Vietnamese language

8312:

lasted from 1975 to 1985. The first half of the program (1975–1980) resulted in 1.3 million people sent to the New Economic Zones (NEZs), most of which were relocated to the southern half of the country in previously uninhabited areas, and 550,000 of them were Northerners. The second half (1981–1985) saw almost 1 million Northerners relocated to the New Economic Zones. Government and military personnel from Northern and North-Central Vietnam are also posted to various locations throughout the country that were often away from their home regions. More recently, the growth of the free market system has resulted in increased interregional movement and relations between distant parts of Vietnam through business and travel. The movements have also resulted in some blending of dialects and more significantly have made the Northern dialect more easily understood in the South and vice versa. Most Southerners, when singing modern/old popular Vietnamese songs or addressing the public, do so in the standardized accent if possible, which uses the Northern pronunciation. That is true in both Vietnam and overseas Vietnamese communities.

3021: 2641: 7069: 2964: 635: 5761: 4135: 4339: 4085: 4288: 4237: 4186: 10955: 855: 4426: 4419: 4398: 4391: 259: 7039: 4538: 4531: 4433: 4405: 4454: 4510: 4503: 4482: 4475: 4545: 10426:) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 ( 4461: 3984: 4517: 4489: 385: 5769: 8230: 7118: 4447: 1545:, but were evidently present in the later Proto-Vietnamese stage. Subsequent loss of the minor-syllable prefixes phonemicized the fricatives. Ferlus 1992 proposes that originally there were both voiced and voiceless fricatives, corresponding to original voiced or voiceless stops, but Ferlus 2009 appears to have abandoned that hypothesis, suggesting that stops were softened and voiced at approximately the same time, according to the following pattern: 10349: 271: 10335: 3096:, with over 1.5 million speakers, who are concentrated in a handful of states. It is the third-most spoken language in Texas and Washington; fourth-most in Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia; and fifth-most in Arkansas and California. Vietnamese is the third most spoken language in Australia other than English, after Mandarin and Arabic. In France, it is the most spoken Asian language and the eighth most spoken immigrant language at home. 7097: 236: 8050: 1904:, becoming a voiced fricative. The minor syllables were eventually lost, but not until the tone split had occurred. As a result, words in modern Vietnamese with voiced fricatives occur in all six tones, and the tonal register reflects the voicing of the minor-syllable prefix and not the voicing of the main-syllable stop in Proto-Viet–Muong that produced the fricative. For similar reasons, words beginning with 5806: 3136:. In countries with Vietnamese-speaking communities Vietnamese language education largely serves as a role to link descendants of Vietnamese immigrants to their ancestral culture. In neighboring countries and vicinities near Vietnam such as Southern China, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, Vietnamese as a foreign language is largely due to trade, as well as recovery and growth of the Vietnamese economy. 7020:

slang in daily conversation among teenagers will affect the formality and cadence of their general speech. Others argue that it is not slang that is the problem, but rather the lack of communication techniques for the instant internet messaging era. They believe slang should not be dismissed, but instead, youth should be adequately informed to recognise when to use it and when it is inappropriate.

436: 6711:. It is estimated that Vietnamese slang originating from Mandarin accounts for a tiny proportion (4.6% of surveyed data in newspapers). On the other hand, slang originating from Indo-European languages accounts for a more significant proportion (12%) and is much more common in today's usage. Slang borrowed from these languages can be either 8324:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialects). Thus, the Central and the Southern dialects can be said to have retained a pronunciation closer to Vietnamese orthography and resemble how Middle Vietnamese sounded, in contrast to the modern Northern (Hanoi) dialect, which has since undergone pronunciation shifts. 801:, with roots consisting of a reduced syllable followed by a full syllable, and featured many consonant clusters. Both of these features are found elsewhere in Austroasiatic and in modern conservative Vietic languages south of the Red River area. The language was non-tonal, but featured glottal stop and voiceless fricative codas. 6105:

words created by Japanese to represent Western concepts that were not readily available in Chinese or Japanese, where by the end of the 19th century they were imported to other Asian languages. This first influx is called Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origins. For example, the Vietnamese term for "association club",

6266: 2303:(c. 1259 – 1309). Old Vietnamese used Chinese characters phonetically where each word, monosyllabic in Modern Vietnamese, is written with two Chinese characters or in a composite character made of two different characters. This conveys the transformation of the Vietnamese lexicon from sesquisyllabic to fully 7385:, Gaspar do Amaral and Antonio Barbosa. It reflects a "Middle Vietnamese" dialect close to the Hanoi variety as spoken in the 17th century. Its vowels and final consonants correspond most closely to northern dialects while its initial consonants are most similar to southern dialects. (This is not unlike how 6104:

Japanese loanwords are a more recently studied phenomenon, with a paper by Nguyễn & Lê (2020) classifying three waves of Japanese influence - with the first two waves being the principal influxes and the third wave coming from the Vietnamese who studied Japanese. The first wave consisted of Kanji

8311:

in 1975, Northern and North-Central speakers from the densely-populated Red River Delta and the traditionally-poorer provinces of Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, and Quảng Bình have continued to move south to look for better economic opportunities allowed by the new government's New Economic Zones, a program that

7019:

Whilst older slang has been used by previous generations, the prevalence of modern slang used by young people in Vietnam (as teenspeak) has made conversations more difficult for older generations to understand. This has become subject for debate. Some believe that incorporating teenspeak or internet

6187:

romanisation. These loanwords are coined as "new Japanese loanwords". A significant number of new Japanese loanwords were also of Chinese origin. Sometimes the same concept can be described using both Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin (first wave) and new Japanese loanwords (second wave). For

6166:

The second wave was during the brief Japanese occupation of Vietnam from 1940 until 1945. However, Japanese cultural influence in Vietnam started significantly from the 1980s. This newer second wave of Japanese-origin loanwords is distinctive from the Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin in that

8217:

to Northern and Southern speakers. There is less internal variation within the Southern region than the other regions because of its relatively late settlement by Vietnamese-speakers (around the end of the 15th century). The North-Central region is particularly conservative since its pronunciation

3119:

a representative on the Government Council for Nationalities, an advisory body of the Czech Government for matters of policy towards national minorities and their members. It also grants the community the right to use Vietnamese with public authorities and in courts anywhere in the country. It is

2351:

glide, vowel nucleus, tone and final consonant), appears nearly identical between Middle Vietnamese and modern Hanoi pronunciation. On the other hand, the Middle Vietnamese pronunciation of the initial consonant differs greatly from all modern dialects, and in fact is significantly closer to the

8222:

attitudes, the North-Central varieties are often felt to be "peculiar" or "difficult to understand" by speakers of other dialects although their pronunciation fits the written language the most closely; that is typically because of various words in their vocabulary that are unfamiliar to other

7655:

sought to eliminate Chinese writing, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam. French superseded Literary Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet became required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the

6987:

of the word vô, meaning "in". Slogans when drinking at parties. Usually people in the south of Vietnam will pronounce it as "dô", but people in the north pronounce it as "dzô". The letter "z", which is not usually present in the Vietnamese alphabet, can be used for emphasis or for slang terms.

820:(2nd century BC). At this time, Vietic groups began to expand south from the Red River Delta and into the adjacent uplands, possibly to escape Chinese encroachment. The oldest layer of loans from Chinese into northern Vietic (which would become the Viet–Muong subbranch) date from this period. 8315:

Modern Standard Vietnamese is based on the Hanoi dialect. Nevertheless, the major dialects are still predominant in their respective areas and have also evolved over time with influences from other areas. Historically, accents have been distinguished by how each region pronounces the letters

9000:

Although regional variations developed over time, most of those words can be used interchangeably and be understood well, albeit with more or less frequency then others or with slightly different but often discernible word choices and pronunciations. Some accents may mix, with words such

3301:, whereas the back vowels (u, ô, o) are rounded. The vowels â and ă are pronounced very short, much shorter than the other vowels. Thus, ơ and â are basically pronounced the same except that ơ is of normal length while â is short – the same applies to the vowels long a and short ă . 5908:

and subsequent influence after Vietnam became independent. Early linguists thought that this meant the Vietnamese lexicon had only two influxes of Chinese words, one stemming from the period under actual Chinese rule and a second from afterwards. These words are grouped together as

2307:

under the pressure of Chinese linguistic influence, characterized by linguistic phenomena such as the reduction of minor syllables; loss of affixal morphology drifting towards analytical grammar; simplification of major syllable segments, and the change of suprasegment instruments.

6690:

Other compound words, such as nước non (chữ Nôm: 渃𡽫, "country/nation", lit. "water and mountains"), appear to be of purely Vietnamese origin and used to be inscribed in chữ Nôm characters (compounded, self-coined Chinese characters) but are now written in the Vietnamese alphabet.

8212:

The dialect regions differ mostly in their sound systems (see below) but also in vocabulary (including basic and non-basic vocabulary) and grammar. The North-Central and the Central regional varieties, which have a significant number of vocabulary differences, are generally less

1885:.) Subsequent to this, the plain-voiced stops became voiceless and the allotones became new phonemic tones. The implosive stops were unaffected, and in fact developed tonally as if they were unvoiced. (This behavior is common to all East Asian languages with implosive stops.) 10405:

Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see

8271:

The large movements of people between North and South since the mid-20th century has resulted in a sizable number of Southern residents speaking in the Northern accent/dialect and, to a greater extent, Northern residents speaking in the Southern accent/dialect. After the

6881:

A noun whose literal translation is "buffalo kid". It is usually used to describe younger children or people who behave like a child, like putting on airs and acting foolishly to attract other people's attention (with negative actions, words, and thoughts).

8218:

has diverged less from Vietnamese orthography than the other varieties, which tend to merge certain sounds. Along the coastal areas, regional variation has been neutralized to a certain extent, but more mountainous regions preserve more variation. As for

8248: 4636:

Before Vietnamese switched from a Chinese-based script to a Latin-based script, Vietnamese had used the traditional Chinese system of classifying tones. Using this system, Vietnamese has 8 tones, but modern linguists only count 6 phonemic tones.

9919:

in Vietnamese involves disyllabic words in which the last syllable forms the first syllable of the next word in the chain. This game involves two members versing each other until the opponent is unable to think of another word. For instance:

7650:

The romanised script became predominant over the course of the early 20th century, when education became widespread and a simpler writing system was found to be more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. The

10177:

is played by children. Here a nonsense syllable (chosen by the child) is prefixed onto a target word's syllables, then their initial consonants and rimes are switched with the tone of the original word remaining on the new switched rime.

2800:

de Rhodes' system has two different b letters, a regular b and a "hooked" b in which the upper section of the curved part of the b extends leftward past the vertical bar and curls down again in a semicircle. This apparently represented a

8208:

refers to dialects spoken from the northern Nghệ An Province to the southern (former) Thừa Thiên Province that preserve archaic features (like consonant clusters and undiphthongized vowels) that have been lost in other modern dialects.

9036:

digraphs are pronounced distinctly in the North-Central, Central, and Southern varieties but are merged in Northern varieties, which pronounce them the same way). Many North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for

7159:

in Vietnamese) for official purposes. Up to the late 19th century (except for two brief interludes), all formal writing, including government business, scholarship and formal literature, was done in Literary Chinese, written with

894:

series, and a Buddhist sutra recorded in an early form of chu Nom, variously dated to the 12th and 15th centuries. Compared with Proto-Viet–Muong, the language had lost the voicing distinction on stop initials, giving rise to a

2284:

Old Vietnamese/Ancient Vietnamese was a Vietic language which was separated from Viet–Muong around the 9th century, and evolved into Middle Vietnamese by 16th century. The sources for the reconstruction of Old Vietnamese are

8110:

is considered by the Vietnamese government to be a dialect of Vietnamese, however it is also considered a separate Việt-Mường language or the southernmost dialect of Mường language. The Vietnamese language also has several

3808:(like "ph"), and others are written with more than one letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q"). In some cases, they are based on their Middle Vietnamese pronunciation; since that period, 3304:

The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant.

5920:

Valley by the 1st century CE, and its vocabulary significantly fused with the co-existing Proto-Viet-Muong language, the immediate ancestor of Vietnamese. He lists three major classes of Sino-Vietnamese borrowings: Early

7974:

as the decimal separator in lieu of dots, and either spaces or dots to group the digits. An example is 1 629,15 (one thousand six hundred twenty-nine point fifteen). Because a comma is used as the decimal separator, a

1912:

occur in both registers. (Thompson 1976 reconstructed voiceless resonants to account for outcomes where resonants occur with a first-register tone, but this is no longer considered necessary, at least by Ferlus.)

770:, with a slightly different proposal on subclassification, within which the term "Viet–Muong" refers to a lower subgrouping (within an eastern Vietic branch) consisting of Vietnamese dialects, Mường dialects, and 5897:) as well as other periods of influence. Besides English and French, which have made some contributions to the Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are also a more recently studied phenomenon. 9570:

The consonant clusters that were originally present in Middle Vietnamese (in the 17th century) have been lost in almost all modern Vietnamese varieties although they have been retained in other closely related

8246: 10811:

Sources on Vietnamese variation include: Alves (forthcoming), Alves & Nguyễn (2007), Emeneau (1947), Hoàng (1989), Honda (2006), Nguyễn, Đ.-H. (1995), Pham (2005), Thompson (1991), Vũ (1982), Vương

6781:, which translates in English to "running shows", but its everyday use has the same connotation as "having to do a lot of tasks within a short amount of time". This is an example of transliteral slang. 4136: 4086: 4340: 971:

After France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Literary Chinese as the official language in education and government. Vietnamese adopted many French terms, such as

4289: 4238: 4187: 3115:, Vietnamese has been recognized as one of 14 minority languages, on the basis of communities that have resided in the country either traditionally or on a long-term basis. This status grants the 4698:(入; 'entering'). The reason for the extra two tones is that syllables ending in the stops /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/ are treated as having entering tones, but phonetically they are exactly the same. 13133: 3104:

Vietnamese is the sole official and national language of Vietnam. It is the first language of the majority of the Vietnamese population, as well as a first or second language for the country's

8247: 1865:

distinction developed in the tones, whereby the tones in syllables with voiced initials were pronounced differently from those with voiceless initials. (Approximately speaking, the voiced

7759:

convention, though this is largely unnecessary with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that help type Roman-script Vietnamese on English keyboards, such as

1742:

Proto-Viet–Muong did not have tones. Tones developed later in some of the daughter languages from distinctions in the initial and final consonants. Vietnamese tones developed as follows:

663: 7229:

and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition, thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words using a variety of methods, including

19417: 19397: 6262:

Basic vocabulary in Vietnamese has Proto-Vietic origins. Vietnamese shares a large amount of vocabulary with the Mường languages, a close relative of the Vietnamese language.

11030:

Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.

19560: 19422: 10907:, p. 29 gives the following context: "... a collaborator under the French administration was presented with a congratulatory panel featuring the two Chinese characters 12547: 12482:

Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

4361:

Tonal differences of three speakers as reported in Hwa-Froelich & Hodson (2002). The curves represent temporal pitch variation while two sloped lines (//) indicates a

10396:

The Bureau of Interpreters used Chinese approximations to record Vietnamese rather than use Sino-Vietnamese to record as has been done in Annan Yiyu 安南譯語, a prior work.

6791:. This more modern slang is commonly used in the younger generation's teenspeak in Vietnam. This recent slang is mostly pure Vietnamese, and almost all the words are 16995: 11974:"(Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)" 11846: 626:

and some native Vietnamese words that correspond to the meaning of the Chinese character, together with many locally invented characters to represent other words.

13094:, edited by Ratree Wayland et al. Canberra, Australia, 1–7. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University 6851:-goer in its noun form and to "spilling something over" in its verb form. In slang terms, it is commonly used to emphasize an adjective or a verb - for example, 5904:

phonological and morphological features that original Vietnamese had. The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to various periods when Vietnam was under

758:, etc. The term "Vietic" was proposed by Hayes (1992), who proposed to redefine Viet–Muong as referring to a subbranch of Vietic containing only Vietnamese and 949:

as the formal medium of government, scholarship and literature. With the dominance of Chinese came wholesale importation of Chinese vocabulary. The resulting

858:

An Nam quốc dịch ngữ 安南國譯語 recorded the pronunciations of 15th century Vietnamese, such as for 天 (sky) - 雷 /luei/ representing blời (Modern Vietnamese: trời).

19412: 13744: 3012:

that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. This diacritic is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing.

17527: 11886:

Deborah, H.-F., W., H. B., & T., E. H. (2002). Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(3), 264–273.

10571:

This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of

7744: 2640: 19402: 19387: 19382: 7009:"Lu bu" (from southern Vietnamese) meaning busy. "Lu xu bu" meaning so busy at a particular task or activity that the person cannot do much else - e.g., 839:

when those consonants disappeared. These characteristics have become part of many of the genetically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia; for example,

4027:

tone dot diacritic goes below the vowel). The six tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi), with their self-referential Vietnamese names, are:

561:. Although it is often mistakenly thought as being an monosyllabic language, Vietnamese words typically consist of from one to many as eight individual 1896:(in addition to, and independent of, initial clusters in the main syllable). When a minor syllable occurred, the main syllable's initial consonant was 13175:

Luong, Hy Van. (1987). "Plural markers and personal pronouns in Vietnamese person reference: An analysis of pragmatic ambiguity and negative models".

11973: 3839:

Not all dialects of Vietnamese have the same consonant in a given word (although all dialects use the same spelling in the written language). See the

17130: 9990:

involves switching, adding or removing the tones in a pair of words and may also involve switching the order of words or the first consonant and the

8239: 13311:

Chamberlain, James (2019), "Vanishing Nomads: Languages and Peoples of Nakai, Laos, and Adjacent Areas", in Brunn, Stanley; Kehrein, Roland (eds.),

10418:

ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (

10415: 7739:

character set contains all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that do not support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese

3020: 10982: 17652: 14497: 5772:

A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).

2293:("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents"), old inscriptions, and a late 13th-century (possibly 1293) 19641: 1019:), resulting in a language that was Austroasiatic but with major Sino-influences and some minor French influences from the French colonial era. 498:. Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the 20385: 20375: 19623: 19218: 13851: 7647:

or 'national language script') gradually expanded from its initial usage in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public.

12069: 11714: 10411: 6703:(tiếng lóng) has changed over time. Vietnamese slang consists of pure Vietnamese words as well as words borrowed from other languages such as 19773: 16988: 12865: 2655: 2333: 915: 12227: 19495: 14706: 953:

makes up about a third of the Vietnamese lexicon in all realms, and may account for as much as 60% of the vocabulary used in formal texts.

13144: 19488: 19407: 12178: 13793: 10968: 6969:

Similar to other particles (nhé, nghe, nhỉ, nhá), it can be used to end sentences. "Rửa chén, nhỉ" can mean "Wash the dishes... yeah?"

738:, and Vietnamese were part of what he termed "Mon–Annam languages" in a paper published in 1856. Later, in 1920, French-Polish linguist 20199: 20091: 12419: 10794:

Comparison note: As such its grammar relies on word order and sentence structure rather than morphology (in which word changes through

6212:

pronunciations, having been brought over by southern Chinese migrants, whereas in Hán-Việt, which has been described as being close to

6082:" (literally meaning "soft part"). Some scientific terms, such as "biological cell", were derived from chữ Hán. For example, the word 2796:

Most of the unusual correspondences between spelling and modern pronunciation are explained by Middle Vietnamese. Note in particular:

17532: 13098: 11729: 7628:

Thus, it is possible for diacritics to be stacked e.g. ể, combining letter with diacritic, ê, with diacritic for tone, ẻ, to make ể.

12681: 11834: 11766: 7185:), Chinese script known as chữ Hán in Vietnamese as well as chữ Nôm (together, Hán-Nôm) is still present in such activities such as 20370: 20140: 19533: 19528: 18979: 17544: 16981: 11697: 3093: 746:

is more closely related to Vietnamese than other Mon–Khmer languages, and a Viet–Muong subgrouping was established, also including

10407: 862:

After the split from Muong around the end of the first millennium AD, the following stages of Vietnamese are commonly identified:

19185: 16601: 14750: 12487: 8254:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights spoken by Nghiem Mai Phuong, native speaker of a northern variety.

4021:

Tone is indicated by diacritics written above or below the vowel (most of the tone diacritics appear above the vowel; except the

3116: 1858: 824: 11747: 19831: 19173: 19008: 13105:(pp. 1–9). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies 12385:

Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650

7813:, which means "month". Traditional Vietnamese, however, assigns other names to some months; these names are mostly used in the 1537:

The fricatives indicated above in parentheses developed as allophones of stop consonants occurring between vowels (i.e. when a

449: 13811: 2709:(with the difference between the two often indicating differences in the quality or length of the preceding vowel), and after 19565: 19178: 19081: 17123: 13667: 13592: 13479: 13456: 13320: 13301: 13251: 12853: 12796: 12495: 12328: 12254: 11872: 11819: 11615: 11125: 10112: 11959:"Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce" 20253: 20162: 19523: 19518: 19223: 17028: 14768: 10874:

is increasingly pronounced among educated speakers. Less educated speakers use more consistently throughout their speech.

10323:

This language game is often used as a "secret" or "coded" language useful for obscuring messages from adult comprehension.

6912:

A noun meaning "chicken". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of ability to complete or compete in a task.

19066: 12149: 10915:

meaning 'all the king's subjects'. But those two syllables, when undergoing commutation of rhyme and tone, would generate

7772: 1027:

The following diagram shows the phonology of Proto–Viet–Muong (the nearest ancestor of Vietnamese and the closely related

19636: 19631: 19618: 19392: 14490: 13261:

Alves, Mark (2020). "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese".

7779:

input method is often set as the default for many devices. Besides third-party software tools, operating systems such as

7685:

was still featured on banknotes, but fell out of official and mainstream use shortly thereafter. The education reform by

6814:

Some examples with newer and older slang that originate from northern, central, or southern Vietnamese dialects include:

6030:

In addition, modern Vietnamese pronunciations of French names correspond directly to the original French pronunciations (

2908: 453: 415: 12931: 6954:

as bait for fish. Nowadays it is also used to describe the act of dropping hints to another person one is attracted to.

