5692:
3666:
5453:
5535:
2844:
5417:
4287:
5636:
2900:
6017:
5441:
6968:, p. 29): "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find."
5936:
4464:
3868:
3677:
14318:, a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal.
5477:
5465:
3661:
leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The
Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).
5523:
6029:
5429:
6081:
3519:
5888:
5993:
6041:
4722:
5904:
5061:
6005:
5965:
4302:
5664:
5723:
5652:
5676:
1570:
2401:
3608:
57:
2172:
5920:
5711:
5981:
4880:, the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property." The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence.
7163:, p. 42) chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature."
6972:
derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the
English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." (
6093:
5567:
4132:
1189:
5794:
3764:
7762:
is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."
7066:, p. 817) "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."
3776:
2265:, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16).
5239:
2367:
1559:
5833:
3312:
9267:
5755:
5589:
18492:
2863:
10621:
5555:
13600:
13440:
5624:
10140:
5609:
3581:'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru. The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail. They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return.
7991:"thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand."
10188:
2878:
3304:
1969:
5861:
5501:
3729:, where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees. After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda. He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All
5771:
2383:
2713:
6053:
4995:
13839:. p. 26: "This also implied the denial of the Shruti provided with characteristics which grant it the status of a substance. All this carried with itself also the negation of the authority of all the sacred texts of Brahmanism. Buddhism does not acknowledge to them any value as ultimate criterion of truth, as depository of the norms which regulate man's conduct as a member of society and in his relations with the Gods. Buddhism ignores the Shruti, the very foundation of Brahmanism."
5810:
5739:
6962:, p. entry "Bodhi (awakening"): "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root budh (to awaken, to know) Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word."
4563:
332:
21459:
5489:
21470:
18799:
1904:'s coronation and died 218 years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624 – 544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia. Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566 – 486 BCE.
18868:
18855:
6065:
3281:, a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices. According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near
21758:
16570:
7866:, "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out". According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the
2658:
913:
2148:
18845:
6634:, pp. 38–39 He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a
21748:
3480:
7670:
by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."
1884:
legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".
5104:. Many Hindus claim that Buddha was Hindu and cite a belief that the Buddha is the ninth avatar of Vishnu in support. The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, the co-option into a list of avatars seen to be an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India.
4083:. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes, namely form (or material image, impression) (
3130:
7196:: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."
4166:
to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.
2092:, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time. In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism, Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism.
5416:
3498:, Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of
4246:... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness.
15079:
7480:("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path."
5007:) man. Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognize him.
6557:, p. 63): "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus."
6658:, p. 20): "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was
7367:, p. 20: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was
18501:
4917:(DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides". This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments.
7942:
Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list , we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection.
7932:
Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by
Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes
7382:
According to
Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as
4930:
8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living." Similarly, in several
3505:
According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening. Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form
2117:
prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres". While the
Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for
2010:
The Buddha's tribe of origin, the
Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas. Tree
7973:"These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view. But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129
7761:
As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there
6971:
Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is
4165:
given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment,
3643:
The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their
3385:
rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life. The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or
2762:
The legendary biographies depict
Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him. Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply
2696:
204. These texts report that what led to
Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better. The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of
2268:
The ancient
Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily
2133:
of the western Ganges basin. According to Stein and Burton, "he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by
Buddhists and their contemporaries." Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of
1532:
which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but
1243:
The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal". The clan name of Gautama
7669:
One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned
7288:
Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts,
4887:
the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of
4170:
In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent, as a result of later elaborations, including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links. According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.
3660:
Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my
3509:
Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this,
7292:
Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II:
7218:
The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre
5025:
According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.
1911:
Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563 – 483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years. More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so
1907:
However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at 180 years before Asoka's coronation and death 100 years before the coronation, still about 80 years. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates
4845:
The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant.
1987:, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an
7914:
J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed
4062:
is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma. The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or
1883:
There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies, as "Buddhist scholars have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person." The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or
4846:
Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.
