1927:
1638:
2658:, Zhiyi's view of the One Vehicle of the Lotus Sutra is that conventionally, it is "subtle" and "wonderful" in comparison with lesser teachings which are coarse. However this is only true in a relative sense. Ultimately, the Lotus Sutra's Subtle Dharma is "not established in comparison to anything else, for there is nothing outside it to which it might be compared." From this absolute perspective, the Lotus Sutra's One Vehicle is "open and integrated" according to Zhiyi, and includes all other Buddhist teachings and skillful means. From the ultimate point of view, all distinctions of "true" and "provisional" are dissolved since all teachings are expressions of the One Vehicle.
2928:(the demon of Death). As noted by Ziporyn, the view that "each experience we have includes not only itself but also all other experiences of all other sentient beings at all times" is related to the idea that "Buddhahood inherently includes every form of evil, that these evils can never be destroyed, and that they do not need to be destroyed (“The evil inherent in the Buddha-nature,” “Buddhahood does not cut off evil”)." Ziporyn further explains this seemingly paradoxical doctrine as follows: "our joy also includes sorrow, our sorrow also includes joy; our evil includes good, our good includes evil; our delusion includes enlightenment, our enlightenment includes delusion."
2516:: "it is ‘middle’ because neither the provisional nor the empty truth about the table fully captures its reality. It is both provisional and empty, and simultaneously neither provisional nor empty. As Zhiyi put it, ‘wondrous being is identical to true emptiness’." Swanson writes that this is "a simultaneous affirmation of both emptiness and conventional existence as aspects of a single integrated reality." The middle truth for Zhiyi transcends all dualities and avoid all extremes, such as existence and non-existence, being and emptiness, mundane truth and real truth, or defilement and purity.
3253:
emptiness, analytical and experiential, which are clumsy and skillful (methods of entering emptiness, respectively). Because one can enter emptiness through the analysis of provisional existence, there arises the
Tripitaka Teaching. Because one can enter emptiness through experiencing provisional existence (as empty), there arises the Shared Teaching. From within the second (contemplation) for entering provisional existence from emptiness, there arises the Distinct Teaching. From the third correct contemplation of the Middle Way in one mind, there arises the Complete Teaching.
2154:
3349:, which could be rendered as "contemplation." This contemplation is directed toward objects of ordinary perception. It does not attempt to locate the "essences" of phenomena. The contemplator, in accord with the fundamental impermanence of all things (himself included), regards them without obstruction, that is, without the sort of discriminating mind that would seek to arrange phenomena into hierarchies of relative importance and select out some–primarily himself or some part of himself–as deserving of exemption from the rule of impartial impermanence.
2095:
27:
1998:(960–1028), who wrote various commentaries on Zhiyi's works and defended the "Home mountain" view. Zhili's major criticisms included attacking Chan's failure to understand the necessity of the use of words and scriptural study as part of practice as well as criticizing Zongmi's view of a pure mind as the buddha-nature, arguing instead that the "three truths" as taught by Zhiyi are the ultimate reality. For Zhili, mind or consciousness has no special status relative to other types of dharmas, such as physical matter.
579:
1935:
5261:
1796:, 538-597), traditionally figured as the fourth patriarch of Tiantai, who is said to have practiced the Lotus Samādhi and to have become enlightened quickly. He authored many treatises such as explanations of the Buddhist texts, and especially systematic manuals of various lengths which explain and enumerate methods of Buddhist practice and meditation. The above lineage was proposed by Buddhists of later times and do not reflect the popularity of the monks at that time.
8238:
8249:
2765:
5647:
5634:
2005:. Ciyun Zunshi (964–1032) was another important figure in this second Tiantai revival. His work focused on the promotion of rituals for lay Buddhists and worked on converting the populace away from using blood, meat and alcohol for funerary and ancestral rites. Ciyi also promoted the practice of adopting local Chinese deities and spirits into the Buddhist religion as "vassals" or "retainers" and strongly promoted repentance rituals.
3376:("Great Treatise") says, "Skillfully to fix the mind on one spot and abide there without shifting-that is called samadhi."" The Dharmadhatu is a "single spot," and through true discernment you can abide there and never stray from it. These four types of activity constitute the supporting condition . By discerning the mind and resorting to the supporting condition , one attunes and rectifies . For this reason we call them samadhis."
3272:(1) First of all, the Buddha used ordinary or mundane modes of expression, (2) then he individualized his teaching and adapted it to the capacities of his listeners, (3) he further altered it in order to respond to and diagnose the spiritual defects of his hearers, and (4) finally all his teaching was based on the perfect and highest wisdom. The first three are conditioned and finite, whereas the last is inconceivable and ineffable.
5624:
1805:
2982:) that are taught according to the different needs and capacities of sentient beings. According to Zhiyi, even though there numerous sutras with many varied teachings, the intent of the Buddha is to lead all sentient beings to Buddhahood. Similarly, just as there are different practices, there are different ways to describe the same unified reality (i.e. emptiness and the threefold truth). Thus, Zhiyi states in the
2032:
3001:) to explain how the different texts and teachings relate to each other. From the Tiantai point of view, the One Vehicle teaching of the Lotus is called a ‘Round Teaching’, which means that it encircles everything, and lacks any sharp edges or divisions. The Tiantai view is that the highest teaching is a holistic and all encompassing teaching which includes all Buddhist views and practices.
1838:, or skillful means - an example of the Buddha employing his boundless wisdom to lead those people towards the truth. Subsequent teachings delivered to more advanced followers thus represent a more complete and accurate picture of the Buddha's teachings, and did away with some of the philosophical 'crutches' introduced earlier. Zhiyi's classification culminated with the
3392:) in accordance with the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Zhiyi classifies breathing into four main categories: Panting (喘), Unhurried breathing (風), Deep and quiet breathing (氣), and Stillness or rest (息). Zhiyi holds that the first three kinds of breathing are incorrect, while the fourth is correct, and that the breathing should reach stillness and rest.
1917:"Every blade of grass, tree, pebble, and particle of dust is perfectly endowed with buddha nature ...The practitioner of the perfect teaching, from beginning to end, knows that ultimate principle is nondual and that there are no objects apart from mind. Who then is sentient? What then is insentient? Within the assembly of the Lotus, there is no discrimination."
2740:(which is drawn from the second chapter of the Lotus Sutra) to explain the various realms and how they have the same nature of the threefold truth. Since reality is unified in these ways, by contemplating one's mind and thought, one can contemplate the whole of reality and thus Buddhahood itself. Zhiyi explains this by commenting on a passage from the
1868:
3372:
practices in order to seek the path to
Buddhahood." There are many methods of practice, but we may summarize them under four sorts: (I) constantly sitting, (2) constantly walking, (3) part walking part sitting, and (4) neither walking nor sitting. By referring to them collectively as "samadhis," we mean attunes, rectifies, and stabilizes . The
1990:) debate. "Off mountain" supporters, as they were later polemically termed, supported these new doctrines (such as the "one pure mind") claiming they were originally Tiantai doctrines, while "home mountain" supporters saw the original Tiantai view as different and superior to this new view influenced by Chan and Huayan doctrines (especially by
1909:
possess Buddha-nature. This is because
Sakyamuni Buddha and any other Buddha's meritorious qualities in their practice leading to enlightenment and in the resultant realization do not reject anything, instead embracing all. In the Tiantai terminology, the Buddha and all beings mutually include, inter-pervade, and are identical to each other.
2577:
aspects). As such, it is not a deviation from classical
Madhyamaka according to Swanson. Swanson thinks that one of the main reasons for this development is that it was a useful device for undoing Chinese misunderstandings of the two truths (such as seeing them as referring to being and non-being, to two separate levels of reality or to an
3174:, in which the basic teachings are explained. According to David Chappell, the main elements of this teaching is "the thirty seven conditions for enlightenment, austerity, precepts, intellectual analysis of emptiness, the Six Perfections, and meditation" and the main view is the "arising-and-perishing among the ten realms of existence."
1979:). Other Tiantai syncretists include Deshao (881–972) who was associated with the Fayen branch of Chan and his student Yongming Yenshou (954–974) who attempted to unify Tiantai, Huayen and Yogacara teachings under a kind of idealism influenced by Zongmi, emphasizing what he called the "one pure formless mind".
3252:
The Four
Teachings explained here arise from the threefold contemplations which were discussed above. They (i.e., the Four Teachings), in turn, actualize the threefold contemplations. First, the contemplation for entering emptiness from provisional existence includes two different methods of entering
2986:"various terms name one ultimate reality. Only one ultimate reality is given many names." This ultimate reality is "one yet many, many yet one". It is many because there are diverse phenomena that arise and perish dependent on causes and conditions and it is one because all of this is equally empty.
2661:
According to Stone, "this is an egalitarian, inclusive reading, in which all teachings in effect become "true". But from the relative standpoint, a clear distinction is preserved between the "true" and the "provisional"; this is a hierarchical, potentially even exclusive reading, which emphasizes the
2074:
saw further religious revivals among the major
Chinese Buddhist schools, including Tiantai, particularly under the reign of the Buddhist friendly Wanli Emperor. One of the main figures of the Ming Tiantai Buddhist revival is Miaofeng Zhenjue (1537–1589), who lectured widely and whose students revived
3413:
Taoism and elements of worship from
Chinese folk religion forming a Buddhist medical cultural system that was specifically designed for the Chinese culture and was based on the etiology and pathological theory of Traditional Chinese medicines treatment and prevention of disease, pain and suffering.
3276:
According to
Chappell, the main idea of the Tiantai understanding of the Buddha's method of teaching is the "receptivity-and-response appropriate to a person's capacities", or "communication based on receptivity-and response". According to Chappell this means that "not only the form of the teaching,
3009:
An extension of
Tiantai's doctrine of the One Vehicle is its classification of the Buddha's teachings into the "Five Periods and Eight Teachings." This classification is usually attributed to Zhiyi, but is probably a later development. This classification of teachings was also done by other schools,
2829:
Thus, Buddhahood is not detached from the rest of reality, but integrated with it. The difference is that a Buddha knows reality as it really is. As such, the three subtle dharmas (sentient beings, Buddhas and mind) are part interfused with each other and are part of a single whole. Zhiyi quotes the
2419:
lists the most important
Tiantai teachings as being The Threefold Truth and the corresponding Threefold Contemplation, The Fourfold Teachings, The Subtle Dharma, and The Non-conceivable Discernment (or the "Inconceivable Mind"). Brook Ziporyn writes that Tiantai's "rigorous theoretical edifice" uses
2236:
When we examine the early exegetical and textual record, we find that and his successors compiled treatises…for any number of sūtras other than the Lotus, including such long-standing Chinese favorites as the Vimalakīrti, Nirvāṇa, Suvarṇaprabhāsa, and various Pure Land sūtras. Not only is there no
2078:
Youxi Chuandeng (1554–1628), a student of Miaofeng, was also another important figure who wrote a work entitled "On Nature Including Good and Evil" which presents his ideas on doctrinal classification, the principle of nature-inclusion, and the practice of the Dharma-gate of inherent evil attempting
1899:
school and the Tiantai school concerning the notion of universal Buddhahood were particularly heated, with the Faxiang school asserting that different beings had different natures and therefore would reach different states of enlightenment, while the Tiantai school argued in favor of the Lotus Sutra
2694:
Only a Buddha together with a Buddha knows the ultimate reality of all things: how they appear, what their natures are, what they're made of, what they are capable of, what they are doing, what their causes are, what their conditions are, what their effects are, what their consequences are, and the
2627:
The first contemplation involves moving from the world of provisionality to seeing its emptiness, which is a different process from the second contemplation in which we move beyond emptiness and back into an acceptance of the role of provisional existence. Only in the third contemplation do we find
2622:
There are different levels of subtlety of this threefold contemplation, the deepest of which is when all three aspects are contemplated as a simultaneously non-dual unity which according to Zhiyi is when all three aspects are "present in one thought" (一心) which is "beyond conceptual understanding".