1632:

It is unclear what this sound was. According to Ferlus 1992, in the Archaic Vietnamese period (c. 10th century AD, when

14895: 13844: 12303: 11044:"The integration of French loanwords into Vietnamese: A corpus-based analysis of tonal, syllabic and segmental aspects" 289: 7351:, unsuccessfully petitioned the Court suggesting the adoption of a script for Vietnamese based on Chinese characters. 6167:

they were borrowed directly from Japanese. This vocabulary includes words representative of Japanese culture, such as

3965: 20305: 20009: 19758: 19714: 19151: 19071: 18992: 12885: 12834: 12815: 12569: 12392: 12108: 11666: 11023: 8093: 7730: 7068: 6092:

in chữ Hán, whilst other scientific names such as "acetylcholine" are unaltered. Words like "peptide" may be seen as

17: 19586: 19076: 19061: 8075: 20016: 19460: 17116: 14699: 13497: 8200:

Vietnamese has traditionally been divided into three dialect regions: North (45%), Central (10%), and South (45%).

7400:

The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29 letters, supplementing the Latin alphabet with an additional consonant letter (

2245: 515: 390: 13284:

Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.).

12131: 10154:

can be used to obscure the original meaning and thus soften the discussion of a socially sensitive issue, as with

10150:

The resulting transformed phrase often has a different meaning but sometimes may just be a nonsensical word pair.

9049:, but the Northern varieties have a three-way merger, and the Central and the Southern varieties have a merger of 2963: 19885: 19768: 19763: 19141: 17004: 14798: 13741: 10136: 6730: 405: 12411:

Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17

7348: 7225:) script to record folk literature in Vietnamese. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed 20360: 20123: 19790: 19746: 19228: 19048: 14483: 14464: 9611:

There are six tones in Vietnamese, with phonetic differences between dialects, mostly in the pitch contour and

8060: 5793:. Austroasiatic origins are so far the most tenable to date, with some of the oldest words in Vietnamese being 4614:

Words with tones belonging to a particular tone group must occur in certain positions within the poetic verse.

3987:

Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi).

12758:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 8. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10883:

Gregerson (1981) notes that the variation was present in de Rhodes's time in some initial consonant clusters:

10432:

The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law

7715:

minority in China (descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam) use songbooks and scriptures written in

7318:

writing reached its zenith in the 18th century when many Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in

2347:). The pronunciation of the "rime" of the syllable, i.e. all parts other than the initial consonant (optional 667: 20355: 20182: 19780: 19603: 19136: 17906: 17225: 13920: 13837: 12150:"What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?" 11930:

LaPolla, Randy J. (2010). ""Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."".

7029: 3804:

Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter (like "p"), other consonant sounds are written with a

797:

This ancestral Vietic was typologically very different from later Vietnamese. It was polysyllabic, or rather

310: 10614:

The closing diphthongs and triphthongs as described by Thompson can be compared with the description above:

7203:

From around the 13th century, Vietnamese scholars used their knowledge of the Chinese script to develop the

328: 20350: 20340: 19937: 19902: 19483: 19347: 19013: 18972: 18881: 18536: 18497: 17539: 17382: 15831: 14891: 13915: 13752: 12591: 12203:"What is the meaning of "tôi chóng mặt luôn, quá lu bu quá mệt (plz english)"? - Question about Vietnamese" 8297: 5901: 5831:

around the 10th to 11th century and become the Vietnamese we know today. For instance, the Vietnamese word

5813:

on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (

3320:. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel 3150: 2923: 2701:

does not occur at the beginning of a syllable, but can occur at the end of a syllable, where it is notated

2204: 2107: 375: 19056: 13332:. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 52). Berkeley: University of California Press. 13154:

Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). "Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects". In D. Bradley (Ed.),

12087: 10630: 10624: 9900: 9892: 9884: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9600: 8204:

and Nguyễn Tài Cẩn found that there was a separate North-Central dialect for Vietnamese as well. The term

7607: 7587: 7567: 7547: 7527: 7003: 6998: 6979: 6964: 6945: 6922: 6907: 6892: 6876: 6838: 6764: 6745: 4320: 4269: 4218: 4167: 4116: 3941: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3896: 3885: 3874: 3863: 3519: 3515: 3503: 3499: 3479: 3356: 3350: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3009: 3005: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2911: 2904: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2849: 2828: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2786: 2779: 2762: 2750: 2726: 2714: 2710: 2348: 1909: 1905: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1723: 1719: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1637: 1619: 1611: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1437: 1427: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1380: 1366: 1336: 1309: 1297: 1287: 1268: 1254: 1244: 1225: 1215: 1203: 1193: 1176: 1166: 1156: 1144: 1134: 1110: 1100: 1088: 1078: 831:

and similar syllable structure. Many languages in this area, including Viet–Muong, underwent a process of

634: 20365: 20345: 20265: 19868: 19824: 19704: 19581: 19342: 19283: 19119: 19028: 19023: 19018: 14746: 14692: 14668: 8188: 5054: 3154: 2131: 844: 546: 284: 10983:"Slovakia: Vietnamese community granted national minority status | European Website on Integration" 9467:

can be found even in mainstream Vietnamese in certain words. For example, the numeral "five" appears as

19949: 19932: 19909: 19731: 19538: 19510: 19374: 19238: 19163: 19146: 14390: 8164: 7756: 7638: 7344: 7226: 7130: 7052:

and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in

6247: 5954: 5922: 5916:

However, according to linguist John Phan, “Annamese Middle Chinese” was already used and spoken in the

5910: 5905: 4617: 3478:

The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is complicated. For example, the offglide

2218: 1715: 1633: 968:

led to an expansion of the Vietnamese people and language, with distinctive local variations emerging.

950: 675: 623: 12014:"Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language by Vietnamese Students and Temporary Workers" 10826: 8160: 956:

Vietic languages were confined to the northern third of modern Vietnam until the "southward advance" (

775: 20380: 20118: 19854: 19819: 19455: 19443: 19213: 19208: 19129: 18322: 15740: 14446: 11653: 11062: 7332:(dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry"). However, it was only used for official purposes during the brief 5930: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3132:

Vietnamese is taught in schools and institutions outside of Vietnam, a large part contributed by its

3086: 2934: 2901: 2802: 2164: 2152: 2044: 924: 787: 14122: 13684:. Southeast Asian language series. Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. 10954: 8174: 7329: 7312:

is found in a list of names in the Tháp Miếu Temple Inscription, dating from early 13th century AD.

6927:

A noun meaning "crocodile". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of beauty. The word

5760: 20036: 19906: 19849: 19736: 19726: 19709: 19598: 19168: 19038: 18888: 17821: 16221: 15760: 15725: 14826: 12458: 11990:

Phan, John (2010). ""Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact"".

11773: 10162:(above), or when implied (and not overtly spoken), to deliver a hidden subtextual message, as with 8277: 8273: 7660:. In turn, Vietnamese reformists and nationalists themselves encouraged and popularized the use of 7390: 7173: 5069: 5026: 3145:) have been established for youth in many Vietnamese-speaking communities around the world such as 3105: 2176: 1877:

and with lowered pitch. The quality difference predominates in today's northern varieties, e.g. in

1541:

occurred). These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet–Muong, as indicated by their absence in

550: 369: 12689: 7641:

literature for more than 200 years. Starting from the late 19th century, the Vietnamese alphabet (

2743:

The language also has three clusters at the beginning of syllables, which have since disappeared:

2295: 827:, in which languages from genetically unrelated families converged toward characteristics such as 20258: 20081: 20051: 19969: 19927: 19352: 19337: 19195: 18965: 18112: 17139: 16922: 16616: 15874: 15785: 15667: 15662: 14623: 14539: 14370: 13893: 8071: 7230: 6708: 5794: 5790: 2337:. It reflects the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at that time, a stage commonly termed 691: 687: 639: 136: 10830: 9488: 20221: 19814: 19802: 19721: 19671: 19357: 18895: 18829: 17842: 17816: 16645: 16462: 16144: 14969: 14964: 14935: 14923: 14459: 14345: 14222: 14141: 13161:

Vương, Hữu Lễ. (1981). "Vài nhận xét về đặc diểm của vần trong thổ âm Quảng Nam ở Hội An" . In

12958: 12722: 11860: 11512: 10367: 8112: 7708: 7487: 7378: 7186: 5950: 5786: 3543: 848: 719: 659: 483: 19691: 14310: 13470:, in Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Ilia, Peiros; Lin, Marie (eds.), 13127:

Proceedings of the 11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology

13103:

SEALS VIII: Papers from the 8th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1998

11803: 11013: 2879:

was based on the lack of any such place distinction between the two, with the result that the

20241: 20231: 20206: 20150: 19942: 19467: 19450: 19332: 18938: 18902: 18834: 16934: 16910: 16633: 16596: 15094: 14506: 13092:

SEALS XII Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002

11449:"Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien" 11398:"Histoire abrégée de l'évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien" 10799: 10434:) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law. 8214: 8156: 8067: 8012: 7988: 7443: 5016: 3988: 3805: 3082: 3049: 2589: 2304: 1980: 1968: 587: 17551: 16808: 14096: 12875: 9864: 9586: 8142: 3514:"ear" is . Similarly, u and o indicate different pronunciations of the main vowel: au = ă + 786:

Austroasiatic is believed to have dispersed around 2000 BC. The arrival of the agricultural

20226: 20216: 20211: 20101: 20004: 19880: 19841: 19809: 19591: 19500: 19438: 19203: 19107: 18909: 18464: 18059: 16581: 16442: 16261: 16241: 16226: 15962: 15927: 15735: 14235: 14184: 13860: 13212: 13195: 10362: 9582: 9575:. However, some speech communities have preserved some of these archaic clusters: "sky" is 8152: 7776: 7337: 6750:

a word borrowed from English used to describe an ex-lover, usually pronounced similarly to

6184: 5065: 3166: 3146: 1992: 1750: 647: 643: 13602:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1949). "Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien".

13236: 13158:(Vol. 8, pp. 55–75). Sydney: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. 13087: 12416:

400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam

11726: 7122: 565:

or syllables; the majority of Vietnamese vocabulary are disyllabic and trisyllabic words.

8: 20236: 20172: 20108: 20041: 20031: 19999: 19987: 19922: 19897: 19785: 19608: 19552: 19320: 19295: 19278: 19273: 19261: 19256: 19158: 18711: 17978: 17357: 17347: 17097: 17036: 16894: 16874: 16638: 16266: 16216: 16211: 15622: 15189: 14773: 14582: 14454: 14365: 13122: 12678: 11777: 10638: 10481: 10443:

There are different descriptions of Hanoi vowels. Another common description is that of (

10372: 8184: 7386: 7374: 7360: 3670: 3648: 3381: 3216: 3185: 3133: 3029: 2945: 2915: 2891: 2863:

was dental. The choice of symbols was based on the dental rather than alveolar nature of

2649: 2525: 2380: 2328: 2189: 2141: 2119: 2095: 2083: 2072: 1324: 920: 900: 569: 519: 465: 206: 70: 64: 57: 50: 20076: 16251: 16236: 14851: 14360: 14340: 13337: 7155: 7144: 20298: 20275: 20270: 20167: 20113: 20068: 19982: 19797: 19753: 19676: 19659: 19124: 19000: 18697: 18590: 18125: 18097: 17879: 17556: 17185: 17152: 17076: 17051: 16839: 16611: 16545: 16494: 16447: 16391: 16121: 16064: 15790: 14946: 14715: 14557: 14330: 14101: 13902: 13561: 13376: 13184: 13068: 13022: 12981: 12775: 12742: 12592:"Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation" 11679: 11490: 11092: 10798:). Whereas European languages tend to use morphology to express tense, Vietnamese uses 10377: 8107: 7495: 7161: 7033: 5835:

meaning "management" (noun) or "manage" (verb), likely descended from the same word as

5081: 5038: 5034: 5012: 3996: 3566: 3002: 2871:

in Spanish and other Romance languages. The inconsistency with the symbols assigned to

2853: 2375: 2004: 1936: 1050: 836: 828: 771: 655: 611: 595: 538: 211: 19681: 16246: 14856: 14350: 14212: 13955: 11654:"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 11448: 11424: 11397: 767: 361: 20155: 20135: 20096: 20046: 20026: 19977: 19892: 19741: 19699: 18839: 18795: 18785: 18706: 18630: 18505: 18437: 18031: 17943: 17745: 17740: 17444: 17066: 17041: 16818: 16478: 16352: 16297: 16189: 16097: 16092: 16049: 15971: 15702: 15682: 15607: 15584: 15357: 15239: 15209: 15051: 15042: 14994: 14984: 14831: 14763: 14436: 14277: 14117: 14086: 14023: 13663: 13588: 13475: 13452: 13380: 13316: 13297: 13247: 13134:"Strata of standardization: the Phong Nha dialect of Vietnamese (Quảng Bình Province) 13035: 13014: 12985: 12881: 12849: 12830: 12811: 12792: 12763: 12565: 12491: 12388: 12324: 12299: 12250: 11900: 11868: 11815: 11811: 11611: 11121: 11019: 7394: 7382: 7100: 5782: 5088: 5053:

distinction). Also like other languages in the region, Vietnamese syntax conforms to

5042: 5022: 3738: 3586: 3576: 3070: 2395: 2385: 1951: 1941: 1603: 1065: 1055: 946: 928: 703: 534: 503: 495: 491: 394: 384: 181: 108: 94: 18655: 18130: 14127: 13536:

Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006).

12529: 12296:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

11172:

Hayes, La Vaughn H (1992). "Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer".

6230: 5827:

with Chinese heavily influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from

3836:

have collapsed and converged together (into /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south).

2355:

The following diagram shows the orthography and pronunciation of Middle Vietnamese:

411: 20314: 20248: 20189: 20177: 20130: 20056: 19959: 19917: 19290: 19246: 19033: 18738: 18716: 18687: 18640: 18576: 18564: 18541: 18515: 18510: 18487: 18317: 18301: 18291: 18281: 18181: 18049: 18009: 17948: 17918: 17773: 17680: 17631: 17504: 17405: 17316: 17311: 17271: 17251: 16889: 16884: 16854: 16813: 16793: 16682: 16677: 16621: 16591: 16540: 16429: 16302: 16282: 16231: 16198: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16107: 16102: 16084: 15932: 15922: 15826: 15775: 15770: 15745: 15672: 15365: 15342: 15337: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15219: 15159: 15084: 15027: 15022: 15007: 14778: 14729: 14673: 14602: 14416: 14411: 14395: 14335: 14202: 14197: 14051: 14000: 13985: 13553: 13523: 13435: 13412: 13366: 13289: 13270: 13246:. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 221–242. 13213:"Comparison of greetings in the Vietnamese dialects of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City" 13060: 13006: 12994: 12973: 12918: 12734: 12511: 12025: 11939: 11912: 11736:. April 16, 2014. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 2015-01-10. 11460: 11078: 11074: 11009: 10822: 9572: 8192: 8132: 7994: 7652: 7370: 7235: 7134: 7044: 6704: 6648: 6615: 6425: 6392: 6225: 6055: 5917: 5824: 5823:

Although Vietnamese roots are classified as Austroasiatic, Vietic, and Viet-Muong,

5030: 3783: 3622: 3561: 3556: 2990: 2982: 2617: 2370: 2365: 2327:

The writing system used for Vietnamese is based closely on the system developed by

2258: 2021: 1931: 1882: 1046: 1041: 813: 809: 763: 747: 683: 583: 141: 16973: 16437: 13472:

Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics

13036:"Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies" 13026: 6847:

word that can be a noun or a verb depending on the context. It refers to a female

5514:"He/she/it only eats Vietnamese rice (or food, especially spoken by the elderly)." 854: 20145: 20021: 19954: 19268: 19251: 18772: 18671: 18666: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18482: 18353: 18271: 18266: 18208: 18135: 18102: 17858: 17826: 17750: 17714: 17621: 17481: 17342: 17276: 17261: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17180: 17175: 17071: 17061: 17056: 17046: 16869: 16859: 16849: 16798: 16788: 16662: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16414: 16404: 16399: 16367: 16357: 16342: 16332: 16322: 16292: 16256: 16206: 16169: 16134: 16074: 16054: 16034: 15999: 15984: 15979: 15902: 15841: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15755: 15647: 15617: 15566: 15541: 15526: 15500: 15495: 15475: 15460: 15405: 15347: 15332: 15327: 15312: 15307: 15252: 15184: 15164: 15099: 15074: 15002: 14979: 14881: 14846: 14841: 14816: 14788: 14783: 14592: 14587: 14431: 14426: 14315: 14285: 14267: 14262: 14243: 14207: 14174: 14091: 13990: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13945: 13925: 13748: 13140:, Dept. of Linguistics, University of California, 2015, 38 (1), pp. 124–162. 12685: 11958: 11943: 11733: 10676: 10584: 10517: 10354: 8219: 7611: 6848: 6712: 6281: 6243: 6221: 5870: 5050: 4425: 4418: 4397: 4390: 4324: 3581: 3419: 3248: 2894:

nature of the stops does not appear to have had any role in the choice of symbol.

2645: 2402: 2390: 1958: 1946: 1060: 904: 791: 707: 558: 507: 499: 128: 17220: 14355: 13930: 13658:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.),

12932:"Northern and Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: A Comparative Case Study" 12693: 11162:

Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.

8022: 7701:. Today, only a few scholars and some extremely elderly people are able to read 6224:

in Vietnam. Meanwhile, any new terms calqued from Chinese would be based on the

5781:

Many early studies hypothesized Vietnamese language-origins to have been either

4623: 4537: 4530: 4432: 4404: 3081:. A large number of Vietnamese speakers also reside in neighboring countries of 20319: 20086: 19364: 18932: 18869: 18824: 18808: 18803: 18721: 18661: 18649: 18600: 18595: 18585: 18421: 18416: 18400: 18395: 18385: 18369: 18256: 18233: 18156: 18151: 18082: 18074: 18014: 17993: 17933: 17647: 17460: 17362: 17352: 17332: 17256: 17230: 17195: 17190: 17018: 16879: 16823: 16803: 16606: 16571: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16457: 16409: 16347: 16317: 16312: 16174: 16164: 16129: 16039: 16004: 15989: 15937: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15836: 15780: 15750: 15730: 15720: 15715: 15692: 15612: 15597: 15592: 15561: 15536: 15521: 15516: 15485: 15480: 15470: 15465: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15395: 15370: 15317: 15229: 15214: 15179: 15149: 15144: 15124: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15032: 15017: 14959: 14954: 14861: 14821: 14806: 14643: 14633: 14577: 14567: 14552: 14520: 14421: 14320: 14300: 14295: 14192: 14164: 14159: 14059: 14041: 14033: 14018: 13980: 13960: 13940: 13910: 13580: 13286:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

13244:

Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

13149:

Toronto working papers in linguistics: Special issue on similarity in phonology

12922: 12157: 11192:

Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

10699: 10535: 10340: 9888: 9868: 8308: 7814: 7809:". Each month's name is just the ordinal of that month appended after the word 7333: 6329: 6213: 6004: 4544: 4509: 4502: 4481: 4474: 4453: 4446: 3616: 3447: 3271: 3112: 3053: 3052:. Vietnamese has also been officially recognized as a minority language in the 3033: 2880: 2433: 2015: 1893: 1889: 1711: 1542: 1538: 1519:

are not accepted by all researchers. Ferlus 1992 also had additional phonemes *

1123: 1028: 835:, in which distinctions formerly expressed by final consonants became phonemic 798: 759: 743: 739: 731: 723: 711: 695: 679: 554: 526: 511: 264: 195: 171: 146: 14836: 13770: 13439: 13371: 13354: 13293: 12977: 12909:

Brunelle, Marc (2009). "Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese".

12658: 11916: 11887: 7298: 7287: 7266: 7251: 7198: 7167: 7049: 6787:

With the rise of the Internet, new slang is generated and popularized through

4516: 4488: 4460: 942: 617: 601: 461: 457: 215: 20334: 19091: 19086: 18846: 18390: 18296: 18286: 18261: 18176: 18087: 17938: 17874: 17791: 17730: 17698: 17657: 17605: 17590: 17582: 17572: 17476: 17337: 17306: 17286: 17246: 16864: 16738: 16714: 16657: 16486: 16419: 16377: 16362: 16287: 16139: 16044: 15917: 15912: 15765: 15677: 15657: 15652: 15642: 15632: 15627: 15602: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15531: 15490: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15400: 15390: 15385: 15375: 15322: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15224: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15174: 15154: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15089: 15079: 15064: 15059: 15012: 14974: 14876: 14866: 14648: 14628: 14597: 14572: 14547: 14325: 14305: 14257: 14247: 14230: 14169: 14154: 14149: 14079: 14064: 14013: 13950: 12995:"Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese" 12946: 12433: 10461: 9991: 9979: 8293: 8289: 8201: 7999: 7686: 7402: 7325: 7107:(1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and 7038: 6897:

A noun meaning "bear". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lover.

6808: 6678: 6359: 4006: 3712: 3369: 3204: 3181: 3061: 3041: 2300: 1870: 840: 805: 755: 751: 727: 13816: 13790:

its layout is compared with US, UK, Canada, France, and Germany's keyboards.

13726:. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 13417: 13400: 13165:(pp. 311–320). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Ðại Học và Trung Học Chuyên Nghiệp. 12043:

Chung (2001). "Some returned loans, Japanese loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin".