4652:
Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. According to Tilmann
3545:
In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85). The early texts also speak of how during the
2084:, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic. The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters,
5635:
4733:
According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message." Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For
3640:, leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice. The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha, showing that he is concerned about its future welfare.
3113:, the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters. However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the
3159:
convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an
4047:
is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness, and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus
14285:
Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal
3222:, the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon", i.e. the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification". The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic
18483:
7411:, pp. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."
3717:
and the precepts for monks and nuns. Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat. Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.
15060:
7695:
Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish
4237:
The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are. Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views. As
2728:
Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering. These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human
4888:
republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one. Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a
7083:, p. 741) "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."
4197:, without an independent or permanent self. The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person. According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process".
3691:. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha. Bhikkhu Mettanando and
6016:
5534:
7565:
Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter.
3847:
was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.
2919:
Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests. The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of
2516:
The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha. Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles. They depict his father Śuddhodana as a
3073:
As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance". The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the
4697:) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes. As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging).
4648:
has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers." According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."
4063:
ritual acts). The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention." Richard Gombrich summarizes the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".
1469:
also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma
3595:
At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi. Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.
1912:
circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.
6563:, pp. 66–67): "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."
2955:). With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on.
5452:
7010:, p. 316), "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."
2967:
and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realized that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal. One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and
3208:, "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell") near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening. According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an
7873:
Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic
7371:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".
6662:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".
5691:
2129:)". The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated. The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence", and differed significantly from the
3573:
The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest. However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age.
4145:
around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa
14885:
Abrahams, Matthew (2021), "In Defense of "Enlightenment". "Awakening" has become the preferred English term for the Buddha's attainment. But has something gotten lost in translation? Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi in conversation with Matthew Abrahams",
5002:
Early sources depict the Buddha's as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald
3558:
the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha. However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.
2617:
Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. According to the
6551:, pp. 70–71, chapter B (b) 181): "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs."
14047:
Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der
4660:
He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".
7293:
27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."
3294:
At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.
3510:
the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".
4639:
argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".
5275:, is based on the life of the Buddha. Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August).
2979:
According to the 身毛喜豎經, his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of
18102:——— (1979), "La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien" [The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra],
18081:
Bareau, André (1975), "Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation" [The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay],
13993:
6735:, p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, , necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..."
7438:, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan, in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest
7420:
Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a
4026:. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving." In the
1226:'to open up' (as does a flower)", "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge". It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained
1209:
According to Donald Lopez Jr., "... he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."
5010:
The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.
1892:
The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE, but according to the Ka-tan system of the
1540:
John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest"
7982:"In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men".
4220:, which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination. Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self. Even mental processes such as
7319:, speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date. Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed.
4808:) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue. Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman"
5464:
4154:, which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors. The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali:
3491:) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts.
5440:
4030:(AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble (
3651:
depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the
3533:
According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.
2045:
records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like
2958:
According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques. The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of
5935:
2011:
veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.
4707:
Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.
3154:
to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god
9815:
2256:
Traditional biographies of Gautama often include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt.
1444:
is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final
6652:, p. 45): "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.
4876:). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the
3537:
As the sangha grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called
7361:, p. 45: "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.
4653:
Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of
9764:
9210:
5832:
7216:, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts."
9475:
3584:
All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The
5476:
3984:
are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".
2943:
Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of
1767:
The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the
8761:
1955:, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE.
3665:
1900:
Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha. The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born 298 years before
6028:
5522:
3542:" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes.
1486:), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power. Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is
2358:) to reach Buddhahood. The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama.
17266:
5145:, which references a fig tree – a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name
3039:
or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (
2281:
writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.
17172:
Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.),
5428:
5385:) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE. Some of these depictions, particularly those of
13965:
4123:). They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements.
3050:
Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (
12830:
in Somaratana Balasooriya, Andre Bareau, Richard Gombrich, Siri Gunasingha, Udaya Mallawarachchi, Edmund Perry (Editors) (1980) "Buddhist Studies in Honor of Walpola Rahula". London.
18212:
The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten
2314:
Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood. In biographies like the
6986:, p. 5) gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."