3412:
Zhiyi 智顗 often talked about meditation with the treatment of disease. Particularly drawing of his insights from the Maha Samatha (摩诃止观),, the Children’s Samatha (童蒙止观) and the Initial Approach to the Chan Sect (次第禅门). His conception was influenced by Traditional Indian Buddhist Ayurvedic medicine,
2699:
Ziporyn argues that this passage points at the idea "that each particular aspect of the world as we see it and feel it is ultimately real, that each one is in fact the Absolute itself, the Buddha-nature, the final fact about the universe" and that "each thing, each appearance, each action" is "the
2674:
is described in different ways, such as "the interinclusiveness of the ten realms" or "the interpenetrating unity of all aspects of reality". According to Swanson, in this view, "everything contains everything else, and the whole contains all things." Zhiyi illustrates this idea with the simile of
1908:
provides his rationale primarily from the perspective of the all-pervasive quality of Buddha-nature, which he considers synonymous with suchness. This rationale indicates that external tangible objects like water, buildings, and flora, formless sounds and smells, and internal thoughts or ideas all
3316:
The attainment of Nirvāṇa is realizable by many methods whose essentials do not go beyond the practice of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Śamatha is the first step to untie all bonds and vipaśyanā is essential to root out delusion. Śamatha provides nourishment for the preservation of the knowing mind, and
2718:
According to Swanson, the main idea here is that "all reality is interpenetrating and inclusive, so that one short thought contains all of reality." Jacqueline Stone explains this as the idea that an any single ordinary thought and all phenomena in the universe "exist at each moment in a mutually
2125:
Baojing's dharma heir, Jueguang, helped establish the Guanzong Temple in Hong Kong and transmitted the lineage to numerous monks from Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Taiwan and mainland China. Tanxuan's heir, Yongxing, founded Xifang Temple in Hong Kong as well as various temples in Malaysia and the
1668:
Over time, the Tiantai school became doctrinally broad, able to absorb and give rise to other movements within Buddhism, though without any formal structure. The tradition emphasized both scriptural study and meditative practice, and taught the rapid attainment of Buddhahood through observing the
2989:
Indeed, Zhiyi outlines four types of oneness: the oneness of the teachings (all teachings of the Buddha are non-contradictory and have one intent), the oneness of the practices (all lead to Buddhahood), the oneness of persons (all will attain Buddhahood), and the oneness of reality. According to
2708:
One of the ways this doctrine is explained is the idea of "Three Thousand Realms in a Single Thought Moment" or "The Presence of All Three Thousand Aspects of Existence as Each Moment of Experience" (一念三千). According to this teaching, the various realms of existence of Buddhist cosmology are all
2576:
Swanson also notes that various scholars have criticized Zhiyi for adding a third "truth", when no Indian author explains Madhyamaka this way. However, according to Swanson, the major point of Zhiyi's analysis is that reality is a single integrated truth (which may be explained with two or three
1747:) is traditionally considered to be the second patriarch of the Tiantai school. Huiwen studied the works of Nāgārjuna, and is said to have awakened to the profound meaning of Nāgārjuna's words: "All conditioned phenomena I speak of as empty, and are but false names which also indicate the mean."
2682:
who perceives the sun as spinning around due to his condition, but in reality there is just one sun and this is confirmed by sober people. However, Zhiyi also points out that even this idea of "one truth" is just a concept, and as such it is ultimately inadequate, since "each and every truth is
2564:
According to Paul Swanson, this doctrine arose from the need to make explicit the relationship between the first and second truths of classical Indian Mahayana (an issue which also may have led to the development of Yogacara's "three natures"). Zhiyi developed his theory of a threefold truth by
1942:
After Zhanran, Tiantai declined once again. Brook Ziporyn writes that this period has been seen as the second dark age of Tiantai, a state of crisis "extending from the Tang into the Five Dynasties and Northern Song, an age marked internally by the deterioration of distinctive Tiantai ideas and
3341:, could be rendered as "standstill", the philosophical/meditational act through which the random and confused perceptions and cognitions of ordinary experience are brought to a stop and remain in a tranquil state. This stoppage makes possible (and is also made possible by) the second aspect of
3371:
Now if you wish to ascend to the stage of wondrous realization, you will not be able to reach it unless you practice. But if you become skilled at stirring and agitating , then the essence of ghee may be obtained. The Lotus Sutra says, "I also see the sons of Buddha cultivating all manner of
1831:
into a system of five periods and eight types of teachings. For example, many elementary doctrines and bridging concepts had been taught early in the Buddha's advent when the vast majority of the people during his time were not yet ready to grasp the 'ultimate truth'. These Āgamas were an
3403:
writes that although the Tiantai school, "has the reputation of being...the most comprehensive and diversified school of Chinese Buddhism, it is almost unknown in the West" despite having a "religious framework that seemed suited to adapt to other cultures, to evolve new practices, and to
3208:
This corresponds to the third of the three contemplations. According to Chappell, "the Complete Teaching moves beyond stages to see the identity and interpenetration of all the various practices, ideas, and values based on Suchness, Buddha-nature, and the Inconceivable Perceptual Process.
2126:
United States (as well as the Texas Buddhist association and its Jade Buddha Temple). Furthermore, other monks from this lineage have helped to reintroduce the Tiantai tradition from Hong Kong back to the rest of mainland China, aiding in the reconstruction of Chinese Buddhism after the
2572:
which explains the two truths as: "We state that whatever is dependent arising, that is emptiness. That is dependent upon convention. That itself is the middle path" (MMK, XXIV.18). Swanson states that this doctrine is a way of expressing three aspects of a single integrated reality.
2713:
One thought contains the ten dharma realms. Each dharma realm also contains the ten dharma realms one hundred dharma realms. Each dharma realm contains thirty worlds; so one hundred dharma realms contain three thousand worlds. These three thousand worlds are contains in one
2409:
2748:"The dharmadhatu is the middle. Space is emptiness. The mind and Buddhas are conventional existence. The three together are the objective realm of all Buddhas. This means that if one contemplates one's mind, one can become endowed with all Buddha-dharmas."
1820:: 智顗, 538–597 CE) to have been the major founder of the Tiantai school as well as one of the greatest Chinese Buddhist philosophers. He was the first to systematize and popularize the complex synthesis of Tiantai doctrine as an original Chinese tradition.
2709:
interconnected and interpenetrating. Furthermore, each of these states of existence can be experienced in one's own mind, and can therefore be seen as a kind of experience and a way of seeing the world, as well as a realm of rebirth. As Zhiyi writes:
2736:(法界), it can be explained in different ways according to Zhiyi (such as the two truths, and the threefold truth, and the ten realms). Two other schemas which Zhiyi employs are the Three Subtle Dharmas (sentient beings, Buddha and mind) and the
2520:
While the threefold truth can be explained conceptually in this way, for Zhiyi, the highest and most subtle meaning of the threefold truth is ultimately indescribably and beyond words. It is also fully integrated and inclusive of all the
2792:
by means of three ways of understanding the causes for Buddhahood and three ways of understanding the result of Buddhahood. The three ways of understanding the causes (which are three ways of saying the same thing) are as follows:
1954:
influences made strong inroads into Tiantai thought. Zhanran's disciple and seventh patriarch Daosui, and syncretic figures such as Zhi Yuan (768–844) and Daochang Ningfen all combined Tiantai with Chan ideas (particularly of the
3026:
The Five Periods are five periods in the life of the Buddha in which, according to Tiantai exegetes, he delivered different teachings, aimed at different audiences with a different level of understanding. The Five Periods are:
2853:
Swanson explains this ability to practice the Dharma as the "inherent potential and propensity for Buddhahood within all sentient beings which allows them to practice and build up the proper causes and conditions for attaining
2237:
evidence that one particular scripture was consistently promoted over others, but -period sources indicate that the spiritual descendants of realigned doctrine freely in order to accommodate whatever sūtra caught their fancy.
3367:), outlines his meditation system as consisting of 25 preparatory practices, four kinds of samadhi and ten modes of contemplation. Zhiyi saw the four samadhis as the main pillar of Tiantai meditation practice. Zhiyi writes:
3404:
universalize Buddhism". He attributes this failure of expansion to the school having "narrowed its practice to a small number of rituals" and because it has "neglected the intellectual breadth and subtlety of its founder".
2062:
which supported Tibetan Buddhism, while Chan Buddhism continued to grow in popularity while attacking the legitimacy of other schools. This period saw the Tiantai figure Huxi Huaize (fl. 1310) write his polemical treatise
4342:
2246:
In addition to its doctrinal basis in Indian Buddhist texts, the Tiantai school also created its own meditation texts which emphasize the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Of the Tiantai meditation treatises, Zhiyi's
2727:
represents a totalistic view of interdependent reality: the Buddha and ordinary worldlings, body and mind, cause and effect, subject and object, sentient and non-sentient are mutually encompassed in every moment of
5111:
Stevenson, Daniel B. (1986). The Four Kinds of Samādhi in Early T'ien-t'ai Buddhism. In: Peter N. Gregory: Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism Vol. 1, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 45–98.
2885:: "the objective fact that all things are Buddha; that whether they know it or not they are of the nature of enlightenment. Buddhahood at this level is still pure unrealized potentiality, inherent in all things."
2860:
This is the inherent potential for wisdom in all sentient beings, this is the wisdom that can destroy delusion and reveal the true nature of reality. It is a presence of wisdom which just needs to be uncovered.
1649:, the Tiantai school was entirely of Chinese origin. The schools of Buddhism that had existed in China prior to the emergence of the Tiantai are generally believed to represent direct transplantations from
2612:
This consists in contemplating the conventional existence of all things, i.e. dependent arising or as Zhiyi describes it "the non-emptiness of emptiness", which means that emptiness is not nothingness.
2924:
This non-dual Tiantai teaching of the interfusion of all phenomena and experiences also holds that there is a non-duality of good and evil, which also applies to happiness and suffering, Buddha and
2719:
inclusive relationship." Furthermore, the figure three thousand is "the product of multiplying specific numerical dharma categories: the ten realms of sentient beings, their mutual inclusion, the
3262:
Another way that Tiantai thinkers like Zhiyi classify the Buddhist teachings is through the four siddhantas, which are four principles that the Buddha used to teach the Dharma derived from the
3184:, which is shared by Mahayana and Theravāda. This corresponds to the first of the three contemplations and the practices of the ten stages of the bodhisattva that are shared with the Theravāda.
2891:"certain beings hear the doctrine, "You are identical to Buddha," and if they believe it, they are identical in name; they have this cognitive knowledge of the principle that all are Buddhas."
2102:
The most influential figure in modern Tiantai, who carried the Tiantai lineage (specifically the Lingfeng lineage) from the late Qing into the 20th century was Dixian. His student, the monk
2670:
Since the three truths are one, and this truth is a single unity, Tiantai thinkers see the whole of reality is as being a single interpenetrating whole, one integrated existence. This
5400:
3289:, in China it has been traditionally held that the meditation methods of the Tiantai are the most systematic and comprehensive of all. Tiantai emphasizes meditation as the union of
1657:, who developed an original and extensive Chinese Buddhist system of doctrine and practice through his many treatises and commentaries. The main center of the school was located in
2079:
to harmonize these with Confucianism and the thought of the Śūraṃgama Sūtra. Chuandeng was also instrumental in rebuilding Gaoming monastery which had been abandoned by this time.
2122:, including Tanxu and Baojing. They helped establish the Tiantai tradition in Hong Kong, where it remains a strong living tradition today, being preserved by their dharma heirs.
1558:, which then became a major center for the tradition. Tiantai in modern simplified Chinese means "platform of the sky"; however, according to traditional Chinese sources such as
8279:
1621:, was also established during the 12th century. Furthermore, Tiantai (and its offshoots) were very influential in the development of other forms of East Asian Buddhism, such as
4912:
5067:
The Threefold Lotus Sutra: The Sutra of Innumerable Meanings; The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law; The Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue
3194:
path. This corresponds to the second of the three contemplations. It "involves practices summarized by Chih-i into Fifty two Stages of a Bodhisattva" according to Chappell.
2529:", as well as "the enlightened perception of all Buddhas and bodhisattvas." Zhiyi also states that it is also called "the truth of one reality", as well as "emptiness" (空
2210:
T. 24, No. 1485) is also a key text. Tiantai is often termed the ‘Four Sutras One Treatise School’ (四経一論) because of the strong influence of these texts on the tradition.
1684:判教) in an attempt to harmonize the numerous and often contradictory Buddhist texts that had come into China. This was achieved through a particular interpretation of the
2811:
Buddhahood pervades the entire universe, as Swanson says "it is not a separate realm detached from our world of experience, but an integral and fundamental part of it."
2897:"after accepting this doctrine, these beings become Buddhists and practice the Buddhist path and make progress toward manifesting this inherent potential Buddhahood."
1653:, with little modification to their basic doctrines and methods. However, Tiantai grew and flourished as a native Chinese Buddhist school under the 4th patriarch,
4187:
2440:). According to Paul Swanson, this is the "central insight" around which the Tiantai system revolves. This view was developed by Zhiyi's reading of Nāgārjuna's
1859:, because of this, it was the largest Buddhist school at the beginning of the Tang and thus suffered because of its close relationship with the house of Sui.
1677:
2825:
How can there be any dharma distinct from the Buddha? There cannot. All of the hundred realms and thousand suchnesses are the objective realm of the Buddha.
2744:
which states that "if one disports one's mind in the dharmadhatu as if in space, then one will know the objective realm of all Buddhas." According to Zhiyi:
6388:
2219:
is also very highly regarded in Tiantai and it is seen as one of the subtlest and deepest sutras and to belong to the class of "complete" teachings. The
3856:
Ziporyn, Brook. Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 17 • Number 1 • Summer 1994
3847:
Ziporyn, Brook. Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 17 • Number 1 • Summer 1994
2875:
Tiantai's explanation of the path of the bodhisattva was set forth in Zhiyi's doctrines of the Six Degrees of Identity and the Six Bodhisattva Stages.
