Chinese Buddhism - Knowledge

4044: 3023: 1085: 3055: 2683: 191: 3564: 2652: 3579: 4030: 2667: 3292: 3610: 2853: 169: 1116: 1067: 3043: 7788: 7676: 4015: 3244: 3594: 3386: 250: 214: 1777: 1096: 1574: 4240: 10614: 1037: 1387:(602–664) journeyed to India and back and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings, which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period. Xuanzang also brought back many Buddhist texts and led a translation team which was responsible for many influential Chinese translations of classic Buddhist works. His efforts led to the establishment of the idealistic Yogachara (Consciousness-only) tradition in East Asia. 10625: 8023: 8010: 3331: 4821: 8000: 1736:, as well as the return of monastic ordination and Buddhist institutions. Monks like Zhenchan (真禪) and Mengcan (夢參), who were trained in the Chan and Huayan traditions, traveled widely throughout China as well as other countries, such as the United States, and lectured on both Chan and Huayan teachings. Monks are required to obtain certificates from the authorities that permit them to reside in monasteries. 10778: 32: 109: 1565:, one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism. Like many of his contemporaries, he advocated the dual practice of the Chan and Pure Land methods. He also directed practitioners in the use of mantras as well as scripture reading. He was also renowned as a lecturer and commentator and was admired for his strict adherence to the precepts. 5507: 3661:

like Chan and Tiantai are understood as distinctive teachings, they are all part of the single Chinese Buddhist tradition, which is "characterized by broad-minded acceptance of a variety of styles of discourse, modes of worship, and approaches to spiritual cultivation." Due to Chinese Buddhism's acceptance of diversity,

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During religious festivals, Chinese people visit temples to take part in rituals, chanting, food, celebrations, parades, and to make offerings of prayers, incense, fruits, flowers, and donations. On such days, they may observe the moral precepts very strictly, as well as a full day's vegetarian diet.

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Traditional practices such as meditation, mantra recitation, mindfulness of Amitābha Buddha, asceticism, and vegetarianism were all integrated into the belief systems of ordinary people. It is known from accounts in the Ming dynasty that lay practitioners often engaged in practices from both the Pure

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Chinese Buddhist temples usually include numerous images and statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. They are often ritually carved and installed as part of a consecration ritual that may include chanting and scripture reading. Devotion towards these are a major part of Chinese Buddhism. As Chün-fang Yü

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Textual practices are also commonly practiced by monks and laypersons. These include printing, copying, propagating and reciting Buddhist scriptures, studying Buddhist texts, and attending lectures. Buddhist temples may also have special elements associated with sacred texts, such as lecture halls or

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Other important Buddhist rituals are those related to death, which is seen as a key moment for Buddhists who want to attain a good rebirth in the pure land of a Buddha (the most popular being Amitabha's pure land). The focus of these rituals is to keep the dying person free of distractions and offer

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There have been many different types of monasteries throughout Chinese Buddhist history. There are city monasteries, country monasteries, and monasteries deep in the mountains. Some monasteries may be large and rich, with thousands of monastics, while others are small with just a few monastics. The

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layout. They "consist of a series of halls and courtyards that are arranged symmetrically around a central axis, which usually runs from north to south. The main hall is typically a large building that is centrally located along the main axis. In larger monasteries or temples, a number of ancillary

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practices like offerings to an altar (of items like incense, flowers, food, and candles), ceremonial bowing, and extensive liturgies (including repentance ceremonies, rites for good health, and memorials for the dead). According to Chün-fang Yü, the most popular Chinese Buddhist ritual that is most

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Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (2001). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 2: The Earliest Period; Chapter 3: Hui-yuan of Mt.Lu; and Chapter 4: The Translation of Texts-Spurious Scriptures. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 3, 241–275. Archived from the

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As Mario Poceski notes, Chinese Buddhism "lacks clear [sectarian divisions of the kind we find in other Buddhist traditions". All Chinese monastics follow the same ordination procedures and monastic precepts, and as such, there is no rigid separation between "schools" or "sects". While traditions

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have traditionally played an important role, and lay practice of Buddhism has had similar tendencies to those of monastic Buddhism in China. Many historical biographies of lay Buddhists are available, which give a clear picture of their practices and role in Chinese Buddhism. In addition to these

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many or even most people who actually come to worship at Buddhist temples are not hardcore believers. A good number of them assume the kinds of fuzzy or hybrid religious identities that are typical of Chinese religiosity; among other things, that can mean that many of them also worship at Daoist

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Over time, some of these schools survived or were revived as living traditions, while others are now defunct historical traditions or were absorbed into other schools. These "traditions" are not rigid designations and there has always been much intermixing, and many temples and communities are

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Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (2002). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter Five: The Early Pure Land Faith: Southern China, and Chapter Six: The Early Pure Land Faith: Northern China. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 4, 259–279. Archived from the

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Buddhism was widely accepted and practiced throughout the empire, with many monasteries and temples. Buddhism was popular with all social classes and was very influential on Chinese culture, being more popular and having more followers than Taoism. Buddhist themes can be found in much of the

5501: 1237:(334–413 CE) was a key event. Unlike the previous translators, Kumārajīva was supported by the state and given the title of national preceptor. The numerous high quality translations of his translation team had a great impact on Chinese Buddhism. He is also known for introducing the 2896:, are another key part of Buddhist practice. Taking up the ethical precepts in a ceremony, along with taking refuge in the three jewels (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha), is a common way of entering the Buddhist path. Another important set of ethical precepts is the " 3502:

One such important element of Chinese Buddhism are religious practices focused on one's ancestors, something that is shared in common with other traditional Chinese religions. This can include paying respect to them at various sites and at festivals like the

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tradition. The practice of recitation of the Buddha's name is commonly done in a group setting, sometimes as part of an intensive nianfo recitation retreat, which can last for several days. These retreats might also include chanting sutras, taking of the

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writes, "people in China worship Buddhas and bodhisattvas in rituals, write poems and novels about them, praise them in songs and hymns, and tell stories and stage plays about them. And above all else, they worship the images of these holy beings."

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According to Mario Poceski, for the vast majority of ordinary Chinese Buddhists, "prevalent expressions of Buddhist piety were (and still are) channeled via a variety of popular modes of worship and ritual observance." Worship services can include

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spiritual support (so they can focus their minds on Amitabha Buddha through the repetition of the Buddha's name). It is commonly believed that during these rituals one can experience auspicious signs, like visions of Amitabha and bright lights.

1717:. Buddhist clergy were attacked, disrobed, arrested, and sent to camps. Buddhist writings were burned. Buddhist temples, monasteries, and art were systematically destroyed and Buddhist lay believers ceased any public displays of their religion. 3522:, the Chinese believed that smoke resulting from burning of sandalwood would act as a bridge between the human world and the spirits. The practice remains a common offering in Chinese Buddhism, which it shared with other Chinese religions. 3554:

were also significantly influenced by them as Mongolian Buddhism, influenced by Nestorian beliefs and Tibetan Buddhism, spread out during the Yuan dynasty. The three Buddhist traditions also heavily influenced each other at the time.

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is widely promoted and practiced in Chinese Buddhism, though not all Chinese Buddhists are necessarily vegetarians. The monastic Vinaya does not require vegetarianism, but the practice is promoted in various Mahayana sutras, like the

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and thus, during this period there was a steady growth of this tradition in China. A common perception was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread. When the Yuan dynasty was overthrown and the

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routes. Initially Buddhism was poorly understood and often confused with and mixed with Taoism. The Chinese saw many similarities between the two religions. There was also much criticism leveled at the new foreign religion by the

3657:, or "dharma-gates" (法門, fǎmén), instead of as separate sects. Chün-fang Yü quotes a famous saying which describes the harmonious situation in Chinese Buddhism, "Tiantai and Huayan for doctrine, Chan and Pure Land for practice." 2844:, the Huayan sutra contains the supreme teaching, while the Weishi school held that the Yogachara texts are where the "third turning" of the Dharma can be found, and thus, represent the final and ultimate teaching of the Buddha. 10697: 10801: 1478:

grew to become the most influential school, with close ties to the imperial government and a highly organized system of temple rank and administration system developed. It was during this time that the classic

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Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (1999). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 1: A General Survey. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 1, 91–103. Archived from the

3665:, and difference, most Chinese Buddhists would not identify themselves as being part of a specific "school". That being said, there are still disagreements and doctrinal debates within the community. 7461:

Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. (2000). Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 7: T'an-luan. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 2, 149–165. Archived from the

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Monastics are often required to be vegetarian and meat is often banned in Buddhist temples and monasteries. Other dietary restrictions may include avoiding eggs, dairy, and certain types of leeks.

3022: 1467:(907–960/979), an era of great political upheaval and civil war, also negatively impacted Chinese Buddhism. Various Chinese Buddhist traditions contracted or died out during this period. 1245:(the "Three Treatise school"). His work also established a thoroughly Indic foundation for Chinese Buddhist philosophy, which previously had been heavily influenced by Taoist philosophy. 3646:

influenced by many of these traditions (and also by local Chinese custom and traditional Chinese religions like Taoism). Some traditions may also have numerous sub-schools or sects.

1620:(1912–1949), there were various attempts to reform and modernize Chinese Buddhism and to respond to the various challenges of modernity. The most notable of these reformers were the 5698:

Yampolski, Philip (2003), "Zen. A Historical Sketch", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.), Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass

5243: 3487:). Chinese Buddhism developed Chinese mythologies and philosophies which incorporated and accommodated Chinese religions. For example, Chinese Buddhist apocryphal texts tell of how 955:(618–907), which helped it spread across the country. The translation of a large body of Indian Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations (along with 6153: 5784: 6740: 3534:

temples or shrines associated with popular religion. This is one of the reasons why it is very difficult to arrive at reliable data about the number of " Buddhists " in China.

5163: 3408:. This ecumenical attitude and embrace of religious pluralism has been a common feature of Chinese culture since ancient times. For example, Chinese Buddhists may practice 5931: 3914:, the Chan school is the most popular school in China today, though this is often combined with Pure Land practice as well. Sheng-yen also notes that the Tiantai, Huayan, 3499:

argued that all three teachings should be followed and practiced since they all contain important truths (though he also considered Buddhism to reveal the highest truth).

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Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds.)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism

1510:(1091–1157) developed the silent sitting method of "silent illumination". Both of these traditions of Chan practice were very influential (and remain so) on East Asian 10966: 6603: 5991: 2832:

worldview. For example, according to master Zhiyi's "eight teachings and five periods" classification, the final and supreme teaching of the Buddha is found in the

3529:. As such, Chinese adherents may also practice Buddhism alongside other Chinese religious practices without seeing this as conflicting. According to Mario Poceski: 1561:. At this point in its history, Chinese Buddhism had also become quite eclectic, drawing from all the main Chinese traditions. An example of this is the figure of 3319:

Devout laity are also often vegetarian. Some laypersons may practice being vegetarian on certain sacred days, during religious retreats, or on certain festivals.

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greatly impacted and weakened the Buddhist institutions in China. Perhaps the main reason for this persecution was the Chinese state's need for tax and wealth.

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schools of thought. These different doctrinal traditions developed their own scriptural commentaries and treatises and also various doctrinal classifications (

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of Tibetan Buddhism. Chinese Buddhism suffered much during the various imperial and internal conflicts of the Qing dynasty, especially the devastating

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halls also house the images of lesser Buddhist divinities, giving residents and visitors alike a wide choice of objects of worship and supplication."

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Chinese Buddhism contains a wide array of religious practices and observances. Ritual and devotional practices are commonly seen as generating karmic

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that includes the andigonous cultural traditions of Confucianism and Taoism (Chinese: 三教; pinyin: sān jiào) and the rituals of local colloquialised

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Chinese Buddhists celebrate numerous religious festivals and holidays and these are the most widely attended and popular Chinese Buddhist events.

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the Buddha hall, preaching the scriptures, Dharma lectures, ritual meals, and chanting at mealtime, as well as confession and repentance rituals.

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and Mahāyāna treatises and draws its main doctrines from these sources. Some of the most important scriptures in Chinese Buddhism include: the

10971: 7285: 7162: 2682: 1062:. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism". 10956: 7079: 971:, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Chinese Buddhism also developed various unique traditions of Buddhist thought and practice, including 6374: 11283: 8124: 2969: 897:

and Mahāyāna treatises and draws its main doctrines from these sources. Some of the most important scriptures in Chinese Buddhism include:

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bodhisattva (Pǔxián púsà), often depicted riding an elephant, is associated with confession and repentance rites and the bodhisattva vows.

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was established, the Tibetan lamas were expelled from the court, and this form of Buddhism was denounced as not being an orthodox path.