4175:, "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth". According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version.
1251:
While the term "Buddha" is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term "Buddha" is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several
2843:
6080:
5887:
5181:(973–after 1050), views regarding the exact identity of Buddha were diverse. Accordingly, some regarded him as the divine incarnate, others as an apostle of the angels or as an
3506:
due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.
2777:. Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic.
1856:
Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the
8333:
Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity
4837:) which depends on caste. Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation.
17587:
4391:, cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include
4373:
According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the
21902:
5992:
7122:
5362:
are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a
1638:
1601:
1282:
6092:
4495:, the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices.
2311:, which consists of 547 stories. The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life.
3705:
The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The
18224:
Shimoda, Masahiro (2002), "How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra", in Reeves, Gene (ed.),
10406:
5500:
4804:
the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations. According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e. divine, like
1666:
16492:
10072:
9518:
4797:
The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.
4673:
also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".
1168:
Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, evolving into a variety of traditions and practices. The Buddha is recognized in other religious traditions, such as
5793:
4931:
other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.
3813:
the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents. The sangha waited until the eminent elder
3432:, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu. Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin
18010:
8009:"in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these).
2249:). The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as
14926:
9811:
7918:
Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."
7744:('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century),
2743:
explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an
2482:
later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth.
12041:
5903:
5651:
4904:, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness (
3625:(DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the
3291:(The Discourse on Fire), in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated.
3047:), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going.
2825:
learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.
14507:
9425:
6940:
The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following
4191:, the idea that we go completely out of existence at death). in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements, which are
2134:
the middle Ganges basin. This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."
1617:
No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter. But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several
17691:
17393:
16866:
15402:
12480:
12386:
8503:
7900:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha."
16759:
16115:
9744:
7321:
Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.
5860:
4158:). This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena.
9174:
3185:, to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions. MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to
16286:
6603:
determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (
5015:
2435:
determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (
19609:
13018:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama",
9483:
18727:
17034:
16260:
7627:
the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments
1526:
says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the
5566:
2940:), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community.
2899:
2285:
goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.
21716:
20524:
18999:
7383:
well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."
6040:
4821:
can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained. According to
3748:(final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"). The
1297:
15874:, translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
18722:
2307:" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the
17954:
15968:
15662:
15572:
7450:, where the Brahmins had become the highest varna. Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called
5754:
1654:
texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"), establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the
18717:
18712:
16082:
6004:
3193:
ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".
20528:
18692:
18687:
18672:
18667:
17772:
17297:
5964:
5096:, under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism. In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama also came to be regarded as the 9th
1176:. His legacy is not only encapsulated in religious institutions, but in the iconography and art inspired by his life and teachings, ranging from
17918:
16701:
11374:
11240:
4286:
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view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.
20752:
17549:
17221:
17191:
16720:
16665:
16573:
8867:
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after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.
394:
11726:
3840:. Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers.
15946:
History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system
12163:
4790:
as taught in Vedas. The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their
4665:
similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four
21581:
18969:
18304:
5663:
4613:, there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas:
4463:
2701:
life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life." MN 26, MĀ 204, the
2121:
According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, " together in what is now
18677:
5710:
5374:. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts
4855:, the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The
3058:
does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana. In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a
21807:
14859:
14347:
11274:
8967:
8000:
This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.
7633:
a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli
5919:
3867:
3713:
tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on
3676:
61:
15919:
14546:
9673:
8945:
8906:
5980:
5675:
5288:
4609:. The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to
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19077:
15171:
10031:
6504:
3327:, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as
18812:
17887:
16244:
7964:"Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman"
7921:
Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."
7870:
of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".
6052:
18834:
18030:"Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)"
5722:
2643:
also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.
2327:
In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of
13612:
7705:
right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
3687:
After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named
3408:
The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's
2221:, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the
21507:
17576:
16393:
15281:
8247:
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
5770:
3725:
after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at
2095:
Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.