7303:
5778:
4696:
In "Flowing Traces: Buddhism in the Literary and Visual Arts of Japan," pp. 16-45, edited by James H. Sanford, William R. LaFleur, Masatoshi Nagatomi.
2878:
The Six Degrees of Identity provide an important path schema for the Tiantai school. Ziporyn summarizes these six degrees of realization as follows:
2166:
1904:
or "Diamond Scalpel," which is the 'locus classicus' of the doctrine of "the Buddha-nature of Insentient Beings." According to Shuman Chen, Zhanran:
905:
5159:
3492:
1435:
3146:
The Eight Teachings are a classification of different types of Buddhist teaching. They consist of the Fourfold Teaching, and the Fourfold Method:
7307:
2677:
2198:
912:
7531:
4795:
3317:
vipaśyanā is the skillful art of promoting spiritual understanding. Śamatha is the unsurpassed cause of samādhi, while vipaśyanā begets wisdom.
2023:
Due to the efforts of these major Tiantai figures, the school became one of the dominant forms of Buddhism during the Song, alongside of Chan.
1995:
3277:
but also the quest for enlightenment (bodhicitta) arises during an interaction involving a response to the capacities and needs of a person."
2497:) of the classic Mahayana two truths, which Zhiyi glosses as "the twelvefold conditioned co-arising of ignorance" and as "illusory existence".
2595:. The threefold contemplation, also described as the threefold cessation and insight, consists of what Zhiyi calls a "graded contemplation":
5019:
A Guide to the Tiantai Fourfold Teachings, in: Tsugunari Kubo; Terry Abbott; Masao Ichishima; David Wellington Chappell, Tiantai Lotus Texts
3922:
Jiang Wu, Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth Century China, Oxford University Press, 2008, page 21-24
5748:
5070:
3949:
Jiang Wu, Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth Century China, Oxford University Press, 2008, page 27
3931:
Jiang Wu, Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth Century China, Oxford University Press, 2008, page 27
2020:" which allowed both men and women to attend together and even to preach and be in charge of society repentance halls as married clergy.
2001:
Over time, Zhili's "home mountain" view turned out to be victorious, and his works became part of the orthodox Tiantai canon during the
1590:, with numerous large temples supported by emperors and wealthy patrons. The school's influence waned and was revived again through the
5856:
4666:
1609:
is also an influential tradition which branched off from Tiantai during the 9th century, and played a major role in the development of
5591:
2866:
This means that all beings are endowed with "the reality of true thusness", i.e. they all "participate in the true nature of reality."
2206:(The Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra in 25,000 Lines) for methods of contemplation. The “Book of the Original Acts that Adorn the Bodhisattva,” (
578:
5613:
2654:). This doctrine provided a unifying and inclusive framework which could be used to understand all Buddhist teachings. According to
4918:
4083:
2188:
3516:
1926:
1569:
Zhiyi is also regarded as the first major figure to form an indigenous Chinese Buddhist system. Tiantai is sometimes also called "
8123:
7575:
7778:
5758:
1680:, who lived between the 6th and 11th centuries in China. These teachers took an approach called "classification of teachings" (
2976:
The discrepancies and seeming contradictions are only due to the fact that these various teachings are all "expedient means" (
2525:
and of all mundane and ultimate truths as well. According to Zhiyi, "the supreme truth of the middle path" is "the reality of
5192:
4981:
4962:
4091:
3778:
Shuman Chen. Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion , 2nd ed., vol. 1, pp. 208–212, 2014
3152:
are called teachings because they are "that which discloses the principle and converts beings" according to Zhiyi. They are:
921:
693:
3913:
Ma, Yung-fen. The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554–1628), 2011, page 95
3904:
Ma, Yung-fen. The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554–1628), 2011, page 95
5941:
5783:
1765:, 515-577), who is traditionally figured as the third patriarch. During meditation, he is said to have realized the "Lotus
1428:
2800:
Therefore, the nine realms other than Buddhahood are integrated with Buddhahood. All possess the potential for Buddhahood.
2618:
A contemplation which is the simultaneous unity of both 1 and 2 and which is totally beyond conceptualization and thought.
8118:
3487:
2141:. Guoqing Temple is now a major center of Chinese Tiantai Buddhism as well as remains a place of pilgrimage for Japanese
2342:
The Guanyin Pusa Pumenpin Yishu (觀音菩薩普門品義疏・ The Commentary on the Universal Gate of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Chapter)
8015:
7565:
5660:
4105:
The Great Calming and Contemplation: A Study and Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of Chih-i's Mo-ho chih-kuan
2965:
Tiantai sees all the various Buddhist teachings, scriptures and practices as being part of a single holistic vehicle (
2821:
Therefore, according to Zhiyi, the Buddha-realm is deeply integrated with all other aspects of reality. Zhiyi writes:
958:
5861:
5147:
5132:
5117:
5085:
5030:
5002:
4954:
4785:
8108:
2436:
The Tiantai school's main philosophical principle is The Threefold Truth (emptiness, existence, and the middle; 空假中
7793:
7538:
4037:
3940:
Ma, Yung-fen. The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554–1628), 2011
3835:
3822:
3809:
3085:
2589:
The Threefold Truth may be contemplated independently as the "three contemplations", an important theme in Zhiyi's
1277:
3011:
737:
8185:
8175:
6004:
5520:
1944:
1421:
2686:
According to Brook Ziporyn, the Tiantai school's holism is derived from an extremely important passage from the
1637:
841:
8130:
7783:
7585:
7476:
7421:
5994:
5515:
5414:
5248:
5164:
5049:
4893:
4866:
3766:
3132:
3116:
2947:
1842:, which he held to be the supreme synthesis of Buddhist doctrine. The difference on Zhiyi's explanation to the
487:
390:
2695:
way in which all these factors from beginning to end are equally ultimate and are ultimately one and the same.
8100:
7798:
7481:
5773:
5606:
5017:
4837:
2016:). Tiantai monk Mao Ziyuan (1096?-1166) took this one step further by establishing what became known as the "
272:
4192:, Chinese, 1998, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-G002-1. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor and Francis.
866:
653:
7683:
7555:
7526:
7228:
2421:
1544:
300:
4966:
4948:, National Foreign Language Center Technical Reports, Buddhist studies program. University of Hawaii Press
2567:
972:
7374:
7283:
6753:
6398:
5911:
5806:
5366:
5351:
5096:
4847:
Sudden and Gradual Intimately Conjoined: Chih-i's Tíen-t'ai View. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor), (1991),
2424:" but applies these "in the service of ideals and metaphysical conclusions that are rooted deeply in the
1551:, Tiantai Buddhism grew to become "one of the most influential Buddhist traditions in China and Japan."
951:
898:
787:
188:
6918:
5078:
La vie et l'oeuvre de Huisi (515 - 577) : (les origines de la secte bouddhique chinoise du Tiantai)
2487:) in a provisional manner, they can be said to conventionally arise through causes and conditions (i.e.
2082:
Tianxi Shoudeng (1607–1675) was one of the most influential teachers and exegetes of Tiantai during the
8223:
7703:
7179:
6665:
5788:
5621:
5234:
2058:
The defeat of the Song dynasty was a serious blow to Tiantai which suffered another setback during the
369:
7113:
5466:
4513:
Evil and or as The Good Omnicentrism, Intersubjectivity, and Value Paradox in Tiantai Buddhist Thought
1322:
8113:
7926:
7916:
7788:
6771:
6351:
6112:
6087:
5185:
2526:
1087:
6137:
3222:, a method for those with medium or inferior abilities that advances towards Buddhahood step by step
638:
8218:
7570:
7384:
7362:
7355:
7258:
6791:
6411:
6227:
6172:
5793:
5599:
2232:
Indeed, the Tiantai school's study makes use of numerous sources. As noted by Donner and Stevenson:
1876:
533:
20:
2803:
The ten realms are empty of inherent existence, and they are of the nature of the threefold truth.
628:
8155:
8135:
7466:
7446:
7203:
6933:
6177:
4129:
4062:
2830:
Avatamsaka sutra which states that "the mind, the Buddha, and sentient beings are not distinct."
1272:
3200:- the complete and perfect teaching, which is beyond words and concepts. It can be found in the
1982:
This situation led to the famous debate within the Tiantai school known as the "home mountain" (
1719:
8165:
8005:
7673:
7643:
7416:
7367:
7208:
7156:
7151:
6913:
6734:
6631:
6383:
6378:
6127:
3060:
2488:
6495:
3737:
3240:, a method with no fixed teaching, but various teachings for various persons and circumstances
2106:(1875 – 1963), is known for having rebuilt various temples during the Republican era (such as
1247:
873:
8170:
8140:
7721:
7653:
7486:
7401:
7396:
7320:
7315:
7233:
5763:
5228:
3455:
3055:
For twelve years, the Buddha preached the Agamas, including the preparatory teachings of the
2334:(觀音菩薩普門品玄義・The Profound Meaning of the Universal Gate of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Chapter)
2127:
1532:
1402:
1187:
937:
888:
6786:
5062:. Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques XII, Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises
3333:
These are recognized as two distinct phases or modes that are also united into one process.
1732:
1237:
8193:
8160:
8145:
7663:
7560:
7506:
7391:
7330:
7298:
7293:
7278:
7263:
7253:
7218:
7131:
6823:
6746:
6049:
5989:
5738:
5705:
5655:
5500:
5361:
5356:
5178:
4773:
4671:, Poh Ming Tse Symposium 2013: One Master Three Meditative Traditions. Singapore, pp.30-47.
3248:, Zhiyi states that Four Teachings are based on the Three Truths and Three Contemplations:
2602:
This consists in contemplating the emptiness of all phenomena and their lack of own being (
2225:
is also seen as an important sutra in Tiantai. Zhiyi wrote a commentary on this sutra, the
1943:
marked externally by the loss of crucial texts and monastic institutions, especially after
1900:
teaching of Buddhahood for all beings. Zhanran's view of Buddha nature was expanded in his
1407:
1397:
1392:
1049:
663:
8033:
6648:
6517:
6443:
6319:
6057:
5436:
5346:
8:
8000:
7879:
7713:
7688:
7678:
7638:
7615:
7498:
7471:
7431:
7350:
7340:
7268:
7195:
6626:
6483:
6264:
6242:
6194:
6014:
5814:
5670:
5650:
5510:
3726:
3496:
3308:
Regarding the functions of śamatha and vipaśyanā in meditation, Zhiyi writes in his work
2628:
the balance involving the previous two insights based on the Middle Path of the One Mind.
2445:
2017:
1891:(711–782) revived the school and defended its doctrine against rival schools such as the
1524:
1497:
1367:
857:
848:
633:
413:
5974:
5901:
5495:
5431:
3209:
Nevertheless, it also has its own set of unique practices such as the Five Repentances."
3050:
1824:
782:
673:
8063:
7968:
7810:
7773:
7768:
7698:
7648:
7595:
7590:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7426:
7411:
7406:
7345:
7325:
7288:
7213:
7018:
6719:
6643:
6521:
6463:
6304:
6204:
6132:
6107:
5753:
5683:
5376:
4769:
3883:
Randall L. Nadeau (editor). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions, pg. 109
3874:
Randall L. Nadeau (editor). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions, pg. 108
3865:
Randall L. Nadeau (editor). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions, pg. 107
3792:
3478:
3228:, the Distinctive Teachings and the Complete Teaching for those with superior abilities
3090:
2425:
2268:
The Major Tiantai treatises studied in the tradition are the following works of Zhiyi:
1844:
1626:
1598:. Chinese Tiantai remains a living tradition to this day, being particularly strong in
1536:
1387:
1352:
1014:
944:
7862:
4815:
2814:
The Buddha attained Buddhahood incalculable aeons ago as it is said in the Lotus Sutra
2153:
1563:
8241:
8203:
7899:
7884:
7847:
7832:
7605:
7521:
7436:
7273:
7238:
7223:
6950:
6940:
6621:
6468:
6453:
6324:
6247:
6167:
6102:
6034:
5921:
5678:
5559:
5143:
5128:
5113:
5081:
5045:
5026:
4998:
4977:
4958:
4950:
4889:
4862:
4831:
4781:
4087:
3762:
3508:
3500:
3400:
3079:
3056:
2416:
2221:
2094:
2051:
1610:
1501:
1377:
1362:
1357:
1340:
1019:
930:
880:
560:
353:
342:
328:
7185:
5979:
5879:
5461:
5326:
2990:
Zhiyi, any text which is consistent with these concept teaches "the Subtle Dharma" (
2817:
The Buddha manifests in many different forms for the benefit of all sentient beings.