10961: 10702: 8232: 7141: 6529: 5760: 5514:, edited by Jonathan A. Silk (editor-in chief), Richard Bowring, Vincent Eltschinger, and Michael Radich, 752-758. Leiden, Brill, 2019. 705: 190: 7967: 6816: 6736: 3054: 1776: 1728:, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism began to take place. This was a period which saw the restoration of damaged Buddhist temples like 1219:

school was very influential in establishing Buddhism in China. This resulted in the widespread adoption of the Dharmaguptaka school's

11268: 7989: 7642: 6482: 3563: 11288: 7094: 6506:, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Kuroda Institute, p. 257. (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.), 5548: 5160: 1605:(December 1850 – August 1864), which saw many temples destroyed and scriptures burned by rebels. This era also saw the arrival of 10655: 10499: 9951: 1248:

By the 460s Buddhism was a mainstream institution in China, and its iconography and art were widely recognized. The Dunhuang and

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One of the central tasks of the initial missionaries was the translation of Buddhist texts. The first surviving translations of

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Temples and monasteries often have vegetarian dining halls and vegetarian feasts are a common feature of popular celebrations.

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Buddhist monks and nuns perform numerous religious practices and services, including offerings to altars, liturgical services,

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Rothschild, N, Henry (2015). Emperor Wu Zhao and Her Pantheon of Devis, Divinities, and Dynastic Mothers. Columbia UP. p. 221.

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Chinese Buddhism suffered extensive repression, persecution, and destruction during the Cultural Revolution (from 1966 until

1632:. Humanistic Buddhism sought to move away from ritualistic and otherworldly obsessions to embrace more worldly pursuits like 7209: 3103:, the bodhisattva of compassion who has various forms (such as the thousand arms form), the most popular being the motherly 11467: 8317: 8159: 7190: 3063: 2626: 5917:

Yu, Dan Smyer. "Delayed contention with the Chinese Marxist scapegoat complex: re-membering Tibetan Buddhism in the PRC".

10494: 5999: 4951: 289: 10648: 10391: 9941: 8036: 4984: 4851: 4297: 4254: 3355:, which provide extensive and revealing accounts to the degree Buddhism penetrated elite and popular culture in China. 2651: 1040: 1027: 279: 2156: 8237: 7929: 7706: 7240: 6656: 6511: 5643: 5181: 1617: 145: 127: 10484: 6551: 6154:"Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work" 10169: 9914: 7956: 3578: 2475: 249: 6435:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales" 1935: 10561: 10551: 8380: 7787: 7657: 7485: 7379: 5476: 5004: 2619: 1453: 3518:) is another common religious practice in Buddhist spaces derived from traditional Chinese religion. During the 3074:

are venerated in Chinese Buddhism, most of which are Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Some of the key figures include:

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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE

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Many of these traditions were also later exported to other East Asian nations, like Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

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This article is about the Chinese form of Mahayana Buddhism. For all Buddhist branches practiced in China, see

6837: 2719:, "Great Storage of Scriptures") as well as numerous Chinese traditions. Chinese Buddhism focuses on studying 1051: 10476: 10174: 9857: 8149: 7982: 5009: 4780: 4475: 1740: 836: 662: 7802: 7398: 5961: 3309: 3283:

most prestigious monasteries have support from rich elites, and the smallest are usually in small villages.

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Buddhism in China Today: The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery. Perspectives, Volume 4, No.2, June 2003

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The Origins and Development of Pure Land Buddhism: A Study and Translation of Gyonen's Jodo Homon Genrusho,

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As such, Chinese Buddhism follows the classic Mahāyāna Buddhist worldview, which includes a belief in many

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The Huayan University Network: The Teaching and Practice of Avataṃsaka Buddhism in Twentieth-Century China

4029: 3922:, Vinaya, and Esoteric traditions are also present in modern Chinese Buddhism, though to a lesser extent. 2170: 10821: 9750: 9659: 9129: 8774: 8287: 8182: 7898: 7487:

Buddhism in China and Modern Society: An Introduction Centering Around the Teachings of Taixu and Yinshun

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A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index.

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The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554-1628) D81G0T8P

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is an important part of Chinese Buddhism. Chinese Buddhist monastics (both male and female) follow the

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During the Tang and Yuan dynasties, Chinese Buddhism was also in proximity to Chinese branches of the

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A Reexamination of the Influence of Kumārajīva's Thought on His Translation of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa

4926: 4600: 4133: 3888: 3766: 3567: 3452:. Chinese religions like Taoism and Confucianism were also, in turn, influenced by Chinese Buddhism. 2671: 2656: 2285: 1434: 1192: 691: 550: 307: 197: 11213: 8513: 4410: 3793:), a.k.a. Faxiang ("dharma characteristics") school, founded by Xuanzang (602–664) and based on his 2758: 1836: 1743:

is the sole official government supervisory organ of Buddhism in the country. It is directed by the

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The 6th and 7th centuries saw a flowering of new and unique Chinese Buddhist traditions, including:

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The Doctrine of *Amalavijnana in Paramartha (499-569), and Later Authors to Approximately 800 C.E.

3915: 3706: 2817: 1826: 1242: 1115: 545: 168: 10531: 10511: 9842: 9822: 9579: 9309: 8553: 7950: 7857: 7765: 6648: 5219: 4765: 3582: 2852: 2470: 1748: 1578: 1446: 1396: 1066: 11076: 10906: 6105:, ed. (2021-05-28), "The Sinicization of Buddhism and Its Competing Reinventions of Tradition", 2812:, Chinese Buddhism contains various doctrinal traditions, the most important being the Tiantai, 578: 10876: 10541: 10381: 10049: 10019: 9792: 9743: 9584: 9532: 9527: 9289: 9110: 9007: 8759: 8754: 8503: 7755: 4916: 4844: 4580: 4565: 4545: 4470: 4465: 4380: 4287: 3303: 2712: 1457: 964: 886: 573: 74: 10911: 8871: 5675: 5669: 5161:

The Battle for China's Spirit: Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping.

3117:: Ēmítuó fó, "Limitless Light"), also called Amitāyus ("Limitless Life"), associated with the 2445: 2071: 1480: 10546: 10516: 10097: 10029: 9862: 9777: 9772: 9696: 9691: 9609: 8139: 7888: 7750: 7696: 5577: 5228: 4931: 4896: 4785: 4775: 4730: 3609: 3405: 2901: 2829: 2600: 2385: 2135: 2086: 1714: 1007: 890: 10881: 9162: 7135: 6523: 4014: 3638:). This list is also found in traditional Japanese Buddhist histories, particularly that of 3059: 2906:, which are often practiced by both laity and monastics. Acts of charity or social service ( 2435: 392: 10931: 10569: 10536: 10521: 10039: 9936: 9882: 9767: 9706: 9674: 9669: 9654: 9639: 9629: 9594: 9507: 9199: 9122: 8425: 8365: 8114: 8081: 8031: 6808: 6158: 4999: 4936: 4795: 4755: 4750: 4715: 4560: 4440: 4348: 4333: 4277: 4249: 4079:

The following holiday dates given are based on the Chinese calendar, so that 8.4 means the

4056: 3417: 3254: 3027: 2897: 2605: 2595: 2590: 2247: 1861: 1683: 1143:(206 BCE-220 CE) and the religion was present in China at the beginning of the common era. 284: 220: 11016: 10871: 10409: 9024: 8893: 8819: 8695: 8433: 3243: 8: 11383: 11378: 11011: 10376: 10255: 10089: 10064: 10054: 10014: 9991: 9874: 9847: 9807: 9726: 9716: 9644: 9571: 9002: 8859: 8640: 8618: 8570: 8390: 8190: 8046: 8026: 7934: 7862: 7842: 7520: 7158:

Buddhist Revival under State Watch, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40, 2,107-134

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Stanley Weinstein, "The Schools of Chinese Buddhism", in Kitagawa & Cummings (eds.),

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in general, and competed with these traditions, especially in the Tang dynasty. Chinese,

3508: 3182: 2920: 2809: 2565: 2055: 2046: 1831: 1695: 1621: 1549:(1368–1644), there was a revival of the study of native Chinese traditions like Tiantai, 555: 11228: 11021: 10846: 8350: 8277: 7103: 5540: 4102: 3090: 3042: 1980: 1871: 1263:, 499–569 CE) who along with his team of Chinese disciples translated numerous works on 11406: 11243: 10439: 10344: 10186: 10149: 10144: 10074: 10024: 9971: 9966: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9817: 9802: 9787: 9782: 9721: 9701: 9664: 9589: 9394: 9095: 9019: 8897: 8839: 8680: 8580: 8508: 8483: 8129: 8059: 7847: 7743: 7393: 7361: 7038: 6680: 6456: 6402: 6300:

Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China

6132: 6076: 4901: 4790: 4770: 4710: 4705: 4593: 4495: 4488: 4415: 4405: 4312: 3985: 3934: 3855: 3725: 3551: 3539: 3459:(Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism) is common in China and is expressed in the phrase 3296: 3228:, which may contain Buddhist relics and statues or images of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. 2928: 2780: 2585: 2550: 2212: 2142: 1637: 1334: 1271:

philosophy, and other Mahayana texts. The work of other sixth century translators like

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bodhisattva (Mílè púsà), is seen as the Buddha of the future, sometimes depicted as a

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Orthodox Chinese Buddhism: A Contemporary Chan Master's Answers to Common Questions,

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Orthodox Chinese Buddhism: A Contemporary Chan Master's Answers to Common Questions,

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There are many sects and organisations proclaiming a Buddhist identity and pursuit (

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There is a conception of an "impersonal god" in Chinese Buddhism likely inspired by

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According to Mario Poceski, Chinese Buddhist temples generally follow a traditional

3100: 1955: 10851: 10831: 10265: 10218: 10213: 10069: 10034: 10009: 10004: 9755: 9711: 9624: 9299: 8955: 8948: 8732: 8722: 8608: 8272: 8144: 7867: 7837: 7738: 7629: 7353: 6446: 6384: 6114: 6110: 6058: 5810: 5766: 5223: 4800: 4745: 4675: 4530: 4167: 4064: 4060: 3990:

Buddhism of the Lord of Heaven of Infinite Thriving of the Mountain of Longevity (

3828: 3795: 3547: 3373: 3276: 3193: 3071: 3011: 3005: 2867: 2731: 2570: 2410: 2227: 2207: 2031: 1995: 1534: 1507: 1483:

developed. Many classic Chan texts were written during this era, such as the famed

1415: 1404: 1314: 1252:

cave complexes are a great example of early Chinese Buddhist art from this period.

1249: 1120: 948: 937: 905: 753: 667: 639: 427: 387: 213: 9344: 7434:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400

2275: 1390:

The Tang era was one of the golden ages of Buddhism in China. During this time, a

11218: 11148: 11061: 10941: 10926: 10856: 10826: 10629: 10574: 10526: 10454: 10324: 10122: 10102: 10044: 9956: 9619: 9517: 9364: 9100: 9083: 9068: 9046: 8598: 8468: 8302: 8282: 7599: 7201: 7194: 6321: 5511: 5480: 5427: 5167: 4956: 4825: 4740: 4540: 4450: 4395: 4106: 3738: 3718: 3456: 3248: 3175: 3171:

bodhisattva (Dìzàng púsà), the savior monk associated with rites for the deceased

3137: 3094: 2913: 2720: 2515: 2450: 2290: 2008: 1990: 1975: 1866: 1846: 1721: 1234: 1209: 1167: 1078: 894: 672: 312: 9374: 8528: 8518: 7633: 7187: 4390: 3851: 2794: 2310: 1641: 1095: 932:. Currently, there are an estimated 185 to 250 million Chinese Buddhists in the 11223: 11091: 11086: 11081: 10767: 10584: 10287: 10137: 9919: 9499: 9479: 9399: 9088: 9078: 9012: 8849: 8335: 8198: 7772: 5525:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

4866: 4685: 4615: 4570: 4428: 4173: 4068: 4033: 3873: 3598: 3496: 3217: 2943: 2580: 2495: 2252: 2016: 1915: 1816: 1729: 1691: 1573: 1562: 1422: 1421:

The next important event in the history of Chinese Buddhism was the arrival of

1163: 967:

had far-reaching implications for the dissemination of Buddhism throughout the

929: 447: 442: 11041: 10861: 6451: 6434: 6118: 6088: 6032: 11451: 11401: 11358: 11333: 11193: 11123: 11006: 10737: 10722: 10354: 10203: 9512: 9414: 9272: 9073: 9051: 8987: 8658: 8453: 8448: 8340: 8009: 7852: 7601:

Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners

6599: 6475:"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China" 5595: 5435: 4946: 4911: 4510: 4505: 4445: 4198: 4055:

Some of the most important holidays celebrated by Chinese Buddhists include:

4002:

Wulian Jingang Dadao ("Great Way of the Innumerable Attendants of Awakening")