11901:"Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview" 11043: 9403:

In addition to the regional variation described above, there is a merger of

6228:

pronunciation. Additionally, in the southern provinces of Vietnam, the term

5768: 4664:

group. Then, these tones were further divided in several other categorizes:

19300: 18780: 18531: 18120: 18054: 17964: 17735: 17626: 17600: 17595: 17428: 17423: 17266: 17170: 16844: 16709: 16672: 16372: 16337: 16327: 16307: 16179: 16059: 16024: 16014: 16009: 15994: 15882: 15806: 15710: 15687: 15380: 15247: 15169: 15119: 15069: 14871: 14811: 14638: 14562: 14074: 14069: 14008: 13935: 13488: 13151:(Vol. 24, pp. 183–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 13018: 11464: 9896: 9872: 7748: 7682: 7551: 7531: 7366: 7182: 6788: 6277: 6070:- such as "TV", borrowed as "tivi" or just TV, but still officially called 5988: 5949:

Vietnam became a French protectorate/colonial territory in 1883 (until the

5938: 5934: 5890: 5061: 4554: 4362: 4171: 4120: 3983: 3825: 2978: 2062: 1897: 1881:, while in the southern varieties the pitch difference predominates, as in 1874: 965: 957: 735: 579: 542: 202: 17108: 13401:"Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales" 12202: 11865:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

10942: 9903:⟩; sub-dialectal variants are separated with commas. (See also the 6078:, translated into Vietnamese. For example, 'software' is translated into " 5957:

into the Indochina region (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Examples include:

808:

in the last millennium BC, which is consistent with genetic evidence from

345: 18276: 18092: 18064: 18039: 17281: 16755: 16731: 16704: 16694: 16667: 16652: 16628: 16452: 16029: 15952: 15947: 15907: 15637: 14290: 13544:

Thompson, Laurence E (1967). "The history of Vietnamese final palatals".

13512:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials" 12846:

Studies on Vietnamese Language and Literature: A Preliminary Bibliography

11141: 10785:

The name of each tone has the corresponding tonal diacritic on the vowel.

10657: 10499: 10456: 9880: 9876: 7117: 6984: 5926: 5046: 4357:

Other dialects of Vietnamese may have fewer tones (typically only five).

3761: 3400: 3364: 3309: 3298: 3232: 3199: 3069:

traditionally residing on three islands (now joined to the mainland) off

3066: 1450: 832: 817: 607: 14475: 13642:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1990). "Graphemic borrowing from Chinese: The case of

13492: 13387:

Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology".

13188: 12779: 11494: 8320:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialect) and 7125:

museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.

6265: 18625: 18044: 16783: 16721: 16699: 16069: 15942: 13829: 13787: 13275: 10947: 10795: 10712: 10554: 10466: 8263: 7712: 7571: 7442:

are not used. The script also represents additional phonemes using ten

6804: 6716: 6067: 5828: 5077: 5057: 4628:, in which each tone is assigned a specific note or sequence of notes. 4222: 3908: 3593: 3452: 3374: 3317: 3276: 3209: 1862: 1854: 1072: 896: 890: 671: 549:

order and modifiers following the words they modify. It also uses noun

13808:

RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)

13764: 13565: 13528: 13511: 13072: 13010: 12746: 8028: 8025: 8007: 8004: 7056:, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in 941:

After expelling the Chinese at the beginning of the 10th century, the

389:

Areas within Vietnam with majority Vietnamese speakers, mirroring the

16760: 16748: 16743: 16687: 16019: 14758: 14684: 14239: 13540:. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 12863:

Rhodes, Alexandre de (1991). L. Thanh; X. V. Hoàng; Q. C. Đỗ (eds.).

10174: 9916: 9612: 7976: 7740: 7423: 7073: 6860: 6844: 6800: 6796: 6239: 6209: 6043: 4015: 3706: 3571: 3424: 3313: 3253: 3037: 2868: 2740:

never contrast in any position, suggesting that they are allophones.

2231: 1351: 907:. Most of the minor syllables of Proto-Viet–Muong were still present. 591: 562: 530: 354: 338: 320: 302: 13774: 13315:, Vientiane: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1589–1606, 12562:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China

12409: 11118:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

8284:, and the surrounding Red River Delta areas) moved south (mainly to 8078:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7787:

can also be installed with Vietnamese and Vietnamese keyboard, e.g.

7096: 6152: 2311:

For example, the modern Vietnamese word "trời" (heaven) was read as

960:) from the late 15th century. The conquest of the ancient nation of 18957: 16726: 13648:

Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

13617: 13557: 13467: 13064: 12738: 12029: 10969:"Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy" 10348: 9491:). In some northern varieties, the numeral appears with an initial 9025: 8281: 7285:'year' was written with a new character 𢆥 that is compounded from 6142: 6124: 6051: 5073: 3321: 3121: 1901: 1866: 699: 423: 276: 13132:

Machaud, Alexis; Ferlus, Michel; & Nguyễn, Minh-Châu. (2015).

13129:(pp. 454–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 10408:

National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic

7681:

was still in use during the French colonial period and as late as

5889:) in Korean). Instances of Chinese contact include the historical 5021:

Vietnamese, like Thai and many languages in Southeast Asia, is an

3999:, centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. Tones differ in: 3937:, but in such cases are believed to have resulted from an earlier 1647:

The following initial clusters occurred, with outcomes indicated:

18988: 16765: 14251: 13805: 13447:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (2009). "Vietnamese". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).

13355:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology" 12013: 11828: 11715:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 10412:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 7780: 7736: 7369:

of Vietnamese was codified in the 17th century by the Avignonese

6792: 6016: 3854:

in Vietnamese has had different analyses. One analysis has final

3074: 2286: 1718:. These caused the original introduction of the retroflex sounds 718:, southern China and parts of Thailand). In 1850, British lawyer 487: 419: 241: 85: 12660:

Nhạc chế World Cup 2018 | TÂY BÁN NHÀ | Ronaldo còn có nhà mà về

12599: 12179:"Vã mồ hôi "giải mã" tiếng lóng tuổi teen – Xã hội – VietNamNet" 11631: 11190:

Diffloth, Gérard. (1992). "Vietnamese as a Mon-Khmer language".

10579:

would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel

7775:

Vietnamese using Telex, VNI or VIQR input methods all included.

3995:

Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with one of six inherent

3820:) have evolved from aspirated stops into fricatives (like Greek 3542:

The consonants that occur in Vietnamese are listed below in the

13715:

Lâm, Lý-duc; Emeneau, M. B.; von den Steinen, Diether. (1944).

11194:, 125–128. Tempe, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies. 8285: 7657: 6863: 6116: 6075: 5894: 3045: 1842:. Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. 961: 642:(previously known as Mon-Annam languages) by British linguists 11971: 11219: 11217: 11215: 8240:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

7666:. By the middle of the 20th century, most writing was done in 5805: 2929:(as still in much of Spain and some parts of Portugal), while 851:), and Vietnamese each developed tones as a phonemic feature. 20194: 11698:"National Minorities | Government of the Czech Republic" 11608:

Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China

10135:(literal translation "House Dig Bucket", mainly used to mock 7971: 7803: 7784: 7752: 7631:

Despite the missionaries' creation of the alphabetic script,

7591: 6700: 6132: 6035: 5900:

Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many

5880: 5810: 4273: 3177: 3078: 2974: 2687: 1878: 804:

Borrowed vocabulary indicates early contact with speakers of

598:

and some phonemes. Vietnamese was historically written using

90: 13618:"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet" 13426:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1986). "Alexandre de Rhodes' dictionary".

12349: 12012:

NGUYEN, Danh Hoang Thanh; LE, Trang Thi Huyen (2020-03-31).

11481:

Thompson, Laurence C. (1976), "Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology",

10111:(literal translation "West Sell House", mainly used to mock 5809:

Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character

5220:

Mai seem BE {student (college)} or {student (under-college)}

3498:

also indicate the pronunciation of the main vowel: ay = ă +

582:

and was officially adopted in the early 20th century during

13694:

Hoang, Thinh; Nguyen, Xuan Thu; Trinh, Quynh-Tram; (2000).

13145:"Vietnamese tonal system in Nghi Loc: A preliminary report" 12766:(1978). "Current developments in Sino-Vietnamese studies". 12337: 11515:[The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic (1953)]. 11506: 11504: 11370: 11212: 10933: 9970:

Etc., until someone cannot form the next word or gives up.

9867:

in which 1 represents the lowest pitch, and 5 the highest;

9863:

The table above shows the pitch contour of each tone using

7942:

When written in the short form, "DD/MM/YYYY" is preferred.

7806: 7755:

must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed using the

6951: 6235: 715: 13115:

Vietnamese in different areas of the country: Dialectology

12387:(in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press. 12275: 11527: 11513:"La place du Vietnamien dans les langues Austroasiatiques" 11346: 11334: 10770:

in Vietnamese. Tonal language in Vietnamese translates to

8011:), which is often considered the most significant work of 7764: 4553:

In Vietnamese poetry, tones are classed into two groups: (

923:. Another famous dictionary of this period was written by 422:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

13662:, (pp. 691–699). New York: Oxford University Press. 13147:. In C. Frigeni, M. Hirayama, & S. Mackenzie (Eds.), 12228:"Lo ngại thực trạng sử dụng ngôn ngữ mạng trong học sinh" 11727:

More Thai Students Interested in Learning ASEAN Languages

11202: 11200: 9077:, which, in turn, have also partially merged with velars 7800: 7768: 7760: 6773:

which has the same meaning, usually paired with the word

6220:

However, the Cantonese term is the better-known name for

5815: 4620:

practice a distinctive style of prayer recitation called

3991:

is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).

3821: 12690:

itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html

12639: 12598:. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. Archived from 12088:"Vãi là gì? Tại sao các bạn trẻ lại hay sử dụng từ này?" 11748:"More and more foreigners have need to learn Vietnamese" 11624: 11501: 11312: 11310: 7233:. For example, in the opening lines of the classic poem 7042:

The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem

6066:

Some English words were incorporated into Vietnamese as

6054:, etc.), whereas pronunciations of other foreign names ( 5971:(lit. "sour milk"), but it is also calqued from French ( 2289:

texts, such as the 12th-century/1486 Buddhist scripture

1606:, the outcome of these sounds was written with a hooked 12070:"Tiếng lóng trên các phương tiện truyền thông hiện nay" 11667:

La dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle

6950:

A verb used to describe the action of dropping roasted

5953:

of 1954), which resulted in significant influence from

4757:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), and 4749:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4741:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4640:

Vietnamese tones were classified into two main groups,

3335:

cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and

3032:, Vietnamese speakers are also found in other parts of 2729:

it notated, have disappeared from the modern language.

13710:

Read Vietnamese: A graded course in written Vietnamese

13123:"F0 and phonation types in Nghe Tinh Vietnamese tones" 13099:"Notes on Thanh-Chương Vietnamese in Nghệ-An province" 12560:

Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".

12366: 12364: 11587: 11358: 11322: 11197: 10911:. This Sino-Vietnamese expression could be defined as 6254:), literally "fourteen, fifteen" to mean 'uncertain'. 3297:

Front and central vowels (i, ê, e, ư, â, ơ, ă, a) are

823:

The northern Vietic varieties thus became part of the

13330:

Pronominal reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese

12627: 11835:

Vietnamese teaching and learning overwhelming Germany

11563: 11551: 11307: 5748:

HORT stay here few minute until when 1.PRO turn again

2352:

modern Saigon dialect than the modern Hanoi dialect.

877: 13616:

Michaud, Alexis; Haudricourt, André-Georges (2010).

11277: 11265: 11253: 11241: 11229: 11041: 10938: 10936: 10330: 7794: 7745:

Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange

7672:, which became the official script on independence. 6843:"Vãi" (predominately from northern Vietnamese) is a 5751:"Please stay here for a few minutes until I return." 553:. Its vocabulary has had significant influence from 17003: 12361: 12263: 11672: 10410:, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see 8223:speakers (see the example vocabulary table below). 5745:

Hãy {ở lại} đây ít phút {cho tới} khi tôi quay lại.

