:
548:
534:
485:
398:
333:
230:
216:
186:
172:
133:
1:
3199:Journal of East Asian Studies
3136:East Asian Judo Championships
2983:East Asia Climate Partnership
2541:
2288:"font-feature-settings – CSS"
2018:
1548:
1274:in turn was an adaptation of
3222:Horses in East Asian warfare
2765:other ethnic groups in China
2399:), author: Jun'ichirō Kida (
2241:(in Chinese). Archived from
7:
2405:), publisher: Just System (
2363:"Firefox 41 for developers"
2338:"Firefox 38 for developers"
2290:. Mozilla Developer Network
2175:Casey Baseel (2 May 2013).
2034:The World's Writing Systems
1978:
1952:got support for unprefixed
1918:
1813:
1506:placed to the bottom-right.
1495:
1469:
1437:
1401:
1382:After their victory in the
1218:on 1 April 1920. The title
1139:Imperial throne inside the
10:
3373:
3322:Chinese-language computing
3276:Needham Research Institute
3184:East Asia Image Collection
3179:East Asian Economic Review
2614:
1843:In the standard language (
1611:
1595:After the 1920s, when the
1294:
1289:
3266:
3212:
3159:
3111:
3073:
3055:Human rights in East Asia
3006:
2973:
2940:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
2785:
2625:
2549:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2367:Mozilla Developer Network
2342:Mozilla Developer Network
2317:Mozilla Developer Network
1845:
1831:
1794:, vertical writing using
1732:Japanese business cards (
1654:. Some, however, such as
1634:Graphic novels and comics
1602:
1485:
1474:
1460:
1450:
1432:
1364:
1197:
1191:
1169:
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1091:
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1075:
1068:
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1043:
1032:
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863:
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541:
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478:
473:
469:
446:
423:
418:
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382:
375:
368:
345:
340:
326:
312:
307:
286:
279:
265:
258:
244:
237:
223:
209:
202:
197:
193:
179:
165:
160:
156:
151:
2233:
1438:Shūchinsōzu Dokuwa Jisho
847:
824:
801:
723:
529:Traditional Chinese
453:
430:
352:
167:Traditional Chinese
129:The Cold Food Observance
3332:Japanese writing system
3141:East Asian martial arts
3088:Archaeological cultures
2391:Nihongo Daihakubutsukan
1721:is written vertically.
543:Simplified Chinese
181:Simplified Chinese
3347:Languages of East Asia
3268:Science and technology
3252:The Book of Five Rings
3146:East Asian Youth Games
2461:Vol.61, No.3, 347–356.
2051:The Mongolic Languages
1836:
1787:
1767:
1707:
1626:Vietnamese calligraphy
1507:
1415:
1372:
1246:and its descendants —
690:
319:
146:
3342:Korean writing system
2551:Countries and regions
1994:East Asian typography
1913:font-feature-settings
1821:
1796:simplified characters
1773:
1753:
1701:
1493:
1409:
1361:
1248:Traditional Mongolian
945:, Korean hangul, and
126:
3291:Traditional medicine
3189:East Asia Law Review
3045:East Asian Community
2735:Indigenous Taiwanese
2313:"writing-mode – CSS"
2266:"Let's get vertical"
2199:Akihabara Renditions
1946:-webkit-writing-mode
1927:Among Web browsers,
1618:Japanese calligraphy
764:Revised Romanization
393:Revised Romanization
45:improve this article
3312:Chinese orthography
2716:Khalkha in Mongolia
2431:in modern Japanese.
1985:Bi-directional text
1614:Chinese calligraphy
1597:Vietnamese alphabet
685:Vietnamese alphabet
314:Vietnamese alphabet
3194:East Asian studies
2890:Hip-and-gable roof
2885:Chinese characters
2495:2 May 2019 at the
2434:Ishikawa, Kyuyoh.
2218:Anime News Network
1837:
1788:
1768:
1746:Simplified Chinese
1740:Japanese etiquette
1708:
1622:Korean calligraphy
1535:Kyunghyang Shinmun
1508:
1467:Vertical writing (
1416:
1393:, and among older
956:European languages
907:Chinese characters
152:Horizontal writing
147:
3357:Writing direction
3327:Japanese language
3299:
3298:
3050:Four Asian Tigers
2453:Nishiyama, Yutaka
2201:. 27 August 2019.