3840: 3511:, as well as participating in services to pray for one's deceased ancestors. 3258: 2938: 2893: 2837: 2798: 2480: 2465: 2405: 2237: 2197: 1940: 1881: 1821: 1806: 1725: 1679: 1475: 1474:(960–1279) saw the flourishing of Chinese Buddhist culture. During the Song, 1376: 1356: 1216: 1188: 1059: 1031: 980: 530: 520: 497: 432: 417: 274: 47: 10640: 8812: 8802: 8174: 7186:

Asiatische Studien: Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft, 1952

6666: 4650: 4455: 3957:

and the government of the People's Republic of China. These groups include:

1279:, also known as the "Consciousness-Only school" (唯識宗; pinyin: Wéishí-zōng). 11128: 11118: 11046: 10866: 10727: 10444: 10429: 10399: 10349: 10339: 10181: 9976: 9469: 9304: 9182: 8970: 8965: 8792: 8663: 8538: 7999: 7718: 6080: 4550: 4435: 4353: 4239: 3877: 3746: 3678: 3543: 3519: 3359:

Land and Chan traditions, as well as the study of the Buddhist sutras. The

3352: 3351:

numerous biographies, there are accounts from Jesuit missionaries, such as

2981: 2766: 2704: 2505: 2490: 2330: 1594: 1554: 1553:, and Yogachara, and most monks belonged to the two dominant Chan schools: 1546: 1539: 1530: 1515: 1488: 1471: 1391: 1156: 999: 960: 952: 795: 760: 624: 462: 437: 67: 11031: 9227: 9212: 9172: 8869: 8533: 8109: 7137:

The Religious Revival in China. In: Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18

6388: 6062: 6051:

The Sentinel State: Surveillance and the Survival of Dictatorship in China

2879:

widely performed today is the Great Compassion Repentance associated with

2320: 2116: 2084: 2052: 2029: 1403:(772 – 846). The various artistic complexes from this period, such as the 11338: 11248: 11098: 10896: 10886: 10786: 10414: 10243: 9384: 9369: 9152: 8960: 8888: 8668: 8498: 8400: 8247: 8119: 7620:"Appendix: Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC". 5574:

Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall

4620: 4205: 4182: 4115: 3863: 3815: 3673: 3650: 3571: 3433: 3168: 3156: 2985: 2973: 2955: 2947: 2833: 2790: 2725: 2365: 2340: 2325: 2022: 1965: 1908: 1791: 1519: 1430: 1407:, also attest to the artistic vibrancy of Chinese Buddhism at this time. 1372: 1360: 1301: 1140: 1100: 1089: 972: 944: 899: 634: 629: 614: 487: 407: 402: 10752: 10717: 10404: 8864: 7573:

China's Holy Mountain: An Illustrated Journey into the Heart of Buddhism

3937:, and other humanitarian practices that help improve social conditions. 3110: 1920: 10916: 10757: 10707: 10677: 10359: 10317: 10193: 9999: 9924: 9538: 9522: 9484: 9464: 9359: 9334: 9242: 9177: 9157: 8903: 8834: 8705: 8588: 8558: 8493: 8443: 8101: 8091: 8064: 7777: 7246:

Saunders, Kenneth J. (1923). "Buddhism in China: A Historical Sketch",

6149: 6046: 4625: 4385: 4282: 3772: 3714: 3700: 3690: 3205: 3132: 3078: 2977: 2965: 2860: 2762: 2485: 2395: 2380: 2305: 2300: 2177: 1925: 1904: 1801: 1796: 1702: 1610: 1426: 1364: 1264: 1256: 1238: 619: 457: 422: 397: 327: 11051: 10747: 9379: 8375: 7494: 7365: 5722:

Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China, World Wisdom Books

school or Nanshan school, a historical tradition which focused on the

3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3155:

bodhisattva (Wénshū púsà), the bodhisattva of wisdom, associated with

2802: 2315: 1856: 1111:), Dunhuang was a thriving center of Buddhism between 500 and 1000 CE. 11343: 11173: 11071: 11036: 10946: 10836: 10816: 10742: 10732: 10712: 10334: 10307: 9474: 9349: 9061: 8977: 8854: 8744: 8717: 8710: 8673: 8630: 8593: 8360: 8325: 8292: 8267: 8222: 7822: 7807: 6380: 5814: 4670: 4645: 4188: 4088: 4037: 3911: 3790: 3751: 3662: 3631: 3515: 3492: 3445: 3339: 3152: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3031: 2958:, libraries, and scripture platforms (施法壇), a kind of sacred podium. 2660: 2510: 2270: 2222: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1930: 1876: 1710: 1649: 1633: 1609:

to China, a right which had been granted to Western powers after the

1582: 1558: 1523: 1449:(r. 762–779), its influence among the upper classes was significant. 1442: 1411: 1395:

literature of this period, such as in the works of famous poets like

1272: 1268: 1170: 1147: 1055: 1036: 774: 482: 182: 11328: 11238: 11113: 10107: 8943: 8797: 8563: 8345: 8214: 8206: 5133:(pp. 197-218) edited Randall L. Nadeau. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. 4067:(on the first and fifteenth days of the first lunar month), and the 3639: 3086: 2440: 2370: 11396: 11348: 11298: 11233: 11183: 11103: 10921: 10841: 10624: 10464: 10419: 10364: 10329: 10233: 9892: 9459: 9454: 9404: 9339: 9257: 9222: 9217: 8878: 8749: 8737: 8648: 8307: 8004: 7593:, Translated by Douglas Gildow and Otto Chang, North Atlantic Books 7357: 5569: 4972: 4880: 4680: 4660: 4655: 4535: 4231: 4139: 4126: 4095: 4023: 4019: 3930: 3618: 3143: 2870:, which can bring about positive results in this life or the next. 2708: 2430: 2355: 2280: 2232: 2182: 1970: 1766: 1629: 1384: 1342: 1338: 1184: 1104: 990:

From its inception, Chinese Buddhism has been influenced by native

882: 862: 781: 492: 452: 357: 342: 332: 317: 10807:

Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)

9449: 9439: 9424: 9247: 9117: 8385: 6763:

Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice,

3813:

school, also known as the Lotus school, due to their focus on the

3330: 2460: 2425: 2415: 2375: 1146:

Buddhist missionaries made use of both the overland Central Asian

11411: 11373: 11363: 11178: 11143: 11133: 11108: 10811: 10369: 10312: 10297: 9444: 9434: 9409: 9284: 9279: 9237: 9207: 9139: 9105: 8992: 8933: 8928: 8782: 8685: 8523: 8473: 8260: 8086: 7812: 7436:, Association for Asian Studies & University of Hawaiʻi Press 7202:"The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism" 6737:"Buddhism in China Today: An Adaptable Present, a Hopeful Future" 5903:

Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,

4989: 4870: 4360: 3961: 3844: 3810: 3602: 3425: 3413: 3390: 3232: 3104: 2992: 2880: 2687: 2420: 2350: 2345: 2242: 2187: 1886: 1841: 1687: 1674:, many Buddhists and monastics followed the Republican exodus to 1645: 1400: 1368: 1350: 1346: 1292: 1180: 1124: 1074: 802: 525: 502: 477: 412: 377: 367: 362: 347: 205: 174: 11153: 9056: 8824: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 5872:

Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, University of Hawaii Press

2988:) are also undertaken by monastics and lay practitioners alike. 928:. Chinese Buddhism is the largest institutionalized religion in 11426: 11416: 11368: 11353: 11318: 11188: 11168: 11163: 11056: 10449: 10434: 10270: 10132: 10112: 9887: 9549: 9429: 9419: 9354: 8982: 8938: 8923: 8913: 8883: 8807: 8690: 8458: 8330: 8074: 8069: 7723: 6875: 6607: 5215: 4820: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4328: 3884: 3836: 3823: 3776: 3762: 3755: 3409: 3261: 3225: 3197: 3114: 3085:"), the historical founder of Buddhism, commonly depicted with 3082: 3014:

enjoyed popularity among both the common people and the elite.

2924: 2841: 2813: 2691: 2455: 2390: 2360: 2295: 2192: 1706: 1675: 1586: 1550: 1445:

Buddhism now became popular with the elites and by the time of

1410:

A famous proponent of Buddhism during the Tang era was empress

1327: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1220: 1003: 976: 956: 947:(206 BCE – 220 CE). It was promoted by multiple 852: 382: 322: 178: 6584:"The centuries-old dialogue between buddhism and christianity" 6263:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism

5841: 5839: 5837: 5045:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism

3741:(c. 233–310); this was later absorbed into the Tiāntāi school. 3380: 2690:

Foundation at a health screening event for foreign workers in

11308: 11253: 11203: 11158: 10981: 10936: 10777: 10589: 10424: 10282: 10248: 10228: 10198: 10127: 9544: 9389: 9267: 9262: 9232: 9187: 9034: 9029: 8908: 8613: 8438: 8405: 8395: 7675: 7555:

Religion in Contemporary China: Revitalization and Innovation

6268: 5039: 5037: 4876: 4610: 4148: 4047:

Buddha's Birthday celebration of bathing baby Buddha statues.

3868: 3586: 3488: 3147: 3035: 2933: 2675: 2500: 2400: 2335: 1811: 1653: 1625: 1598: 1296: 1275:

and Ratnamati also contributed to the establishment of a new

1230: 1136: 1108: 933: 810: 472: 467: 372: 337: 7096:

Bodhidharma. A collection of stories from Chinese literature

6261:

Huaiyu Chen, "East Asian Transformations of Monasticism" in

4005:

Hanmi Chinese esoteric Buddhism, Living Buddha Dechan Jueren

3634:

enumerate thirteen Buddhist traditions or schools (Chinese:

3574:, considered the birthplace of East Asian Pure Land Buddhism 10459: 9252: 8918: 8415: 7271:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1972. 7264:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968. 7257:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967. 7233:

The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnations

6107:

The Sinicization of Chinese Religions: From Above and Below

5834: 5638:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117. 3449: 3429: 1713:, as a superstitious instrument of the ruling class and as 1597:(1644–1911), the imperial court shifted its support to the 1484: 1241:

school of Buddhist philosophy, which would later be called

677: 201: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5034: 4995:

Persecution of Buddhists in the People's Republic of China

3689:

The Kosa School (俱舍宗) (historical), based on the study of

10117: 8653: 7817: 7250:, Vol. 3.2, pp. 157–169; Vol. 3.3, pp. 256–275. 5613:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 138. 3859: 3682:("The Treatise that Accomplishes Reality"; Chinese: 成實論, 3272:) in China and has 250 rules for monks and 348 for nuns. 2892:

Keeping sets of ethical rules, like the classic Buddhist

2202: 1652:, as well as a revival of Tiantai Buddhism by Dixian and 1511: 1359:, based on the teachings of various Chan masters such as 1130: 786: 7427:, Translated by Thomas Cleary, Charles E. Tuttle Company 7344:

Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1987), "The Sound of the One Hand",

5300: 5298: 2655:

Buddhist monastics and laypeople chanting sutras in the

1282: 7060:. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. 7037:

Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2006),

5734: 3676:

school (historical), which focused on the study of the

3204:), a common ser ot Chinese Buddhist protector deities ( 1414:(r. 690–705) and she is known for her promotion of the 6958:

The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen

4163:

19.6 — Enlightenment Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara

1690:. These organizations also became influential back in 1666:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

6642: 5400:

Mair, Victor H.; Sanping Chen, Wood, Frances (2013).

5295: 4194:

19.9 — Renunciation Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara

3400:

Chinese Buddhism also include influences from native

1318:) school, based on the works of Chinese masters like 765: 7287:

THE BAILIN BUDDHIST TEMPLE: THRIVING UNDER COMMUNISM

7040:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

6977:. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1964. 3625: 2919:

Another key part of Chinese Buddhism is engaging in

7179:

Hong Kong, China, Hong Kong University Press, 1968.