5223:"Mai seems to be a college or high school student." 4765:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/). 3490:. In addition, in the diphthongs and the letters 3339:cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus. 3312:) and centering diphthongs, Vietnamese has closing 1830:Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop 1031:), along with the outcomes in the modern language: 13615: 13342:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13263:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13196:"Politeness strategies in Hanoi Vietnamese speech" 12408:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019). 12321:Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia 12249:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 78–79, 82. 11575: 11539: 11429:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 11048:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8280:, about a million northerners (mainly from Hanoi, 7340:dynasties (1400–1406 and 1778–1802 respectively). 7249:'destiny' was written with its original character 6754:("frog"). This is an example of vernacular slang. 794:at that time may correspond to the Vietic branch. 397:dominating around the lowland pale of the country. 13771:Swadesh list of Vietnamese basic vocabulary words 13703:Colloquial Vietnamese: A complete language course 13111:Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học 13097:Alves, Mark J.; & Nguyễn, Duy Hương. (2007). 13051:Thompson, Laurence E (1959). "Saigon phonemics". 12966:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7998:is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet 6208:from 臘腸 (Chinese sausage), primarily keep to the 6163:, resulting in indirect borrowing from Japanese. 5764:Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia 714:languages spoken in eastern India, and others in 20332: 13698:, (3rd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN 13338:"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese" 13101:. In M. Alves, M. Sidwell, & D. Gil (Eds.), 12810:(updated ed.). Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC. 12559: 11425:"A layer of Dongsonian vocabulary in Vietnamese" 10771: 10765: 10759: 10416:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms 9594: 9576: 9506: 9500: 9482: 9476: 9061:distinct. At the end of syllables, the palatals 8300:. About 180,000 moved in the reverse direction ( 8016: 7716: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7676: 7667: 7661: 7642: 7632: 7617: 7597: 7577: 7557: 7537: 7517: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7291: 7280: 7271: 7259: 7244: 7204: 7172:). Although the writing system is now mostly in 7165: 7149: 7138: 7108: 7087: 7081: 6087: 4701:The tones in the old classification were called 4621: 3331:. There are restrictions on the high offglides: 3140: 2968: 2342: 1008: 996: 984: 972: 686:1942) classified Vietnamese as belonging to the 615: 599: 573: 477: 37: 13719:. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 13493:"The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis" 13468:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia" 13389:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises 13288:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. 13156:Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics: Tonation 13033: 12679:www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html 11765:Nguyen, Angie; Dao, Lien, eds. (May 18, 2007). 11517:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 11476: 11474: 9599:in Hanoi Vietnamese (initial single consonants 8015:. It was originally written in chữ Nôm (titled 7494:). Further diacritics are used to indicate the 913:(16th to 19th centuries) The language found in 13636:Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam 13405:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 12132:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 12109:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 11847:School in Berlin maintains Vietnamese language 10853:are increasingly being merged as . Similarly, 7393:, with many spellings retained even after the 6146: 6136: 6058:excluded) are generally derived from English. 5856: 5850: 4314:creaky low falling constricted (short length) 3546:with the phonetic pronunciation to the right. 3139:Since the 1980s, Vietnamese language schools ( 1834:, while fricative-ending syllables ended with 18973: 17124: 16989: 14700: 14491: 13845: 13821: 13682:Contemporary Vietnamese: An intermediate text 13451:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 677–692. 13228: 13034:Nguyễn, Văn Lợi; Edmondson, Jerold A (1998). 12866:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 12490:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 11418: 11416: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11042:Scholvin, Vera; Meinschaefer, Judith (2018). 8679:"we, us (but not you, colloquial, familiar)" 7970:The Vietnamese prefer writing numbers with a 6110: 5840: 5370:person that.DET BE {older brother} POSS 3.PRO 2656:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 2334:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 916:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 883: 13691:. Teach Yourself. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 13487: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12376: 11471: 11376: 11223: 10841: 10839: 10749:+ back offglide (i.e., ) is an apparent gap. 5884: 5874: 5087:Some Vietnamese sentences with English word 3059:As the national language, Vietnamese is the 2989:De Rhodes's orthography also made use of an 2827:de Rhodes' system has a second medial glide 1014: 1002: 990: 978: 17138: 13601: 13585:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 13313:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map 13310: 12298:. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. 12018:Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11888:https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/031) 11510: 9085:in the Central and the Southern varieties. 8843:"he/him, that young man (of equal status)" 7306:The oldest example of an early form of the 7210: 6199: 5933:ca. 4th century CE), Late Sino-Vietnamese ( 5217:Mai {có vẻ} là {sinh viên} hoặc {học sinh}. 4631: 3486:; however, it may also be represented with 3142:trường Việt ngữ/ trường ngôn ngữ Tiếng Việt 2653: 1710:A large number of words were borrowed from 722:detected striking similarities between the 658:in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( 18980: 18966: 17131: 17117: 16996: 16982: 14922: 14707: 14693: 14498: 14484: 13852: 13838: 13125:. In P. Warren & C. I. Watson (Eds.), 11489:, University of Hawai'i Press: 1113–1203, 11440: 11413: 11382: 11061:Thompson, Laurence C. (January 17, 1963). 10173:Another word game somewhat reminiscent of 6769:a word derived from the English word "show 6023:in French) is rendered into Vietnamese as 5963:in Vietnamese was derived from the French 3120:also recognized as a minority language in 3015: 2886:appeared more "normal" than the fricative 383: 14505: 13579: 13527: 13416: 13370: 13274: 12894:Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). 12762: 12725:(1947). "Homonyms and puns in Annamese". 12578: 12481: 12401: 12355: 12343: 12281: 11972:Phan, John D.; de Sousa, Hilário (2016). 11932:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 11764: 11364: 10919:meaning 'servant in a French household'." 10836: 10428:About The Rights of Members of Minorities 10118:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 10074:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 9522:in certain rural varieties in the South: 9505:"twenty-five", instead of the mainstream 9411:in certain rural varieties in the North: 8094:Learn how and when to remove this message 7979:is used to separate two numbers instead. 6216:pronunciation, it is actually pronounced 6188:example, judo can be referred to as both 5486: 5410: 5347: 5329: 5244: 5187: 5107: 4690:are counted twice in the system, once in 2291:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh 13859: 13543: 13050: 12929: 12908: 12880:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12873: 12789:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 12756:Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar 12418:. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, 12407: 12318: 12312: 12293: 12287: 12011: 11669:Insee, enquête Famille 1999. (in French) 11483:Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 11480: 11142:"Mon–Khmer languages: The Vietic branch" 11060: 10444: 10194:Intermediate form with prefixed syllable 9471:by itself and in compound numerals like 7270:of the homophonous Sino-Vietnamese word 7116: 7095: 7067: 7037: 6264: 6257: 5804: 5776: 5767: 5759: 3982: 3966:Vietnamese phonology: Analysis of final 3919:that occur after the upper front vowels 3127: 3092:In the United States, Vietnamese is the 3019: 2962: 2914:of the modern language. In 17th-century 2639: 853: 633: 19047: 13509: 13398: 13210: 13193: 13080: 12992: 12753: 12721: 12420:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam 12382: 12323:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 11929: 11533: 11352: 11340: 11328: 11063:"The Problem of the Word in Vietnamese" 7377:(1591–1660), based on works of earlier 6011:, a partial derivation from the French 3840: 2835:and appears in some words with initial 825:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area 454:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 416:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 20333: 14714: 13794:The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project 13641: 13465: 13446: 13425: 13335: 12939:Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics 12862: 12843: 12824: 12805: 12645: 12244: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12103: 12101: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12054: 11557: 11453:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 11446: 11422: 11395: 11316: 11303:(in Vietnamese). Vietnam: NXB Đà Nẵng. 11015:Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One 10904: 10745:The lack of diphthong consisting of a 8296:and the surrounding areas) as part of 8032:) and is widely taught in Vietnam (in 7771:on Macintosh, with popular methods of 7354: 4282: 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code' 2918:, the common language of the Jesuits, 2662:Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary 1530: 1504: 20386:Tonal languages in non-tonal families 19566:National Defense and Security Council 18961: 18867: 18760: 18562: 18462: 18206: 17904: 17771: 17678: 17502: 17403: 17150: 17112: 16977: 15862: 14921: 14688: 14479: 13833: 13820: 13283: 13260: 13237:"What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?" 13234: 13138:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 13108: 12956: 12827:Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn 12694:tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html 12633: 12621: 12589: 12456: 12042: 12007: 12005: 11898: 11858: 11745: 11605: 11298: 11294: 11292: 11283: 11271: 11259: 11247: 11235: 11206: 11171: 11165: 11008: 10031:(literal translation "vinegar stage") 9373: 9342: 9311: 9276: 9245: 9214: 9179: 8039: 7799:Vietnamese speak date in the format " 7389:is based on the Chancery Standard of 7264:'our' was written with the character 7133:in 939, the Vietnamese state adopted 5240: 5091:and translations are provided below. 3065:in Vietnam. It is also spoken by the 2675:occurs only at the end of a syllable. 1888:As noted above, Proto-Viet–Muong had 69: 63: 56: 49: 18987: 13800:Research projects and data resources 13352: 13088:"A Look At North-Central Vietnamese" 12786: 12564:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454. 12512:"French Indochina 500 Piastres 1951" 12484:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 12370: 12269: 11989: 11956: 11593: 11581: 11569: 11545: 8043: 6859:("very scary"). Similar uses to the 6276:Basic lexemes in Vietnamese, Mường, 5719: 5582: 5523: 5511:3.PRO just eat rice.FAM Vietnam only 5455: 5357: 3184:of Vietnamese from Hanoi (including 2322: 876:) Sources include the Ming glossary 702:, as well as various smaller and/or 19393:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 18868: 17905: 15863: 13812:Vietnamese in RWAAI Digital Archive 13163:Một Số Vấn Ðề Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam 12808:NTC's Vietnamese–English dictionary 12119: 12098: 12051: 11808:Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education 11801: 11511:Haudricourt, André-Georges (2017). 10170:can be used for a humorous effect. 9089:Regional consonant correspondences 7724: 6246:idiom, "xập xí, xập ngầu" (十四, 十五, 6131:), and then in turn from Japanese ( 5440:Con chó này chẳng {bao giờ} sủa cả. 5281: 4023: 3530: 3524: 3117:Vietnamese community in the country 1022: 24: 18937:Languages between parentheses are 17528:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern 13767:(from the World Loanword Database) 13538:A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary 12791:. University of California Press. 12434:"Alphabet | Vietnamese Typography" 12426: 12002: 11289: 11115: 10861:are increasingly being merged as . 10827:Vietnamese grammar: Demonstratives 10094:initial consonant and rime switch 8228: 7406:) and 6 additional vowel letters ( 7023: 5967:(coffee). Yogurt in Vietnamese is 5800: 5640: 5614: 5545: 5400: 5382: 5319: 4648:(仄; 'sharp tones'). Tones such as 3099: 2940:. The similarity of apicoalveolar 2677: 1859:mainland Southeast Asian languages 1737: 1651:*pr, *br, *tr, *dr, *kr, *gr > 1625: 1532: 1506: 730:and Vietnamese. He suggested that 650:. Vietnamese is shown as Annamese. 290:Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 25: 20397: 18835:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer) 13730: 11992:Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 11767:"Vietnamese in the United States" 11485:, Austroasiatic Studies Part II, 8783:"they/them (informal, familiar)" 8759:"he/she/it (informal, familiar)" 8333:Regional variation in vocabulary 8278:temporary division of the country 7795:Dates and numbers writing formats 7731:Vietnamese language and computers 6109:which was borrowed from Chinese ( 5661: 5649:1.PRO like FOC CL horse black DET 5373:"That person is his/her brother." 4656:group, while other tones such as 4180: 'cheek, mother (southern)' 3933:; although they also occur after 3308:In addition to single vowels (or 3176:Vietnamese has a large number of 2315:in Old/Ancient Vietnamese and as 2244: 2217: 2203: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2061: 2043: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1916: 629: 19398:History of central officeholders 13712:. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle. 13498:Journal of Language Relationship 13359:Journal of Language Relationship 13242:. In Thurgood, Graham W. (ed.). 12672: 12651: 12463:Vietnamese Culture and Tradition 10953: 10898: 10891:"reason" (cf. modern Vietnamese 10877: 10864: 10347: 10333: 9986:is used by Vietnamese speakers. 9883:) is indicated with the ⟨ 9188: 9176: 8735:"you guys (informal, familiar)" 8304:, literally "go to the North".) 8262:Problems playing this file? See 8244: 8048: 7637:remained the dominant script in 7276:'little, few; rather, somewhat'; 6975:dô (South) and dzô or zô (North) 6238:, which may have derived from a 6196:, the Vietnamese reading of 柔道. 5991:was borrowed into Vietnamese as 4543: 4536: 4529: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4403: 4396: 4389: 3866:contrasting with syllable-final 2694: 1869:were pronounced with additional 919:(1651) of the Jesuit missionary 578:). The alphabet is based on the 568:Vietnamese is written using the 434: 269: 257: 234: 20371:Languages of the Czech Republic 20200:Traditional musical instruments 17005:Languages of the Czech Republic 13474:, Routledge, pp. 133–157, 13395:, 135–193. (Reprinted in 1981). 12959:"Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" 12902: 12874:Thompson, Laurence C. (1991) . 12718:. Saigon: Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục. 12703: 12614: 12553: 12540: 12522: 12504: 12475: 12450: 12238: 12220: 12195: 12171: 12142: 12080: 12036: 11983: 11965: 11950: 11923: 11892: 11880: 11852: 11840: 11806:. In González, Josué M. (ed.). 11795: 11758: 11746:Times, Vietnam (May 30, 2020). 11739: 11720: 11708: 11690: 11660: 11646: 11599: 11184: 11156: 11134: 11120:. Routledge. pp. 102–103. 10815: 10805: 10788: 10779: 10752: 10739: 10608: 10595: 10437: 10414:). The article 25 of the Czech 10399: 10390: 10137:Portugal national football team 9069:have merged with the alveolars 9019: 6931:can be pronounced similarly to 6799:. Some slang words may include 6159:) which came from the English " 5937:), and Recent Sino-Vietnamese ( 5723: 5586: 5527: 5459: 5361: 3911:variants of the velar phonemes 3899:. The other analysis has final 3024:Global distribution of speakers 2808:. Within a century or so, both 18941:of the language on their left. 18463: 14465:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language 13674: 13573: 13117:]. Hanoi: Khoa học xã hội. 12877:A Vietnamese reference grammar 12825:——— (1997). 12768:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12754:——— (1951). 11109: 11085: 11079:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659787 11054: 11035: 11002: 10989: 10975: 10961: 10601:In Vietnamese, diphthongs are 9619:Regional tone correspondences 8803:"he/him, that gentleman, sir" 8021: 8003: 7689:in 1950 eliminated the use of 7653:French colonial administration 7105:Dictionarium anamitico-latinum 6777:("to run") to make the phrase 6088: 5885: 5875: 5646:Tôi thích cái con ngựa đen đó. 5508:Nó chỉ ăn cơm {Việt Nam} thôi. 5446:"This dog never barks at all." 4694:(去; 'departing') and again in 2679: 2668: 1640:, distinct at that time from * 1627: 1595: 812:sites. Extensive contact with 516:other ethnic groups in Vietnam 13: 1: 20376:Subject–verb–object languages 19418:Central Inspection Commission 13646:, Vietnam's demotic script". 13169: 12829:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 12459:"Vietnamese Language History" 11905:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11810:. Thousand Oaks, California: 11636:, Modern Language Association 10926: 10212:"beef or chicken noodle soup" 9994:of each word. Some examples: 8635:"I, me (informal, familiar)" 8327: 8181:Southern Vietnamese dialects 8129:Northern Vietnamese dialects 7982: 7129:After ending a millennium of 7060:, and invented characters in 7030:History of writing in Vietnam 5944: 5604: 3537: 2299:glossary by Chinese diplomat 1614:that was still distinct from 870: 692:Austroasiatic language family 18830:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer) 17151: 13753:Northern Illinois University 13680:Nguyen, Bich Thuan. (1997). 13136:in historical perspective". 12848:. Cornell University Press. 12045:Language Change in East Asia 11944:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036 11776:. p. 82. Archived from 11633:MLA Language Map Data Center 10831:Vietnamese grammar: Pronouns 10113:Spain national football team 9910: 8823:"she/her, that lady, madam" 8298:Operation Passage to Freedom 8149:Central Vietnamese dialects 7606: 7586: 7566: 7546: 7526: 7511: 7507:Vietnamese name and meaning 7080:(1851), Chinese characters ( 6074:. Some other borrowings are 5983:(cheese) is from the French 5443:CL dog DET NEG ever bark all 5072:system. Additionally, it is 4335: 4319: 4284: 4268: 4263:creaky high breaking-rising 4233: 4217: 4182: 4166: 4131: 4115: 4110:low falling (often breathy) 4081: 4070: 3846:Syllable-final orthographic 3160: 2696: 888:, c. 15th century) from the 766:" is used, among others, by 176: 7: 19561:Central Military Commission 19423:Central Military Commission 13722:Nguyễn, Đăng Liêm. (1970). 13660:The world's writing systems 13449:The World's Major Languages 13211:Sophana, Srichampa (2005). 13194:Sophana, Srichampa (2004). 13177:Anthropological Linguistics 12530:"North Vietnam 5 Dong 1946" 12247:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 11610:. Bloomsbury. p. 188. 10802:or syntactic constructions. 10422:) in its paragraph 16 (4) ( 10326: 10142:word order and tone switch 10054:word order and tone switch 10034:word order and tone switch 9593:in Southern Vietnamese and 9581:with a cluster in Hảo Nho ( 9489:Vietnamese grammar#Cardinal 9475:"fifty", but it appears as 8699:"you (informal, familiar)" 8074:the claims made and adding 7279:the native Vietnamese word 7258:the native Vietnamese word 6099: 1857:occurred, as in many other 878: 866:Ancient (or Old) Vietnamese 10: 20402: 19529:Supreme People's Procuracy 18761: 18563: 17772: 17679: 17503: 17404: 13765:Vietnamese Vocabulary List 13708:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1967). 13634:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955). 13229:Historical and comparative 13143:Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2005). 12923:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003 12844:Nguyen, Dinh Tham (2018). 12714:Dương, Quảng-Hàm. (1941). 12708: 12548:"Ai “bức tử” chữ Hán-Nôm?" 12294:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 11899:Alves, Mark (2006-02-01). 11867:, Springer, p. 1162, 10870:In the southern dialects, 10583:as being slightly higher ( 10042:"pregnancy out of wedlock" 9904: 9606: 9514:There is also a merger of 9204: 7986: 7728: 7358: 7227:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 7196: 7192: 7027: 6061: 6003:. The Vietnamese term for 5911:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 5755: 5652:"I like that black horse." 5068:ordering), and has a noun 5045:(and, as a result, has no 5025:. Vietnamese does not use 5010: 5006: 4773:Traditional tone category 3892:with the syllable-initial 3841:language variation section 3164: 3094:sixth most spoken language 2670: 1716:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1634:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1597: 951:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 781: 624:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 20292: 20067: 19968: 19876: 19867: 19840: 19667: 19658: 19617: 19574: 19551: 19509: 19476: 19431: 19373: 19328: 19319: 19237: 19194: 19115: 19106: 18999: 18923: 18876: 18863: 18817: 18794: 18771: 18767: 18756: 18730: 18696: 18680: 18639: 18575: 18571: 18558: 18524: 18496: 18475: 18471: 18458: 18430: 18409: 18378: 18362: 18346: 18339: 18310: 18249: 18242: 18226: 18219: 18215: 18207: 18202: 18169: 18144: 18111: 18073: 18030: 18023: 18002: 17986: 17977: 17957: 17926: 17917: 17913: 17900: 17867: 17851: 17835: 17809: 17800: 17784: 17780: 17767: 17723: 17707: 17691: 17687: 17674: 17640: 17614: 17581: 17565: 17515: 17511: 17498: 17469: 17453: 17437: 17416: 17412: 17399: 17375: 17325: 17302: 17295: 17239: 17163: 17159: 17146: 17090: 17027: 17011: 16945: 16918:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 16903: 16832: 16776: 16580: 16518: 16471: 16428: 16390: 16275: 16197: 16188: 16120: 16083: 15970: 15961: 15873: 15869: 15858: 15799: 15701: 15583: 15509: 15356: 15238: 15050: 15041: 14993: 14945: 14934: 14930: 14917: 14910: 14890: 14797: 14745: 14738: 14722: 14661: 14616: 14538: 14529: 14513: 14447:Vietnamese sign languages 14445: 14404: 14383: 14276: 14221: 14183: 14140: 14110: 14050: 14032: 13999: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13867: 13827: 13822:Links to related articles 13742:Online Vietnamese lessons 13689:Teach Yourself Vietnamese 13638:. Washington, DC: Author. 13510:Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). 13440:10.1080/08351818609389247 13372:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 13328:Cooke, Joseph R. (1968). 13294:10.1515/9783110558142-027 12978:10.1017/S0025100311000181 12898:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12869:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12806:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1995). 12074:khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn 11957:Phan, John (2013-01-28). 11917:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104 11863:, in Ember, Carol (ed.), 11859:Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004), 10688: 10683: 10629: 10623: 10563: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10453: 10062:"all the king's subjects" 9865:Chao tone number notation 9822: 9800: 9795: 9785: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9623: 9555: 9444: 9397: 9371: 9351: 9340: 9320: 9309: 9300: 9274: 9254: 9243: 9223: 9212: 9198: 9167: 9165: 9154: 9145: 9143: 9132: 9123: 9121: 9113: 7924: 7916: 7908: 7900: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7868: 7860: 7852: 7825: 7822: 7297: 7286: 7265: 7250: 7243:the Sino-Vietnamese word 7154: 7143: 6147: 6137: 6111: 5857: 5851: 5841: 5573:"I like the black horse." 5570:1.PRO like CL horse black 4957: 4910: 4863: 4848: 4801: 4786: 4772: 3843:for further elaboration. 3789: 3782: 3760: 3705: 3615: 3592: 3553: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3171: 2951:led to the assignment of 2902:alveolo-palatal fricative 2803:voiced bilabial fricative 2623: 2616: 2588: 2524: 2432: 2401: 2362: 2257: 2230: 2188: 2014: 1957: 1928: 1924:Old Vietnamese phonology 1900:and as a result suffered 1449: 1350: 1323: 1122: 1071: 1045: 1038: 927:in 1773 and published by 925:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 884: 694:(which also includes the 402: 382: 368: 352: 336: 318: 300: 295: 283: 247: 229:Official language in 227: 222: 192: 164: 125: 115: 104: 78: 58:[tiəŋ˦˧˥viək̚˨˩ʔ] 45: 36: 31: 13724:Vietnamese pronunciation 13466:Sagart, Laurent (2008), 13109:Hoàng, Thị Châu (1989). 