11404:
4161:
The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows:
2245:
the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (
1915:
The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned
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20796:
17328:
13290:
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2337:) to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas. One of the most popular of these stories is
11341:
7425:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border." Gethin does not give references for this statement.
6642:, p. 14 Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:
4034:) person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions.
3647:
The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death. The
2634:. Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)."
1234:, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand", is the faculty which discerns truth (
21837:
21672:
20999:
18979:
12197:
4989:
4250:
Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a
2589:
17708:
15756:
5588:
4617:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials".
2963:, and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin. The
21802:
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17657:
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17483:
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17012:
16987:
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16826:
16682:
16547:
16516:
16486:
16438:
16312:
16194:
16149:
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15985:
15913:
15892:
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15514:
15473:
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15435:
15360:
15165:
15116:
15073:
15049:
15030:
14632:
14474:
14449:
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14407:
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14307:
14147:
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12899:
12688:
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10380:
10025:
9062:
8939:
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8794:
8755:
8696:
8464:
8255:
7289:
reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."
4679:
argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".
3977:
3592:
Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.
3563:
17018:
16592:
16318:
16200:
16049:
15520:
15479:
15261:
12694:
10410:
10125:
8551:
8261:
4980:, and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36).
3566:
There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The
3393:
when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to
3267:), at this time or five days later. After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of
2428:, in present-day Nepal. Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15 mi) apart.
21797:
21721:
19162:
19004:
18617:
17113:
Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article",
16476:
6129:
5381:
Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the
4171:
According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with
3370:
Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it is likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related
3351:) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km. His sangha enjoyed the patronage of the kings of
21761:
17606:
10083:
9527:
7943:
Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."
7346:: "The date (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE He was now in the middle of his reign."
21792:
21339:
18442:
14298:
Muesse, Mark W. (2016), "Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions", in Gray, Patrick (ed.),
5229:
4778:
The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the
4362:. According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the
3696:
2543:
form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic
17991:
17352:
3518:
2986:("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked. This memory leads him to understand that
21882:
21236:
20786:
18881:
17035:"Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism"
15790:
14920:
14377:
14272:
8494:
5073:
4274:
to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences, and which transmigrated from life to life. The Buddha's
3857:
943:
389:
346:
13622:
8818:
5488:
4526:, the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming (
1222:(बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again", "to awaken"
21852:
21726:
19082:
17519:
16803:
16618:
16457:
16238:
15859:
15798:
15737:
15718:
15255:
14853:
14794:
14540:
12718:
12038:
11547:
8545:
5050:
21329:
14499:
12378:
7542:
a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (
5809:
4951:
According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (
3177:
According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers,
21692:
21014:
20759:
18057:
17679:
17381:
16854:
16608:
16168:
15394:
14703:
12472:
6064:
4859:
also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.
16107:
15581:
10073:"The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)"
9714:
Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.
6541:
deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the
5738:
2709:
all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.
2270:
21406:
21396:
19225:
16750:
10342:
9166:
7888:
Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [
6599:, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan. In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor
5608:
5014:
Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the
2610:
other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a
17529:
16271:
7618:
a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition
5554:
4721:
4691:", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path. He taught that mendicants or "beggars" (
3148:
According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the
1133:, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the
21842:
21827:
21677:
21351:
21004:
20806:
20697:
20642:
19215:
16890:
15679:
15334:
8702:
8573:
Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429.
8336:
6174:
1528:
17057:
14894:
Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),
14845:
The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad
5623:
4548:
may have also originated from a Brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.
2994:, and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" (
21862:
21857:
21682:
21321:
21019:
20702:
18994:
18827:
16636:
14721:
6630:
Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"
6317:
6277:
6253:, or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the
5060:
3804:
2623:
872:
567:
150:
7656:"sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then
4487:. According to Alexander Wynne, these were yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the
1339:. The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (
21872:
21822:
21500:
20904:
20776:
20747:
20449:
15230:]. Symposien zur Buddhismusforschung, IV (in German). Vol. 2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
6767:
6456:
4911:
According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the
4775:) texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value.