757:
8274:
7889:
7842:
7837:
7693:
7658:
7633:
7628:
7379:
7335:
7248:
6923:
6579:
6572:
6356:
6346:
6232:
5896:
5768:
4810:
3450:
3040:
3033:
2931:
2655:
2578:
2215:
2213:
Apart from these, other classic Mahayana sutras are also important in Tiantai. The
2040:
1960:
1817:
1789:
1758:
1740:
1662:
1646:
1587:
1570:
1555:
1540:
1456:
1372:
1345:
1212:
1029:
1009:
833:
797:
125:
108:
58:
35:
6968:
5060:
Chih-i (538–597): An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk
2137:, which had suffered from neglect and destruction, was renovated at the behest of
1077:
8253:
8198:
8150:
8078:
7948:
7746:
7726:
7668:
7580:
7243:
7141:
6988:
6724:
6707:
6692:
6670:
6222:
6092:
5926:
5906:
5424:
3482:
3096:
2158:
2107:
1934:
1614:
1317:
1252:
1092:
810:
792:
777:
668:
648:
244:
6998:
6152:
6142:
5285:
5260:
3181:
2476:
2453:
1112:
26:
8208:
7911:
7761:
7543:
7123:
7103:
7023:
6712:
6702:
6636:
6473:
5959:
5822:
5545:
5530:
5305:
5290:
4743:
3440:
3106:
2737:
2720:
2162:
2134:
2036:
1382:
1297:
1054:
818:
717:
618:
216:
31:
5069:, Weatherhill & Kōsei Publishing, New York & Tōkyō (Rissho Kosaikai)
3606:
2174:
427:
8268:
7978:
7827:
7136:
7038:
6896:
6697:
6675:
6611:
6282:
6077:
6072:
5964:
5633:
5505:
5390:
5371:
5295:
5280:
4744:"Zhiyi's Concept of Diseases and the Interaction Between Buddhism and Taoism"
4422:, In Lopez Jr. Donald S. (ed.) "Buddhist Scriptures", p. 513. Penguin Books.
3512:
3504:
3445:
3157:
3015:
2843:
2769:
2551:
2534:
1884:
1622:
1282:
1267:
1207:
1039:
999:
742:
683:
623:
608:
6436:
6426:
5798:
3838:. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies 17 (1), 26-65
3825:. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies 17 (1), 26-65
3812:. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies 17 (1), 26-65
2764:
8068:
8053:
8023:
7973:
7963:
7805:
7600:
7093:
6928:
6806:
6594:
6589:
6416:
6287:
6162:
5623:
5473:
3435:
3363:
3356:
3264:
2925:
2591:
2542:
2513:
2277:
2261:
2118:
era. During the Chinese Civil War, various dharma heirs of Dixian moved to
2083:
2071:
2059:
2048:
2002:
1849:
1754:
1724:
1595:
1591:
1539:, states that Tiantai Buddhism is "the earliest attempt at a thoroughgoing
1307:
1292:
1132:
132:
76:
6851:
6836:
6796:
6493:
6157:
5733:
3386:
3298:
2180:
1875:
After Zhiyi, Tiantai was eclipsed for a time by newer schools such as the
1122:
918:
886:
854:
831:
8038:
7867:
7008:
6993:
6776:
6584:
6512:
6292:
6122:
6024:
5871:
5743:
5275:
5241:
5201:
5140:
Emptiness and Omnipresence: An Essential Introduction to Tiantai Buddhism
4928:
The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice
3381:
3286:
3234:, teachings which are transmitted without the recipient being aware of it
3191:
3127:
2960:
2937:
2807:
The three ways of understanding the result, Buddhahood, are as follows:
2773:
2733:
2639:
2557:
2044:
1956:
1856:
1839:
1686:
1583:
1575:
1516:
1505:
1167:
1142:
1127:
824:
767:
710:
593:
8028:
6488:
5042:
Making and Remaking History: A Study of Tiantai Sectarian Historiography
1702:
is traditionally taken to be the first patriarch of the Tiantai school.
1562:, the 'tai' refers to stars previously worshipped on the mountain (i.e.
722:
7983:
7941:
7817:
7623:
7548:
7162:
7146:
7108:
7088:
6983:
6958:
6866:
6801:
6781:
6527:
6458:
6329:
6212:
6182:
6117:
6067:
5725:
5715:
5688:
5405:
5383:
5025:. Berkeley, California: Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai America. pp. 153–210.
4705:
Gregory, Peter N. Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, page 49
3799:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 209–236, ISBN 9780231142885.
3171:
2970:
2789:
2501:
2470:), this corresponds to the Mahayana concept of the "ultimate" or real (
2441:
2259:(六妙法門) are the most widely read in China. Rujun Wu identifies the work
2138:
1770:
1751:
1703:
1548:
1521:
1287:
1197:
1182:
1107:
1102:
979:
727:
706:
603:
598:
362:
7003:
5999:
5535:
4917:(dissertation), Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University, archived from
3122:
2942:
2756:), which contains all three thousand dharmas and the threefold truth.
2646:
1975:, the founder of the Japanese Tiantai tradition (known in Japanese as
1510:
1117:
658:
7958:
7931:
7098:
6973:
6685:
6601:
6478:
6368:
6341:
6334:
6297:
6254:
6217:
5984:
5949:
5916:
5891:
5846:
5490:
5485:
5410:
5395:
5341:
3163:
2903:: "further progress into the ranks and levels of Buddhist mythology."
2193:
2119:
2067:
as an effort to defend the Tiantai tradition against Chan critiques.
2009:
1707:
1699:
1599:
1312:
1072:
1024:
762:
752:
747:
732:
678:
383:
7731:
6567:
6421:
6187:
5969:
5838:
5830:
5525:
5480:
5451:
4974:
Being and ambiguity: philosophical experiments with Tiantai Buddhism
2012:
practices through the foundation of lay societies (lotus societies,
1994:'s works). The most eminent figure during this debate was Patriarch
1972:
1554:
The name of the school is derived from the fact that Zhiyi lived on
1242:
1172:
8248:
8088:
8043:
7988:
7953:
7857:
7516:
7083:
7078:
7028:
6963:
6881:
6846:
6841:
6502:
6373:
6361:
6272:
5931:
5628:
5578:
5455:
5445:
5336:
3425:
3121:. In the last eight years, the Buddha preached the doctrine of the
3070:
2752:
Zhiyi also calls the single reality "the inconceivable mind" (不思議心
2522:
2466:
1658:
1618:
1232:
1157:
1082:
1034:
984:
772:
568:
160:
7073:
7063:
7048:
6871:
6741:
6009:
5540:
4849:
Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought
3894:
Buddhism in the Sung Edited by Peter N. Gregory and Daniel A. Getz
3038:
For twenty-one days after his awakening, the buddha delivered the
2480:) which Zhiyi defines as "the sign of the true nature of reality."
2420:"modes of argumentation and praxis that are derived squarely from
2390:(観無量寿佛經疏・The Commentary on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life Sutra)
2008:
These two figures were also associated with the popularization of
1262:
1227:
1217:
1177:
7993:
7936:
7921:
7068:
7058:
7033:
6908:
6903:
6861:
6831:
6763:
6729:
6616:
6557:
6552:
6406:
6147:
6097:
5884:
5710:
5330:
5097:"In the Beginning ... Guanding and the Creation of Early Tiantai"
4086:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
4025:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
4012:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
3999:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
3986:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
3973:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
3960:
Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions,
3290:
2492:
2111:
1896:
1888:
1855:
Zhiyi's Tiantai school received much imperial support during the
1804:
1766:
1673:
1559:
1222:
1152:
1147:
1044:
688:
643:
6680:
6448:
3608:
Outline of the Tendai School 天台宗概論講: PART ONE: What's in a Name?
2932:
The Subtle Dharma: One Reality, One Vehicle, many Skillful Means
2031:
1527:, particularly as articulated in the works of the 4th patriarch
8073:
8058:
7894:
7756:
7736:
7511:
7173:
7053:
7043:
6978:
6606:
6562:
6547:
6537:
6507:
6431:
6314:
6082:
5954:
5698:
5693:
5572:
5441:
3430:
3407:
3167:
2951:
2671:
2265:
of Zhiyi as the seminal meditation text of the Tiantai school.
2142:
1991:
1976:
1964:
1892:
1736:
1606:
1531:(538–597 CE). Brook Ziporyn, professor of ancient and medieval
1481:
1464:
1257:
1192:
1162:
1097:
994:
446:
347:
316:
288:
260:
232:
204:
176:
148:
90:
5170:
4139:
4137:
4130:
http://tendaiaustralia.org.au/documents/MoheZhiguanOutline.pdf
4063:
http://tendaiaustralia.org.au/documents/MoheZhiguanOutline.pdf
3748:
William M. Johnston (editor). Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L
3595:", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition)
3045:
one of the highest sutras, but this was not widely understood.
2703:
16:
School of Mahayana Buddhism established and practiced in China
8213:
8048:
7906:
7872:
7852:
7822:
7751:
7168:
7013:
6891:
6886:
6856:
6811:
6658:
6653:
6532:
6237:
6062:
6029:
6019:
5300:
4859:
Saicho : The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School
4748:
Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)
3759:
Saicho : The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School
2978:
2797:
Each of the ten dharma realms contains the other nine realms.
2723:
and the three realms." According to Stone, this concept also:
2115:
2103:
1834:
1828:
1813:
1785:
1654:
1650:
1528:
1472:
1302:
1202:
1137:
613:
510:
460:
336:
308:
280:
252:
224:
196:
168:
140:
82:
5101:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
5065:
Katō Bunno, Tamura Yoshirō, Miyasaka Kōjirō (tr.), (1975 ).
4593:
3649:
3647:
3645:
2075:
ancestral Tiantai monasteries such as Gaoming and Ayuwang.
1728:(T. no. 1509) are important sources for the Tiantai school.
8083:
6876:
6542:
6039:
4605:
4134:
2374:(金光明經文句・ The Words and Phrases of the Golden Light Sutra).
4189:
The Chinese Buddhist Schools: Tiantai. Buddhist philosophy
3664:
3662:
3268:. According to David W. Chappell, the four siddhantas are:
2772:
and Shakyamuni seated in the jeweled stupa, painting from
2491:). This corresponds to the conventional or mundane truth (
2065:
Record of Tiantai's Transmission of the Buddha's Mind-seal
1867:
1586:, the Tiantai school became one of the leading schools of
7741:
6277:
3642:
2512:
empty of existence and exist provisionally. According to
2412:
Zhiyi, the foundational philosopher of the Tiantai school
2337:
Read with the Zhili's commentary: Guanyin Xuanyi Ji 觀音玄義記
1951:
1004:
395:
3531:
3321:
William R. LaFleur summarizes Zhiyi's understanding of z
2408:
2358:(金光明經玄義・The Profound Meaning of the Golden Light Sutra)
374:
5044:. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
4852:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
4647:
4583:
4581:
4344:
Inclusive and Exclusive Perspectives on the One Vehicle
4043:
3659:
2997:
Tiantai thought also provides a classificatory schema (
2851:
Buddha-nature as the conditional causes of Buddhahood -
2600:
Cessation as insight into the true essence of reality -
1672:
The school is largely based on the teachings of Zhiyi,
8280:
Religious organizations established in the 6th century
3573:
2683:
inexpressible" and "the one truth actually no truth".
2662:
superiority of the Lotus Sutra over other teachings."
1971:), is important because he was the primary teacher of
1947:(a period that saw the increased influence of Chan)."
538:
4566:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3679:
3677:
3105:
For twenty-two years, the Buddha taught the Mahāyāna
2616:
Cessation as an end to both discriminatory extremes -
1641:
Mount Tiantai by Wu Bin, 1605, Honolulu Museum of Art
333:
305:
277:
249:
221:
193:
165:
137:
4578:
2940:
is based on the doctrine of the "One Vehicle" (Skt.
1921:
492:
4708:
3380:The Tiantai school also places a great emphasis on
2858:
Buddha-nature as the complete cause of Buddhahood -
2165:, Tiantai County. It was restored in 1980 and is a
4796:"Is Tendai Buddhism Relevant to the Modern World?"
4694:Symbol and Yūgen: Shunzei's Use of Tendai Buddhism
4674:
3701:
3674:
3621:
2114:) and for preserving the Tiantai lineage into the
5243:Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma
2864:Buddha-nature as the direct cause of Buddhahood -
1508:. Tiantai Buddhism emphasizes the "One Vehicle" (
8266:
3493:Center for the Study of Language and Information
2610:Cessation as insight into expedient conditions -
2313:(法華文句・The Words and Phrases of The Lotus Sutra)
432:
418:
4128:Rev. Jikai Dehn, Mohe Zhiguan study materials,
4061:Rev. Jikai Dehn, Mohe Zhiguan study materials,
4023:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
4010:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
3997:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
3984:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
3971:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
3958:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020).