12993:Michaud, Alexis (2004). 12957:Kirby, James P. (2011). 12596:Indochina report; no. 11 12438:vietnamesetypography.com 12383:Jacques, Roland (2002). 12319:Kornicki, Peter (2018). 11804:"Vietnamese Immigration" 11774:California State Library 11377:Sidwell & Alves 2021 11224:Sidwell & Alves 2021 10383: 10199:Resulting "secret" word 9944:Tập trung (Concentrate) 7960:Ngày 28 tháng 3 năm 2018 7231:phono-semantic compounds 6960:nha (and other variants) 6694: 6234:can be used to refer to 6200:Modern Chinese influence 4632:Old tonal classification 4566:Tones within tone group 3978: 2843:. These later disappear. 964:and the conquest of the 504:Vietnamese (Kinh) people 71:[tiəŋ˦˥jiək̚˨˩˨] 65:[tiəŋ˦˥viək̚˨˩˨] 51:[tiəŋ˧˦viət̚˧˨ʔ] 17859:Somray (Northern Chong) 17140:Austroasiatic languages 16915:Northern (Beijing) Sign 14624:Cambodian Sign Language 14405:Other foreign languages 13788:The Vietnamese keyboard 13418:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713 13399:Maspero, Henri (1912). 13336:Ferlus, Michel (2009). 13235:Alves, Mark J. (2001). 13121:Honda, Koichi. (2006). 12945:: 49–62. Archived from 12930:Brunelle, Marc (2009). 12787:Marr, David G. (1984). 12716:Việt-nam văn-học sử-yếu 12590:Desbarats, Jacqueline. 12245:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997). 11849:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11837:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11447:Ferlus, Michel (1982), 11423:Ferlus, Michel (2009), 11396:Ferlus, Michel (1992), 11097:Encyclopedia Britannica 11093:"Vietnamese literature" 10420:The Administrative Rule 9541:"Mainstream" varieties 9430:"Mainstream" varieties 8276:, which called for the 7379:Portuguese missionaries 6709:Indo-European languages 5929:ca. 1st century CE and 5567:Tôi thích con ngựa đen. 5367:Người đó là anh của nó. 5213:student (under-college) 4890:rể 'son-in-law; groom' 4644:(平; 'level tones') and 3944:which diphthongized to 3016:Geographic distribution 2924:apico-alveolar sibilant 989:('train station', from 937:(from the 19th century) 640:Austroasiatic languages 638:A 1906 analysis map of 533:, Vietnamese is highly 525:Like many languages in 20010:Language and computers 19759:Science and Technology 19519:Supreme People's Court 19461:Deputy Prime Ministers 19252:Hong (Red) River Delta 14924:Sino-Tibetan languages 14662:Main foreign languages 14460:Haiphong Sign Language 14384:Main foreign languages 13516:NINJAL Research Papers 13491:; Alves, Mark (2021). 11861:"Vietnamese in France" 11465:10.3406/clao.1982.1105 11018:. BRILL. p. 264. 10845:In southern dialects, 10772: 10766: 10760: 10368:Vietnamese calligraphy 9926:Hậu trường (backstage) 9595: 9577: 9507: 9501: 9483: 9477: 8274:Geneva Accords of 1954 8233: 8017: 7964:Vietnamese short form: 7826:Vietnamese month name 7791:in Microsoft Windows. 7743:are available such as 7717: 7709:Vietnamese calligraphy 7703: 7697: 7691: 7677: 7668: 7662: 7643: 7633: 7618: 7598: 7578: 7558: 7538: 7518: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7292: 7281: 7272: 7260: 7245: 7205: 7187:Vietnamese calligraphy 7166: 7150: 7139: 7126: 7114: 7109: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7065: 6272: 5820: 5773: 5765: 5737: 5729: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5657: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5610: 5600: 5592: 5578: 5559: 5551: 5541: 5533: 5519: 5500: 5492: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5451: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5388: 5378: 5353: 5343: 5335: 5325: 5314: 5306: 5287: 5277: 5269: 5250: 5236: 5228: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5162:"Trí is 13 years old," 5148: 5140: 5132: 5113: 5103: 5095: 4776:Traditional tone name 4676:(去; 'departing'), and 4622: 4333: 'rice seedling' 3992: 3975:for further details.) 3544:Vietnamese orthography 3482:is usually written as 3141: 3106:ethnic minority groups 3025: 3001:, to indicate a final 2986: 2969: 2967:de Rhodes's entry for 2717:, where it is notated 2665: 2654: 2644:The first page of the 2343: 2319:in Middle Vietnamese. 1892:words with an initial 1798:Low (second) register 1769:High (first) register 1714:, forming part of the 1636:was borrowed) it was * 1511:According to Ferlus, * 1015: 1009: 1003: 997: 991: 985: 979: 973: 859: 720:James Richardson Logan 651: 616: 600: 584:French rule of Vietnam 574: 484:Austroasiatic language 478: 442:This article contains 404:This article contains 38: 20361:Languages of Cambodia 20242:Person Dignity Theory 14507:Languages of Cambodia 13775:Swadesh-list appendix 13701:Moore, John. (1994). 13696:Vietnamese phrasebook 13687:Healy, Dana. (2004). 13614:English translation: 13428:Papers in Linguistics 13086:Alves, Mark J. 2007. 11680:"Vietnamese language" 11606:Tsung, Linda (2014). 11081:– via CrossRef. 10800:grammatical particles 8479:"thus, so, that way" 8232: 8215:mutually intelligible 8113:mutually intelligible 8018:Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh 8013:Vietnamese literature 7989:Vietnamese literature 7958:Vietnamese long form: 7721:in their ceremonies. 7120: 7099: 7071: 7041: 6268: 6258:Pure Vietnamese words 5808: 5777:Austroasiatic origins 5771: 5763: 5064:(displaying modified- 5017:Vietnamese morphology 3989:Fundamental frequency 3986: 3888:and identifies final 3128:As a foreign language 3023: 2966: 2890:. In both cases, the 2643: 1734:) into the language. 857: 637: 545:directionality, with 20356:Languages of Vietnam 19764:Traditional medicine 19642:Self-Defence Militia 19186:World Heritage Sites 19142:Environmental issues 13861:Languages of Vietnam 13705:. London: Routledge. 12911:Journal of Phonetics 12546:Vũ Thế Khôi (2009). 12486:. Ithaca, New York: 12457:admin (2014-02-05). 11814:. pp. 884–887. 10821:Some differences in 10363:Vietnamese Knowledge 9932:Trường học (School) 8115:regional varieties: 7925:Tháng mười một (11) 7426:. The Latin letters 7078:Nhật dụng thường đàm 6855:("very delicious"), 6204:Some words, such as 5301:"Giáp is very tall." 5127:"Minh is a teacher." 4618:Vietnamese Catholics 4231: 'tomb, grave' 3186:centering diphthongs 3167:Vietnamese phonology 3147:in the United States 2692:, is no longer used. 2344:tiếng Việt trung đại 1610:(ꞗ), representing a 903:initials had become 829:isolating morphology 788:Phùng Nguyên culture 648:Charles Otto Blagden 644:Walter William Skeat 518:, and still used by 486:spoken primarily in 20351:Isolating languages 20341:Vietnamese language 20237:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19413:Central Secretariat 18882:Proto-Austroasiatic 18537:Southern Nicobarese 17927:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam 17098:Czech Sign Language 16958:NM = Inner Mongolia 14455:Hanoi Sign Language 13773:(from Wiktionary's 12896:Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt 12602:on 17 February 2015 12358:, pp. 101–105. 11686:. 29 November 2023. 11536:, pp. 143–155. 11355:, pp. 141–142. 11343:, pp. 151–152. 11299:Vương, Lộc (1995). 10424:Procedural Language 10373:Vietnamese pronouns 10314:choan hìm chanh kỉm 10306:chim hoàn chim cảnh 9958:Tâm lí (Mentality) 9620: 9534: 9423: 9090: 8334: 8185:South Central Coast 7933:Tháng mười hai (12) 7639:Vietnamese Catholic 7391:Late Middle English 7387:English orthography 7375:Alexandre de Rhodes 7361:Vietnamese alphabet 7355:Vietnamese alphabet 7345:Vietnamese Catholic 7220:Southern characters 7086:) are explained in 6818: 6723: 6284: 6013:volant directionnel 5975:) into Vietnamese ( 5902:Proto-Austroasiatic 5845:) in Chinese (also 5121:Minh là {giáo viên} 5055:subject–verb–object 4769: 4366: 4212:mid dipping-rising 4009:(i.e. pitch melody) 2852:was (and still is) 2650:Alexandre de Rhodes 2329:Alexandre de Rhodes 1925: 921:Alexandre de Rhodes 776:Quảng Bình Province 698:language spoken in 570:Vietnamese alphabet 557:and loanwords from 547:subject–verb–object 520:Vietnamese diaspora 249:Recognised minority 207:Vietnamese alphabet 20366:Languages of China 20346:Analytic languages 20276:Vietnamese studies 19988:Overseas community 19781:Telecommunications 19534:Procurator-General 19489:Standing Committee 19179:Endangered species 17029:Minority languages 16495:Formosan languages 14716:Languages of China 13747:2009-10-10 at the 13717:An Annamese reader 13353:Gong, Xun (2019). 13081:Language variation 12764:Hashimoto, Mantaro 12696:for more examples. 12684:2008-02-22 at the 12346:, pp. 32, 38. 12232:baoninhbinh.org.vn 11732:2015-01-10 at the 11596:, pp. 55, 59. 11144:. SEAlang Projects 10378:Vietnamese studies 10014:Structural change 9952:Trung tâm (Centre) 9618: 9587:Ninh Bình Province 9525: 9459:Variation between 9414: 9088: 8332: 8234: 8139:Thanh Hóa dialect 8059:possibly contains 8040:Language variation 8036:transliteration). 7823:English month name 7498:of each syllable: 7162:Chinese characters 7127: 7115: 7094: 7066: 7034:Vietnamese Braille 6817: 6722: 6654:*k-jɔːʔ ~ *kʰjɔːʔ 6275: 6273: 5999:, from the French 5861:) in Japanese and 5821: 5774: 5766: 5261:Tài PRES.CONT talk 5082:verb serialization 5013:Vietnamese grammar 4768: 4360: 3993: 3862:as being phonemes 3528:"brass" is while 3026: 3008:, an allophone of 3003:labial-velar nasal 2987: 2944:to the Vietnamese 2666: 1923: 1861:. Essentially, an 1755:Initial consonant 860: 837:tonal distinctions 704:regional languages 652: 612:Chinese characters 212:Vietnamese Braille 74:(Hồ Chí Minh City) 20328: 20327: 20288: 20287: 20284: 20283: 20254:Traditional games 19938:Human trafficking 19863: 19862: 19654: 19653: 19650: 19649: 19547: 19546: 19484:National Assembly 19403:National Congress 19388:General Secretary 19383:Central Committee 19348:Foreign relations 19315: 19314: 19311: 19310: 19284:Central Highlands 19102: 19101: 19067:Chinese dominated 18955: 18954: 18949: 18948: 18933:extinct languages 18919: 18918: 18859: 18858: 18855: 18854: 18752: 18751: 18748: 18747: 18554: 18553: 18550: 18549: 18454: 18453: 18450: 18449: 18446: 18445: 18335: 18334: 18331: 18330: 18198: 18197: 18194: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18165: 18164: 17973: 17972: 17896: 17895: 17892: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17763: 17762: 17759: 17758: 17670: 17669: 17666: 17665: 17494: 17493: 17490: 17489: 17395: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17371: 17370: 17106: 17105: 17012:Official language 16971: 16970: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16505: 16499: 16491: 16483: 16386: 16385: 16116: 16115: 15854: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15579: 15578: 15575: 15574: 14906: 14905: 14682: 14681: 14657: 14656: 14514:Official language 14473: 14472: 14379: 14378: 14136: 14135: 13868:Official language 13668:978-0-19-507993-7 13622:Mon-Khmer Studies 13594:978-90-279-7643-7 13529:10.15084/00000465 13481:978-0-415-39923-4 13458:978-0-415-35339-7 13322:978-3-03002-437-6 13303:978-3-11-055606-3 13253:978-1-881044-27-7 13217:Mon–Khmer Studies 13200:Mon–Khmer Studies 13040:Mon–Khmer Studies 13011:10.1159/000082560 12855:978-1-501-71882-3 12798:978-0-520-90744-7 12688:, Language Log's 12648:, pp. 28–29. 12497:978-0-87727-782-8 12488:SEAP Publications 12330:978-0-192-51869-9 12256:978-0-8248-1892-0 11874:978-0-306-48321-9 11821:978-1-4129-3720-7 11812:SAGE Publications 11617:978-1-4411-4235-1 11572:, pp. 58–59. 11402:Mon–Khmer Studies 11174:Mon-Khmer Studies 11127:978-1-00-069906-7 11010:Driem, George van 10951:(27th ed., 2024) 10823:grammatical words 10734: 10733: 10567: 10566: 10319: 10318: 10186:Nonsense syllable 10146: 10145: 9976: 9975: 9887:⟩ symbol; 9861: 9860: 9603:, respectively). 9568: 9567: 9457: 9456: 9401: 9400: 9114:syllable-initial 9094:Syllable position 8998: 8997: 8615:"I, me (polite)" 8419:"thus, this way" 8249: 8198: 8197: 8189:Central Highlands 8104: 8103: 8096: 8061:original research 7940: 7939: 7711:. Priests of the 7626: 7625: 7514: 7395:Great Vowel Shift 7383:Francisco de Pina 7101:Jean-Louis Taberd 7048:, written in the 7017: 7016: 6785: 6784: 6719:. Some examples: 6688: 6687: 6252:thập tứ, thập ngũ 5264:"Tài is talking." 5197:student (college) 5023:analytic language 5004: 5003: 4779:Modern tone name 4680:(入; 'entering'). 4612: 4611: 4591:"oblique, sharp" 4551: 4550: 4355: 4354: 4300:U+0342 or U+0303 4198:U+0341 or U+0301 4147:U+0340 or U+0300 4073: 4033:Name and meaning 4003:length (duration) 3800: 3799: 3741: 3715: 3673: 3651: 3625: 3510:"hand" is while 3474: 3473: 3293: 3292: 2993:diacritic, as in 2636: 2635: 2560: 2532: 2502: 2474: 2440: 2339:Middle Vietnamese 2323:Middle Vietnamese 2280: 2279: 2196: 2144: 2075: 2024: 1853:At some point, a 1826: 1825: 1764:Fricative ending 1679:*kl, *gl > MV 1665:*pl, *bl > MV 1618:(then pronounced 1604:Middle Vietnamese 1500: 1499: 1393: 1358: 1283: 1240: 1189: 1130: 947:Classical Chinese 934:Modern Vietnamese 929:Jean-Louis Taberd 910:Middle Vietnamese 845:Malayo-Polynesian 843:(a member of the 496:official language 450:rendering support 430: 429: 412:rendering support 408:phonetic symbols. 395:ethnic Vietnamese 285:Regulated by 182:Middle Vietnamese 121:85 million (2019) 95:Dongxing, Guangxi 18:Middle Vietnamese 16:(Redirected from 20393: 20381:Vietic languages 20308: 20301: 19966: 19965: 19874: 19873: 19705:Renewable energy 19695: 19687: 19665: 19664: 19572: 19571: 19371: 19370: 19343:Fatherland Front 19326: 19325: 19192: 19191: 19113: 19112: 19045: 19044: 18982: 18975: 18968: 18959: 18958: 18865: 18864: 18769: 18768: 18758: 18757: 18573: 18572: 18560: 18559: 18473: 18472: 18460: 18459: 18344: 18343: 18247: 18246: 18224: 18223: 18217: 18216: 18204: 18203: 18028: 18027: 17984: 17983: 17924: 17923: 17915: 17914: 17902: 17901: 17807: 17806: 17782: 17781: 17769: 17768: 17689: 17688: 17676: 17675: 17536: 17513: 17512: 17500: 17499: 17414: 17413: 17401: 17400: 17300: 17299: 17161: 17160: 17148: 17147: 17133: 17126: 17119: 17110: 17109: 16998: 16991: 16984: 16975: 16974: 16927: 16497: 16489: 16481: 16195: 16194: 15968: 15967: 15871: 15870: 15860: 15859: 15048: 15047: 14943: 14942: 14932: 14931: 14919: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14743: 14742: 14730:Standard Chinese 14709: 14702: 14695: 14686: 14685: 14536: 14535: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14477: 14476: 14412:Mandarin Chinese 13899: 13898: 13890: 13889: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13831: 13830: 13818: 13817: 13806:rwaai | Projects 13655: 13629: 13611: 13598: 13569: 13533: 13531: 13522:(1–2): 135–158. 13506: 13484: 13462: 13443: 13422: 13420: 13384: 13374: 13349: 13325: 13307: 13280: 13278: 13257: 13241: 13224: 13207: 13118: 13076: 13047: 13030: 13005:(2–3): 119–146. 12989: 12963: 12953: 12951: 12936: 12926: 12891: 12870: 12859: 12840: 12821: 12802: 12783: 12759: 12750: 12697: 12676: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12655: 12649: 12643: 12637: 12631: 12625: 12620:Table data from 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12587: 12576: 12575: 12557: 12551: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12526: 12520: 12519: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12444: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12316: 12310: 12309: 12291: 12285: 12284:, p. 24–26. 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12242: 12236: 12235: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12189: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12156:. Archived from 12146: 12140: 12139: 12128: 12117: 12116: 12105: 12096: 12095: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12066: 12049: 12048: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12009: 12000: 11999: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11938:(5): 6858–6868. 11927: 11921: 11920: 11911:(1–2): 104–130. 11896: 11890: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11856: 11850: 11844: 11838: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11802:Lam, Ha (2008). 11799: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11783:on March 4, 2016 11782: 11771: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11743: 11737: 11724: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11657: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11508: 11499: 11497: 11478: 11469: 11467: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11420: 11411: 11409: 11393: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11305: 11304: 11296: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11210: 11209:, p. xviii. 11204: 11195: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11169: 11163: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11138: 11132: 11131: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11039: 11033: 11032: 11006: 11000: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10940: 10920: 10902: 10896: 10881: 10875: 10868: 10862: 10843: 10834: 10819: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10756: 10750: 10743: 10737: 10632: 10626: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10606: 10599: 10593: 10451: 10450: 10441: 10435: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10357: 10352: 10351: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10183: 10182: 10102:"Spain (España)" 9999: 9998: 9938:Học tập (Study) 9923: 9922: 9915:A basic form of 9902: 9894: 9886: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9642: Vinh 9621: 9617: 9602: 9598: 9580: 9573:Vietic languages 9544:Rural varieties 9535: 9524: 9510: 9504: 9486: 9480: 9433:Rural varieties 9424: 9413: 9395: 9369: 9338: 9298: 9272: 9241: 9091: 9087: 8335: 8331: 8251: 8250: 8231: 8193:Southern Vietnam 8133:Northern Vietnam 8118: 8117: 8099: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8079: 8076:inline citations 8052: 8051: 8044: 8031: 8020: 8010: 7995:The Tale of Kiều 7917:Tháng mười (10) 7820: 7819: 7789:Vietnamese Telex 7725:Computer support 7720: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7680: 7671: 7665: 7656:protectorate of 7646: 7636: 7621: 7609: 7601: 7589: 7581: 7569: 7561: 7549: 7541: 7529: 7521: 7512: 7501: 7500: 7349:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 7323: 7317: 7311: 7301: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7254: 7248: 7236:The Tale of Kiều 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7171: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7142: 7135:Literary Chinese 7112: 7091: 7085: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7045:The Tale of Kiều 7005: 7000: 6981: 6966: 6947: 6924: 6909: 6894: 6878: 6840: 6819: 6816: 6795:or some form of 6766: 6747: 6724: 6721: 6285: 6274: 6150: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6114: 6113: 6091: 6090: 5941:and afterwards) 5888: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5825:language contact 5725: 5721: 5663: 5642: 5616: 5606: 5588: 5584: 5547: 5529: 5525: 5488: 5461: 5457: 5412: 5402: 5384: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5331: 5321: 5283: 5246: 5242: 5189: 5124:Minh BE teacher. 5109: 4770: 4767: 4627: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4379:Central dialect 4376:Southern dialect 4373:Northern dialect 4367: 4359: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4322: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4271: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4220: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4169: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4118: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4071: 4030: 4029: 4025: 3943: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3898: 3887: 3876: 3865: 3737: 3711: 3693: 3683: 3669: 3647: 3621: 3551: 3550: 3534:"raw silk" is . 3532: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3505: 3501: 3481: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3193: 3192: 3144: 3075:Guangxi Province 3011: 3007: 2972: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2928: 2913: 2907:rather than the 2906: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2851: 2831:that is written 2830: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2788: 2781: 2764: 2752: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2691: 2683: 2674: 2659: 2558: 2530: 2500: 2472: 2438: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2248: 2221: 2207: 2194: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2071: 2065: 2047: 2020: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1926: 1922: 1911: 1907: 1883:Ho Chi Minh City 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1747: 1746: 1725: 1721: 1658: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1621: 1613: 1601: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1536: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1488: 1478: 1468: 1458: 1439: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1391: 1382: 1368: 1356: 1338: 1311: 1299: 1289: 1281: 1270: 1256: 1246: 1238: 1227: 1217: 1205: 1195: 1187: 1178: 1168: 1158: 1146: 1136: 1128: 1112: 1102: 1090: 1080: 1036: 1035: 1023:Proto–Viet–Muong 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 887: 886: 881: 875: 872: 810:Dong Son culture 621: 605: 577: 490:where it is the 481: 456: instead of 438: 437: 393:of Vietnam with 391:ethnic landscape 387: 378: 364: 348: 341: 332: 331: 323: 314: 313: 305: 275: 273: 272: 263: 261: 260: 251:language in 240: 238: 237: 198: 131: 73: 67: 60: 53: 41: 29: 28: 21: 20401: 20400: 20396: 20395: 20394: 20392: 20391: 20390: 20331: 20330: 20329: 20324: 20311: 20304: 20297: 20280: 20063: 19964: 19950:Public holidays 19933:Sex trafficking 19859: 19836: 19732:Five-Year Plans 19693: 19685: 19646: 19621: 19619:Public Security 19613: 19570: 19543: 19539:Military Courts 19505: 19472: 19427: 19375:Communist Party 19369: 19307: 19233: 19229:Electoral units 19190: 19147:Protected areas 19098: 19077:French colonial 19043: 18995: 18986: 18956: 18951: 18950: 18945: 18944: 18915: 18889:Proto-Palaungic 18872: 18870:Proto-languages 18851: 18813: 18790: 18763: 18744: 18726: 18692: 18676: 18635: 18567: 18546: 18520: 18492: 18467: 18442: 18426: 18405: 18374: 18358: 18327: 18306: 18238: 18211: 18186: 18161: 18140: 18107: 18069: 18019: 17998: 17969: 17953: 17909: 17907:Khasi–Palaungic 17884: 17863: 17847: 17831: 17802: 17796: 17776: 17755: 17719: 17703: 17683: 17662: 17636: 17610: 17577: 17561: 17530: 17507: 17486: 17465: 17449: 17433: 17408: 17387: 17367: 17321: 17291: 17235: 17155: 17142: 17137: 17107: 17102: 17086: 17023: 17007: 17002: 16972: 16967: 16941: 16921: 16899: 16828: 16772: 16583: 16576: 16502: 16482:(Indo-European) 16467: 16424: 16382: 16271: 16184: 16112: 16079: 15957: 15865: 15864:Other languages 15846: 15795: 15726:Central Tibetan 15697: 15571: 15505: 15352: 15234: 15037: 14989: 14937: 14926: 14902: 14886: 14793: 14734: 14718: 14713: 14683: 14678: 14653: 14612: 14531: 14525: 14509: 14504: 14474: 14469: 14441: 14400: 14375: 14272: 14217: 14179: 14132: 14106: 14046: 14028: 13995: 13885: 13879: 13863: 13858: 13823: 13749:Wayback Machine 13733: 13677: 13595: 13581:DeFrancis, John 13576: 13505:(3–4): 166–194. 13482: 13459: 13323: 13304: 13269:(2): xiii–xlv. 13254: 13239: 13231: 13172: 13083: 12961: 12949: 12934: 12905: 12888: 12856: 12837: 12818: 12799: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12700: 12686:Wayback Machine 12677: 12673: 12665: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12652: 12644: 12640: 12632: 12628: 12619: 12615: 12605: 12603: 12588: 12579: 12572: 12558: 12554: 12545: 12541: 12528: 12527: 12523: 12510: 12509: 12505: 12498: 12480: 12476: 12467: 12465: 12455: 12451: 12442: 12440: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12406: 12402: 12395: 12381: 12377: 12369: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12317: 12313: 12306: 12292: 12288: 12280: 12276: 12268: 12264: 12257: 12243: 12239: 12226: 12225: 12221: 12212: 12210: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12187: 12185: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12163: 12161: 12148: 12147: 12143: 12130: 12129: 12120: 12107: 12106: 12099: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12068: 12067: 12052: 12041: 12037: 12010: 12003: 11988: 11984: 11976: 11970: 11966: 11955: 11951: 11928: 11924: 11897: 11893: 11885: 11881: 11875: 11857: 11853: 11845: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11822: 11800: 11796: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11769: 11763: 11759: 11744: 11740: 11734:Wayback Machine 11725: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11696: 11695: 11691: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11639: 11637: 11630: 11629: 11625: 11618: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11509: 11502: 11479: 11472: 11445: 11441: 11421: 11414: 11394: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11363: 11359: 11351: 11347: 11339: 11335: 11327: 11323: 11315: 11308: 11301:An Nam dịch ngữ 11297: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11258: 11254: 11246: 11242: 11234: 11230: 11222: 11213: 11205: 11198: 11189: 11185: 11170: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11128: 11116:Li, Yu (2020). 11114: 11110: 11101: 11099: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11059: 11055: 11040: 11036: 11026: 11007: 11003: 10994: 10990: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10967: 10966: 10962: 10952: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10903: 10899: 10882: 10878: 10869: 10865: 10844: 10837: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10806: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10780: 10773:ngôn ngữ âm sắc 10758:Tone is called 10757: 10753: 10744: 10740: 10726: 10721: 10690: 10685: 10613: 10609: 10600: 10596: 10442: 10438: 10430:) paragraph 9 ( 10404: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10355:Language portal 10353: 10346: 10339: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10285:loan hà lanh cả 10277:la hoàn la cảnh 10002:Original phrase 9964:Lí do (Reason) 9913: 9648: 9609: 9487:"fifteen" (see 9382: 9381: 9360: 9359: 9329: 9328: 9285: 9284: 9263: 9262: 9232: 9231: 9205:syllable-final 9022: 8330: 8288:and heavily to 8269: 8268: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8245: 8242: 8235: 8229: 8220:sociolinguistic 8121:Dialect region 8100: 8089: 8083: 8080: 8065: 8053: 8049: 8042: 7991: 7985: 7909:Tháng chín (9) 7817:and in poetry. 