7036: 5541:"Living in the Chinese Cosmos | Asia for Educators" 4153:

13.5 — Birthday of Bodhisattva Sangharama (Qie Lan)

3491:was actually a disciple of the Buddha and also how 2991:Another popular practice is the use of mantras and 6765:pp. 10-12. University of Hawaiʻi Press / Honolulu. 5504:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Volume II: Lives 5402:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization, 5131:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions 4081:Eighth day of the fourth month in Chinese calendar 3495:was a bodhisattva. Chinese Buddhist thinkers like 943:Buddhism was first introduced to China during the 7477:Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's Reforms 6621:Lau, Hua Teck (2003). "The Cross and the Lotus". 5913: 5911: 1135:Buddhist missionaries began bringing Buddhism to 73:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 11449: 11007:Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù) 10992:Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān) 7588: 7546: 6960:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 6809:"Buddhist Schools: The Chinese Buddhist Schools" 6685:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online 6581: 6287:The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, Part 2 3649:The various Chinese Buddhist traditions are not 3325: 11002:Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng) 5942: 5901:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020). 5171:Freedom House Report. Rowman & Littlefield. 4059:(on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month), 1295:school mainly founded by the efforts of master 1223:(monastic rule) by all Chinese Buddhist schools 122:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 6794:William Edward Soothill, Lewis Hodous (1977). 5908: 5527:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 81. 3731:The Nirvana school (historical), based on the 3525:Another common feature of Chinese religion is 2968:to well-known monasteries and sites, like the 1418:. She also depicted herself as a bodhisattva. 10670: 10656: 7983: 7658: 7422: 7418:, Translated by J.C. Cleary, Red Wheel Weiser 7413: 6516: 5286: 5269: 4845: 3991: 3974: 3965: 3843:monastic discipline, established by the monk 3621:, a modern Chinese Esoteric tradition temple. 3455:The ancient idea of the compatibility of the 3140:(Yàoshī fó), associated with medicinal powers 2907: 2784: 2774: 2627: 1659: 1196: 1174: 735: 699: 8765:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 7597: 7206:The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism 7204:, in Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale S. (eds.), 6881: 6606:from the original on 2020-07-09 – via 5857: 5855: 5831:(New York: Macmillan 1987) pp. 257–265, 264. 5350:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 4071:(fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month). 3334:Lay Buddhists at the recitation hall of the 10997:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng) 7564:Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies 6237:Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice 6213:Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice 6012: 5962:"RELIGION-CHINA: Buddhism Enjoys A Revival" 3653:, and are better seen as trends, emphases, 3630:Traditional Chinese Buddhist scholars like 3381:Syncretism and multiple religious belonging 2912:) are also an important of part of Chinese 1709:propaganda depicted Buddhism as one of the 1166:into Chinese were those of the 2nd century 10698:Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó) 10663: 10649: 7990: 7976: 7665: 7651: 7518: 7431: 7416:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen 7279:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press 7013:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5889:Basic Buddhism. Exploring Buddhism and Zen 5747:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen 5636:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5434:(First Vintage Books ed.). New York: 5432:The Silk Roads: A New History of the World 5174: 5043:Jiang Wu, "The Chinese Buddhist Canon" in 4852: 4838: 4111:8.2 — Renunciation Day of Śākyamuni Buddha 3940: 3925:There is also a modernist movement called 3872:) and developed numerous sub-schools like 3514:The ritual burning of incense (shaoxiang, 2634: 2620: 706: 692: 7468: 7154: 6955: 6504:Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism 6450: 5886: 5852: 5771:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333572.003.0003 5749:. York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99. 5674:. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. pp. 5426: 5227: 4009: 1506:Likewise, during this time, the works of 1183:. His work was followed by the extensive 146:Learn how and when to remove this message 7346:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7343: 7043:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 6980: 6910:, pp. 97-100. University of Hawaii Press 5905:pp. 136-137. University of Hawaii Press. 5608: 5212:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 4178:24.7 — Birthday of Bodhisattva Nagarjuna 4042: 4028: 4013: 3608: 3592: 3577: 3562: 3384: 3329: 3290: 3242: 3062:within the Universal Wisdom Hall of the 3053: 3041: 3021: 2851: 2681: 2665: 2650: 2646: 1572: 1341:and the works of Pure Land masters like 1114: 1094: 1083: 1065: 1035: 867: 10693:Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó) 9952:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 7474: 6638: 6636: 6372: 6239:, pp. 188-198. Shambhala Publications, 6215:, pp. 198-210. Shambhala Publications, 6182:, pp. 29-70. University of Hawaii Press 6017:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5882: 5880: 5667: 5146:, pp. 29–70. University of Hawaii Press 3883:The Zhenyan school (真言宗, "true word", " 3866:, which focuses on sitting meditation ( 3801:The Demonstration of Consciousness-only 3367:were the most popular, followed by the 2840:. According to the Huayan masters like 2670:Buddha statues at the Mahavira Hall of 11450: 10942:Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng) 10155:List of Buddhist architecture in China 7598:Munro, Robin; Spiegel, Mickey (1994). 7570: 7561: 7309:, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 7274: 6975:Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey 6582:Clasquin-Johnson, M. (December 2009). 6577: 6575: 6549: 6285:Twitchett, Denis, and Fairbank, John. 6231: 6229: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6101: 5535: 5533: 5487:41:45-174 (2009) Copy BIBT 5229:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 5129:Poceski, Mario. "Chinese Buddhism" in 4963:List of Buddhist architecture in China 3404:, including Confucianism, Taoism, and 3125:, which many hope to reach after death 3017: 1465:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 1337:, which is based on the veneration of 1131:The establishment of Buddhism in China 10644: 7971: 7646: 7483: 7222: 7199: 7177:Chao Lun - The Treatises of Seng-Chao 7092: 7071: 7009: 6864: 6862: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6432: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6148: 5633: 5404:#28, Kumarajiva. Thames & Hudson. 5246:from the original on 19 February 2019 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 2698: 1437:from 716 to 720, during the reign of 1283:The development of a Chinese Buddhism 893:Chinese Buddhism focuses on studying 16:Buddhism with Chinese characteristics 11144:Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà) 11082:Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén) 10802:Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà) 7622:Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 7552: 7307:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6908:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6895:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6778:, p. 127. University of Hawaii Press 6776:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6647:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: 6633: 6423:, p. 125. University of Hawaii Press 6421:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6366: 6363:, p. 121. University of Hawaii Press 6361:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6348:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6335:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6195:, p. 111. University of Hawaii Press 6193:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 6180:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5972:from the original on October 6, 2022 5877: 5798: 5568: 5460:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5389:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5363:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5328:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5306:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5205: 5154: 5152: 5144:Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 3862:tradition attributed to the founder 3754:); this was later absorbed into the 3064:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum 2923:such as chanting the Buddha's name ( 102: 25: 11264:Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn) 10797:Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà) 7322: 7283: 7133: 6897:, p. 97. University of Hawaii Press 6755: 6673: 6645:World Religions: Eastern Traditions 6643:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002). 6620: 6572: 6467: 6350:, p. 71. University of Hawaii Press 6337:, p. 72. University of Hawaii Press 6314:Popular Deities of Chinese Buddhism 6226: 6198: 6142: 6045: 6006: 5948: 5602: 5562: 5530: 5462:, p. 76. University of Hawaii Press 5420: 5391:, p. 22. University of Hawaii Press 5365:, p. 18. University of Hawaii Press 5330:, p. 15. University of Hawaii Press 5308:, p. 14. University of Hawaii Press 5182:"Six facts about Buddhism in China" 4952:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 4210:17.11 — Birthday of Amitabha Buddha 4204:5.10 — Anniversary of the death of 4074: 290:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 13: 11304:Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn) 11214:Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn) 10907:Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng) 10877:Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà) 10688:Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó) 9942:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 7373: 7304: 6872:pp. 118-119. North Atlantic Books. 6859: 6781: 6713:pp. 116-119. North Atlantic Books. 6698: 6250: 5804: 5758: 5494: 5465: 5407: 5394: 4985:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4303:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 4298:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4144:8.4 — Birthday of Śākyamuni Buddha 3775:); it was later absorbed into the 3159:, often appears mounted on a lion. 3093:, or in a triad with Amitabha and 1640:work. There was also a revival of 1383:During the Tang dynasty, the monk 1028:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 248: 63:for transliterated languages, and 43:of its non-English content, using 14: 11484: 11294:Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn) 11012:Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng) 10912:Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng) 10703:Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó) 7930:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law) 7227:, The University Press Group Ltd. 6989:, Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom, 6798:p. 256. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 6265:, p. 299, Wiley-Blackwell (2014). 5206:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). 5149: 5050: 5047:, p. 299, Wiley-Blackwell (2014). 4018:Traditional Buddhist ceremony in 3626:Major Chinese Buddhist traditions 3464:three teachings harmonious as one 2927:), which is the core practice of 1720:During the normalization period ( 1255:Another important translator was 1208:–186 CE), as well as the work of 11259:Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn) 11244:Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn) 10967:Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng) 10887:Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà) 10882:Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn) 10832:Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà) 10776: 10728:Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó) 10623: 10613: 10612: 10170:Thai temple art and architecture 9915:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 8155:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 8021: 8008: 7998: 7957:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 7786: 7674: 7255:The Practice of Chinese Buddhism 7010:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), 6552:"The Eastern (Nestorian) Church" 5891:, Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House 5711:, The University Press Group Ltd 4819: 4238: 3286: 2857:Chanting the Buddhist Scriptures 1775: 1179:), who worked in the capital of 212: 189: 167: 161:Institutions of Chinese Buddhism 107: 30: 8022: 7235:(2001) Clear Light Publishers. 7212:from the original on 2012-07-25 7188:Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus 7184:Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus 7165:from the original on 2019-12-25 7144:from the original on 2013-07-22 7082:from the original on 2019-03-09 7075:Buddhism and Buddhists in China 6933:from the original on 2020-09-18 6913: 6900: 6887: 6848:from the original on 2022-11-29 6830: 6819:from the original on 2013-12-14 6801: 6768: 6743:from the original on 2020-09-27 6729: 6726:p. 15. Oxford University Press. 