3689:
3604:
3472:
3470:
2665:
2448:. The Threefold Truth comprises the following:
2297:(法華玄義・The Profound Meaning of The Lotus Sutra)
4110:
4084:Expository Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sutra
3004:
2870:
2584:
515:
5607:
5186:
4819:, archived from the original on March 4, 2009
4780:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
4103:Donner, Neal, and Daniel B. Stevenson. 1993.
2464:) of any independent self-nature or essence (
1812:Scholars such as Paul Loren Swanson consider
1490:Wu Taizhou dialect (Tiantai native language):
1429:
63:
6389:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4937:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
4768:
4611:
4599:
3467:
3408:Influence of Traditional East Asian medicine
2909:"the highest ranks of bodhisattva practice."
2732:Even though reality is a unified whole, the
467:
465:
451:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
3761:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 228–229.
2704:Three Thousand Realms in One Thought Moment
2281:(摩訶止觀・The Great Calming and Contemplation)
5614:
5600:
5193:
5179:
4886:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen
4515:, pp. 295-296. Harvard-Yenching Institute.
3069:For eight years, the Buddha delivered the
2768:A scene from the Lotus sutra, the Buddhas
2700:ultimate reality “of ” all other things."
2204:Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1750:Huiwen later transmitted his teachings to
1436:
1422:
5142:. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
4883:
4814:
4049:
3297:, calming or stabilizing meditation) and
1547:." According to Paul Swanson, scholar of
5094:
5015:
4946:T'ien-T'ai Buddhism and early Mādhyamika
4934:
4925:
4793:
4653:
4167:
4143:
4001:pp. 139-140. University of Hawaii Press.
3988:pp. 136-138. University of Hawaii Press.
3975:pp. 136-137. University of Hawaii Press.
3668:
3579:
2915:"becoming an actual Buddha in practice."
2763:
2407:
2152:
2093:
2030:
1933:
1925:
1866:
1803:
1784:Huisi then transmitted his teachings to
1665:, which also gives the school its name.
1636:
25:
7576:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
4971:
4107:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
3836:Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai
3823:Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai
3810:Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai
3789:Realizing this World as the Buddha Land
3627:
3476:
2895:Identity in contemplation and practice:
8267:
7779:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5127:, Asian Humanities Press, California.
5075:
4856:
4844:
4640:
4638:
4572:
4420:Finding Enlightenment in the Final Age
4414:
4412:
4378:
4376:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4323:
4321:
3653:
3537:
2431:
2047:and renovated during the reign of the
2026:
352:
341:
5595:
5174:
4803:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
4686:
4668:The Śamatha and Vipaśyanā in Tian Tai
4550:
4548:
4480:
4478:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4402:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4297:Swanson (1989), pp. 16-17, 94-96, 145
4284:
4282:
4209:
4207:
3519:from the original on 13 November 2022
3257:
2637:A central doctrine of Tiantai is the
2043:, originally built in 598 during the
1895:and Faxiang. The debates between the
1823:Zhiyi analyzed and organized all the
5125:Foundations of T'ien-T'ai Philosophy
5039:
4888:, York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser,
3548:
3546:
2271:The Three Great Tiantai Treatises:
2241:
5016:Chappell, David Wellington (2013).
4968:(accessed: Thursday April 22, 2010)
4901:
4879:, Dharma Realm Buddhist Association
4874:
4714:
4680:
4635:
4587:
4409:
4373:
4330:
4318:
4027:p. 140. University of Hawaii Press.
4014:p. 140. University of Hawaii Press.
3962:p. 135. University of Hawaii Press.
3714:
3683:
3488:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2840:Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra
2782:Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra
2579:essential reality and its functions
2426:indigenous philosophical traditions
2326:The Five Lesser Tiantai Treatises:
13:
7566:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4943:
4910:
4726:
4545:
4475:
4434:
4397:
4385:
4361:
4349:
4279:
4204:
4116:
4073:Swanson (1989), pp. ix, 10-11, 120
3695:
3141:
3077:(expanded) teachings, such as the
2919:
2776:, seventh to fourteenth centuries.
2650:(traditional Chinese: 一乘; pinyin:
2632:
14:
8291:
5153:
4904:The Secrets of Chinese Meditation
4816:10.18874/jjrs.14.2-3.1987.247-266
4778:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
3543:
2846:through three parallel aspects:
2644:s doctrine of the One Vehicle or
2363:Jinguangming Jing Xuanyi Shiyi Ji
1922:Post-Tang crisis and Song revival
1887:, until the 6th patriarch Jingxi
1573:", after the central role of the
8247:
8237:
8236:
7794:Thai temple art and architecture
7539:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5779:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5645:
5632:
5622:
5259:
5160:Buddhism in a nutshell: Tien-tai
4735:
4720:
4699:
3795:; Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse; eds.
3787:Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse (2009),
3491:. The Metaphysics Research Lab,
2833:
2316:Read with Zhanran's commentary:
2300:Read with Zhanran's commentary:
2284:Read with Zhanran's commentary:
1769:", indicating enlightenment and
1698:The Indian Buddhist philosopher
1693:
577:
5646:
5200:
5009:
4659:
4626:
4617:
4557:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4425:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4195:
4158:
4149:
4122:
4097:
4082:Hubbard, Jamie, trans. (2012).
4076:
4067:
4055:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3781:
3772:
3751:
3742:
3731:
3720:
3633:
3021:
2135:Guoqing Temple at mount Tiantai
1950:During this period, Huayan and
1594:and also rose again during the
396:
375:
7784:Japanese Buddhist architecture
7586:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6666:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5857:Places where the Buddha stayed
5416:Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra
5250:Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra
5165:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
4877:The Shurangama Sutra, Volume 1
4861:, University of Hawaii Press,
4741:
4623:Swanson (1989), pp. 10-11, 120
3605:Rev. Jikai Dehn (2024-08-01).
3598:
3585:
3564:
3555:
3477:Ziporyn, Brook (Winter 2022).
2393:Read with Zhili's commentary:
2377:Read with Zhili's commentary:
2361:Read with Zhili's Commentary:
2345:Read with Zhili's commentary:
2199:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1938:A panorama of Tiantai Mountain
1469:
539:
493:
433:
334:
306:
278:
250:
222:
194:
166:
138:
64:
1:
7799:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
5080:. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
4993:, in Robert E. Buswell, ed.,
4231:Swanson (1989), pp. 149, 153.
3892:Walsh, Michael J. Review of
3461:
2759:
2403:
2172:The Tiantai school takes the
2089:
7556:Buddhism and the Roman world
7532:Decline of Buddhism in India
7527:History of Buddhism in India
5627: Topics in
5167:(log in with userID "guest")
4930:, London: Century Paperbacks
4542:Swanson (1989), pp. 124-125.
4502:Swanson (1989), pp. 133-134.
4484:Swanson (1989), pp. 134-135.
4472:Swanson (1989), pp. 128-129.
4431:Swanson (1989), pp. 129-132.
4358:Swanson (1989), pp. 12, 154.
4306:Swanson (1989), pp. 116-120.
3395:
3305:, clear seeing or insight).
2666:The Unity of the Dharmadhatu
2332:Guanyin Pusa Pumenpin Xuanyi
2286:Zhiguan fuxing zhuan hongjue
2167:National Key Buddhist Temple
2128:reform and opening up period
1514:) doctrine derived from the
7:
6754:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
6494:
4794:Chappell, David W. (1987),
3797:Readings of the Lotus Sutra
3639:Swanson (1989), pp. x, 155.
3419:
3387:
3280:
3005:Classification of teachings
2871:The Six Degrees of Identity
2585:The Threefold Contemplation
2444:philosophy, especially its
2181:
1848:caused a debate during the
919:
887:
855:
832:
10:
8296:
7704:The unanswerable questions
5236:Innumerable Meanings Sūtra
4761:
4341:Stone, Jacqueline (1999).
2388:Guan Wuliangshoufo Jingshu
2379:Jinguangming Jing Wenju Ji
1862:
1779:Mahāyāna-śamatha-vipaśyanā
1645:Unlike earlier schools of
1632:
18:
8232:
8184:
8099:
8014:
7789:Buddhist temples in Korea
7712:
7614:
7497:
7194:
7122:
6949:
6822:
6762:
6397:
6352:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6263:
6255:Three planes of existence
6203:
6048:
5940:
5870:
5862:Buddha in world religions
5724:
5669:
5641:
5554:
5391:Abundant Treasures Buddha
5314:
5268:
5257:
5219:
5213:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
5210:
5123:Swanson, Paul L. (1989).
4939:(2nd ed.), Routledge
4836:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4644:Chappell, David W. (1987)
4155:Ziporyn (2016), pp. ix-x.
4038:Buddhism in China 五洲传播出版社
3353:Zhiyi's magnum opus, the
3310:Concise Śamatha-vipaśyanā
2555:(如来藏 rulaizang), and the
2249:Concise Śamatha-vipaśyanā
2189:Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa
2186:) as the main basis, the
1808:Painting of Śramaṇa Zhiyi
1793:
1762:
1744:
1545:Indian Buddhist tradition
1460:
550:
532:
527:
523:
516:
509:
504:
486:
481:
477:
468:
466:
459:
452:
445:
440:
426:
412:
407:
389:
382:
368:
361:
327:
299:
271:
243:
215:
187:
159:
131:
124:
119:
115:
103:
99:
75:
71:
57:
52:
48:
43:
7571:Persecution of Buddhists
6792:Four stages of awakening
6173:Three marks of existence
5759:Physical characteristics
5095:Penkover, Linda (1979).
4995:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4632:Chappell (1987), p. 256.
4612:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4600:Buswell & Lopez 2013
4454:Chappell (1987), p. 254.
4288:Swanson (1989), pp. 7-8.
3382:Mindfulness of Breathing
2356:Jinguangming Jing Xuanyi
2202:as the support, and the
2182:Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra
2148:
1799:
181:ㄊㄧㄢ ㄊㄞˊ
21:Tiantai (disambiguation)
6934:Ten principal disciples
5817:(aunt, adoptive mother)
5138:Ziporyn, Brook. (2016)
4989:Ziporyn, Brook (2004).
4976:, Illinois: OpenCourt,
4972:Ziporyn, Brook (2004),
4935:Williams, Paul (2008),
4926:Snelling, John (1987),
4884:Huai-Chin, Nan (1997),
4563:Swanson (1989), p. 127.
4554:Swanson (1989), p. 125.
4511:Ziporyn, Brook (2000).
4493:Swanson (1989), p. 135.
4463:Swanson (1989), p. 128.
4445:Swanson (1989), p. 135.
4370:Swanson (1989), p. 154.
4327:Chappell (1987), p. 253
4315:Swanson (1989), p. 121.
4258:Swanson (1989), p. 153.
4249:Swanson (1989), p. 152.
4240:Swanson (1989), p. 150.
4201:Swanson (1989), pp. 1-6
3834:Ziporyn, Brook (1994).
3821:Ziporyn, Brook (1994).
3808:Ziporyn, Brook (1994).
3570:Swanson (1989), p. 155.
3357:Great Samatha-Vipasyana
3190:: the teachings of the
3012:Fivefold Classification
2675:the drunk man from the
2565:drawing on Nāgārjuna's
2474:) truth and emptiness (
2372:Jinguangming Jing Wenju
2257:Six Subtle Dharma Gates
2208:Pusa yingluo benye jing
2098:Model of Guoqing Temple
1871:Illustration of Zhanran
922:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
173:ㄊㄧㄢ ㄊㄞ
7644:Buddhism and democracy
7157:Tibetan Buddhist canon
7152:Chinese Buddhist canon
6384:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6379:Early Buddhist schools
5058:Hurvitz, Leon (1962).
4997:, New York, McMillan.
4406:Swanson (1989), p. 13.
4394:Swanson (1989), p. 11.
4382:Ziporyn (2016), p. 88.
4213:Swanson (1989), p. 146
3561:Ziporyn (2016), p. ix.
3552:Swanson (1989), p. ix.
3378:
3351:
3337:, the first aspect of
3319:
3274:
3255:
3150:The Fourfold Teachings
3137:just before his death.
2827:
2777:
2750:
2730:
2716:
2697:
2630:
2623:According to Chappell:
2446:doctrine of two truths
2413:
2253:Mahā-śamatha-vipaśyanā
2239:
2169:
2099:
2055:
1986:) vs. "off mountain" (
1945:the persecution of 845
1939:
1931:
1919:
1911:
1872:
1809:
1706:works associated with
1642:
952:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra
899:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
419:
38:
7654:Eight Consciousnesses
5764:Life of Buddha in art
5511:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī
5458:who becomes a Buddha)
5229:Threefold Lotus Sutra
5076:Magnin, Paul (1979).