7797: 7767:on Windows, or 7733: 7727: 7486:) and a single 7381:, particularly 7363: 7357: 7324:, most notably 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7201: 7195: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7036: 7028:Main articles: 7026: 7024:Writing systems 6994:lu bu, lu xu bu 6849:Buddhist temple 6697: 6260: 6248:Sino-Vietnamese 6222:Chinese sausage 6202: 6129:keoi1 lok6 bou6 6102: 6064: 6001:note de musique 5947: 5923:Sino-Vietnamese 5803: 5801:Chinese contact 5779: 5758: 5753: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5654: 5644: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5608: 5598: 5590: 5575: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5539: 5531: 5516: 5506: 5498: 5490: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5448: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5386: 5375: 5365: 5351: 5341: 5333: 5323: 5312: 5303: 5293: 5285: 5275: 5266: 5256: 5248: 5234: 5225: 5215: 5207: 5199: 5191: 5181: 5173: 5164: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5129: 5119: 5111: 5101: 5019: 5011:Main articles: 5009: 4672:(上; 'rising'), 4634: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4087: 4084: 4083: 3981: 3907:as predictable 3565: 3540: 3466: 3461: 3451: 3438: 3433: 3423: 3285: 3275: 3262: 3252: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3130: 3102: 3100:Official status 3028:As a result of 3018: 2973:shows distinct 2693: 2685: 2676: 2374: 2325: 1919: 1761:Glottal ending 1740: 1738:Origin of tones 1025: 1001:('shirt', from 873: 816:began from the 792:Red River Delta 784: 768:Gérard Diffloth 656:linguistic work 632: 622:) to represent 506:, as well as a 500:native language 471: 470: 469: 448:Without proper 439: 435: 410:Without proper 398: 374: 360: 344: 337: 327: 326: 319: 309: 308: 301: 279: 270: 268: 267: 258: 256: 252: 250: 235: 233: 230: 223:Official status 214: 210: 199: 194: 188: 167: 160: 132: 129:Language family 127: 118: 117:Native speakers 100: 62: 55: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20399: 20389: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20326: 20325: 20323: 20322: 20317: 20310: 20309: 20302: 20294: 20293: 20290: 20289: 20286: 20285: 20282: 20281: 20279: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20262: 20261: 20256: 20246: 20245: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20204: 20203: 20202: 20197: 20187: 20186: 20185: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20160: 20159: 20158: 20148: 20143: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20127: 20126: 20121: 20111: 20106: 20105: 20104: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20073: 20071: 20065: 20064: 20062: 20061: 20060: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20037:Folk religions 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20013: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19992: 19991: 19990: 19985: 19974: 19972: 19963: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19946: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19915: 19914: 19913: 19912:hybrid variant 19900: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19877: 19871: 19865: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19858: 19857: 19855:Rail transport 19852: 19846: 19844: 19838: 19837: 19835: 19834: 19829: 19828: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19807: 19806: 19805: 19795: 19794: 19793: 19788: 19778: 19777: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19756: 19751: 19750: 19749: 19744: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19718: 19717: 19715:Power stations 19712: 19707: 19697: 19689: 19686:("Renovation") 19679: 19674: 19668: 19662: 19656: 19655: 19652: 19651: 19648: 19647: 19645: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19628: 19626: 19615: 19614: 19612: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19595: 19594: 19589: 19578: 19576: 19569: 19568: 19563: 19557: 19555: 19549: 19548: 19545: 19544: 19542: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19526: 19521: 19515: 19513: 19507: 19506: 19504: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19492: 19491: 19480: 19478: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19470: 19465: 19464: 19463: 19456:Prime Minister 19453: 19448: 19447: 19446: 19444:Vice President 19435: 19433: 19429: 19428: 19426: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19379: 19377: 19368: 19367: 19362: 19361: 19360: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19329: 19323: 19317: 19316: 19313: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19306: 19305: 19304: 19303: 19298: 19288: 19287: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19243: 19241: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19219:District-level 19216: 19211: 19209:Municipalities 19206: 19200: 19198: 19189: 19188: 19183: 19182: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19152:National parks 19144: 19139: 19134: 19133: 19132: 19130:Climate change 19122: 19116: 19110: 19104: 19103: 19100: 19099: 19097: 19096: 19095: 19094: 19089: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19053: 19051: 19042: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19005: 19003: 18997: 18996: 18985: 18984: 18977: 18970: 18962: 18953: 18952: 18947: 18946: 18943: 18942: 18935: 18925: 18924: 18921: 18920: 18917: 18916: 18914: 18913: 18906: 18899: 18892: 18885: 18877: 18874: 18873: 18861: 18860: 18857: 18856: 18853: 18852: 18850: 18849: 18844: 18843: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18821: 18819: 18815: 18814: 18812: 18811: 18806: 18800: 18798: 18792: 18791: 18789: 18788: 18783: 18777: 18775: 18765: 18764: 18754: 18753: 18750: 18749: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18742: 18734: 18732: 18728: 18727: 18725: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18703: 18701: 18694: 18693: 18691: 18690: 18684: 18682: 18678: 18677: 18675: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18652: 18646: 18644: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18582: 18580: 18569: 18568: 18556: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18548: 18547: 18545: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18528: 18526: 18522: 18521: 18519: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18502: 18500: 18494: 18493: 18491: 18490: 18485: 18479: 18477: 18469: 18468: 18456: 18455: 18452: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18444: 18443: 18441: 18440: 18434: 18432: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18424: 18419: 18413: 18411: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18382: 18380: 18376: 18375: 18373: 18372: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18356: 18350: 18348: 18341: 18337: 18336: 18333: 18332: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18320: 18314: 18312: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18253: 18251: 18244: 18240: 18239: 18237: 18236: 18230: 18228: 18221: 18213: 18212: 18200: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18192: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18184: 18179: 18173: 18171: 18167: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18160: 18159: 18154: 18148: 18146: 18142: 18141: 18139: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18117: 18115: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18079: 18077: 18071: 18070: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18036: 18034: 18025: 18024:East Palaungic 18021: 18020: 18018: 18017: 18012: 18006: 18004: 18003:West Palaungic 18000: 17999: 17997: 17996: 17990: 17988: 17981: 17975: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17967: 17961: 17959: 17955: 17954: 17952: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17930: 17928: 17921: 17911: 17910: 17898: 17897: 17894: 17893: 17890: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17883: 17882: 17877: 17871: 17869: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17861: 17855: 17853: 17849: 17848: 17846: 17845: 17839: 17837: 17833: 17832: 17830: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17813: 17811: 17804: 17801:Western Pearic 17798: 17797: 17795: 17794: 17788: 17786: 17778: 17777: 17765: 17764: 17761: 17760: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17727: 17725: 17721: 17720: 17718: 17717: 17711: 17709: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17701: 17695: 17693: 17685: 17684: 17672: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17664: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17644: 17642: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17618: 17616: 17612: 17611: 17609: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17587: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17569: 17567: 17563: 17562: 17560: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17548: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17519: 17517: 17509: 17508: 17496: 17495: 17492: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17484: 17479: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17463: 17457: 17455: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17447: 17441: 17439: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17431: 17426: 17420: 17418: 17410: 17409: 17397: 17396: 17393: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17379: 17377: 17373: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17366: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17329: 17327: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17303: 17297: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17243: 17241: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17167: 17165: 17157: 17156: 17144: 17143: 17136: 17135: 17128: 17121: 17113: 17104: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17094: 17092: 17091:Sign languages 17088: 17087: 17085: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17033: 17031: 17025: 17024: 17022: 17021: 17015: 17013: 17009: 17008: 17001: 17000: 16993: 16986: 16978: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16965: 16962: 16959: 16956: 16953: 16952:HK = Hong Kong 16950: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16939: 16932: 16931: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16923:Hong Kong Sign 16916: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16836: 16834: 16830: 16829: 16827: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16773: 16771: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16763: 16753: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16736: 16735: 16734: 16729: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16691: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16649: 16648: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16631: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16588: 16586: 16578: 16577: 16575: 16574: 16569: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16522: 16520: 16516: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16498:(Austronesian) 16492: 16490:(Austronesian) 16484: 16475: 16473: 16469: 16468: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16434: 16432: 16426: 16425: 16423: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16396: 16394: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16279: 16277: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16203: 16201: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16126: 16124: 16118: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16089: 16087: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15976: 15974: 15965: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15879: 15877: 15867: 15866: 15856: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15803: 15801: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15707: 15705: 15699: 15698: 15696: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15668:Southern Qiang 15665: 15663:Northern Qiang 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15589: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15573: 15572: 15570: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15513: 15511: 15507: 15506: 15504: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15362: 15360: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15244: 15242: 15236: 15235: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15056: 15054: 15045: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 14999: 14997: 14991: 14990: 14988: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14951: 14949: 14940: 14928: 14927: 14912: 14908: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14803: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14792: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14755: 14753: 14740: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14712: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14689: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14676: 14671: 14665: 14663: 14659: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14544: 14542: 14533: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14517: 14515: 14511: 14510: 14503: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14480: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14451: 14449: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14408: 14406: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14393: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14282: 14280: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14233: 14227: 14225: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14189: 14187: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14146: 14144: 14138: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14056: 14054: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14038: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14005: 14003: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13907: 13905: 13896: 13887: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13877: 13871: 13869: 13865: 13864: 13857: 13856: 13849: 13842: 13834: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13815: 13814: 13809: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13784: 13783: 13782:Language tools 13779: 13778: 13768: 13761: 13760: 13756: 13755: 13738: 13737: 13736:Online lessons 13732: 13731:External links 13729: 13728: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13692: 13685: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13656: 13639: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13599: 13593: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13558:10.2307/411402 13552:(1): 362–371. 13541: 13534: 13507: 13485: 13480: 13463: 13457: 13444: 13423: 13396: 13385: 13365:(1–2): 55–72. 13350: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13308: 13302: 13281: 13258: 13252: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13225: 13208: 13191: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13141: 13130: 13119: 13106: 13095: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13065:10.2307/411232 13059:(3): 454–476. 13048: 13031: 12990: 12972:(3): 381–392. 12954: 12952:on 2018-11-13. 12927: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12892: 12886: 12871: 12860: 12854: 12841: 12835: 12822: 12816: 12803: 12797: 12784: 12760: 12751: 12739:10.2307/409878 12733:(3): 239–244. 12723:Emeneau, M. B. 12719: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12671: 12650: 12638: 12636:, p. 382. 12626: 12613: 12577: 12570: 12552: 12539: 12521: 12503: 12496: 12474: 12449: 12425: 12400: 12393: 12375: 12373:, p. 145. 12360: 12356:DeFrancis 1977 12348: 12344:DeFrancis 1977 12336: 12329: 12311: 12305:978-1107544895 12304: 12286: 12282:DeFrancis 1977 12274: 12272:, p. 141. 12262: 12255: 12237: 12219: 12194: 12170: 12141: 12118: 12097: 12079: 12050: 12035: 12030:10.15026/94521 12001: 11982: 11964: 11949: 11922: 11891: 11879: 11873: 11851: 11839: 11827: 11820: 11794: 11757: 11738: 11719: 11707: 11689: 11671: 11659: 11645: 11623: 11616: 11598: 11586: 11574: 11562: 11560:, p. 162. 11550: 11538: 11526: 11500: 11470: 11439: 11412: 11381: 11379:, p. 187. 11369: 11365:DeFrancis 1977 11357: 11345: 11333: 11331:, p. 136. 11321: 11319:, p. 678. 11306: 11288: 11286:, p. 659. 11276: 11274:, p. 663. 11264: 11262:, p. xix. 11252: 11250:, p. 662. 11240: 11238:, p. 661. 11228: 11226:, p. 189. 11211: 11196: 11183: 11164: 11155: 11133: 11126: 11108: 11084: 11053: 11034: 11024: 11001: 10988: 10985:. 7 June 2023. 10974: 10971:. 3 July 2013. 10960: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10897: 10876: 10863: 10835: 10814: 10804: 10787: 10778: 10751: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10607: 10594: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10436: 10398: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10344: 10341:Vietnam portal 10328: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10308: 10303: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10279: 10274: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10250: 10245: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10221: 10216: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10130: 10127: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10106: 10103: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10086: 10083: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10066: 10063: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10011:transformation 10005: 10003: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9927: 9912: 9909: 9889:murmured voice 9869:glottalization 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9630:North-central 9628: 9625: 9608: 9605: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9021: 9018: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8752: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8720: 8711: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8664: 8655: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8588: 8579: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8507:"that yonder" 8505: 8500: 8491: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8468: 8459: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8436: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8412: 8403: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8384: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8347:English gloss 8345: 8342: 8339: 8329: 8326: 8309:Fall of Saigon 8302:Tập kết ra Bắc 8259: 8253: 8243: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8196: 8195: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175:Thừa Thiên Huế 8172: 8168: 8167: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8108:Nguồn language 8102: 8101: 8056: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8038: 7987:Main article: 7984: 7981: 7968: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7901:Tháng tám (8) 7899: 7895: 7894: 7893:Tháng bảy (7) 7891: 7887: 7886: 7885:Tháng sáu (6) 7883: 7879: 7878: 7877:Tháng năm (5) 7875: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7853:Tháng hai (2) 7851: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7815:lunar calendar 7796: 7793: 7729:Main article: 7726: 7723: 7675:Nevertheless, 7624: 7623: 7615: 7604: 7603: 7595: 7584: 7583: 7582:'questioning' 7575: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7524: 7523: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7422:) formed with 7359:Main article: 7356: 7353: 7304: 7303: 7277: 7256: 7197:Main article: 7194: 7191: 7121:A sign at the 7103:'s dictionary 7025: 7022: 7015: 7014: 7007: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6783: 6782: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6728: 6696: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6330:Middle Chinese 6326: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6259: 6256: 6214:Middle Chinese 6201: 6198: 6183:from modified 6101: 6098: 6063: 6060: 6005:steering wheel 5951:Geneva Accords 5946: 5943: 5802: 5799: 5778: 5775: 5757: 5754: 5736: 5728: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5656: 5655: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5609: 5599: 5591: 5577: 5576: 5558: 5550: 5540: 5532: 5518: 5517: 5499: 5491: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5450: 5449: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5405: 5395: 5387: 5377: 5376: 5352: 5342: 5334: 5324: 5313: 5305: 5304: 5286: 5276: 5268: 5267: 5249: 5235: 5227: 5226: 5208: 5200: 5192: 5182: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5130: 5112: 5102: 5094: 5093: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4862: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4800: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4660:belong to the 4652:belong to the 4633: 4630: 4610: 4609: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4575: 4574:"level, flat" 4568: 4567: 4564: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4283: 4277: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4209:'questioning' 4200: 4199: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4079: 'ghost' 4074: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4010: 4004: 3980: 3977: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3684: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3554: 3539: 3536: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3173: 3170: 3165:Main article: 3162: 3159: 3129: 3126: 3113:Czech Republic 3101: 3098: 3054:Czech Republic 3034:Southeast Asia 3017: 3014: 2961: 2960: 2935:palatoalveolar 2895: 2881:stop consonant 2844: 2825: 2816:had merged as 2794: 2793: 2774: 2757: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2368: 2363: 2324: 2321: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2211: 2209: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2142:Implosive stop 2137: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2055: 2049: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1918: 1917:Old Vietnamese 1915: 1894:minor syllable 1890:sesquisyllabic 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758:Smooth ending 1756: 1753: 1739: 1736: 1712:Middle Chinese 1708: 1707: 1701: 1687: 1677: 1669:> Northern 1663: 1622:). See below. 1593: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1539:minor syllable 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1483: 1473: 1463: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1434: 1424: 1414: 1404: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1251: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1200: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1141: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1085: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1044: 1039: 1029:Mường language 1024: 1021: 1013:('doll', from 977:('dame', from 939: 938: 935: 932: 911: 908: 867: 799:sesquisyllabic 783: 780: 740:Jean Przyluski 724:Korku language 706:, such as the 690:branch of the 631: 630:Classification 628: 555:Middle Chinese 527:Southeast Asia 522:in the world. 