6716: 6614: 6543: 6532:from the original on 2020-04-05 6496: 6485:from the original on 2017-05-08 6426: 6413: 6353: 6340: 6327: 6324:, Contemplative Order Malaysia. 6305: 6292: 6185: 6172: 6095: 6039: 5984: 5954: 5924: 5895: 5864: 5821: 5809:(Thesis). Columbia University. 5787:from the original on 2018-06-02 5752: 5714: 5701: 5692: 5661: 5652: 5627: 5551:from the original on 2021-04-16 5517: 5500:Keng Ching and Michael Radich. 5452: 5381: 5368: 5355: 5342: 5333: 5320: 5005:Water and Land Ritual paintings 4181:30.7 — Birthday of Bodhisattva 4166:13.7 — Birthday of Bodhisattva 4132:21.2 — Birthday of Bodhisattva 4121:19.2 — Birthday of Bodhisattva 3997:Shòushān Wànlóng Tiānzhǔ Fójiào 3899:(密宗; "Esoteric Tradition"), or 3779:and Consciousness-only schools. 3744:The Dilun school (based on the 3299:is well known throughout China. 1454:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 877: 811: 787: 11229:Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn) 11224:Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn) 11219:Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn) 11129:Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì) 11099:Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng) 10160:Japanese Buddhist architecture 9962:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 9042:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 8233:Places where the Buddha stayed 7712:Chinese salvationist religions 6956:Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), 6868:Chan Master Sheng Yen (2007). 6709:Chan Master Sheng Yen (2007). 5311: 5274:Sinolingua. 2010. p. 64. 5258: 5199: 5136: 4907:Buddhism and Eastern religions 4138:4.4 — Birthday of Bodhisattva 3734:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 3483: 3336:Temple of the Six Banyan Trees 3238: 3224:Another common structure is a 3190:Twenty-Four Protective Deities 2970:Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains 1299:(538–597 CE) and based on the 1215:During this early period, the 1077:, one of the earliest Chinese 857: 848: 840: 766: 736: 597:Buddhist architecture in China 79:multilingual support templates 1: 11249:Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn) 10917:Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng) 10847:Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà) 10812:Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà) 10175:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 7547:Contemporary Chinese Buddhism 7284:Yang, Fenggang; Wei, Dedong, 7262:The Buddhist Revival in China 6376:Making Sense of World History 6013:Hammerstrom, Erik J. (2020). 5288:公元1世纪———传入中国内地，与汉文化交融，形成汉传佛教。 5022: 5010:Zhiyuan fabao kantong zong lu 3783:The Consciousness Only school 3761:The She lun school (based on 3558: 3326:Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism 3295:The vegetarian restaurant of 2937:), which is the focus of the 1741:Buddhist Association of China 1433:, and their establishment of 1202: 663:Buddhist Association of China 10957:Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng) 10947:Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng) 10872:Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà) 10867:Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà) 10837:Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà) 9932:Buddhism and the Roman world 9908:Decline of Buddhism in India 9903:History of Buddhism in India 8003: Topics in 7925:Freedom of religion in China 7519:Lancashire, Douglas (n.d.), 7479:, University of Hawaii Press 7407: 7399:Resources in other libraries 7004:Sources of Chinese Tradition 6550:Jenott, Lance (2002-05-07). 6373:Szostak, Rick (2020-10-22). 5027: 4968:List of converts to Buddhism 4501:Buddhist Paths to liberation 4087:8.12 — Enlightenment Day of 3955:Chinese Buddhist Association 3707:The "Three Treatises" school 3668:The "thirteen schools" are: 3527:multiple religious belonging 3442:traditional Chinese medicine 2847: 1745:United Front Work Department 1724:, 1977 to early 80s) led by 1672:Chinese Communist Revolution 1568: 1047: 885:Buddhism which draws on the 7: 11468:History of Buddhism in Asia 11284:Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn) 11077:Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng) 10972:Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng) 10822:Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà) 10738:Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó) 9130:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 8870: 7634:10.2753/CSA0009-46252104102 7475:Pittman, Don Alvin (2001), 7208:, Oxford University Press, 6981:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 5765:. Oxford University Press. 5720:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 4214: 2793:path, and the doctrines of 2686:Volunteers of the Buddhist 2117: 2085: 2053: 2030: 1020:History of Chinese Buddhism 10: 11489: 10952:Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng) 10927:Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng) 10862:Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà) 10708:Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó) 10080:The unanswerable questions 7571:Baumer, Christoph (2011), 7134:Lai, Hongyi Harry (2003), 7021:Cambridge University Press 6973:Chen, Kenneth Kuan Sheng. 6948: 6882:Munro & Spiegel (1994) 6502:Gregory, Peter N. (2002), 6433:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018). 6235:Jones, Charles B. (2021). 6211:Jones, Charles B. (2021). 5992:"Erica B. Mitchell (201), 5829:Buddhism and Asian History 5671:Debt: The First 5000 Years 5609:Sullivan, Michael (2008). 5576:(1st ed.). New York: 5317:Maspero 1981, pp. 401-405. 4887:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 4191:Buddha (an ancient buddha) 4172:15.7 — Ullambana Festival 3826:school, the school of the 3348:lay Buddhist practitioners 3081:(Shijiamoni, "sage of the 1663: 1660:People's Republic of China 1041:Buddhist expansion in Asia 1025: 1017: 1013: 969:East Asian cultural sphere 934:People's Republic of China 18: 11422:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 11392: 11317: 11202: 11194:Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié) 10980: 10932:Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn) 10895: 10827:Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà) 10785: 10774: 10723:Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó) 10676: 10671:Chinese Buddhist pantheon 10608: 10560: 10475: 10390: 10165:Buddhist temples in Korea 10088: 9990: 9873: 9570: 9498: 9325: 9198: 9138: 8773: 8728:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 8639: 8631:Three planes of existence 8579: 8424: 8316: 8246: 8238:Buddha in world religions 8100: 8045: 8017: 7945:Ghosts in Chinese culture 7940:Regional Religious System 7917: 7881: 7795: 7784: 7687: 7618:List first published in: 7591:Orthodox Chinese Buddhism 7589:Master Sheng Yen (2007), 7394:Resources in your library 7155:Laliberte, Andre (2011), 6761:Jones, Charles B. (2019) 6452:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2 6119:10.1163/9789004465183_005 5287: 5270: 4927:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3992: 3975: 3966: 3895:(密教; Esoteric Teaching), 3889:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3467: 3183:Four Great Heavenly Kings 3131:(Dàrì Rúlái), the cosmic 2946:, silent meditation, and 2931:, and seated meditation ( 2908: 2785: 2775: 2657:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple 1435:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 1197: 1175: 822: 801: 794: 780: 773: 759: 752: 747: 743: 729: 725: 720: 11299:Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn) 11087:Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng) 11072:Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén) 11052:Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng) 10962:Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng) 10922:Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng) 10758:Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó) 10713:Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó) 9947:Persecution of Buddhists 9168:Four stages of awakening 8549:Three marks of existence 8135:Physical characteristics 7689:Major religions in China 7553:Chau, Adam Yuet (2010), 7522:Buddhism in Modern China 7425:The Story of Chinese Zen 6921:"2020 Buddhist Calendar" 6560:University of Washington 6524: 6055:Harvard University Press 5847:A Dictionary of Buddhism 5762:Enlightenment in Dispute 5759:Wu, Jiang (2008-04-01). 5634:Ebrey, Patricia (2003). 5265: 5017: 4922:Chinese Buddhist cuisine 4201:Buddha (Medicine Buddha) 3589:), a Chinese Chan temple 3264:, which is known as the 2886:Great Compassion Dharani 2761:, the existence of many 1439:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 951:, especially during the 731:Traditional Chinese 270:Buddhism in Central Asia 11279:Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn) 11274:Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn) 11254:Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn) 11239:Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn) 11189:Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén) 11092:Narayana (Nàluóyántiān) 11037:Saraswati (Biàncáitiān) 10937:Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng) 10817:Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà) 10763:Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó) 9310:Ten principal disciples 8193:(aunt, adoptive mother) 7951:Three Persian religions 7858:Mongolian folk religion 7275:Welter, Albert (2000), 7248:The Journal of Religion 7200:McRae, John R. (2000), 7093:Kambe, Tstuomu (n.d.), 6983:Zen Buddhism: A History 6649:Oxford University Press 6439:Palgrave Communications 5887:Huai-Chin, Nan (1999), 5668:Graeber, David (2011). 5220:Oxford University Press 5012:, a translation catalog 4521:Philosophical reasoning 4118:Day of Śākyamuni Buddha 3941:New religious movements 3903:(唐密; "Tang Esoterica"). 3768:Summary of the Mahayana 3249:Kunming Yuantong Temple 3030:, a colossal statue of 2859:, by Taiwanese painter 2120:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra 1749:Chinese Communist Party 1579:Fo Guang Shan Monastery 1533:(1271–1368) patronized 1447:Emperor Daizong of Tang 1441:. This Chinese form of 1277:Chinese Yogacara school 881:) is a Chinese form of 198:Ling Shan Brahma Palace 11289:Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn) 11269:Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn) 11184:Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā) 10985:諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén) 10743:Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó) 10020:Buddhism and democracy 9533:Tibetan Buddhist canon 9528:Chinese Buddhist canon 8760:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 8755:Early Buddhist schools 7707:Folk ritual ministries 7604:. Human Rights Watch. 7575:, London: I.B.Tauris, 7562:Miller, James (2006), 7557:, Taylor & Francis 7469:First Buddhist revival 7423:Nan Huai-Chin (1995), 7414:Nan Huai-Chin (1998), 7305:Yü, Chün-fang (2020), 7019:, Cambridge, England: 6722:Blum, Mark L. (2002). 6629:(2): 85–87, 90, 93–94. 6623:Church and the Society 6479:afe.easia.columbia.edu 6178:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 5994:A Revival of Buddhism? 5545:afe.easia.columbia.edu 5458:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 5387:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 5361:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 5326:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 5304:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 5142:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 4917:Chinese Buddhist canon 4288:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4048: 4040: 4026: 4010:Holidays and festivals 3622: 3606: 3590: 3575: 3536: 3397: 3343: 3300: 3251: 3067: 3051: 3039: 2998:, such as the popular 2863: 2713:Chinese Buddhist Canon 2703:Chinese Buddhism is a 2695: 2679: 2663: 2150:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra 2097:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 1607:Christian missionaries 1590: 1458:Emperor Wuzong of Tang 1127: 1112: 1099:Buddhist art from the 1092: 1081: 1063: 965:Chinese Buddhist canon 887:Chinese Buddhist canon 574:Chinese Buddhist canon 280:Silk Road transmission 254: 11322:高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī) 11234:Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn) 11134:Thunder god (Léigōng) 10753:Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó) 10030:Eight Consciousnesses 8140:Life of Buddha in art 7697:Chinese folk religion 7323:Zhu, Caifang (2003), 7072:Hodus, Lewis (1923), 7056:Hill, John E. (2009) 6906:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6893:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6774:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6419:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6389:10.4324/9781003013518 6359:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6346:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6333:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6191:Chün-fang Yü (2020). 6063:10.4159/9780674296459 5968:. November 30, 2010. 5938:on December 25, 2005. 5805:Ma, Yung-fen (2011). 