2155:NAVER Newslibrary
2130:NAVER Newslibrary
2105:NAVER Newslibrary
2080:NAVER Newslibrary
2061:978-1-135-79690-7
1929:Internet Explorer
1384:Chinese Civil War
1244:Old Uyghur script
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1057:
1056:
903:
902:
895:
894:
785:
784:
674:
673:
566:Standard Mandarin
509:
508:
501:
500:
414:
413:
303:
302:
204:Standard Mandarin
121:
120:
113:
95:
3364:
3317:Chinese language
3234:Miyamoto Musashi
3131:East Asian Games
3103:Former countries
3035:East Asia Summit
2865:Chinese knotting
2620:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2441:Obana, Yasuko. "
2413:Jasuto Shisutemu
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2334:
2328:
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2323:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2029:
1990:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1713:Musical notation
1577:
1561:
1501:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1395:overseas Chinese
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1323:
1307:
1264:'Phags-pa script
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1158:
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1094:
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1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
976:Chinese numerals
891:
890:
865:
864:
781:
780:
755:
754:
749:
748:
707:
706:
693:
670:
669:
646:
645:
625:
624:
595:
594:
581:
580:
557:
556:
551:
550:
537:
536:
514:Vertical writing
511:
510:
497:
496:
471:
470:
410:
409:
384:
383:
378:
377:
336:
335:
322:
299:
298:
275:
274:
254:
253:
233:
232:
219:
218:
195:
194:
189:
188:
175:
174:
149:
148:
136:
135:
127:An excerpt from
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3337:Korean language
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3262:
3208:
3155:
3107:
3069:
3065:Stock exchanges
3002:
2969:
2781:
2621:
2612:
2545:
2540:
2497:Wayback Machine
2469:
2387:
2385:Further reading
2382:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
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2293:
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2271:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:on 3 March 2016
2235:
2229:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2193:
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2119:
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2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2021:
1988:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1950:Mozilla Firefox
1945:
1921:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1861:
1822:Signage in the
1816:
1754:The slogans on
1748:
1704:Arabic numerals
1688:
1683:
1665:Kenshi Hirokane
1636:
1628:
1610:
1605:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1551:
1497:Hunmin Jeongeum
1488:
1456:hidari yokogaki
1404:
1368:
1336:Robert Morrison
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1297:
1292:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1215:The Dong-a Ilbo
1212:First issue of
1210:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1114:
1034:
1000:Ruby characters
972:Arabic numerals
964:
923:written Chinese
921:Traditionally,
913:, and Japanese
889:
874:Revised Hepburn
859:
858:
857:
836:
835:
834:
813:
812:
811:
779:
735:
734:
733:
679:Vietnamese name
623:
495:
465:
464:
463:
442:
441:
440:
408:
364:
363:
362:
308:Vietnamese name
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3245:The Art of War
3241:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
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3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2965:Chinese zodiac
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Chinese dragon
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Blepharoplasty
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2467:External links
2465:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2439:
2432:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2354:
2329:
2301:
2279:
2256:
2223:
2204:
2186:
2167:
2151:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2142:
2126:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2117:
2101:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2092:
2076:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2067:
2060:
2040:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:Writing system
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1920:
1917:
1865:Latin alphabet
1860:
1857:
1815:
1812:
1805:business cards
1792:mainland China
1747:
1744:
1692:mainland China
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1652:speech bubbles
1635:
1632:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1504:ruby lettering
1487:
1484:
1403:
1400:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1284:Inner Mongolia
1276:Tibetan script
1239:
1236:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1141:Forbidden City
1138:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1029:
963:
960:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
888:
887:
884:
880:
876:
870:
869:
868:Transcriptions
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
848:
844:
838:
837:
833:
832:
829:
825:
821:
815:
814:
810:
809:
806:
802:
798:
792:
791:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
770:
766:
760:
759:
758:Transcriptions
751:
750:
743:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
724:
720:
714:
713:
709:
708:
701:
695:
694:
687:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
671:
664:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
634:
633:
631:Yue: Cantonese
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
614:
610:
604:
603:
597:
596:
589:
583:
582:
575:
569:
568:
562:
561:
560:Transcriptions
553:
552:
545:
539:
538:
531:
525:
524:
520:
519:
516:
515:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
482:
476:
475:
474:Transcriptions
467:
466:
462:
461:
458:
454:
450:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
427:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
411:
407:
406:
403:
399:
395:
389:
388:
387:Transcriptions
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
349:
343:
342:
338:
337:
330:
324:
323:
316:
310:
309:
305:
304:
301:
300:
293:
284:
283:
277:
276:
269:
263:
262:
260:Yue: Cantonese
256:
255:
248:
242:
241:
235:
234:
227:
221:
220:
213:
207:
206:
200:
199:
198:Transcriptions
191:
190:
183:
177:
176:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3369:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:Architecture
2798:
2796:
2795:Age reckoning
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2627:Ethnic groups
2624:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
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2500:
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2474:
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2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:4-88309-046-9
2418:
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2314:
2308:
2306:
2289:
2283:
2267:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2234:警方：竖排从下往上是新国标
2227:
2219:
2215:
2208:
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2357:
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2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2292:. Retrieved
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2268:. MSDN Blogs
2259:
2249:16 September
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2239:Hainan Daily
2238:
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573:Hanyu Pinyin
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480:Romanization
281:Southern Min
273:waang4 paai4
211:Hanyu Pinyin
161:Chinese name
139:Song dynasty
128:
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
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3083:Archaeology
2975:Environment
2840:Calligraphy
2684:in Sakhalin
2640:Han Chinese
2603:South Korea
2598:North Korea
2181:Japan Today
2000:Genkō yōshi
1970:sideways-rl
1966:sideways-lr
1786:'fast lane'
1673:Shonen Jump
1608:Calligraphy
1529:Dong-A Ilbo
1522:Chosun Ilbo
1312:bamboo book
1252:Oirat Clear
983:punctuation
968:orthography
712:Korean name
668:chhiòng-pâi
644:zung1 paai4
620:chiúng-phài
617:chiûng-phài
608:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
341:Korean name
246:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
231:hêng2 pʻai2
3306:Categories
3258:Yi Sun-sin
3093:Bronze Age
3030:Capitalism
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2950:Television
2920:Philosophy
2905:Mādhyamaka
2900:Literature
2855:Sinosphere
2775:historical
2372:7 February
2347:7 February
2322:7 February
2294:30 October
2019:References
1948:property.
1915:property.
1718:shakuhachi
1612:See also:
1549:Vietnamese
1262:— and the
1014:in green:
974:, whereas
927:Vietnamese
773:serosseugi
587:Wade–Giles
402:garosseugi
320:viết ngang
225:Wade–Giles
71:newspapers
3174:CrossAsia
3161:Education
2915:Mythology
2895:Languages
2875:Festivals
2823:Taiwanese
2730:Ryukyuans
2645:subgroups
2564:Hong Kong
2543:East Asia
2272:23 August
1875:also has
1832:동대문역사문화공원
1756:Tiananmen
1638:Japanese
1513:In 1988,
1420:Meiji era
1272:'Phags-pa
1161:The word
909:, Korean
842:Shinjitai
776:serossŭki
405:karossŭki
252:vàng-phài
101:July 2011
3281:Printing
3214:Military
3098:Iron Age
3012:Politics
2960:Yogācāra
2945:Surnames
2925:Religion
2835:Buddhism
2813:Japanese
2740:Tibetans
2711:in China
2701:Mongolic
2679:in Japan
2674:in China
2657:Japanese
2593:Mongolia
2574:Mainland
2493:Archived
2455:. 2010.
2429:yokogaki
2425:tategaki
2408:ジャストシステム
1979:See also
1962:Chromium
1919:Internet
1873:OpenType
1470:tategaki
1433:袖珍挿図独和辞書
1428:yokogaki
1424:yokogaki
1412:Nintendo
1402:Japanese
1177:, Japan.
1164:kasutera
1105:Bopomofo
1011:furigana
1005:furigana
935:Japanese
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796:Hiragana
691:viết dọc
638:Jyutping
492:yokogumi
489:yokogaki
448:Hiragana
297:hêng-pâi
267:Jyutping
141:scholar
3239:Sun Tzu
3075:History
3008:Economy
2988:Monsoon
2930:Scripts
2880:Gardens
2850:Cuisine
2808:Chinese
2787:Culture
2750:Uyghurs
2706:Mongols
2669:Koreans
2396:日本語大博物館
1762:" and "
1590:chữ Nôm
1370:excuse.
1350:Science
1295:Chinese
1290:History
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943:chữ Nôm
699:Hán-Nôm
659:Hokkien
579:zòngpái
328:Hán-Nôm
288:Hokkien
217:héngpái
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3286:Swords
3113:Sports
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2818:Korean
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2691:Manchu
2662:Yamato
2608:Taiwan
2586:Ryukyu
2419:
2160:5 June
2135:5 June
2110:5 June
2085:5 June
2058:
1972:values
1938:Safari
1911:using
1814:Korean
1735:meishi
1657:Levius
1624:, and
1603:In art
1499:Eonhae
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2559:China
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2038:1994.
1942:Opera
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2804:Art
2696:Miao
2635:Ainu
2417:ISBN
2374:2016
2349:2016
2324:2016
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