452:, you may see 440: 433: 432: 431: 428: 427: 414:, you may see 400: 399: 388: 380: 379: 372: 366: 365: 358: 350: 349: 342: 334: 333: 324: 316: 315: 306: 298: 297: 296:Language codes 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 265:Czech Republic 255: 253: 248: 245: 244: 231: 228: 225: 224: 220: 219: 200: 196:Writing system 193: 190: 189: 187: 186: 185: 184: 177:Old Vietnamese 170: 168: 165: 162: 161: 159: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 135: 133: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 106: 102: 101: 99: 98: 88: 82: 80: 79:Native to 76: 75: 47: 43: 42: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20398: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20338: 20336: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20312: 20307: 20303: 20300: 20296: 20295: 20291: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20209: 20208: 20205: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20192: 20191: 20188: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20165: 20164: 20161: 20157: 20154: 20153: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20129: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20116: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20103: 20100: 20099: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20074: 20072: 20070: 20066: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20034: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20017:Ethnic groups 20015: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19993: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19980: 19979: 19976: 19975: 19973: 19971: 19967: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19920: 19919: 19916: 19911: 19908: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19895: 19894: 19891: 19887: 19884: 19883: 19882: 19879: 19878: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19850:Air transport 19848: 19847: 19845: 19843: 19839: 19833: 19830: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19812: 19811: 19808: 19804: 19801: 19800: 19799: 19796: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19783: 19782: 19779: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19761: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19739: 19738: 19737:Manufacturing 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19727:Foreign trade 19725: 19723: 19720: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19710:Nuclear power 19708: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19690: 19688: 19684: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19657: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19625: 19620: 19616: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19584: 19583: 19580: 19579: 19577: 19573: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19554: 19550: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19524:Chief Justice 19522: 19520: 19517: 19516: 19514: 19512: 19508: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19490: 19487: 19486: 19485: 19482: 19481: 19479: 19475: 19469: 19466: 19462: 19459: 19458: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19445: 19442: 19441: 19440: 19437: 19436: 19434: 19430: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19380: 19378: 19376: 19372: 19366: 19363: 19359: 19356: 19355: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19330: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19318: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19289: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19279:South Central 19277: 19275: 19274:North Central 19272: 19271: 19270: 19267: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19249: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19242: 19240: 19236: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19224:Commune-level 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19201: 19199: 19197: 19193: 19187: 19184: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19157: 19153: 19150: 19149: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19131: 19128: 19127: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19117: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19105: 19093: 19092:South Vietnam 19090: 19088: 19087:North Vietnam 19085: 19084: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19054: 19052: 19050: 19046: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19004: 19002: 18998: 18994: 18990: 18983: 18978: 18976: 18971: 18969: 18964: 18963: 18960: 18940: 18936: 18934: 18930: 18927: 18926: 18922: 18912: 18911: 18907: 18905: 18904: 18900: 18898: 18897: 18896:Proto-Khmeric 18893: 18891: 18890: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18879: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18866: 18862: 18848: 18845: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18827: 18826: 18823: 18822: 18820: 18816: 18810: 18809:Bugan (Pakan) 18807: 18805: 18802: 18801: 18799: 18797: 18793: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18778: 18776: 18774: 18770: 18766: 18759: 18755: 18741: 18740: 18736: 18735: 18733: 18729: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18695: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18679: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18657: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18638: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18574: 18570: 18566: 18561: 18557: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18529: 18527: 18523: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18503: 18501: 18499: 18495: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18476:Chaura-Teresa 18474: 18470: 18466: 18461: 18457: 18439: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18429: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18383: 18381: 18377: 18371: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18355: 18352: 18351: 18349: 18345: 18342: 18338: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18254: 18252: 18248: 18245: 18241: 18235: 18232: 18231: 18229: 18225: 18222: 18218: 18214: 18210: 18205: 18201: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18168: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18149: 18147: 18143: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18118: 18116: 18114: 18110: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18033: 18029: 18026: 18022: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18007: 18005: 18001: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17966: 17963: 17962: 17960: 17956: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17931: 17929: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17916: 17912: 17908: 17903: 17899: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17866: 17860: 17857: 17856: 17854: 17850: 17844: 17843:Western Chong 17841: 17840: 17838: 17834: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17817:Central Chong 17815: 17814: 17812: 17808: 17805: 17799: 17793: 17790: 17789: 17787: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17770: 17766: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17728: 17726: 17722: 17716: 17713: 17712: 17710: 17706: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17690: 17686: 17682: 17677: 17673: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17639: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17568: 17564: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17534: 17529: 17526: 17525: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17518: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17501: 17497: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17472: 17468: 17462: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17436: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17402: 17398: 17384: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17374: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17330: 17328: 17324: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17301: 17298: 17294: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17238: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17134: 17129: 17127: 17122: 17120: 17115: 17114: 17111: 17099: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17089: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17032: 17030: 17026: 17020: 17017: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17006: 16999: 16994: 16992: 16987: 16985: 16980: 16979: 16976: 16963: 16961:XJ = Xinjiang 16960: 16957: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16902: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16837: 16835: 16831: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16779: 16775: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16754: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16737: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16720: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16647: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16594: 16593: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16585: 16579: 16573: 16570: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16517: 16496: 16493: 16488: 16485: 16480: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16470: 16464: 16463:Western Yugur 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16427: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16274: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16200: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16145:Eastern Yugur 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16119: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16082: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16065:Small Flowery 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15975: 15973: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15880: 15878: 15876: 15875:Austroasiatic 15872: 15868: 15861: 15857: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15798: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704: 15700: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15582: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15508: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15359: 15355: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15237: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15040: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14998: 14996: 14992: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14909: 14899: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14796: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14710: 14705: 14703: 14698: 14696: 14691: 14690: 14687: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14660: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14537: 14534: 14528: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14501: 14496: 14494: 14489: 14487: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14444: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14407: 14403: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14388: 14386: 14382: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14346:Tai Hang Tong 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14275: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14224: 14220: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14143: 14139: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14031: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13894:Austroasiatic 13891: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13855: 13850: 13848: 13843: 13841: 13836: 13835: 13832: 13826: 13819: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13781: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13766: 13763: 13762: 13758: 13757: 13754: 13750: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13714: 13711: 13707: 13704: 13700: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13686: 13683: 13679: 13678: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13640: 13637: 13633: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13613: 13612: 13609: 13605: 13600: 13596: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13577: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13542: 13539: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13490: 13489:Sidwell, Paul 13486: 13483: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13464: 13460: 13454: 13450: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13318: 13314: 13309: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13259: 13255: 13249: 13245: 13238: 13233: 13232: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13192: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13153: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13084: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12960: 12955: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12933: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12907: 12906: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12887:0-8248-1117-8 12883: 12879: 12878: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12861: 12857: 12851: 12847: 12842: 12838: 12836:90-272-3809-X 12832: 12828: 12823: 12819: 12817:0-8442-8357-6 12813: 12809: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12712: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12675: 12662: 12661: 12654: 12647: 12642: 12635: 12630: 12623: 12617: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12573: 12571:0-8161-1810-8 12567: 12563: 12556: 12549: 12543: 12535: 12534:art-hanoi.com 12531: 12525: 12517: 12516:art-hanoi.com 12513: 12507: 12499: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12478: 12464: 12460: 12453: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12421: 12417: 12414:. Conference 12413: 12412: 12404: 12396: 12394:974-8304-77-9 12390: 12386: 12379: 12372: 12367: 12365: 12357: 12352: 12345: 12340: 12332: 12326: 12322: 12315: 12307: 12301: 12297: 12290: 12283: 12278: 12271: 12266: 12258: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12234:. 2018-12-07. 12233: 12229: 12223: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12184: 12183:vietnamnet.vn 12180: 12174: 12160:on 2022-06-17 12159: 12155: 12151: 12145: 12138:. 2016-06-25. 12137: 12136:vnexpress.net 12133: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12115:. 2016-06-25. 12114: 12113:vnexpress.net 12110: 12104: 12102: 12094:. 2020-07-18. 12093: 12089: 12083: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12046: 12039: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12008: 12006: 11997: 11993: 11986: 11975: 11968: 11960: 11953: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11926: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11876: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11823: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11798: 11779: 11775: 11768: 11761: 11753: 11752:Vietnam Times 11749: 11742: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11723: 11716: 11711: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11668: 11663: 11655: 11649: 11635: 11634: 11627: 11619: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11584:, p. 58. 11583: 11578: 11571: 11566: 11559: 11554: 11548:, p. 60. 11547: 11542: 11535: 11530: 11523:(1): 122–128. 11522: 11518: 11514: 11507: 11505: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11477: 11475: 11466: 11462: 11459:(1): 83–106, 11458: 11454: 11450: 11443: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11417: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11378: 11373: 11366: 11361: 11354: 11349: 11342: 11337: 11330: 11325: 11318: 11313: 11311: 11302: 11295: 11293: 11285: 11280: 11273: 11268: 11261: 11256: 11249: 11244: 11237: 11232: 11225: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11208: 11203: 11201: 11193: 11187: 11179: 11175: 11168: 11159: 11143: 11137: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11049: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11027: 11025:90-04-12062-9 11021: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11005: 10998: 10992: 10984: 10978: 10970: 10964: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10937: 10932: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10901: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10825:are noted in 10824: 10818: 10808: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10782: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10742: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445:Thompson 1991 10440: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10393: 10389: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10356: 10350: 10345: 10342: 10331: 10324: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10171: 10169: 10166:. Naturally, 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10073: 10071:"west waiter" 10070: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10053: 10051:"scared yet?" 10050: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10022:"(child) pee" 10021: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10007:Phrase after 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9980:language game 9972: 9969: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9899:with ⟨ 9898: 9891:with ⟨ 9890: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9817: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9790: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9509: 9503: 9502:hai mươi nhăm 9498: 9494: 9490: 9485: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9103:North-central 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9016: 9013:being created 9012: 9008: 9004: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8265: 8241: 8224: 8221: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8202:Michel Ferlus 8194: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8098: 8095: 8087: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8057:This section 8055: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8035: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7973: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7954:28 March 2018 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7904: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7872: 7869:Tháng tư (4) 7865: 7864: 7861:Tháng ba (3) 7857: 7856: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7842:Tháng một (1) 7841: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7722: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7707:or use it in 7705: 7699: 7693: 7688: 7687:North Vietnam 7684: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7330:Hồ Xuân Hương 7327: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7300: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7207: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7123:Hỏa Lò Prison 7119: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7040: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7012: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6809:play on words 6806: 6803:swear words ( 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6303:Proto-Vietic 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6097: 6095: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5848: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5795:Austroasiatic 5792: 5791:Austroasiatic 5788: 5784: 5770: 5762: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5717: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5530: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5339:older brother 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5298:Giáp INT tall 5296: 5295:Giáp rất cao. 5292: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258:Tài đang nói. 5255: 5252: 5247: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5080:, and allows 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5027:morphological 5024: 5018: 5014: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4953:lạ 'strange' 4952: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4668:(平; 'even'), 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4078: 4075: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4048:Sample vowel 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4007:pitch contour 4005: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3513: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3182:vowel diagram 3180:. Below is a 3179: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3062:lingua franca 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:North America 3039: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2882: 2870: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2823: 2820:, spelled as 2804: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2689: 2684:This letter, 2682: 2681: 2673: 2672: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2331:for his 1651 2330: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:breathy voice 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1509: 1508: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1435: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1174: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 936: 933: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917: 912: 909: 906: 902: 898: 893: 892: 880: 879:Ānnánguó yìyǔ 868: 865: 864: 863: 856: 852: 850: 847:group within 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:Tai languages 802: 800: 795: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:Central India 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 649: 645: 641: 636: 627: 625: 620: 619: 613: 610:script using 609: 604: 603: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 514:language for 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 475: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 445: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 407: 401: 396: 392: 386: 381: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 357: 356: 351: 347: 343: 340: 335: 330: 325: 322: 317: 312: 307: 304: 299: 294: 291: 288: 286: 282: 278: 266: 254: 246: 243: 232: 226: 221: 217: 213: 208: 204: 201: 197: 191: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 174: 173: 169: 163: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137:Austroasiatic 134: 130: 124: 120: 114: 110: 107: 103: 96: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 81: 77: 72: 66: 59: 52: 48: 46:Pronunciation 44: 40: 35: 30: 27: 19: 20259:Martial arts 20082:Architecture 20052:Christianity 19994: 19970:Demographics 19928:Prostitution 19886:Universities 19832:Water supply 19682: 19592:Border Guard 19587:Ground Force 19575:Armed forces 19353:Human rights 19338:Constitution 19301:Mekong Delta 18928: 18908: 18903:Proto-Aslian 18901: 18894: 18887: 18880: 18737: 18731:unclassified 18654: 17751:Phong-Kniang 17522: 17081: 16949:GX = Guangxi 16937: 16935:Tibetan Sign 16925: 16911:Chinese Sign 16777:Creole/Mixed 16646:Southeastern 16634:Southwestern 16597:Northeastern 16582:Varieties of 16565: 14607: 14223:Sino-Tibetan 14142:Austronesian 13874: 13799: 13798: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13659: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13635: 13625: 13621: 13607: 13604:Dân Việt-Nam 13603: 13584: 13549: 13545: 13537: 13519: 13515: 13502: 13496: 13471: 13448: 13431: 13427: 13411:(1): 1–124. 13408: 13404: 13392: 13388: 13362: 13358: 13345: 13341: 13329: 13312: 13285: 13266: 13262: 13243: 13220: 13216: 13203: 13199: 13183:(1), 49–70. 13180: 13176: 13162: 13155: 13148: 13137: 13126: 13114: 13110: 13102: 13091: 13056: 13052: 13043: 13039: 13002: 12998: 12969: 12965: 12947:the original 12942: 12938: 12917:(1): 79–96. 12914: 12910: 12903:Sound system 12895: 12876: 12864: 12845: 12826: 12807: 12788: 12771: 12767: 12755: 12730: 12726: 12715: 12704:Bibliography 12674: 12664:, retrieved 12659: 12653: 12641: 12634:Kirby (2011) 12629: 12622:Hoàng (1989) 12616: 12604:. Retrieved 12600:the original 12595: 12561: 12555: 12542: 12533: 12524: 12515: 12506: 12483: 12477: 12466:. Retrieved 12462: 12452: 12441:. Retrieved 12437: 12428: 12415: 12410: 12403: 12384: 12378: 12351: 12339: 12320: 12314: 12295: 12289: 12277: 12265: 12246: 12240: 12231: 12222: 12211:. Retrieved 12209:. 2019-12-05 12206: 12197: 12186:. Retrieved 12182: 12173: 12162:. Retrieved 12158:the original 12154:hinative.com 12153: 12144: 12135: 12112: 12091: 12082: 12073: 12044: 12038: 12021: 12017: 11995: 11991: 11985: 11967: 11952: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11908: 11904: 11894: 11882: 11864: 11854: 11842: 11830: 11807: 11797: 11785:. Retrieved 11778:the original 11760: 11751: 11741: 11722: 11710: 11702:www.vlada.cz 11701: 11692: 11683: 11674: 11662: 11648: 11638:, retrieved 11632: 11626: 11607: 11601: 11589: 11577: 11565: 11553: 11541: 11534:Shimizu 2015 11529: 11520: 11516: 11486: 11482: 11456: 11452: 11442: 11432: 11428: 11405: 11401: 11372: 11367:, p. 8. 11360: 11353:Shimizu 2015 11348: 11341:Shimizu 2015 11336: 11329:Shimizu 2015 11324: 11300: 11279: 11267: 11255: 11243: 11231: 11191: 11186: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11158: 11146:. Retrieved 11136: 11117: 11111: 11100:. Retrieved 11096: 11087: 11073:(1): 39–52. 