5040:Chen, Jinhua (1999).
4914:Chih-i and Madhyamika
4902:Luk, Charles (1964),
4857:Groner, Paul (2000),
4845:Donner, Neal (1991),
4731:. Cornell University.
4692:LaFleur, R. William.
4533:Ziporyn (2016), p. 2.
4524:Ziporyn (2016), p. 1.
4267:Swanson (1989), p. 2.
4164:Swanson (1989), p. x.
3757:Groner, Paul (2000).
3456:Chinese folk religion
3369:
3331:
3314:
3270:
3250:
3108:Prajñaparamita-sutras
3092:Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra
3061:dependent origination
2936:The Tiantai school's
2901:Identity of semblance
2883:Identity in principle
2823:
2767:
2746:
2725:
2711:
2692:
2678:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2625:
2489:dependent origination
2411:
2234:
2156:
2097:
2034:
1937:
1929:
1915:
1906:
1870:
1807:
1640:
913:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
890:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
834:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra
819:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
29:
8131:East Asian religions
7561:Buddhism in the West
7132:Early Buddhist texts
6747:Four Right Exertions
6213:Ten spiritual realms
5706:Noble Eightfold Path
5454:(daughter of Sāgara
4911:Ng, Yu-kwan (1990),
4774:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
4276:Swanson (1989), p. 3
4222:Swanson (1989), p. 6
3617:– via YouTube.
3214:The Fourfold Method:
3188:Distinctive Teaching
3125:, and delivered the
3067:The Vaipulya Period.
2907:Partial realization:
2568:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
2483:Phenomena exist (假,
2302:Fahua Xuanyi Shiqian
664:Bodhisattva Precepts
624:Transcendent Virtues
488:Revised Romanization
19:For other uses, see
8254:Religion portal
8001:Temple of the Tooth
7880:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6919:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
6412:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
6195:Two truths doctrine
6015:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5815:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5401:Majestic Voice King
5377:Never Disrespectful
4875:Hua, Hsuan (1977),
4418:Stone, Jacqueline.
3656:, pp. 248–256.
3497:Stanford University
2948:traditional Chinese
2786:Chin Fa-hua-hsüan-i
2432:The Threefold Truth
2054:(r. 1722–35).
2027:Yuan, Ming and Qing
2018:White Lotus Society
1877:East Asian Yogācāra
1775:Ta Ch'eng Chih Kuan
1579:in its teachings.
1498:East Asian Buddhist
1335:Regional traditions
874:Lalitavistara Sūtra
849:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra
842:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
738:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
654:Non-abiding Nirvana
619:Transcendent Wisdom
414:Vietnamese alphabet
8176:Western philosophy
7774:Dzong architecture
7596:Vipassana movement
7591:Buddhist modernism
7019:Emperor Wen of Sui
6787:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6720:Threefold Training
6522:Vipassana movement
6238:Hungry Ghost realm
6058:Avidyā (Ignorance)
6005:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5754:Great Renunciation
5749:Eight Great Events
5631:
5521:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5506:Maha-Maudgalyayana
5372:Unlimited Practice
4944:Wu, Rujun (1993),
4770:Buswell, Robert Jr
4146:, p. 247-266.
3793:Teiser, Stephen F.
3540:, p. 199–200.
3479:"Tiantai Buddhism"
3258:The Four Siddhanta
3180:: the teaching of
3123:One Buddha Vehicle
3103:The Prajña Period.
2913:Ultimate identity:
2778:
2452:All phenomena are
2414:
2196:as the guide, the
2170:
2100:
2056:
1940:
1932:
1873:
1845:Golden Light Sutra
1810:
1773:. He authored the
1731:The sixth century
1643:
1504:that developed in
1484:Standard Mandarin:
1475:Standard Mandarin:
959:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
945:Golden Light Sutra
858:Vimalakirtinirdeśa
674:Bodhisattva stages
639:Consciousness-only
151:Standard Mandarin:
143:Standard Mandarin:
93:Standard Mandarin:
85:Standard Mandarin:
39:
8262:
8261:
7900:Om mani padme hum
7606:Women in Buddhism
7522:Buddhist councils
7392:Western countries
7180:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
6941:Shaolin Monastery
6518:Samatha-vipassanā
6128:Pratītyasamutpāda
5932:Metteyya/Maitreya
5850:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5679:Four Noble Truths
5589:
5588:
5560:Nichiren Buddhism
5367:Superior Practice
4983:978-0-8126-9542-7
4963:978-0-8248-1561-5
4092:978-1-886439-44-3
3591:Ziporyn, Brook, "
3238:Variable Teaching
3206:Avatamsaka Sutra.
3198:Complete Teaching
3086:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
3080:Vimalakirti Sutra
3057:Four Noble Truths
2889:Identity in name:
2788:) Zhiyi explains
2508:): phenomena are
2242:Tiantai Treatises
2222:Vimalakīrti Sūtra
2052:Yongzheng Emperor
1611:Japanese Buddhism
1541:Sinitic reworking
1506:6th-century China
1502:Mahāyāna Buddhism
1492:
1486:
1477:
1446:
1445:
931:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
906:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
881:Samādhirāja Sūtra
604:Mind of Awakening
570:Mahāyāna Buddhism
554:
553:
546:
545:
500:
499:
403:
402:
391:Yale Romanization
351:
340:
320:
312:
292:
284:
273:Yale Romanization
264:
256:
236:
228:
208:
200:
180:
172:
152:
144:
126:Standard Mandarin
109:Tiantai Mountain
94:
86:
8287:
8252:
8251:
8240:
8239:
8079:Sacred languages
7927:Maya Devi Temple
7890:Mahabodhi Temple
7694:Secular Buddhism
7659:Engaged Buddhism
6499:
6347:Tibetan Buddhism
6298:Vietnamese Thiền
5897:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5848:
5840:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5649:
5648:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5593:
5592:
5567:Tiantai Buddhism
5406:Śākyamuni Buddha
5263:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5108:
5091:
5055:
5036:
5024:
4986:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4907:
4898:
4880:
4871:
4853:
4841:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4800:
4790:
4756:
4755:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4665:Fa Qing (2013),
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4633:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4590:, p. 52-53.
4585:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4404:
4395:
4392:
4383:
4380:
4371:
4368:
4359:
4356:
4347:
4339:
4328:
4325:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4184:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3602:
3596:
3593:Tiantai Buddhism
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3483:Zalta, Edward N.
3474:
3451:Chinese Buddhism
3431:Tiantai in Japan
3426:Tiantai in Korea
3390:
3220:Gradual Teaching
3041:Avatamsaka Sutra
2742:Avatamsaka Sutra
2656:Jacqueline Stone
2438:kong, jia, zhong
2347:Guanyin Yishu Ji
2216:Avataṃsaka Sūtra
2184:
2041:Tiantai Mountain
1795:
1764:
1746:
1716:Madhyamakaśāstra
1663:Tiantai Mountain
1647:Chinese Buddhism
1588:Chinese Buddhism
1571:The Lotus School
1556:Tiantai Mountain
1549:Buddhist studies
1533:Chinese religion
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1213:Hongzhi Zhengjue
1030:Tibetan Buddhism
938:Ghanavyūha sūtra
926:
894:
867:Pure Land Sutras
862:
837:
798:Wrathful deities
581:
571:
556:
555:
542:
541:
525:
524:
519:
518:
496:
495:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:
470:
455:
454:
436:
435:
422:
399:
398:
378:
377:
357:
356:
355:
346:
344:
335:
323:
322:
315:
307:
295:
294:
287:
279:
267:
266:
259:
251:
239:
238:
231:
223:
211:
210:
203:
195:
183:
182:
175:
167:
155:
154:
147:
139:
117:
116:
89:
81:
67:
66:
41:
40:
36:Tiantai Mountain
8295:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8246:
8228:
8180:
8095:
8010:
7747:Ordination hall
7708:
7610:
7581:Buddhist crisis
7493:
7190:
7142:Mahayana sutras
7118:
7114:Thích Nhất Hạnh
6945:
6818:
6758:
6708:Bodhisattva vow
6393:
6259:
6199:
6158:Taṇhā (Craving)
6093:Five hindrances
6044:
5936:
5866:
5720:
5665:
5637:
5620:
5590:
5585:
5550:
5310:
5264:
5255:
5215:
5206:
5199:
5156:
5088:
5052:
5033:
5022:
5012:
5007:
4984:
4896:
4869:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4798:
4788:
4776:, eds. (2013),
4764:
4759:
4740:
4736:
4727:文雄, 文雄 (1977).
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4602:, p. 1003.
4598:
4594:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4340:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4186:Lusthaus, Dan.
4185:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4098:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3970:
3966:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3816:
3807:
3803:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3398:
3283:
3260:
3232:Secret Teaching
3226:Sudden Teaching
3178:Shared Teaching
3144:
3142:Eight Teachings
3097:Mahāyāna sutras
3024:
3007:
2958:) found in the
2934:
2922:
2920:Non-dual Ethics
2873:
2836:
2762:
2706:
2668:
2635:
2633:The One Vehicle
2587:
2552:tathāgatagarbha
2434:
2422:Indian Buddhism
2406:
2244:
2151:
2108:Zhanshan temple
2092:
2029:
1924:
1913:Zhanran writes:
1865:
1802:
1696:
1635:
1619:Cheontae school
1615:Korean offshoot
1489:
1480:
1471:
1442:
1413:
1412:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1323:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1318:14th Dalai Lama
1253:Abhayākaragupta
1068:
1060:
1059:
975:
965:
964:
813:
811:Mahayana sutras
803:
802:
713:
699:
698:
669:Bodhisattva vow
589:
569:
408:Vietnamese name
345:
314:
286:
258:
245:Tongyong Pinyin
230:
202:
189:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
174:
146:
104:Literal meaning
88:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8293:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8244:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8190:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8111:
8105:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7811:Greco-Buddhist
7803:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7762:Burmese pagoda
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7718:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7620:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7544:Greco-Buddhism
7541:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7503:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7477:United Kingdom
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7422:Czech Republic
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7296:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7186:Abhidharmadīpa
7183:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7104:B. R. Ambedkar
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7024:Songtsen Gampo
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6703:Eight precepts
6700:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6474:Five Strengths
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6113:Mental factors
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Mahamoggallāna
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5880:Avalokiteśvara
5876:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5563:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5501:Mahā-Kātyāyana
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5327:Avalokiteśvara
5324:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5306:Ten suchnesses
5303:
5301:Skillful Means
5298:
5293:
5291:Eternal Buddha
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5155:
5154:External links
5152:
5151:
5150:
5136:
5121:
5109:
5092:
5086:
5073:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5037:
5031:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4991:Tiantai School
4987:
4982:
4969:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4908:
4899:
4894:
4881:
4872:
4867:
4854:
4842:
4791:
4786:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4734:
4719:
4717:, p. 125.
4707:
4698:
4685:
4683:, p. 111.
4673:
4658:
4656:, p. 155.
4646:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4614:, p. 911.
4604:
4592:
4577:
4575:, p. 208.
4565:
4556:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4433:
4424:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4329:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4203:
4194:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4096:
4075:
4066:
4054:
4050:Huai-Chin 1997
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3990:
3977:
3964:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3801:
3780:
3771:
3750:
3741:
3730:
3719:
3717:, p. 110.
3700:
3688:
3686:, p. 109.
3673:
3671:, p. 162.
3658:
3641:
3632:
3620:
3597:
3584:
3582:, p. 154.
3572:
3563:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Guoqing Temple
3438:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3409:
3406:
3401:David Chappell
3397:
3394:
3282:
3279:
3259:
3256:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3195:
3185:
3175:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3115:The Lotus and
3112:
3100:
3064:
3046:
3023:
3020:
3006:
3003:
2984:Fa hua hsuan i
2933:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2842:also explains
2835:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2761:
2758:
2738:Ten Suchnesses
2721:ten suchnesses
2705:
2702:
2690:which states:
2667:
2664:
2634:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2592:Mo ho chi kuan
2586:
2583:
2518:
2517:
2498:
2481:
2433:
2430:
2417:David Chappell
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:Fahua Wenju Ji
2307:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2243:
2240:
2229:維摩義記 T1776).