4932:Chinese folk religion 4897:Buddhism in Hong Kong 4556:Aids to Enlightenment 4381:Dependent Origination 4046: 4032: 4017: 3973:) or Guanyin Church ( 3612: 3596: 3581: 3566: 3531: 3406:Chinese folk religion 3388: 3346:In Chinese Buddhism, 3333: 3294: 3246: 3057: 3045: 3025: 2855: 2732:Flower Ornament Sutra 2711:, which draws on the 2685: 2669: 2654: 2647:Teaching and practice 2111:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 2088:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 2032:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra 2017:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 1715:counter-revolutionary 1694:after the end of the 1664:Further information: 1576: 1118: 1098: 1087: 1069: 1039: 1018:Further information: 1008:Chinese folk religion 906:Flower Ornament Sutra 868:Hon3 Cyun4 Fat6 Gaau3 788:Hon3 Cyun4 Fat6 Gaau3 252: 11309:Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn) 11104:Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān) 11067:Marici (Mólìzhītiān) 11032:Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān) 10842:Maitreya (Mílè Púsa) 10748:Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó) 10718:Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó) 10507:East Asian religions 9937:Buddhism in the West 9508:Early Buddhist texts 9123:Four Right Exertions 8589:Ten spiritual realms 8082:Noble Eightfold Path 7628:(4): 103–104. 1989. 7537:: CS1 maint: year ( 7510:: CS1 maint: year ( 7223:McRae, John (2003), 7182:Liebenthal, Walter. 7175:Liebenthal, Walter. 7125:: CS1 maint: year ( 6687:. StudyLamp Software 6159:Jamestown Foundation 5707:McRae, John (2003), 5339:Maspero 1981, p. 409 5158:Cook, Sarah (2017). 5000:Timeline of Buddhism 4937:Dharma Drum Mountain 4526:Devotional practices 4349:Noble Eightfold Path 3255:Buddhist monasticism 3028:Spring Temple Buddha 2921:Buddhist meditations 2898:bodhisattva precepts 1862:Bodhisattva Precepts 1822:Transcendent Virtues 1684:Dharma Drum Mountain 1622:Humanistic Buddhists 1416:Longmen cave complex 1187:translations of the 1050:the Chinese Empire ( 285:Dunhuang manuscripts 177:at Jintai Temple in 41:specify the language 39:This article should 11463:Buddhism by country 11174:Gandharva (Gāntàpó) 11027:Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān) 10852:Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà) 10768:Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó) 10733:Akshobhya (Āchù Fó) 10630:Religion portal 10377:Temple of the Tooth 10256:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 9295:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 8788:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 8571:Two truths doctrine 8391:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8191:Mahapajapati Gotamī 7935:Irreligion in China 7863:Qiang folk religion 7702:Ancestor veneration 7484:Daoru, Wei (n.d.), 7432:Tansen Sen (2003), 5966:Inter Press Service 5861:Mullin 2001, p. 358 5378:. 2000. pp. 280–281 5208:"Maritime Buddhism" 5186:Pew Research Center 4942:East Asian Buddhism 4826:Buddhism portal 4699:Buddhism by country 4461:Sanskrit literature 4197:30.9 — Birthday of 4187:22.8 — Birthday of 4036:floating lanterns, 3929:, which emphasizes 3927:Humanistic Buddhism 3858:) school, i.e. the 3679:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra 3509:Zhong Yuan Festival 3438:ancestor veneration 3148:fat laughing Buddha 3018:Deities and temples 3001:Mahā Karuṇā Dhāraṇī 2876:Buddhist devotional 2810:Buddhist philosophy 2759:realms of existence 2533:Regional traditions 2072:Lalitavistara Sūtra 2047:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra 2040:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 1936:Prajñāpāramitā Devī 1852:Non-abiding Nirvana 1817:Transcendent Wisdom 1705:'s death in 1976). 1696:Cultural Revolution 1487:collections of the 1481:Five Houses of Chan 1335:Pure Land tradition 1305:and works of Zhiyi. 1229:The arrival of the 1088:Buddhist temple at 845:traditional Chinese 556:Humanistic Buddhism 11339:Bodhidharma (Dámó) 11179:Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō) 11169:Garuda (Jiālóuluó) 11114:Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ) 10982:Deities and Demons 10857:Tara (Duōluó Púsà) 10552:Western philosophy 10150:Dzong architecture 9972:Vipassana movement 9967:Buddhist modernism 9395:Emperor Wen of Sui 9163:Pratyekabuddhayāna 9096:Threefold Training 8898:Vipassana movement 8614:Hungry Ghost realm 8434:Avidyā (Ignorance) 8381:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 8130:Great Renunciation 8125:Eight Great Events 8007: 7848:Miao folk religion 7744:Theravada Buddhism 7269:Buddhism under Mao 7225:Seeing Through Zen 7193:2016-03-06 at the 6884:, p. 269–271. 6320:2022-11-13 at the 6298:Jiang, Wu (2008). 6113:, pp. 64–85, 5709:Seeing Through Zen 5510:2022-11-26 at the 5479:2022-11-26 at the 5166:2021-08-08 at the 4902:Buddhism in Taiwan 4313:Buddhist modernism 4156:3.6 — Birthday of 4101:9.1 — Birthday of 4094:1.1 — Birthday of 4049: 4041: 4027: 3986:True Buddha School 3920:Consciousness Only 3655:schools of thought 3623: 3607: 3601:, a center of the 3591: 3576: 3552:Mongolian Buddhism 3540:Church of the East 3444:, and make use of 3420:, venerate native 3398: 3344: 3301: 3297:South Putuo Temple 3252: 3247:Buddhist Monks at 3068: 3052: 3040: 2929:Pure Land Buddhism 2903:Brahmā's Net Sutra 2864: 2699:Doctrine and texts 2696: 2680: 2664: 2157:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 2143:Golden Light Sutra 2056:Vimalakirtinirdeśa 1872:Bodhisattva stages 1837:Consciousness-only 1591: 1577:An aerial view of 1128: 1113: 1093: 1082: 1071:White Horse Temple 1064: 985:Pure Land Buddhism 878:Hàn-thoân Hu̍t-kàu 837:simplified Chinese 812:Hàn-thoân Hu̍t-kàu 645:White Horse Temple 255: 126:You can assist by 11458:Buddhism in China 11445: 11444: 11437:Religion in China 11432:Chinese mythology 11109:Sudhana (Shàncái) 11047:Chandra (Yuètiān) 11022:Indra (Dìshìtiān) 10681:佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái) 10638: 10637: 10276:Om mani padme hum 9982:Women in Buddhism 9898:Buddhist councils 9768:Western countries 9556:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 9317:Shaolin Monastery 8894:Samatha-vipassanā 8504:Pratītyasamutpāda 8308:Metteyya/Maitreya 8226: 8218: 8210: 8202: 8194: 8186: 8178: 8055:Four Noble Truths 7965: 7964: 7873:Yao folk religion 7681:Religion in China 7611:978-1-56432-105-3 7582:978-1-84885-700-1 7380:Library resources 7316:978-0-8248-8348-5 7231:Mullin, Glenn H. 7066:978-1-4392-2134-1 7050:978-0-618-13384-0 7030:978-0-521-66991-7 6996:978-0-941532-89-1 6967:978-0-520-21972-4 6813:www.buddhanet.net 6556:Silk Road Seattle 6398:978-1-003-01351-8 6245:978-1-61180-890-2 6221:978-1-61180-890-2 6128:978-90-04-46517-6 6072:978-0-674-29645-9 6024:978-0-231-55075-8 6002:on July 14, 2014. 5919:The Tibet Journal 5780:978-0-19-533357-2 5730:978-0-941532-89-1 5685:978-1-933633-86-2 5620:978-0-520-25569-2 5611:The Arts of China 5587:978-0-385-51284-8 5471:Radich, Michael. 5445:978-1-101-94633-6 5281:978-7-80200-985-1 5239:978-0-19-934037-8 4892:Buddhism in China 4862: 4861: 4344:Four Noble Truths 4057:Buddha's Birthday 3747:Daśabhūmikā sutra 3450:Chinese talismans 3402:Chinese Religions 3395:Daxiangguo Temple 3310:Lankavatara Sutra 3133:primordial Buddha 3070:Various Mahāyāna 2808:When it comes to 2738:Vimalakirtī Sutra 2709:Mahāyāna Buddhism 2644: 2643: 2129:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2104:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 2079:Samādhirāja Sūtra 1802:Mind of Awakening 1768:Mahāyāna Buddhism 1618:Republican period 1603:Taiping rebellion 1522:, and Vietnamese 1500:The Gateless Gate 1494:Blue Cliff Record 1045:Mahayana Buddhism 992:Chinese religions 912:Vimalakirtī Sutra 826: 825: 818: 817: 754:Standard Mandarin 716: 715: 551:Esoteric Buddhism 253:Chinese: "Buddha" 156: 155: 148: 101: 100: 81:may also be used. 21:Buddhism in China 11480: 11057:Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ) 11017:Brahma (Fàntiān) 10780: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10642: 10641: 10628: 10627: 10616: 10615: 10455:Sacred languages 10303:Maya Devi Temple 10266:Mahabodhi Temple 10070:Secular Buddhism 10035:Engaged Buddhism 8875: 8723:Tibetan Buddhism 8674:Vietnamese Thiền 8273:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 8224: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8025: 8024: 8012: 8002: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7969: 7968: 7838:Manchu shamanism 7790: 7739:Tibetan Buddhism 7734:Chinese Buddhism 7679: 7678: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7615: 7594: 7585: 7567: 7558: 7542: 7536: 7528: 7527: 7515: 7509: 7501: 7500:on April 2, 2013 7499: 7493:, archived from 7492: 7480: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7385:Chinese Buddhism 7368: 7340: 7338: 7332:, archived from 7331: 7319: 7301: 7299: 7293:, archived from 7292: 7280: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7130: 7124: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7102:, archived from 7101: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7053: 7033: 7018: 6999: 6970: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6842:Oxford Reference 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6805: 6799: 6792: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6707: 6696: 6695: 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Archived from 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5934:. Archived from 5928: 5922: 5915: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5875: 5874:, pp. 240. 2020. 5868: 5862: 5859: 5850: 5843: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5815:10.7916/d81g0t8p 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5732: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5537: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5498: 5492: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5428:Frankopan, Peter 5424: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5348:Williams, Paul. 5346: 5340: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5273: 5272: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5231: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5156: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5048: 5041: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4824: 4823: 4551:Sublime abidings 4242: 4219: 4218: 4168:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4075:List of Holidays 4065:Lantern Festival 4061:Chinese New Year 3995: 3994: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3968: 3887:" school), i.e. 3829:Avatamsaka Sutra 3485: 3480: 3374:Avatamsaka Sutra 3277:circumambulating 3266:Four Part Vinaya 3072:Buddhist deities 2911: 2910: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2411:Hongzhi Zhengjue 2228:Tibetan Buddhism 2136:Ghanavyūha sūtra 2124: 2092: 2065:Pure Land Sutras 2060: 2035: 1996:Wrathful deities 1779: 1769: 1754: 1753: 1535:Tibetan Buddhism 1508:Hongzhi Zhengjue 1456:(841–845) under 1405:Longmen Grottoes 1315:Avatamsaka Sutra 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1178: 1177: 1121:Longmen Grottoes 1079:Buddhist temples 938:Chinese Diaspora 879: 869: 859: 850: 842: 829:Chinese Buddhism 814: 813: 790: 789: 769: 768: 745: 744: 739: 738: 721:Chinese Buddhism 718: 717: 708: 701: 694: 640:Tiantai Mountain 579:Taishō Tripiṭaka 428:Hongzhi Zhengjue 242:Chinese Buddhism 229: 228: 216: 196:Interior of the 193: 171: 151: 144: 140: 137: 131: 111: 110: 103: 96: 93: 87: 72: 66: 62: 56: 52: 46: 34: 33: 26: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11473:Three teachings 11448: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11388: 11321: 11313: 11206: 11198: 11159:Asura (Āxiūluō) 11139:Skanda (Wéituó) 11062:Yama (Yán Wáng) 10984: 10976: 10899: 10891: 10789: 10781: 10772: 10680: 10672: 10669: 10639: 10634: 10622: 10604: 10556: 10471: 10386: 10123:Ordination hall 10084: 9986: 9957:Buddhist crisis 9869: 9566: 9518:Mahayana sutras 9494: 9490:Thích Nhất Hạnh 9321: 9194: 9134: 9084:Bodhisattva vow 8769: 8635: 8575: 8534:Taṇhā (Craving) 8469:Five hindrances 8420: 8312: 8242: 8096: 8041: 8013: 7996: 7966: 7961: 7913: 7877: 7796:Other religions 7791: 7782: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7619: 7612: 7583: 7549: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7471: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7374:Further reading 7371: 7336: 7329: 7317: 7300:on June 6, 2010 7297: 7290: 7267:Welch, Holmes. 7260:Welch, Holmes. 7253:Welch, Holmes. 7215: 7213: 7195:Wayback Machine 7168: 7166: 7147: 7145: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7085: 7083: 7051: 7031: 7016: 6997: 6987:India and China 6985:, vol. 1: 6968: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6849: 6838:"Vinaya school" 6836: 6835: 6831: 6822: 6820: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6782: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6659: 6651:. p. 434. 6641: 6634: 6619: 6615: 6588:Acta Theologica 6580: 6573: 6564: 6562: 6548: 6544: 6535: 6533: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6501: 6497: 6488: 6486: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6431: 6427: 6418: 6414: 6399: 6383:. p. 321. 6371: 6367: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6332: 6328: 6322:Wayback Machine 6310: 6306: 6297: 6293: 6284: 6269: 6260: 6251: 6234: 6227: 6210: 6199: 6190: 6186: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6152:(May 9, 2019). 6147: 6143: 6129: 6103:Madsen, Richard 6100: 6096: 6073: 6044: 6040: 6025: 6011: 6007: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5845:Keown, Damien. 5844: 5835: 5826: 5822: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5781: 5757: 5753: 5745:Nan Huai-Chin. 5744: 5735: 5724:, pp. 256–257. 