4314:
3619:
The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the
2796:, and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into
2681:
While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or
2662:
817:
592:
552:
7728:
Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the
5422:
A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.
3636:
depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the
1244:
means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light", and comes from the fact that
21596:
21537:
20595:
20504:
19974:
19619:
19132:
19027:
14951:——— (2013b). "The Gurudharmaon Bhikṣuṇī Ordination in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Tradition".
9479:
7630:
a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition
7334:, and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places.
6499:
4871:
4585:
One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the
4354:
A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the
4301:
3452:. Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a
3371:
3015:
2531:(Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat (
2455:
2175:
1999:
texts; their origins remain speculative and debated. Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside
1142:
20139:
3981:
1697:
21812:
21731:
21652:
21444:
20924:
20400:
19886:
19009:
18842:
18514:
18216:
16222:
15247:
14815:
13459:
Tse-Fu Kuan. "Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature". In Edo Shonin; William Van Gordon;
12424:
8600:"Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods"
7110:
6509:
6285:
6110:
5150:
5080:
4657:, but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date.
4343:(liberation). This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali
2417:
2405:
1760:
both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the
1626:
1582:
1267:
20334:
17766:
16932:, The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)
7475:
4058:, which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits.
3156:
2378:(present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists.
21832:
21645:
21334:
21147:
21137:
21009:
19992:
19572:
19333:
19308:
18626:
17937:
16946:
16674:
11366:
11232:
7316:
7174:
6489:
6378:
6299:
5225:
4755:
4532:) and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism. According to
3315:
The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)
3287:
2834:
2809:
According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day
2764:
2552:
2386:
2328:
1996:
1991:, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The Shakyas were widely considered to be non-
1569:
1227:
692:
17:
19358:
17564:
17105:
16900:
Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",
16735:
10002:
The earliest anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha that we know so far, the Bimaran reliquary
9745:"Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries"
8730:
7297:
3644:
personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.
2598:) or a great religious leader. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight
1705:
1351:). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going – beyond all
1065:
502:
21847:
21591:
21439:
20791:
20605:
20583:
20576:
20479:
20012:
19632:
19448:
19393:
19014:
18820:
18610:
16564:
15646:
11723:
8857:
7740:('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's
6494:
5390:
4936:
4922:
4635:
hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.
4538:
4516:
4206:
3263:
2400:
1823:
tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The
697:
647:
37:
9615:
6538:
5125:
school (heterodox, literally "It is not so") in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.
1453: – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained
21897:
21782:
21569:
21493:
21376:
21356:
20687:
20667:
20424:
20154:
19398:
17004:
16135:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p. 73
12153:
7537:
7232:
that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.
7179:
6793:
4959:) karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action (
4641:
4375:
3922:, which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to sa
3832:, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by
2475:
2171:
2071:
857:
195:
33:
14922:
A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90
4927:
4427:)". Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint and
4201:
3588:
texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the
1744:(MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The
1116:(both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other
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21226:
20894:
20864:
20637:
20588:
20429:
20377:
20372:
20134:
19955:
19852:
19604:
19599:
19348:
18404:
17100:
16779:
16746:
14942:——— (2013a). "The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (2)".
11262:
7213:
6209:
4150:
In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of
3929:
3844:
3714:
3079:
2241:
outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing while in the
1004:
936:
672:
657:
637:
562:
557:
472:
379:
19716:
17734:
16816:
14843:
14784:
14331:
12444:
Reat, Noble Ross (1996). "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.).
10368:
9207:
8971:
8745:
4230:) are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self (
3752:
reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four
3409:
3105:
2639:
2450:
1775:
21709:
21391:
21361:
20942:
20874:
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20541:
20536:
20454:
18984:
18642:
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15903:
14622:
14530:
9693:
8929:
8890:
8784:
7187:
7113:
commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the
6789:
6392:
6261:
5579:
5470:
Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha
5371:
5349:
5341:
4913:
4687:
The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "
4557:
4183:
The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (
4151:
3948:
3621:
3589:
3421:
3234:
or monastic. The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first
2067:
1817:
1629:
commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the
1270:
commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the
1109:
877:
867:
822:
56:
20007:
17382:"Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu"
16975:
16272:"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V"
16022:——— (2000), "Discovering the Buddha's date", in Perera, Lakshman S (ed.),
15155:
13741:
Conze, Edward (2000). "Buddhism: A Short History". From Buddhism to Sufism Series. Oneworld.