2163:Gaoming Temple
2150:
2147:
2091:
2088:
2037:Guoqing Temple
2028:
2025:
1930:Guoqing Temple
1923:
1920:
1885:Huayan schools
1864:
1861:
1801:
1798:
1722:1564) and the
1695:
1692:
1634:
1631:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Rangjung Dorje
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Ratnākaraśānti
1245:
1240:
1238:Śaṅkaranandana
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Shāntarakshita
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:Chung Tai Shan
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
916:
909:
902:
895:
884:
877:
870:
863:
852:
845:
838:
829:
822:
814:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:Avalokiteśvara
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
694:Three Turnings
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Three vehicles
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Skillful Means
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
536:
530:
529:
528:Transcriptions
521:
520:
513:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
497:
490:
484:
483:
482:Transcriptions
475:
474:
463:
457:
456:
449:
443:
442:
438:
437:
430:
424:
423:
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
393:
387:
386:
384:Yue: Cantonese
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
359:
358:
331:
325:
324:
303:
297:
296:
275:
269:
268:
247:
241:
240:
219:
213:
212:
191:
185:
184:
163:
157:
156:
135:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:Transcriptions
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
79:
73:
72:
69:
68:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
32:Guoqing Temple
30:Pagoda of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8292:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8243:
8235:
8234:
8231:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8016:Miscellaneous
8013:
8007:
8006:Vegetarianism
8004:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7828:Buddha in art
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7482:United States
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7039:Padmasambhava
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6951:Major figures
6948:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6897:Western tulku
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6698:Five precepts
6696:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6676:Dhamma vicaya
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:Buddhābhiṣeka
6442:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:Enlightenment
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Dhamma theory
6076:
6074:
6073:Buddha-nature
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Samantabhadra
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5605:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Pure Practice
5360:
5358:
5357:Firm Practice
5355:
5353:
5352:Samantabhadra
5350:
5348:
5347:Medicine King
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Six Pāramitās
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Buddha-nature
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5148:9780253021083
5145:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:0-89581-919-8
5130:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:0-8248-1088-0
5115:
5110:
5107:(2): 245–296.
5106:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5087:2-85539-066-4
5083:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5032:9781886439450
5028:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5004:
5003:0-02-865910-4
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4955:0-8248-1561-0
4952:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4921:on 2014-02-03
4920:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4787:9780691157863
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4702:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4654:Snelling 1987
4650:
4641:
4639:
4629:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4549:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4479:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4283:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4144:Chappell 1987
4140:
4138:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:, p. 91.
4051:
4046:
4040:, 2004 p. 20.
4039:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3738:論宋代天台宗山家、山外之爭
3734:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3669:Williams 2008
3665:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3580:Snelling 1987
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3329:) as follows:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:According to
3278:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3134:Nirvana Sutra
3130:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3016:Huayan school
3013:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2969:) leading to
2968:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:Buddha-nature
2841:
2834:Buddha-nature
2831:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2770:Prabhutaratna
2766:
2757:
2755:
2754:pu ssu i hsin
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:Buddha-nature
2532:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1827:and Mahayana
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:Early figures
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Tendai school
1605:The Japanese
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Sakya Pandita
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Dahui Zonggao
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Fo Guang Shan
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:Major schools
969:
968:
961:
960:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
893:
892:
891:
885:
883:
882:
878:
876:
875:
871:
869:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
853:
851:
850:
846:
844:
843:
839:
836:
835:
830:
828:
827:
823:
821:
820:
816:
815:
812:
807:
806:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Samantabhadra
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Bhaiṣajyaguru
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
708:
703:
702:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Luminous mind
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Buddha-nature
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
585:
584:
580:
576:
575:
572:
567:
566:
562:
558:
557:
549:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
514:
512:
508:
505:Japanese name
503:
491:
489:
485:
480:
476:
464:
462:
458:
450:
448:
444:
439:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
415:
411:
406:
394:
392:
388:
385:
381:
373:
371:
367:
364:
360:
354:
349:
343:
338:
332:
330:
326:
318:
310:
304:
302:
298:
290:
282:
276:
274:
270:
262:
254:
248:
246:
242:
234:
226:
220:
218:
214:
206:
198:
192:
190:
186:
178:
170:
164:
162:
158:
150:
142:
136:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
62:
60:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
22:
8194:Bodhisattvas
8114:Christianity
8109:Baháʼí Faith
7974:Dharmachakra
7964:Prayer wheel
7954:Prayer beads
7722:Architecture
7601:969 Movement
7385:Saudi Arabia
7363:Central Asia
7356:South Africa
7178:
7161:
7094:Panchen Lama
6999:Buddhapālita
6595:Satipatthana
6590:Mindful Yoga
6503:Recollection
6417:Brahmavihara
6309:
6288:Japanese Zen
6283:Chinese Chan
6243:Animal realm
6050:Key concepts
5872:Bodhisattvas
5684:Three Jewels
5577:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5496:Mahā-Kāśyapa
5415:
5321:Bodhisattvas
5249:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5212:
5202:
5139:
5124:
5104:
5100:
5077:
5066:
5059:
5041:
5018:
5010:Bibliography
4994:
4990:
4973:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4919:the original
4913:
4903:
4885:
4876:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4821:, retrieved
4806:
4802:
4777:
4751:
4747:
4742:Li, Silong.
4737:
4728:
4722:
4710:
4701:
4693:
4688:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4649:
4628:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4568:
4559:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4427:
4419:
4343:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4197:
4188:
4160:
4151:
4124:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4078:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3830:
3817:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3774:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3733:
3722:
3698:, p. 1.
3691:
3635:
3628:Ziporyn 2004
3623:
3612:. Retrieved
3607:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3486:
3436:Zhou Jichang
3415:
3411:
3399:
3388:ānāpānasmṛti
3385:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:Móhē Zhǐguān
3362:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3265:Da zhidu lun
3263:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3126:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3048:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3022:Five Periods
3010:such as the
3008:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2854:Buddhahood."
2850:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2806:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2575:
2566:
2563:
2561:(法界 fajie).
2556:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2523:Buddhadharma
2519:
2514:Dan Lusthaus
2509:
2505:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2437:
2435:
2415:
2395:Miaozongchao
2394:
2387:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2295:Fahua Xuanyi
2294:
2285:
2278:Mohe Zhiguan
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:Mohe Zhiguan
2260:
2256:
2255:(摩訶止観), and
2252:
2248:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2227:Wuimo yiji (
2226:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2133:The ancient
2132:
2124:
2101:
2084:Qing Dynasty
2081:
2077:
2072:Ming Dynasty
2069:
2064:
2060:Yuan dynasty
2057:
2022:
2013:
2007:
2003:Song dynasty
2000:
1996:Siming Zhili
1987:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1949:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1881:Fǎxiàng-zōng
1880:
1874:
1854:
1850:Song dynasty
1843:
1833:
1822:
1811:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1755:Nanyue Huisi
1749:
1730:
1725:Dà zhìdù lùn
1723:
1715:
1711:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1644:
1604:
1596:Song dynasty
1592:Tang dynasty
1581:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1515:
1509:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1308:D. T. Suzuki
1113:Buddhapālita
989:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
920:
911:
904:
897:
889:
879:
872:
865:
856:
847:
840:
825:
817:
711:Bodhisattvas
644:Three bodies
534:Romanization
370:Romanization
133:Hanyu Pinyin
77:Hanyu Pinyin
53:Chinese name
8039:Dharma talk
7868:Asalha Puja
7664:Eschatology
7467:Switzerland
7447:New Zealand
7375:Middle East
7284:Philippines
7204:Afghanistan
7009:Bodhidharma
6994:Buddhaghosa
6914:Householder
6824:Monasticism
6777:Bodhisattva
6632:Prostration
6585:Mindfulness
6513:Anapanasati
6496:Kammaṭṭhāna
6293:Korean Seon
6233:Asura realm
6228:Human realm
6168:Ten Fetters
6123:Parinirvana
6025:Uppalavanna
5990:Mahākaccana
5975:Mahākassapa
5907:Kṣitigarbha
5902:Ākāśagarbha
5799:Suddhodāna
5744:Four sights
5671:Foundations
5467:Dhṛtarāṣṭra
5315:Key figures
5276:Bodhisattva
5203:Lotus Sūtra
4754:(2): 62–71.
4573:Donner 1991
3654:Groner 2000
3538:Groner 2000
3325:(Japanese:
3287:Charles Luk
3246:Ssu chiao i
3202:Lotus Sutra
3192:Bodhisattva
3128:Lotus Sutra
2961:Lotus Sutra
2938:soteriology
2774:Yulin caves
2734:Dharmadhatu
2688:Lotus Sutra
2640:Lotus Sutra
2558:Dharmadhatu
2527:non-duality
2311:Fahua Wenju
2175:Lotus Sūtra
2159:Ksitigarbha
2145:Buddhists.
2045:Sui dynasty
1959:). Daosui (
1957:Heze school
1857:Sui dynasty
1840:Lotus Sutra
1752:Chan master
1687:Lotus Sūtra
1661:province's
1584:Sui dynasty
1582:During the
1576:Lotus Sūtra
1520:as well as
1517:Lotus Sūtra
1346:Han Chinese
1168:Amoghavajra
1143:Bodhidharma
1133:Candrakīrti
1128:Dharmakīrti
1123:Bhāvaviveka
1078:Ashvaghosha
1067:Key figures
826:Lotus Sūtra
783:Ākāśagarbha
778:Kṣitigarbha
768:Vajrasattva
659:One Vehicle
594:Bodhisattva
441:Korean name
8269:Categories
8156:Psychology
8136:Gnosticism
8124:Comparison
8119:Influences
8101:Comparison
7984:Bhavacakra
7942:Kushinagar
7917:Pilgrimage
7863:Māgha Pūjā
7818:Bodhi Tree
7634:Buddhology
7624:Abhidharma
7616:Philosophy
7549:Menander I
7417:Costa Rica
7368:Uzbekistan
7209:Bangladesh
7163:Dhammapada
7147:Pali Canon
7109:Ajahn Chah
7089:Dalai Lama
6989:Kumārajīva
6984:Vasubandhu
6959:The Buddha
6867:Zen master
6802:Sakadagami
6782:Buddhahood
6713:Pratimokṣa
6528:Shikantaza
6484:Meditation
6459:Deity yoga
6330:Madhyamaka
6223:Deva realm
6118:Mindstream
6068:Bodhicitta
5980:Aṅgulimāla
5847:Devadatta
5823:Yaśodharā
5726:The Buddha
5716:Middle Way
5462:Vaiśravaṇa
5448:daughters)
5444:(with ten
5220:Components
5051:4906267432
4965:. Source:
4895:1578630207
4868:0824823710
4823:August 16,
3767:0824823710
3614:2024-08-02
3523:1 December
3462:References
3345:. This is
3172:Abhidharma
3095:and other
3034:Avatamsaka
2971:Buddhahood
2790:Buddhahood
2760:Buddhahood
2549:如如 ruru),
2504:truth (中,
2472:paramārtha
2442:Madhyamaka
2404:Philosophy
2139:Zhou Enlai
2090:Modern era
1771:Buddhahood
1704:Madhyamaka
1537:philosophy
1525:philosophy
1522:Mādhyamaka
1500:school of
1453:T'ien-t'ai
1288:Longchenpa
1283:Tsongkhapa
1198:Mazu Daoyi
1183:Shāntideva
1108:Sthiramati
1103:Vasubandhu
1093:Kumārajīva
1050:Fa Gu Shan
980:Mādhyamaka
728:Adi-Buddha
718:Shakyamuni
679:Pure Lands
634:Two truths
599:Buddhahood
420:Thiên Thai
237:T‘ien-t‘ai
229:T‘ien-t‘ai
217:Wade–Giles
8224:Festivals
8204:Buddhists
8166:Theosophy
7969:Symbolism
7959:Hama yumi
7932:Bodh Gaya
7699:Socialism
7674:Evolution
7649:Economics
7487:Venezuela
7402:Australia
7397:Argentina
7321:Sri Lanka
7316:Singapore
7234:Indonesia
7196:Countries
7137:Tripiṭaka
7099:Ajahn Mun
6974:Nagarjuna
6969:Aśvaghoṣa
6852:Anagārika
6847:Śrāmaṇerī
6842:Śrāmaṇera
6837:Bhikkhunī
6797:Sotāpanna
6686:Passaddhi
6627:Offerings
6602:Nekkhamma
6479:Iddhipada
6399:Practices
6369:Theravada
6342:Vajrayana
6335:Yogachara
6305:Pure Land
6218:Six Paths
6205:Cosmology
5985:Anuruddha
5960:Sāriputta
5950:Kaundinya
5942:Disciples
5917:Vajrapāṇi
5769:Footprint
5734:Tathāgata
5546:Yaśodharā
5531:Śāriputra
5491:Kauṇḍinya
5486:Aniruddha
5452:Nāgakanya
5411:Vairocana
5396:Akshobhya
5286:Emptiness
3513:643092515
3505:1095-5054
3396:Influence
3347:vipaśyanā
3299:vipaśyanā
3182:emptiness
3158:Tripitaka
2365:金光明經玄義拾遺記
2194:Nāgārjuna
2120:Hong Kong
2010:Pure Land
1902:Jingangpi
1712:Chung lun
1710:like the
1708:Nāgārjuna
1700:Nāgārjuna
1627:Pure Land
1600:Hong Kong
1487:Tiāntái,
1478:Tiāntāi,
1403:Indonesia
1313:Sheng-yen
1088:Lokakṣema
1073:Nāgārjuna
1025:Vajrayāna
1015:Pure Land
763:Vajrapāṇi
748:Vairocana
733:Akshobhya
629:Emptiness
588:Teachings
8242:Category
8171:Violence
8141:Hinduism
8089:Sanskrit
8044:Hinayana
8029:Amitābha
7989:Swastika
7858:Uposatha
7848:Holidays
7833:Calendar
7679:Humanism
7517:Kanishka
7507:Timeline
7331:Thailand
7299:Kalmykia
7294:Buryatia
7279:Pakistan
7264:Mongolia
7259:Maldives
7254:Malaysia
7219:Cambodia
7084:Shamarpa
7079:Nichiren
7029:Xuanzang
6964:Nagasena
6882:Rinpoche
6612:Pāramitā
6454:Devotion
6374:Navayana
6362:Dzogchen
6325:Nichiren
6273:Mahayana
6265:Branches
6143:Saṅkhāra
5892:Mañjuśrī
5849:(cousin)
5841:(cousin)
5809:(mother)
5801:(father)
5789:Miracles
5739:Birthday
5656:Glossary
5629:Buddhism
5579:Cheontae
5474:Śrāvakas
5456:Nāgaraja
5342:Mañjuśrī
5337:Maitreya
5269:Concepts
4832:citation
4729:大明三藏聖教目錄
4715:Luk 1964
4681:Luk 1964
4588:Hua 1977
4094:. p.XIII
3715:Luk 1964
3684:Luk 1964
3517:Archived
3420:See also
3281:Practice
3204:and the
3160:Teaching
3131:and the
3075:Vaipūlya
3071:Mahāyāna
2838:Zhiyi's
2728:thought.