5719: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5607: 5603: 5588: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5523:Jerry Bentley, 5522: 5518: 5512:Wayback Machine 5499: 5495: 5490: 5481:Wayback Machine 5470: 5466: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5425: 5421: 5412: 5408: 5399: 5395: 5386: 5382: 5376:Indian Buddhism 5373: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5296: 5282: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5168:Wayback Machine 5157: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5051: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 4858: 4818: 4811: 4810: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4641: 4631: 4630: 4596: 4586: 4585: 4491: 4481: 4480: 4451:Mahayana Sutras 4431: 4421: 4420: 4361:Five Aggregates 4339: 4338: 4318: 4317: 4308:Later Buddhists 4273: 4217: 4116:Mahāparinirvāṇa 4077: 4012: 3943: 3916:Three Treatises 3628: 3561: 3457:Three Teachings 3422:Chinese deities 3383: 3328: 3289: 3241: 3202:Èrshísì Zhūtiān 3185:(Sìdà Tiānwáng) 3176:Eighteen Arhats 3138:Medicine Buddha 3095:Medicine Buddha 3020: 2948:Dharma lectures 2914:Buddhist ethics 2850: 2721:Mahayana sutras 2701: 2649: 2640: 2611: 2610: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2521:Thích Nhất Hạnh 2516:14th Dalai Lama 2451:Abhayākaragupta 2266: 2258: 2257: 2173: 2163: 2162: 2011: 2009:Mahayana sutras 2001: 2000: 1911: 1897: 1896: 1867:Bodhisattva vow 1787: 1767: 1734:Guanghua Temple 1722:Boluan Fanzheng 1668: 1662: 1656:(1875 – 1963). 1571: 1375:(580–651), and 1349:(562–645), and 1326:(602–668), and 1285: 1212:(3rd century). 1205: 1133: 1034: 1022: 1016: 895:Mahayana sutras 891:folk religions. 858:Hànchuán Fójiào 767:Hànchuán Fójiào 712: 683: 682: 658: 650: 649: 610: 602: 601: 592: 584: 583: 569: 561: 560: 516: 508: 507: 303: 295: 294: 265: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 217: 209: 208: 194: 186: 185: 172: 163: 162: 152: 141: 135: 132: 125: 112: 108: 97: 91: 88: 82: 70: 64: 60: 58:transliteration 54: 50: 44: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11486: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11210: 11208: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11164:Yaksha (Yèchà) 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11042:Surya (Rìtiān) 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10988: 10986: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10783: 10782: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10682: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10620: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10187:Greco-Buddhist 10179: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10138:Burmese pagoda 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10094: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9920:Greco-Buddhism 9917: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9879: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9853:United Kingdom 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9798:Czech Republic 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9729: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9677: 9672: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9562:Abhidharmadīpa 9559: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9504: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9480:B. R. Ambedkar 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9400:Songtsen Gampo 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9204: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9079:Eight precepts 9076: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8867: 8857: 8852: 8850:Five Strengths 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8645: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8489:Mental factors 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8430: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8341:Mahamoggallāna 8338: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8256:Avalokiteśvara 8252: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8018: 8015: 8014: 7995: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7904:Inner Mongolia 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7761:Roman Catholic 7758: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7670: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7610: 7595: 7586: 7581: 7568: 7559: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7516: 7481: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7358:10.2307/602960 7352:(1): 125–126, 7341: 7320: 7315: 7302: 7281: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7229: 7220: 7197: 7180: 7173: 7152: 7131: 7090: 7069: 7054: 7049: 7034: 7029: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6912: 6899: 6886: 6874: 6858: 6829: 6800: 6780: 6767: 6754: 6728: 6715: 6697: 6672: 6657: 6632: 6613: 6571: 6542: 6515: 6495: 6466: 6425: 6412: 6397: 6365: 6352: 6339: 6326: 6304: 6291: 6289:. 1998. p. 949 6267: 6249: 6225: 6197: 6184: 6171: 6141: 6127: 6094: 6071: 6049:(2023-12-31). 6038: 6023: 6005: 5983: 5953: 5941: 5923: 5907: 5894: 5876: 5870:Chün-fang Yü. 5863: 5851: 5849:. 2003. p. 104 5833: 5820: 5797: 5779: 5751: 5733: 5713: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5660: 5651: 5644: 5626: 5619: 5601: 5586: 5580:. p. 65. 5561: 5529: 5516: 5502:"Paramārtha." 5493: 5488: 5464: 5451: 5444: 5438:. p. 32. 5430:(March 2017). 5419: 5406: 5393: 5380: 5367: 5354: 5341: 5332: 5319: 5310: 5294: 5280: 5257: 5238: 5198: 5173: 5148: 5135: 5049: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4874: 4867:Avalokitesvara 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4616:Pratyekabuddha 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4571:Buddhist chant 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4429:Buddhist texts 4427: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4174:Ghost Festival 4170: 4164: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4123:Avalokiteśvara 4119: 4112: 4109: 4105:, Lord of the 4099: 4092: 4076: 4073: 4069:Ghost Festival 4034:Ghost festival 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3988: 3983: 3971:Guānyīn Fójiào 3942: 3939: 3905: 3904: 3891:. Also called 3881: 3848: 3833: 3820: 3807: 3796:Chengweishilun 3780: 3771:translated by 3759: 3750:translated by 3742: 3737:translated by 3729: 3722: 3717:), founded by 3704: 3696:Abhidharmakośa 3687: 3627: 3624: 3615:Jing'an Temple 3599:Guoqing Temple 3568:Donglin Temple 3560: 3557: 3497:Guifeng Zongmi 3382: 3379: 3327: 3324: 3288: 3285: 3240: 3237: 3218:Chinese palace 3210: 3209: 3186: 3179: 3178:(Shíbā Luóhàn) 3172: 3166: 3160: 3150: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3108: 3101:Avalokiteśvara 3098: 3060:Cintāmaṇicakra 3019: 3016: 2944:eight precepts 2849: 2846: 2751:Amitābha Sutra 2700: 2697: 2672:Baoning Temple 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2476:Rangjung Dorje 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2446:Ratnākaraśānti 2443: 2438: 2436:Śaṅkaranandana 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386:Shāntarakshita 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253:Chung Tai Shan 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1956:Avalokiteśvara 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892:Three Turnings 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1847:Three vehicles 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1812:Skillful Means 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1730:Guoqing Temple 1692:Mainland China 1661: 1658: 1570: 1567: 1563:Hanshan Deqing 1514:(including on 1423:Subhakarasimha 1399:(701–761) and 1381: 1380: 1354: 1331: 1306: 1284: 1281: 1164:Buddhist texts 1132: 1129: 1054:) through the 1015: 1012: 963:works) into a 930:mainland China 925:Amitābha Sutra 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 808: 799: 798: 792: 791: 784: 778: 777: 775:Yue: Cantonese 771: 770: 763: 757: 756: 750: 749: 748:Transcriptions 741: 740: 733: 727: 726: 723: 722: 714: 713: 711: 710: 703: 696: 688: 685: 684: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 448:Hanshan Deqing 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 393:Śubhakarasiṃha 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 266: 261: 260: 257: 256: 245: 244: 238: 237: 221:house assembly 218: 211: 210: 195: 188: 187: 175:Buddhist monks 173: 166: 165: 164: 160: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 115: 113: 106: 99: 98: 77:. Knowledge's 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11485: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11124:Ziwei Emperor 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900:明王 (Míngwáng) 10898: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10666: 10661: 10659: 10654: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10392:Miscellaneous 10389: 10383: 10382:Vegetarianism 10380: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10204:Buddha in art 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9858:United States 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9415:Padmasambhava 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9327:Major figures 9324: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9273:Western tulku 9271: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9074:Five precepts 9072: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:Dhamma vicaya 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8820:Buddhābhiṣeka 8818: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Enlightenment 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8454:Dhamma theory 8452: 8450: 8449:Buddha-nature 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288:Samantabhadra 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7993: 7988: 7986: 7981: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 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7347: 7342: 7339:on 2010-09-29 7335: 7328: 7327: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7241:1-57416-092-3 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7109:on 2015-11-06 7105: 7098: 7097: 7091: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7014: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6929: 6922: 6916: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6658:0-19-541521-3 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6513: 6512:0-8248-2623-X 6509: 6505: 6499: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6181: 6175: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5932:"murdoch edu" 5927: 5921:, 32.1 (2007) 5920: 5914: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5655: 5647: 5645:0-521-43519-6 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5436:Vintage Books 5433: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5374:Warder, A.K. 5371: 5364: 5358: 5352:. 2008. p. 30 5351: 5345: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979:Samantabhadra 4977: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Fo Guang Shan 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912:Chan Buddhism 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4581:Vegetarianism 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Recollections 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4506:Five precepts 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Chinese canon 4469: 4467: 4466:Tibetan canon 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199:Bhaiṣajyaguru 4196: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4134:Samantabhadra 4131: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3910:According to 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3841:Dharmaguptaka 3838: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3721:(344–413 CE). 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3642:(1240–1321). 3641: 3637: 3633: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3583:Bailin Temple 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3436:), engage in 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3365:Diamond Sūtra 3362: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3304:Vegetarianism 3298: 3293: 3287:Vegetarianism 3284: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3259:Dharmaguptaka 3256: 3250: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163:Samantabhadra 3161: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3050:at Mount Emei 3049: 3048:Samantabhadra 3044: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3007:Cundī Dhāraṇī 3003: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2894:five precepts 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2838:Nirvana Sutra 2835: 2831: 2830:hermeneutical 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2799:buddha-nature 2796: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2744:Nirvana Sutra 2740: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2466:Sakya Pandita 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406:Dahui Zonggao 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2238:Fo Guang Shan 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171:Major schools 2167: 2166: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1986:Samantabhadra 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941:Bhaiṣajyaguru 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882:Luminous mind 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807:Buddha-nature 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Deng Xiaoping 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:Fo Guang Shan 1677: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1476:Chan Buddhism 1473: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Chan Buddhism 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:Dharmaguptaka 1213: 1211: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:first entered 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1032:Indianization 1029: 1024: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998:, especially 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 981:Chan Buddhism 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926: 921: 919: 918:Nirvana Sutra 914: 913: 908: 907: 902: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 874: 870: 864: 860: 854: 846: 838: 834: 830: 821: 809: 807: 804: 800: 797: 793: 785: 783: 779: 776: 772: 764: 762: 758: 755: 751: 746: 742: 734: 732: 728: 724: 719: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 689: 687: 686: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 654: 653: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 606: 605: 598: 595: 594: 588: 587: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 565: 564: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 512: 511: 504: 501: 499: 498:Nan Huai-Chin 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 433:Dahui Zonggao 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Daman Hongren 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 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8248:Bodhisattvas 8060:Three Jewels 7949: 7803:Baháʼí Faith 7751:Christianity 7733: 7719:Confucianism 7625: 7621: 7600: 7590: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7521: 7495:the original 7486: 7476: 7433: 7424: 7415: 7384: 7349: 7345: 7334:the original 7325: 7306: 7295:the original 7286: 7276: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7232: 7224: 7214:, retrieved 7205: 7183: 7176: 7167:, retrieved 7157: 7146:, retrieved 7136: 7111:, retrieved 7104:the original 7095: 7084:, retrieved 7074: 7057: 7039: 7012: 7003: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6957: 6935:. 