11070: 11066: 11056: 11047: 11037: 11029: 11014: 11004: 10999:(2009, 2013) 10996: 10991: 10977: 10963: 10946: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10871: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10817: 10807: 10790: 10781: 10754: 10746: 10741: 10610: 10602: 10597: 10588: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10570: 10439: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10401: 10392: 10322: 10313: 10305: 10296: 10291: 10284: 10276: 10267: 10262: 10255: 10247: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10218: 10209: 10204: 10172: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10149: 10132: 10123: 10108: 10099: 10088: 10079: 10068: 10059: 10048: 10039: 10028: 10019: 10008: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9914: 9905:tone section 9897:glottal stop 9862: 9830: 9808: 9771: 9734: 9697: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9641: 9610: 9590: 9569: 9560: 9549: 9538:Orthography 9530: 9526: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9508:hai mươi lăm 9496: 9492: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9458: 9449: 9438: 9427:Orthography 9419: 9415: 9408: 9404: 9402: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9347: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9316: 9305: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9250: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9219: 9208: 9194: 9184: 9172: 9161: 9150: 9139: 9128: 9117: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9029: 9023: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8949: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8887:"rice bowl" 8882: 8877: 8872: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8764: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8270: 8261: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8171:Huế dialect 8105: 8090: 8081: 8058: 8034:chữ Quốc ngữ 8033: 7993: 7992: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7845:Tháng giêng 7834:Traditional 7810: 7798: 7788: 7749:Windows-1258 7734: 7683:World War II 7674: 7669:chữ Quốc ngữ 7663:chữ Quốc ngữ 7649: 7644:chữ Quốc ngữ 7630: 7627: 7552:acute accent 7532:grave accent 7491: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7367:romanisation 7364: 7342: 7305: 7234: 7202: 7183:Latin script 7177: 7174: 7131:Chinese rule 7128: 7104: 7077: 7043: 7018: 7010: 7002: 6993: 6974: 6959: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6917: 6902: 6887: 6871: 6856: 6852: 6833: 6828:Description 6813: 6807:) or just a 6789:social media 6786: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6759: 6751: 6746:/ɛk̚/,/ejk̚/ 6740: 6735:Description 6713:transliteral 6698: 6689: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6579: 6574: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6532: 6527: 6510: 6505: 6488: 6483: 6466: 6461: 6444: 6439: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6300:Comparative 6269: 6261: 6251: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6203: 6193: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6128: 6120: 6106: 6103: 6093: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6065: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989:Musical note 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5948: 5939:Ming dynasty 5935:Tang dynasty 5915: 5906:Chinese rule 5899: 5866: 5862: 5846: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5814: 5787:Sino-Tibetan 5780: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5660: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5613: 5603: 5595: 5581: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5544: 5536: 5522: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5454: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5409: 5399: 5391: 5381: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5356: 5346: 5338: 5328: 5317: 5309: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5272: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5239: 5231: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5135: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5098: 5086: 5062:head-initial 5020: 4995: 4989: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4942: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4896:Dương thượng 4895: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4833: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727:Dương thượng 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4616: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4555:tone pattern 4552: 4524: 4496: 4468: 4440: 4412: 4384: 4363:glottal stop 4356: 4336: 4330: 4306: 4305: 4285: 4279: 4255: 4254: 4234: 4228: 4204: 4203: 4183: 4177: 4172:acute accent 4161:high rising 4153: 4152: 4132: 4129: 'but' 4126: 4121:grave accent 4102: 4101: 4082: 4076: 4057: 4056: 4036:Description 4022: 4020: 4012:pitch height 3994: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3541: 3529: 3523: 3511: 3507: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3310:monophthongs 3307: 3303: 3296: 3175: 3138: 3131: 3110: 3103: 3091: 3073:in southern 3060: 3058: 3027: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2956: 2952: 2930: 2919: 2897: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2795: 2790: 2789:> modern 2783: 2776: 2770: 2769:(Northern), 2766: 2765:> modern 2759: 2754: 2753:> modern 2747: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2624: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2510: 2505: 2491: 2482: 2477: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2354: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2305:monosyllabic 2294: 2290: 2283: 2268: 2263: 2240: 2213: 2199: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2057: 2051: 2039: 2033: 2027: 1999: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1898:intervocalic 1887: 1875:creaky voice 1852: 1829: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:*ml > MV 1684: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1646: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1607: 1596: 1594: 1531: 1529: 1505: 1503: 1490: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1441: 1431: 1421: 1411: 1401: 1384: 1370: 1340: 1313: 1301: 1291: 1272: 1258: 1248: 1229: 1219: 1207: 1197: 1180: 1170: 1160: 1148: 1138: 1114: 1104: 1092: 1082: 1026: 970: 966:Mekong Delta 955: 940: 914: 889: 861: 849:Austronesian 822: 803: 796: 785: 762:. The term " 653: 580:Latin script 575:chữ Quốc ngữ 567: 543:head-initial 524: 473: 472: 466:chữ Quốc ngữ 443: 441: 403: 370:Linguasphere 353: 218:(historical) 151: 26: 20222:Nationalism 20173:News Agency 20124:Ingredients 19815:Expressways 19803:Visa policy 19769:Measurement 19722:Foreign aid 19672:Agriculture 19609:Coast Guard 19477:Legislative 19072:Monarchical 19057:Prehistoric 18910:Proto-Munda 18060:Muak Sa-aak 17531: [ 17417:West Katuic 16443:Fuyu Kyrgyz 16242:Tai Hongjin 15928:Muak Sa-aak 14268:Mantsi Lolo 13675:Pedagogical 13574:Orthography 13276:10524/52472 12774:(1): 1–26. 12646:Nguyễn 1997 12606:28 November 11787:January 10, 11558:Nguyen 2018 11317:Nguyễn 2009 11148:November 8, 10905:Nguyễn 1997 10299:"situation" 10270:"situation" 10189:Target word 10109:Tây Bán Nhà 10100:Tây Ban Nha 9681:˧˥35,˧˥˧353 9495:instead of 9097:Orthography 8124:Localities 7936:Tháng chạp 7747:(VSCII) or 7602:'tumbling' 7373:missionary 7076:dictionary 7013:(so busy). 7004:/lu:su:bu:/ 6985:Eye dialect 6980:/zo:/,/jow/ 6946:/tʰǎːtʰíŋ̟/ 6699:Vietnamese 6291:Vietnamese 6218:lạp trường. 6107:câu lạc bộ, 6072:truyền hình 5931:Jin dynasty 5927:Han dynasty 5883:: 5873:: 5797:in origin. 5156:Trí 13 tuổi 5029:marking of 5000:mặt 'face' 4828:ma 'ghost' 4563:Tone group 4260:'tumbling' 3762:Approximant 3518:, ao = a + 3502:, ai = a + 3318:triphthongs 3067:Jing people 2839:and hooked 2648:section in 2590:Approximant 2296:Annan Jishi 1822:"tumbling" 1673:, Southern 1451:Approximant 943:Ngô dynasty 874: 1500 833:tonogenesis 818:Han dynasty 742:found that 608:logographic 551:classifiers 482:) is is an 418:instead of 166:Early forms 20335:Categories 20232:Trotskyism 20207:Philosophy 20183:Newspapers 20168:Television 20163:Mass media 20151:Literature 19943:Corruption 19791:Censorship 19774:Inventions 19747:Automotive 19694:(currency) 19451:Government 19333:Censorship 19137:Ecoregions 18712:Semaq Beri 18700:(Southern) 18579:(Northern) 18465:Nicobarese 18410:Gutob-Remo 18379:Sora-Gorum 18243:Kherwarian 17641:Phong–Liha 17523:Vietnamese 17516:Viet-Muong 17358:Mel-Khaonh 17082:Vietnamese 17037:Belarusian 16964:XZ = Tibet 16955:MC = Macau 16895:Zhangzhung 16639:Sichuanese 16566:Vietnamese 15963:Hmong-Mien 15842:Waxianghua 15623:Khroskyabs 14911:Indigenous 14799:Prefecture 14774:Portuguese 14608:Vietnamese 14530:Indigenous 14185:Hmong-Mien 13884:Indigenous 13875:Vietnamese 13759:Vocabulary 13654:: 383–432. 13587:. Mouton. 13206:: 137–157. 13170:Pragmatics 12666:2023-08-30 12468:2021-01-30 12443:2023-06-24 12213:2023-06-07 12188:2021-04-06 12164:2021-03-14 12047:: 161–179. 11717:(in Czech) 11684:Britannica 11640:2018-01-20 11284:Alves 2021 11272:Alves 2021 11260:Alves 2020 11248:Alves 2021 11236:Alves 2021 11207:Alves 2020 11180:: 211–228. 11102:2019-04-13 10997:Ethnologue 10948:Ethnologue 10943:Vietnamese 10927:References 10895:"reason"). 10796:inflection 10761:thanh điệu 10473:unrounded 10160:hoảng chưa 10133:Nhà Đào Bô 10126:"Portugal" 10124:Bồ Đào Nha 10049:hoảng chưa 10040:chửa hoang 9895:⟩; 9750:˩11,˩˧̰13̰ 9533:variation 9422:variation 9020:Consonants 9005:combining 8328:Vocabulary 8307:After the 8264:media help 8206:Haut-Annam 8161:Quảng Bình 8106:Currently 8084:April 2021 8068:improve it 7983:Literature 7741:code pages 7572:hook above 7504:Diacritic 7424:diacritics 7050:Nôm script 6805:derogatory 6717:vernacular 6346:mốch, môch 6328:N/A, from 6068:loan words 5997:"nốt nhạc" 5979:/j/a ua). 5969:"sữa chua" 5945:French era 5829:Viet-Muong 5159:Trí 13 age 5078:wh-in-situ 5070:classifier 5058:word order 4990:Dương nhập 4984:mắt 'eye' 4937:lá 'leaf' 4906:rễ 'root' 4834:Dương bình 4759:Dương nhập 4711:Dương bình 4223:hook above 4065:mid level 4042:Diacritic 3909:allophonic 3538:Consonants 3314:diphthongs 3030:emigration 2916:Portuguese 2856:, whereas 2773:(Southern) 2732:Note that 2725:, and the 1863:allophonic 1855:tone split 1772:Voiceless 897:tone split 891:Huayi yiyu 682:1924, and 592:diacritics 586:. It uses 479:tiếng Việt 474:Vietnamese 444:Vietnamese 172:Viet–Muong 152:Vietnamese 147:Viet–Muong 109:Vietnamese 39:Tiếng Việt 32:Vietnamese 20227:Socialism 20217:Communism 20212:Anarchism 20141:Festivals 20102:Animation 20005:Phonology 19881:Education 19842:Transport 19810:Transport 19742:Standards 19604:Air Force 19511:Judiciary 19501:Elections 19468:Ministers 19439:President 19432:Executive 19408:Politburo 19296:Southeast 19262:Northwest 19257:Northeast 19204:Provinces 19196:Divisions 19108:Geography 19014:Dynasties 18939:varieties 18931:indicate 18840:Khmer Khe 18643:(Central) 18591:Cheq Wong 18126:Quang Lam 18113:Bit-Khang 18098:Meung Yum 17979:Palaungic 17724:Phay-Pram 17077:Ukrainian 17052:Hungarian 16875:Tocharian 16809:Qoqmončaq 16761:Cantonese 16715:Shaojiang 16688:Hainanese 16617:Zhongyuan 16612:Jiao-Liao 16546:Esperanto 16448:Ili Turki 16155:Khamnigan 16020:Kiong Nai 15791:Zitsadegu 14769:Mongolian 14759:Cantonese 14644:Tai Phuan 14540:Mon–Khmer 14532:languages 14331:Tai Daeng 14240:Cantonese 14123:Quảng Lâm 13886:languages 13628:: 89–104. 13381:212689052 13348:: 95–108. 12999:Phonetica 12986:144227569 12371:Marr 1984 12270:Marr 1984 12092:tbtvn.org 11594:Gong 2019 11582:Gong 2019 11570:Gong 2019 11546:Gong 2019 11408:: 111–125 10909:quần thần 10677:Close-mid 10639:Centering 10633:offglide 10627:offglide 10585:upper low 10518:Close-mid 10482:Centering 10297:hoàn cảnh 10268:hoàn cảnh 10175:pig latin 10082:"secrets" 9982:known as 9917:word play 9911:Word play 9636:Southern 9627:Northern 9613:phonation 9109:Southern 9057:but keep 9028:-initial 8994:"father" 8705:chúng mày 8649:chúng tôi 8641:chúng tao 8165:Quảng Trị 8143:Thanh Hoá 8072:verifying 8000:Nguyễn Du 7977:semicolon 7966:28/3/2018 7906:September 7612:dot below 7513:(no mark) 7326:Nguyễn Du 7074:bilingual 7011:quá lu bu 6941:thả thính 6923:/káːʂə́w/ 6877:/ʈɛ̌ːʈəw/ 6861:expletive 6845:profanity 6801:profanity 6332:空 /kʰuŋ/ 6240:Cantonese 6210:Cantonese 6206:lạp xưởng 6048:"Boóc-đô" 6044:Marseille 6040:"Mác-xây" 6009:"vô lăng" 5981:"Phô mai" 5918:Red River 5210:học sinh. 5194:sinh viên 5114:giáo viên 5051:nonfinite 4943:Dương khứ 4919:departing 4880:Âm thượng 4844:mà 'but' 4743:Dương khứ 4719:Âm thượng 4413:Huyền (à) 4385:Ngang (a) 4325:dot below 4072:(no mark) 4016:phonation 3828:), while 3816:(but not 3713:voiceless 3707:Fricative 3671:implosive 3649:aspirated 3572:Retroflex 3420:Close-mid 3382:Centering 3359:offglide 3353:offglide 3299:unrounded 3249:Close-mid 3217:Centering 3161:Phonology 3050:Australia 3038:East Asia 2959:as above. 2946:retroflex 2892:implosive 2869:allophone 2531:voiceless 2526:Fricative 2501:implosive 2473:aspirated 2381:Retroflex 2232:Affricate 2190:Fricative 2073:aspirated 1867:allotones 1793:"asking" 1703:*kj > 1577:*c,*ɟ,*tʃ 1357:voiceless 1352:Fricative 1325:Affricate 1282:implosive 1239:aspirated 901:implosive 688:Mon–Khmer 680:Przyluski 563:morphemes 541:. It has 531:East Asia 355:Glottolog 339:ISO 639-3 321:ISO 639-2 303:ISO 639-1 105:Ethnicity 20315:Category 20109:Clothing 20042:Buddhism 20032:Religion 20000:Alphabet 19995:Language 19923:Gambling 19903:COVID-19 19898:HIV/AIDS 19825:Airports 19820:Railways 19786:Internet 19637:Security 19553:Military 19496:Chairman 19321:Politics 19291:Southern 19247:Northern 19174:Molluscs 19159:Wildlife 19082:Republic 19049:Timeline 19029:Monarchs 19024:Military 19019:Economic 19009:Capitals 18993:articles 18786:Nyah Kur 18707:Mah Meri 18698:Semelaic 18525:Southern 18506:Nancowry 18311:Santalic 18250:Mundaric 17944:Lyngngam 17868:Southern 17852:Northern 17741:Ksingmul 17540:in China 17438:Ta'oihic 17153:Bahnaric 17067:Silesian 17042:Croatian 16819:Tangwang 16799:Macanese 16794:Lingling 16727:Northern 16710:Northern 16673:Southern 16592:Mandarin 16519:Minority 16479:Sarikoli 16392:Tungusic 16353:Naxi Yao 16298:Cao Miao 16222:Ningming 16122:Mongolic 16098:Dzao Min 16093:Biao Min 16050:Qo Xiong 16045:Pingtang 15741:Dongwang 15683:Tshobdun 15608:Guiqiong 15210:Sangkong 14985:Muangphe 14947:Mondzish 14901:numerous 14892:Counties 14739:Regional 14723:Official 14437:Japanese 14326:Tày Sapa 13956:Maa (Mạ) 13903:Bahnaric 13745:Archived 13610:: 61–68. 13583:(1977). 13546:Language 13434:: 1–18. 13223:: 83–99. 13189:30028089 13053:Language 13019:15662108 12780:23752818 12727:Language 12682:Archived 12207:HiNative 11730:Archived 11495:20019198 11435:: 95–109 11012:(2001). 10700:Open-mid 10536:Open-mid 10476:rounded 10327:See also 10241:"to eat" 10091:"reveal" 9978:Another 9907:below.) 9836:˨˩̰ʔ21̰ʔ 9792:˧˩̰ʔ31̰ʔ 9777:˧˩˧̰31̰3 9633:Central 9484:mười lăm 9473:năm mươi 9100:Northern 9026:syllable 8974:"spoon" 8911:"ladle" 8867:"field" 8765:chúng nó 8662:bọn choa 8601:tôi, tui 8586:mần răng 8547:"which" 8527:"where" 8344:Southern 8338:Northern 8294:Vũng Tàu 8290:Biên Hòa 8282:Haiphong 7952:English: 7946:Example: 7930:December 7922:November 7850:February 7773:encoding 7769:MacVNKey 7761:WinVNKey 7751:. Where 7622:'heavy' 7562:'sharp' 7522:'level' 7488:trigraph 7444:digraphs 7178:Quốc ngữ 7140:văn ngôn 7137:(called 6999:/lu:bu:/ 6935:(ugly). 6872:trẻ trâu 6853:ngon vãi 6797:wordplay 6793:homonyms 6705:Mandarin 6497:*p-ruːʔ 6467:đằm, đăm 6288:English 6270:nước non 6226:Mandarin 6143:katakana 6125:jyutping 6100:Japanese 6080:phần mềm 6052:Bordeaux 6025:"cà vạt" 5961:"Cà phê" 5891:Nam Việt 5833:quản lý, 5493:Việt Nam 5117:teacher. 5074:pro-drop 5066:modifier 4966:entering 4782:Example 4624:đọc kinh 4525:Nặng (ạ) 4311:'heavy' 4158:'sharp' 4062:'level' 4051:Unicode 4045:Example 4039:Contour 3964:). (See 3609:ng/ngh 3567:Alveolar 3522:. Thus, 3506:. Thus, 3448:Open-mid 3322:offglide 3272:Open-mid 3134:diaspora 3122:Slovakia 3083:Cambodia 3071:Dongxing 2922:was the 2900:was the 2867:and its 2854:alveolar 2690:⟩ 2686:⟨ 2376:Alveolar 1937:Alveolar 1902:lenition 1815:"heavy" 1786:"sharp" 1779:"level" 1751:Register 1726:(modern 1051:Alveolar 958:Nam tiến 945:adopted 931:in 1838. 700:Cambodia 684:Benedict 594:to mark 588:digraphs 535:analytic 492:national 424:Help:IPA 362:viet1252 277:Slovakia 54:(Hà Nội) 20299:Outline 20271:Theater 20266:Symbols 20114:Cuisine 20069:Culture 19983:Eunuchs 19869:Society 19798:Tourism 19754:Poverty 19683:Doi Moi 19677:Banking 19660:Economy 19624:Militia 19269:Central 19239:Regions 19164:Mammals 19125:Climate 19120:Borders 19062:Ancient 19001:History 18989:Vietnam 18929:Italics 18796:Pakanic 18739:Kenaboi 18717:Semelai 18688:Jah Hut 18681:Jah Hut 18626:Ten'edn 18542:Shompen 18516:Katchal 18511:Camorta 18498:Central 18488:Teressa 18318:Santali 18302:Agariya 18292:Majhwar 18282:Mundari 18182:Tai Loi 18050:Man Met 18032:Angkuic 18010:Palaung 17949:Maharam 17836:Western 17810:Central 17803:(Chong) 17632:Thavưng 17317:Tampuan 17312:Tariang 17296:Central 17272:Nyaheun 16890:Xianbei 16885:Tuyuhun 16855:Old Yue 16833:Extinct 16814:Sanqiao 16705:Central 16695:Eastern 16678:Hokkien 16622:Lan-Yin 16602:Beijing 16584:Chinese 16541:Russian 16303:Chadong 16283:Ai-Cham 16252:Tai Nüa 16237:Tai Dón 16232:Tai Dam 16190:Kra-Dai 16160:Monguor 16150:Kangjia 16108:Kim Mun 16103:Iu Mien 16025:Luobohe 16015:Huishui 15995:Guiyang 15972:Hmongic 15933:Palaung 15923:Man Met 15827:Longjia 15776:Ladakhi 15771:Kyirong 15761:Khalong 15746:Drugchu 15703:Tibetic 15673:Shixing 15585:Qiangic 15366:Alingpo 15358:Nisoish 15343:Yangliu 15338:Xuzhang 15268:Laizisi 15263:Kuamasi 15258:Kua-nsi 15240:Lisoish 15220:Tsukong 15160:Laomian 15085:Baihong 15052:Hanoish 15043:Loloish 15028:Lhao Vo 15023:Chashan 15008:Xiandao 14995:Burmish 14938:Burmese 14896:Banners 14852:Tai Nüa 14779:Tibetan 14764:English 14674:English 14603:Tampuan 14417:Russian 14396:English 14371:Lao Bóc 14366:Thu Lao 14361:Tày Tac 14341:Tai Dón 14336:Tai Dam 14278:Kra-Dai 14252:Hokkien 14244:Teochew 14236:Chinese 14203:Kim Mun 14198:Iu Mien 13986:Tariang 13644:chữ nôm 13046:: 1–18. 12709:General 11998:: 3–24. 10917:bồi tây 10913:bầy tôi 10812:(1981). 10730: 10717: 10621: 10587:) than 10494:ua~uô 10491:ưa~ươ 10486:ia~iê 10462:Central 10168:nói lái 10164:bồi tây 10156:dấm đài 10152:Nói lái 10069:bồi tây 10060:bầy tôi 10029:dấm đài 10020:đái dầm 10009:nói lái 9988:Nói lái 9984:nói lái 9654:Hà Tĩnh 9601:/ʈ/,/z/ 9189:Varies 9177:Varies 9106:Central 9003:dạ vâng 8931:"head" 8731:bọn mày 8727:tụi bây 8723:tụi mầy 8718:bọn bây 8709:bọn mày 8675:bọn tui 8671:tụi tui 8667:tụi tao 8653:bọn tôi 8645:bọn tao 8591:làm sao 8577:như nào 8573:thế nào 8563:tại sao 8553:tại sao 8457:thế đấy 8443:"that" 8415:như vầy 8401:như này 8397:thế này 8391:"this" 8341:Central 8157:Hà Tĩnh 8153:Nghệ An 8066:Please 7914:October 7839:January 7781:Windows 7737:Unicode 7718:chữ Nôm 7704:chữ Nôm 7698:chữ Nôm 7692:chữ Hán 7678:chữ Hán 7634:chữ Nôm 7542:'deep' 7338:Tây Sơn 7302:'year'. 7214: 7206:chữ Nôm 7199:Chữ Nôm 7193:Chữ Nôm 7168:chữ Hán 7151:Hán văn 7110:chữ Nôm 7089:chữ Nôm 7083:chữ Nho 7072:In the 6893:/ɣə̆́w/ 6779:chạy sô 6649:Mundari 6616:Mundari 6566:*ciːnʔ 6541:*saːmʔ 6453:*poːnʔ 6426:Santali 6393:Santali 6244:Teochew 6231:xí ngầu 6194:nhu đạo 6185:Hepburn 6177:samurai 6076:calques 6062:English 6056:Chinese 6032:"Pa-ri" 6021:cravate 6017:necktie 5985:fromage 5977:da ua - 5867:gwan+ri 5783:Kra-Dai 5756:Lexicon 5700:cho tới 5496:Vietnam 5417:bao giờ 5089:glosses 5007:Grammar 4974:Âm nhập 4818:Âm bình 4751:Âm nhập 4703:Âm bình 4497:Ngã (ã) 4469:Hỏi (ả) 4441:Sắc (á) 4351:U+0323 4249:U+0309 4107:'deep' 3886:/n/,/ŋ/ 3875:/t/,/k/ 3864:/c/,/ɲ/ 3806:digraph 3640:c/k/q 3587:Glottal 3577:Palatal 3370:Central 3347: 3227:ua/uô 3224:ưa/ươ 3221:ia/iê 3205:Central 3196: 3151:Germany 3111:In the 2721:. This 2396:Glottal 2386:Palatal 2301:Chen Fu 1952:Glottal 1942:Palatal 1808:"deep" 1801:Voiced 1066:Glottal 1056:Palatal 1007:), and 1004:chemise 814:Chinese 790:in the 782:History 748:Thavung 676:Schmidt 618:chữ Hán 602:chữ Nôm 537:and is 502:of the 488:Vietnam 462:chữ Hán 458:chữ Nôm 420:Unicode 242:Vietnam 216:Chữ Nôm 86:Vietnam 20320:Portal 20249:Sports 20156:Poetry 20136:Emblem 20119:Dishes 20097:Cinema 20092:Awards 20077:Anthem 20047:Taoism 20027:Racism 19978:People 19893:Health 19700:Energy 19632:Police 19214:Cities 18991: 18818:Others 18762:Others 18672:Temiar 18667:Semnam 18641:Senoic 18621:Mintil 18616:Minriq 18611:Kintaq 18606:Kensiu 18577:Jahaic 18565:Aslian 18483:Chaura 18354:Kharia 18347:Kharia 18272:Birhor 18267:Birjia 18170:Others 18136:Bumang 18103:Savaiq 17919:Khasic 17880:Sa'och 17827:Kasong 17774:Pearic 17715:Mlabri 17708:Mlabri 17681:Khmuic 17622:Maleng 17505:Vietic 17482:Phuong 17406:Katuic 17348:Ra’ong 17343:Stieng 17277:Sapuan 17216:Rengao 17211:Bahnar 17206:Sedang 17201:Todrah 17181:Kayong 17176:Halang 17072:Slovak 17062:Romany 17057:Polish 17047:German 16870:Tangut 16860:Rouran 16850:Khitan 16840:Ba–Shu 16804:Maojia 16789:Hezhou 16700:Puxian 16683:Teoswa 16568:(Kinh) 16536:Kyrgyz 16531:Korean 16526:Kazakh 16430:Turkic 16415:Oroqen 16405:Manchu 16400:Evenki 16368:Qabiao 16358:Ong Be 16343:Maonan 16333:Lakkja 16323:Jiamao 16293:Buyang 16257:Tai Ya 16247:Tai Lü 16207:Bouyei 16199:Zhuang 16180:Torgut 16135:Buryat 16085:Mienic 16075:Younuo 16055:Raojia 16035:Pa-Hng 16030:Mashan 16000:Hm Nai 15985:Bu-Nao 15980:A-Hmao 15903:Bumang 15822:Jingpo 15817:Derung 15812:Caijia 15786:Zhongu 15756:Gserpa 15648:Namuyi 15618:Japhug 15567:Zauzou 15542:Namuyi 15527:Kucong 15501:Zokhuo 15496:Thopho 15476:Phupha 15461:Phukha 15406:Khlula 15348:Zibusi 15333:Toloza 15328:Sonaga 15313:Mangdi 15308:Lolopo 15253:Hlersu 15190:Phana’ 15185:Nuomei 15165:Laopin 15100:Bukong 15075:Angluo 15003:Achang 14980:Mondzi 14882:Zhuang 14857:Tai Lü 14847:Kazakh 14842:Kyrgyz 14827:Korean 14817:Bouyei 14789:Zhuang 14784:Uyghur 14669:French 14593:Stieng 14588:Somray 14583:Sa’och 14432:Korean 14427:German 14391:French 14351:Tai Lü 14316:Qabiao 14286:Caolan 14213:Ná-Meo 14208:Mo Piu 14175:Roglai 14092:Maleng 14052:Vietic 14001:Katuic 13991:Todrah 13976:Stieng 13971:Sedang 13966:Rengao 13946:Kayong 13926:Halang 13666: 13591: 13566:411402 13564: 13478: 13455: 13379: 13319: 13300: 13250: 13187: 13073:411232 13071: 13027:462578 13025: 13017: 12984: 12884: 12852: 12833: 12814: 12795: 12778: 12747:409878 12745: 12692:, and 12568: 12494: 12391: 12327: 12302: 12253: 12024:: 21. 11871: 11818: 11614: 11493: 11124: 11022: 10603:âm đôi 10227:lơ phả 10219:la phở 10089:bật mí 10080:bí mật 9873:creaky 9856:˨˩˨212 9819:˩˧̰13̰ 9814:˧ʔ˥3ʔ5 9802:˨˩˦214 9797:˧˩˨312 9760:˩˧̰13̰ 9755:˩˧̰13̰ 9703:˨˩̤21̤ 9649:Chương 9615:type. 9589:) but 9583:Yên Mô 9383:after 9361:after 9330:after 9286:after 9264:after 9233:after 9045:, and 8954:"car" 8950:(ô tô) 8947:xe hơi 8834:anh nớ 8829:anh ấy 8794:ông nớ 8789:ông ấy 8779:tụi nó 8774:bọn nớ 8769:bọn nó 8595:"how" 8567:"why" 8475:vậy đó 8466:rứa tê 8453:thế ấy 8406:như ri 8367:"yes" 8286:Saigon 7898:August 7831:Normal 7765:Unikey 7658:Tonkin 7482:, and 7371:Jesuit 7058:purple 6918:cá sấu 6864:bloody 6857:sợ vãi 6839:/vǎːj/ 6621:*k-ma 6588:*maːl 6524:eight 6502:seven 6403:three 6398:*haːr 6365:*moːc 6294:Mường 6181:bonsai 6179:, and 6169:kimono 6157:kurabu 6153:rōmaji 6121:jùlèbù 6117:pinyin 6094:peptit 6084:tế bào 5973:yaourt 5955:French 5895:Nanyue 5879:; 5871:Korean 5863:gwalli 5837:guǎnlǐ 5695:minute 5310:person 5047:finite 5039:number 5035:gender 4927:Âm khứ 4872:rising 4866:thượng 4735:Âm khứ 4670:thượng 4605:, and 4309: 4258: 4207: 4156: 4105: 4060: 3784:Rhotic 3754:g/gh 3747:d/gi 3739:voiced 3623:tenuis 3562:Dental 3557:Labial 3178:vowels 3172:Vowels 3155:France 3048:, and 3046:Europe 2983:apices 2979:acutes 2975:breves 2933:was a 2909:dental 2618:Rhotic 2559:voiced 2439:tenuis 2425:ng/ngh 2371:Dental 2366:Labial 2259:Liquid 2195:voiced 2022:tenuis 2000:ng/ngh 1932:Labial 1392:voiced 1188:voiced 1129:tenuis 1115:ng/ngh 1047:Dental 1042:Labial 1016:poupée 1010:búp bê 980:madame 962:Champa 905:nasals 899:, and 764:Vietic 678:1905, 674:1889, 670:1888, 668:Müller 666:1881, 664:Forbes 662:1852, 654:Early 559:French 508:second 376:46-EBA 274: 262: 239: 142:Vietic 111:(Kinh) 20306:Index 20195:V-pop 20190:Music 20178:Voice 20131:Dance 20057:Islam 19960:Women 19918:Crime 19907:Delta 19692:Đồng 19169:Birds 19039:Naval 19034:Names 18825:Khmer 18804:Bolyu 18773:Monic 18722:Temoq 18662:Semai 18656:Sabüm 18650:Lanoh 18631:Wila' 18601:Jedek 18596:Jahai 18586:Batek 18422:Gutob 18417:Bonda 18401:Lodhi 18396:Juray 18386:Gorum 18370:Juang 18363:Juang 18340:South 18257:Korwa 18234:Korku 18227:Korku 18220:North 18209:Munda 18157:Kiorr 18152:Lamet 18145:Lamet 18131:Kháng 18083:Blang 18015:Riang 17994:Danau 17987:Danau 17934:Khasi 17822:Samre 17648:Phong 17557:Nguồn 17552:Mường 17545:in US 17535:] 17461:Pacoh 17454:Pacoh 17445:Ta'Oi 17363:Thmon 17353:Mnong 17333:Chrau 17326:South 17257:Laven 17231:Katua 17196:Monom 17191:Takua 17186:Kaco’ 17164:North 17019:Czech 16880:Tuoba 16824:Wutun 16739:Xiang 16732:Auish 16658:Hakka 16607:Ji-Lu 16572:Wakhi 16561:Uzbek 16556:Tuvan 16551:Tatar 16472:Other 16458:Salar 16410:Nanai 16348:Mulam 16313:Gelao 16276:Other 16175:Santa 16170:Ordos 16165:Oirat 16130:Bonan 16070:Xixiu 16040:Pa Na 16005:Hmong 15990:Gejia 15938:Riang 15898:Bugan 15893:Bolyu 15888:Blang 15837:Tujia 15800:Other 15781:Tseku 15766:Khams 15751:Groma 15731:Choni 15721:Basum 15716:Baima 15693:Zhaba 15613:Horpa 15598:Choyo 15593:Baima 15562:Sanie 15537:Naruo 15522:Katso 15517:Gokhy 15510:Other 15486:Samei 15481:Phuza 15471:Phupa 15466:Phuma 15456:Phowa 15451:Phola 15446:Phala 15441:Nuosu 15396:Bokha 15371:Alugu 15318:Micha 15230:Yiche 15215:Suobi 15180:Nuobi 15150:Kaduo 15145:Kabie 15125:Habei 15115:Duota 15110:Duoni 15105:Cosao 15033:Zaiwa 15018:Lashi 14970:Mango 14965:Manga 14960:Maang 14955:Kathu 14936:Lolo- 14862:Zaiwa 14832:Qiang 14822:Tujia 14807:Hmong 14634:Jarai 14617:Other 14578:Samre 14568:Mnong 14558:Kaco’ 14553:Chong 14521:Khmer 14422:Czech 14301:Lachi 14296:Gelao 14263:Xapho 14248:Hakka 14193:Hmong 14165:Jarai 14160:Haroi 14128:Kháng 14111:Other 14102:Nguồn 14097:Mường 14042:Khmer 14034:Khmer 14024:Ta'Oi 14019:Pacoh 13981:Takua 13961:Monom 13941:Katua 13911:Chrau 13751:from 13562:JSTOR 13377:S2CID 13240:(PDF) 13185:JSTOR 13113:[ 13069:JSTOR 13023:S2CID 12982:S2CID 12962:(PDF) 12950:(PDF) 12935:(PDF) 12776:JSTOR 12743:JSTOR 11977:(PDF) 11781:(PDF) 11770:(PDF) 11491:JSTOR 10995:From 10767:thanh 10658:Close 10652:uôi 10649:ươi 10646:ươu 10643:iêu 10500:Close 10457:Front 10384:Notes 10256:lăn a 10248:la ăn 9881:harsh 9877:stiff 9851:˨̰22̰ 9846:˨̰22̰ 9824:˨̰22̰ 9698:huyền 9661:ngang 9647:Thanh 9624:Tone 9607:Tones 9011:vâng, 8970:muỗng 8859:ruộng 8854:nương 8849:ruộng 8814:bà nớ 8809:bà ấy 7972:comma 7866:April 7858:March 7811:tháng 7804:month 7785:macOS 7777:Telex 7753:ASCII 7592:tilde 7539:huyền 7519:ngang 7412:â/ê/ô 7062:brown 7054:green 6965:/ɲaː/ 6908:/ɣàː/ 6822:Word 6765:/ʂoː/ 6727:Word 6701:slang 6695:Slang 6684:*miː 6626:wind 6593:rain 6546:nine 6519:*pəs 6475:*ɗam 6458:five 6436:four 6317:không 6312:không 6308:zero 6282:Munda 6161:club" 6133:kanji 6036:Paris 5993:"nốt" 5893:(aka 5881:Hanja 5847:kanri 5789:, or 5741:again 5703:until 5668:ở lại 5632:black 5624:horse 5593:thích 5563:black 5555:horse 5534:thích 5501:thôi. 5485:rice. 5407:chẳng 5318:that. 5307:Người 5176:có vẻ 5060:, is 5043:tense 4857:sharp 4840:huyền 4824:ngang 4795:level 4715:huyền 4707:ngang 4650:ngang 4582:huyền 4578:ngang 4274:tilde 4266:˧ˀ˦˥ 4103:huyền 4058:ngang 3997:tones 3979:Tones 3960:from 3952:from 3948:(cf. 3776:u/o 3773:y/i 3692:] 3688:[ 3682:] 3678:[ 3594:Nasal 3582:Velar 3401:Close 3395:uôi 3392:ươi 3389:ươu 3386:iêu 3365:Front 3237:i/y 3233:Close 3200:Front 3079:China 3006:/ŋ͡m/ 2970:dĕóu᷄ 2782:> 2607:y/i/ĕ 2595:v/u/o 2403:Nasal 2391:Velar 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17591:Arem 17583:Chứt 17573:Cuoi 17566:Cuoi 17477:Katu 17470:Katu 17376:East 17338:Koho 17307:Alak 17287:Brao 17252:Jru' 17247:Lavi 17240:West 17226:Duan 16904:Sign 16865:Saka 16766:Ping 16487:Tsat 16438:Äynu 16420:Xibe 16378:Then 16363:Paha 16318:Hlai 16288:Biao 16262:Yang 16227:Nong 16140:Daur 15918:Mang 15913:Kuan 15832:Nung 15711:Amdo 15678:Situ 15658:Pumi 15653:Naxi 15643:Muya 15633:Lizu 15628:Laze 15603:Ersu 15557:Samu 15552:Nusu 15547:Naxi 15532:Lahu 15491:Sani 15436:Nisu 15431:Nasu 15426:Muzi 15421:Muji 15416:Moji 15411:Lope 15401:Gepo 15391:Azhe 15386:Azha 15376:Aluo 15323:Mili 15303:Lisu 15298:Lipo 15293:Limi 15288:Lawu 15283:Lavu 15278:Lamu 15273:Lalo 15225:Woni 15205:Sadu 15200:Qidi 15195:Piyo 15175:Muda 15155:Lami 15140:Jino 15135:Honi 15130:Hani 15095:Budu 15090:Bisu 15080:Asuo 15065:Akha 15060:Akeu 15013:Pela 14975:Maza 14877:Hani 14867:Lisu 14751:SARs 14649:Thai 14629:Cham 14598:Suoy 14573:Pear 14548:Brao 14321:Padi 14311:Nùng 14306:Laha 14258:Hani 14231:Akha 14170:Rade 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