2714:thought.
2604:svabhava
2547:tathātā,
2543:Thusness
2477:shunyata
2467:svabhava
2381:金光明經 文句記
2157:Hall of
1659:Zhejiang
1496:) is an
1398:Malaysia
1393:Mongolia
1233:Nichiren
1158:Xuanzang
1083:Āryadeva
1035:Dzogchen
1020:Nichiren
985:Yogācāra
773:Maitreya
753:Mañjuśrī
723:Amitabha
561:a series
559:Part of
494:Cheontae
397:Tīn-tòih
209:Tiantair
161:Bopomofo
8275:Tiantai
8219:Temples
8199:Buddhas
8161:Science
8151:Judaism
8146:Jainism
8064:Lineage
8024:Abhijñā
7994:Thangka
7937:Sarnath
7922:Lumbini
7843:Funeral
7838:Cuisine
7714:Culture
7689:Reality
7639:Creator
7629:Atomism
7499:History
7472:Ukraine
7432:Germany
7351:Senegal
7341:Vietnam
7269:Myanmar
7069:Shinran
7059:Karmapa
7034:Shandao
7004:Dignāga
6929:Śrāvaka
6909:Donchee
6904:Kappiya
6862:Sayadaw
6832:Bhikkhu
6807:Anāgāmi
6764:Nirvana
6730:Samadhi
6617:Paritta
6558:Tonglen
6553:Mandala
6508:Smarana
6489:Mantras
6437:Upekkha
6407:Bhavana
6357:Shingon
6310:Tiantai
6163:Tathātā
6153:Śūnyatā
6148:Skandha
6138:Saṃsāra
6133:Rebirth
6108:Kleshas
6098:Indriya
6000:Subhūti
5885:Guanyin
5839:Ānanda
5831:Rāhula
5711:Nirvana
5651:Outline
5536:Subhūti
5446:rākṣasī
5384:Buddhas
5331:Guanyin
4906:, Rider
4809:(2/3),
4762:Sources
4117:Wu 1993
3727:风穴寺与临济宗
3696:Ng 1990
3485:(ed.).
3335:Śamatha
3323:hǐ-guān
3291:śamatha
3244:In the
3117:Nirvana
3053:Period.
3036:Period.
3014:of the
2999:panjiao
2992:miao-fa
2956:Yīchéng
2943:ekayāna
2784:(法華玄義
2780:In his
2652:yīchéng
2647:ekayāna
2494:saṁvṛti
2288:止觀輔行傳弘決
2251:(小止観),
2112:Qingdao
2014:lianshe
1988:shanwai
1984:shanjia
1961:Chinese
1897:Faxiang
1889:Zhanran
1883:), and
1863:Zhanran
1818:Chinese
1790:Chinese
1767:Samādhi
1759:Chinese
1741:Chinese
1735:master
1682:panjiao
1674:Zhanran
1633:History
1560:Zhanran
1543:of the
1511:Ekayāna
1457:Chinese
1449:Tiantai
1373:Tibetan
1368:Vietnam
1298:Hanshan
1273:Dolpopa
1223:Shinran
1153:Shandao
1148:Huineng
1118:Dignāga
1045:Tzu Chi
1010:Shingon
990:Tiantai
707:Buddhas
689:Dharani
428:Chữ Hán
321:Tiāntái
313:Tiāntāi
293:Tyāntái
285:Tyāntāi
265:Tiantái
257:Tiantai
201:Tiantai
153:Tiāntái
145:Tiāntāi
95:Tiāntái
87:Tiāntāi
59:Chinese
44:Tiantai
8214:Sutras
8209:Suttas
8074:Siddhi
8059:Koliya
8034:Brahmā
7949:Poetry
7895:Mantra
7885:Kasaya
7757:Pagoda
7737:Kyaung
7732:Vihāra
7727:Temple
7669:Ethics
7512:Ashoka
7462:Sweden
7457:Poland
7452:Norway
7442:Mexico
7427:France
7412:Canada
7407:Brazil
7346:Africa
7326:Taiwan
7289:Russia
7214:Bhutan
7174:Vinaya
7054:Naropa
7044:Saraha
6979:Asanga
6735:Prajñā
6644:Refuge
6607:Nianfo
6568:Tertön
6563:Tantra
6548:Ganana
6538:Tukdam
6464:Dhyāna
6432:Mudita
6427:Karuṇā
6320:Risshū
6315:Huayan
6248:Naraka
6188:Anattā
6183:Dukkha
6178:Anicca
6083:Dharma
6035:Channa
5970:Ānanda
5955:Assaji
5922:Skanda
5825:(wife)
5794:Family
5774:Relics
5699:Sangha
5694:Dharma
5689:Buddha
5573:Tendai
5526:Rāhula
5481:Ānanda
5442:Hārītī
5437:Brahmā
5146:
5131:
5116:
5084:
5048:
5029:
5001:
4980:
4961:
4953:
4892:
4865:
4784:
4090:
3791:; in:
3765:
3511:
3503:
3446:Huayan
3384:(Skt.
3374:Ta-lun
3343:shikan
3339:shikan
3327:shikan
3168:Vinaya
3162:: the
3119:Period
3089:, the
3083:, the
2952:pinyin
2950:: 一乘;
2672:holism
2545:(Skt.
2539:fóxìng
2537:" (佛性
2502:middle
2458:śūnya,
2304:法華玄義釋籤
2143:Tendai
1992:Zongmi
1977:Tendai
1973:Saichō
1969:Dàosuì
1965:pinyin
1963:: 道邃;
1893:Huayan
1829:sutras
1825:Āgamas
1792::
1761::
1743::
1737:Huiwen
1733:dhyāna
1720:Taishō
1676:, and
1669:mind.
1617:, the
1564:Santai
1493:Tí Taî
1467::
1465:pinyin
1459::
1388:Bhutan
1353:Taiwan
1293:Hakuin
1263:Atisha
1258:Nāropā
1243:Virūpa
1193:Wohnyo
1173:Saichō
1163:Fazang
1098:Asanga
1000:Huayan
995:Tendai
540:Tendai
447:Hangul
376:Tí Tai
107:from "
8186:Lists
8054:Kalpa
8049:Iddhi
7912:Music
7907:Mudra
7873:Vassa
7853:Vesak
7823:Budai
7769:Candi
7752:Stupa
7684:Logic
7437:Italy
7336:Tibet
7274:Nepal
7244:Korea
7239:Japan
7229:India
7224:China
7169:Sutra
7124:Texts
7074:Dōgen
7064:Hōnen
7049:Atiśa
7014:Zhiyi
6924:Achar
6892:Tulku
6887:Geshe
6872:Rōshi
6857:Ajahn
6812:Arhat
6772:Bodhi
6742:Vīrya
6659:Sacca
6654:Satya
6649:Sādhu
6637:Music
6580:Merit
6573:Terma
6533:Zazen
6469:Faith
6422:Mettā
6103:Karma
6063:Bardo
6030:Asita
6020:Khema
6010:Upāli
5995:Nanda
5833:(son)
5807:Māyā
5784:Films
5661:Index
5576:, K.
5541:Upāli
5516:Nanda
5432:Śakra
5425:Devas
5023:(PDF)
4799:(PDF)
4036:凌海成,
3481:. In
3164:Sutra
3051:Agama
2979:upāya
2506:zhong
2454:empty
2349:觀音義疏記
2320:法華文句記
2149:Texts
2104:Tanxu
1835:upaya
1814:Zhiyi
1800:Zhiyi
1786:Zhiyi
1678:Zhili
1655:Zhiyi
1651:India
1529:Zhiyi
1383:Newar
1378:Nepal
1363:Korea
1358:Japan
1341:China
1303:Taixu
1228:Dōgen
1218:Hōnen
1203:Jinul
1178:Kūkai
1138:Zhiyi
511:Kanji
461:Hanja
8084:Pāḷi
8069:Māra
7979:Flag
7380:Iran
7304:Tuva
7249:Laos
6877:Lama
6725:Śīla
6693:Śīla
6681:Pīti
6671:Sati
6622:Puja
6543:Koan
6449:Dāna
6040:Yasa
5927:Tārā
5570:(J.
5413:(in
5144:ISBN
5129:ISBN
5114:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5046:ISBN
5027:ISBN
4999:ISBN
4978:ISBN
4959:ISBN
4951:ISBN
4890:ISBN
4863:ISBN
4838:link
4825:2008
4782:ISBN
4088:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3525:2022
3509:OCLC
3501:ISSN
3303:guān
3170:and
3059:and
3049:The
3032:The
2994:).
2967:yana
2926:Mara
2581:).
2533:), "
2531:kong
2510:both
2500:The
2462:kong
2386:The
2370:The
2354:The
2330:The
2309:The
2293:The
2275:The
2070:The
2049:Qing
2035:The
1952:Chan
1781:).
1763:南嶽慧思
1625:and
1623:Chan
1613:. A
1566:.)
1535:and
1408:West
793:Tara
709:and
301:MPS2
7806:Art
7742:Wat
6278:Zen
5071:PDF
4811:doi
3301:(觀
3295:zhǐ
3293:(止
3073:or
2541:),
2485:jia
2428:."
2397:妙宗鈔
2192:of
2116:PRC
2110:in
2039:on
1718:";
1602:.
1482:ROC
1473:PRC
1451:or
1005:Zen
348:ROC
337:PRC
329:IPA
317:ROC
309:PRC
289:ROC
281:PRC
261:ROC
253:PRC
233:ROC
225:PRC
205:ROC
197:PRC
177:ROC
169:PRC
149:ROC
141:PRC
91:ROC
83:PRC
34:at
8271::
7308:ru
5233::
5105:23
5103:.
5099:.
4957:,
4834:}}
4830:{{
4807:14
4805:,
4801:,
4772:;
4752:56
4750:.
4746:.
4637:^
4580:^
4547:^
4477:^
4436:^
4411:^
4399:^
4387:^
4375:^
4363:^
4351:^
4332:^
4320:^
4281:^
4206:^
4169:^
4136:^
3703:^
3676:^
3661:^
3644:^
3545:^
3515:.
3507:.
3499:.
3495:,
3469:^
3312::
3166:,
3018:.
2973:.
2954::
2606:).
2460:空
2161:,
2130:.
2086:.
1967::
1852:.
1794:智顗
1745:慧文
1714:("
1690:.
1629:.
1463:;
1461:天台
563:on
517:天台
469:天台
453:천태
434:天台
363:Wu
65:天台
7310:)
7306:(
6524:)
6520:(
5615:e
5608:t
5601:v
5582:)
5419:)
5333:)
5329:(
5194:e
5187:t
5180:v
5135:.
5120:.
5090:.
5054:.
5035:.
4840:)
4813::
4119:.
3769:.
3630:.
3527:.
3361:(
3359:"
3355:"
3111:.
3099:.
3063:.
3043:,
2963:.
2945:,
2680:,
2642:'
2570:,
2456:(
2178:(
1879:(
1816:(
1788:(
1777:(
1757:(
1739:(
1455:(
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
350::
339::
319::
311::
291::
283::
263::
255::
235::
227::
207::
199::
179::
171::
111:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.