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Suzuki 2311:Buddhapālita 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2038: 2023: 2015: 1909:Bodhisattvas 1842:Three bodies 1738: 1719: 1700: 1669: 1642:Chinese Chan 1615: 1599:Gelug school 1595:Qing dynasty 1592: 1547:Ming dynasty 1544: 1540:Ming dynasty 1531:Yuan dynasty 1528: 1516:Japanese Zen 1512:Zen Buddhism 1505: 1498: 1492: 1489:Linji school 1472:Song dynasty 1469: 1462: 1451: 1420: 1409: 1389: 1382: 1313: 1300: 1286: 1260: 1254: 1247: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1161: 1145: 1134: 1023: 1000:Confucianism 989: 953:Tang dynasty 942: 924: 916: 911: 904: 898: 876: 866: 856: 833:Han Buddhism 832: 828: 827: 796:Southern Min 761:Hanyu Pinyin 673:Martial arts 625:Mount Jiuhua 609:Sacred Sites 591:Architecture 463:Miyun Yuanwu 241: 142: 133: 120:copy editing 118:may require 117: 89: 75:ISO 639 code 71:}} 65:{{ 61:}} 55:{{ 51:}} 45:{{ 40: 11207:羅漢 (Luóhàn) 11154:Nāga (Lóng) 11149:Deva (Tiān) 10415:Dharma talk 10244:Asalha Puja 10040:Eschatology 9843:Switzerland 9823:New Zealand 9751:Middle East 9660:Philippines 9580:Afghanistan 9385:Bodhidharma 9370:Buddhaghosa 9290:Householder 9200:Monasticism 9153:Bodhisattva 9008:Prostration 8961:Mindfulness 8889:Anapanasati 8872:Kammaṭṭhāna 8669:Korean Seon 8609:Asura realm 8604:Human realm 8544:Ten Fetters 8499:Parinirvana 8401:Uppalavanna 8366:Mahākaccana 8351:Mahākassapa 8283:Kṣitigarbha 8278:Ākāśagarbha 8175:Suddhodāna 8120:Four sights 8047:Foundations 7843:Manichaeism 7017:(paperback) 6311:Kuan Ming. 6150:Joske, Alex 6081:jj.10860939 6047:Pei, Minxin 5413:Fan Muyou. 4957:Kṣitigarbha 4766:New Zealand 4621:Bodhisattva 4606:Four Stages 4561:Monasticism 4541:Mindfulness 4511:Perfections 4441:Early Texts 4206:Bodhidharma 4183:Kṣitigarbha 4083:and so on. 3980:Guānyīn Huì 3964:Buddhism ( 3864:Bodhidharma 3816:Lotus Sutra 3739:Dharmarakṣa 3684:Chengshilun 3651:exclusivist 3597:A model of 3572:Mountain Lu 3440:, practice 3434:Monkey King 3369:Lotus Sūtra 3361:Heart Sūtra 3239:Monasticism 3206:dharmapalas 3169:Kṣitigarbha 3157:Mount Wutai 3091:Mahākāśyapa 2986:Mount Putuo 2974:Mount Wutai 2966:Pilgrimages 2834:Lotus Sutra 2803:one vehicle 2791:bodhisattva 2726:Lotus Sutra 2544:Han Chinese 2366:Amoghavajra 2341:Bodhidharma 2331:Candrakīrti 2326:Dharmakīrti 2321:Bhāvaviveka 2276:Ashvaghosha 2265:Key figures 2024:Lotus Sūtra 1981:Ākāśagarbha 1976:Kṣitigarbha 1966:Vajrasattva 1857:One Vehicle 1792:Bodhisattva 1616:During the 1593:During the 1545:During the 1520:Korean Seon 1497:(1125) and 1491:, like the 1431:Amoghavajra 1373:Dayi Daoxin 1367:(487–593), 1361:Bodhidharma 1345:(476–542), 1322:(557–640), 1302:Lotus Sutra 1210:Dharmarakṣa 1141:Han dynasty 1139:during the 1119:Statues at 1101:Mogao Caves 1058:during the 1052:Han dynasty 1006:, but also 945:Han dynasty 900:Lotus Sutra 630:Mount Putuo 615:Mount Wutai 488:Yang Wenhui 408:Bodhidharma 403:Amoghavajra 219:A Buddhist 11452:Categories 11384:Emperor Wu 11334:Moggallāna 10532:Psychology 10512:Gnosticism 10500:Comparison 10495:Influences 10477:Comparison 10360:Bhavacakra 10318:Kushinagar 10293:Pilgrimage 10239:Māgha Pūjā 10194:Bodhi Tree 10010:Buddhology 10000:Abhidharma 9992:Philosophy 9925:Menander I 9793:Costa Rica 9744:Uzbekistan 9585:Bangladesh 9539:Dhammapada 9523:Pali Canon 9485:Ajahn Chah 9465:Dalai Lama 9365:Kumārajīva 9360:Vasubandhu 9335:The Buddha 9243:Zen master 9178:Sakadagami 9158:Buddhahood 9089:Pratimokṣa 8904:Shikantaza 8860:Meditation 8835:Deity yoga 8706:Madhyamaka 8599:Deva realm 8494:Mindstream 8444:Bodhicitta 8356:Aṅgulimāla 8223:Devadatta 8199:Yaśodharā 8102:The Buddha 8092:Middle Way 7778:Falun Gong 7756:Protestant 7566:, ABC-CLIO 7216:2013-02-19 7169:2013-03-29 7148:2013-03-29 7113:2013-02-19 7086:2013-03-29 6937:2020-01-04 6852:2022-11-29 6823:2022-11-29 6747:2020-06-01 6691:2023-03-01 6565:2023-03-01 6536:2016-01-29 6489:2022-11-30 6445:(1): 143. 6379:. London: 6165:2019-11-18 6089:1419055794 6033:1154101063 5976:October 6, 5791:2021-10-24 5555:2022-12-01 5266:中国文化科目认证指南 5192:2023-09-21 5023:References 4639:Traditions 4576:Pilgrimage 4516:Meditation 4476:Post-canon 4456:Pāli Canon 4386:Middle Way 4283:The Buddha 3847:(596–667). 3773:Paramartha 3758:tradition. 3719:Kumarajiva 3715:Madhyamaka 3713:, Chinese 3701:Vasubandhu 3693:using the 3691:Abhidharma 3559:Traditions 3058:Shrine to 3046:Statue of 2978:Mount Emei 2861:Li Mei-shu 2801:, and the 2717:Dàzàngjīng 2486:Longchenpa 2481:Tsongkhapa 2396:Mazu Daoyi 2381:Shāntideva 2306:Sthiramati 2301:Vasubandhu 2291:Kumārajīva 2248:Fa Gu Shan 2178:Mādhyamaka 1926:Adi-Buddha 1916:Shakyamuni 1877:Pure Lands 1832:Two truths 1797:Buddhahood 1703:Mao Zedong 1670:After the 1638:charitable 1611:Opium Wars 1427:Vajrabodhi 1379:(601–674). 1371:(d. 606), 1365:Dazu Huike 1330:(643–712). 1265:Abhidharma 1257:Paramārtha 1239:Madhyamaka 1235:Kumārajīva 1206: 164 1060:Kushan Era 1026:See also: 996:philosophy 873:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 620:Mount Emei 515:Traditions 458:Ouyi Zhixu 423:Mazu Daoyi 398:Vajrabodhi 328:Paramartha 313:Kumārajīva 128:editing it 11407:Pure Land 11344:An Shigao 10790:菩薩 (Púsà) 10600:Festivals 10580:Buddhists 10542:Theosophy 10345:Symbolism 10335:Hama yumi 10308:Bodh Gaya 10075:Socialism 10050:Evolution 10025:Economics 9863:Venezuela 9778:Australia 9773:Argentina 9697:Sri Lanka 9692:Singapore 9610:Indonesia 9572:Countries 9513:Tripiṭaka 9475:Ajahn Mun 9350:Nagarjuna 9345:Aśvaghoṣa 9228:Anagārika 9223:Śrāmaṇerī 9218:Śrāmaṇera 9213:Bhikkhunī 9173:Sotāpanna 9062:Passaddhi 9003:Offerings 8978:Nekkhamma 8855:Iddhipada 8775:Practices 8745:Theravada 8718:Vajrayana 8711:Yogachara 8681:Pure Land 8594:Six Paths 8581:Cosmology 8361:Anuruddha 8336:Sāriputta 8326:Kaundinya 8318:Disciples 8293:Vajrapāṇi 8145:Footprint 8110:Tathāgata 7899:Northeast 7889:Hong Kong 7882:By region 7823:Dongbaism 7808:Benzhuism 7006:. c. 800. 6600:1015-8758 6407:224902752 6381:Routledge 6137:242677252 5596:123079516 5578:Doubleday 5570:Chua, Amy 5028:Citations 4981:(Pu Xian) 4975:(Wen Shu) 4959:(Di Zang) 4786:Sri Lanka 4776:Singapore 4731:Indonesia 4671:Vajrayāna 4646:Theravāda 4601:Awakening 4489:Practices 4446:Tripiṭaka 4416:Cosmology 4391:Emptiness 4371:Suffering 4189:Dīpaṃkara 4160:(Wei Tuo) 4089:Sakyamuni 4038:Hong Kong 3912:Sheng-yen 3752:Bodhiruci 3726:Pure Land 3663:ecumenism 3632:Sheng-yen 3516:jingxiang 3493:Confucius 3446:Feng shui 3340:Guangzhou 3196:: 二十四諸天; 3153:Manjushri 3129:Vairocana 3123:Sukhavati 3119:pure land 3079:Śākyamuni 3032:Vairocana 2900:" of the 2848:Practices 2795:emptiness 2705:sinicized 2661:Singapore 2601:Indonesia 2511:Sheng-yen 2286:Lokakṣema 2271:Nāgārjuna 2223:Vajrayāna 2213:Pure Land 1961:Vajrapāṇi 1946:Vairocana 1931:Akshobhya 1827:Emptiness 1786:Teachings 1711:Four Olds 1650:Sheng Yen 1634:education 1583:Kaohsiung 1569:Modernity 1443:Vajrayana 1412:Wu Zetian 1392:sinicized 1353:(613–81). 1273:Bodhiruci 1269:Yogachara 1201:, active 1193:Lokakṣema 1171:An Shigao 1157:Confucian 1148:Silk Road 1090:Wutaishan 1056:Silk Road 961:Confucian 536:Pure Land 483:Hsuan Hua 388:Chengguan 308:Lokakṣema 183:Guangdong 11427:Tantrism 11397:Mahayana 11364:Shàn Dào 11349:Xuánzàng 10618:Category 10547:Violence 10517:Hinduism 10465:Sanskrit 10420:Hinayana 10405:Amitābha 10365:Swastika 10234:Uposatha 10224:Holidays 10209:Calendar 10055:Humanism 9893:Kanishka 9883:Timeline 9707:Thailand 9675:Kalmykia 9670:Buryatia 9655:Pakistan 9640:Mongolia 9635:Maldives 9630:Malaysia 9595:Cambodia 9460:Shamarpa 9455:Nichiren 9405:Xuanzang 9340:Nagasena 9258:Rinpoche 8988:Pāramitā 8830:Devotion 8750:Navayana 8738:Dzogchen 8701:Nichiren 8649:Mahayana 8641:Branches 8519:Saṅkhāra 8268:Mañjuśrī 8225:(cousin) 8217:(cousin) 8185:(mother) 8177:(father) 8165:Miracles 8115:Birthday 8032:Glossary 8005:Buddhism 7828:Hinduism 7766:Orthodox 7729:Buddhism 7533:citation 7506:citation 7463:original 7457:original 7450:original 7443:original 7210:archived 7191:Archived 7163:archived 7142:archived 7121:citation 7080:archived 7002:Han Yu. 6928:Archived 6846:Archived 6817:Archived 6741:Archived 6667:46661540 6604:Archived 6530:Archived 6483:Archived 6461:54444540 6318:Archived 6302:: p. 146 5970:Archived 5949:Lai 2003 5785:Archived 5572:(2007). 5549:Archived 5508:Archived 5477:Archived 5271:华语教学出版社. 5244:Archived 5164:Archived 4973:Manjusri 4881:Maitreya 4796:Thailand 4756:Mongolia 4751:Malaysia 4716:Cambodia 4681:Navayana 4661:Hinayana 4656:Mahāyāna 4566:Lay life 4396:Morality 4376:Not-self 4334:Concepts 4293:Councils 4278:Timeline 4250:Glossary 4232:Buddhism 4224:a series 4222:Part of 4215:See also 4140:Manjusri 4127:Guan Yin 4096:Maitreya 4063:and the 4024:Zhejiang 4020:Hangzhou 3993:寿山万隆天主佛教 3931:humanism 3791:Yogācāra 3711:, Sānlùn 3674:Chengshi 3619:Shanghai 3505:Qingming 3371:and the 3363:and the 3270:Sifen lü 3144:Maitreya 3113:Buddha ( 3111:Amitābha 3038:, China. 3004:and the 2883:and the 2836:and the 2748:and the 2707:form of 2678:, China. 2596:Malaysia 2591:Mongolia 2431:Nichiren 2356:Xuanzang 2281:Āryadeva 2233:Dzogchen 2218:Nichiren 2183:Yogācāra 1971:Maitreya 1951:Mañjuśrī 1921:Amitabha 1759:a series 1757:Part of 1630:Yin Shun 1503:(1228). 1397:Wang Wei 1385:Xuanzang 1339:Amitabha 1233:scholar 1185:Mahayana 1168:Parthian 1159:elites. 1152:maritime 1150:and the 1105:Dunhuang 949:emperors 883:Mahayana 863:Jyutping 782:Jyutping 635:Mount Lu 493:Yin Shun 453:Zhu Hong 343:Woncheuk 333:Xuanzang 318:Sengzhao 234:a series 232:Part of 11412:Tiantai 10678:Buddhas 10595:Temples 10575:Buddhas 10537:Science 10527:Judaism 10522:Jainism 10440:Lineage 10400:Abhijñā 10370:Thangka 10313:Sarnath 10298:Lumbini 10219:Funeral 10214:Cuisine 10090:Culture 10065:Reality 10015:Creator 10005:Atomism 9875:History 9848:Ukraine 9808:Germany 9727:Senegal 9717:Vietnam 9645:Myanmar 9445:Shinran 9435:Karmapa 9410:Shandao 9380:Dignāga 9305:Śrāvaka 9285:Donchee 9280:Kappiya 9238:Sayadaw 9208:Bhikkhu 9183:Anāgāmi 9140:Nirvana 9106:Samadhi 8993:Paritta 8934:Tonglen 8929:Mandala 8884:Smarana 8865:Mantras 8813:Upekkha 8783:Bhavana 8733:Shingon 8686:Tiantai 8539:Tathātā 8529:Śūnyatā 8524:Skandha 8514:Saṃsāra 8509:Rebirth 8484:Kleshas 8474:Indriya 8376:Subhūti 8261:Guanyin 8215:Ānanda 8207:Rāhula 8087:Nirvana 8027:Outline 7918:Related 7868:Sikhism 7833:Judaism 7813:Bimoism 7408:History 6949:Sources 6525:中央研究院網站 4990:Tiantai 4871:Guanyin 4806:Vietnam 4761:Myanmar 4676:Tibetan 4666:Chinese 4594:Nirvāṇa 4411:Saṃsāra 4406:Rebirth 4271:History 4260:Outline 4147:15.4 — 4114:15.2 — 3962:Guanyin 3935:charity 3874:Caodong 3869:zuòchán 3845:Daoxuan 3811:Tiantai 3603:Tiantai 3548:Tibetan 3426:Guan Yu 3414:tai chi 3391:Guan Yu 3233:Shangdi 3194:Chinese 3105:Guānyīn 2994:dhāraṇī 2881:Guanyin 2826:panjiao 2789:), the 2781:rebirth 2763:Buddhas 2688:Tzu Chi 2571:Tibetan 2566:Vietnam 2496:Hanshan 2471:Dolpopa 2421:Shinran 2351:Shandao 2346:Huineng 2316:Dignāga 2243:Tzu Chi 2208:Shingon 2188:Tiantai 1905:Buddhas 1887:Dharani 1751:(CCP). 1747:of the 1688:Tzu Chi 1646:Hsu Yun 1624:, like 1559:Caodong 1401:Bo Juyi 1377:Hongren 1369:Sengcan 1351:Shandao 1347:Daochuo 1343:Tanluan 1293:Tiantai 1250:Yungang 1181:Luoyang 1125:Luoyang 1075:Luoyang 1014:History 973:Tiantai 803:Hokkien 668:Cuisine 657:Culture 526:Tiantai 503:Nenghai 478:Hsu Yun 413:Huineng 378:Zhanran 368:Shandao 363:Daochuo 358:Tanluan 353:Huiyuan 348:Daoxuan 263:History 206:Jiangsu 84:See why 11417:Huayan 11374:Jìgōng 11369:Huìguǒ 11359:Yìjìng 11354:Fǎxiǎn 11329:Ānanda 11319:Sangha 11204:Arhats 10590:Sutras 10585:Suttas 10450:Siddhi 10435:Koliya 10410:Brahmā 10325:Poetry 10271:Mantra 10261:Kasaya 10133:Pagoda 10113:Kyaung 10108:Vihāra 10103:Temple 10045:Ethics 9888:Ashoka 9838:Sweden 9833:Poland 9828:Norway 9818:Mexico 9803:France 9788:Canada 9783:Brazil 9722:Africa 9702:Taiwan 9665:Russia 9590:Bhutan 9550:Vinaya 9430:Naropa 9420:Saraha 9355:Asanga 9111:Prajñā 9020:Refuge 8983:Nianfo 8944:Tertön 8939:Tantra 8924:Ganana 8914:Tukdam 8840:Dhyāna 8808:Mudita 8803:Karuṇā 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