10015:
6433:
depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha
5177:, but he does not further discuss the role of Buddha. According to the works on Buddhism by
4620:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism".
3753:
21887:
21657:
21547:
21414:
21381:
21366:
20884:
20781:
20727:
20612:
20551:
20519:
20514:
20499:
20484:
20474:
20439:
20352:
20044:
19967:
19270:
19210:
18959:
18926:
18876:
17906:
16216:
6542:
6241:
5254:
4786:
does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity. He especially critiqued
4662:
4610:
4359:
3941:
3879:
3607:
3471:) to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins).
3257:
also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of
3032:
2883:
2619:
2571:
2183:
1513:
1073:
887:
847:
842:
807:
652:
532:
440:
425:
369:
341:
21254:
19869:
19738:
19664:
19540:
19278:
17675:
16652:
The Buddhist art of Gandhāra: the story of the early school, its birth, growth and decline
12039:"Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'"
6701:, p. 436). The two cities are located only 24 kilometres (15 miles) from each other (
5284:
4833:
valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (
4309:. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down.
3692:
3331:, and cannibals such as Alavaka. According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from "
3319:
For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the
1523:
1371:
is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:
1057:
8:
21606:
21221:
21100:
20934:
20909:
20899:
20859:
20836:
20719:
20692:
20652:
20571:
20561:
20489:
20416:
19847:
19704:
19485:
19463:
19415:
19235:
19035:
18891:
18871:
18647:
18603:
18150:
16354:
16343:
16304:
15381:
15369:
8681:
How the Brahmins Won: Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?
6230:
5402:
4783:
4670:
4492:
4318:
4214:
In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (
4131:
3775:
3763:
3495:
3118:
2688:
The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali
2518:
2110:
1089:
1028:
968:
897:
852:
790:
730:
667:
612:
607:
362:
351:
19195:
19122:
16378:
15296:
14810:
14691:
The Gnostic Bible: Gnostic texts of mystical wisdom from the ancient and medieval worlds
11396:
8329:"GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA"
8298:
8296:
8294:
7771:
For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see:
7722:(DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the
7392:
Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,
7330:-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being
6614:
Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,
6445:, includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters
5116:
4606:
4259:
3814:
2584:
According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer
2581:
in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.
2202:
2156:
2089:
1831:, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The
1752:, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The
21586:
21284:
21189:
21031:
20994:
20989:
20919:
20869:
20816:
20811:
20682:
20677:
20672:
20662:
20647:
20632:
20627:
20566:
20546:
20509:
20434:
20239:
19940:
19864:
19742:
19684:
19525:
19425:
19353:
19328:
18974:
18904:
18697:
18662:
18637:
18447:
18283:
18049:
17813:
17805:
17289:
17130:
16917:
16659:
15881:
15617:
15609:
15138:
Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens
14996:"Brahmavihāra and Awakening, A Study of the Dīrgha-āgama Parallel to the Tevijja-sutta"
13985:
13890:
9635:
9394:
9361:
Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India".
8718:
8627:
7326:
notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to
6413:
6344:
6249:
6099:
5545:
5398:
5386:
5238:
5173:
in the ninth century. Such idols had been sold in Buddhist temples next to a mosque in
4851:
4813:
4644:
also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his teachings". Likewise,
4503:
4439:
4415:
4332:
4023:
4013:
4001:
3905:
3893:
3871:
3824:
and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and
3820:
The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as
2982:
2838:
2652:
2536:
2509:", whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of
2501:, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal. His father
2474:). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a
2467:
2282:
1704:(corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in
1415:
1392:
1335:) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the
1197:
1188:
1101:
1016:
1000:
882:
862:
802:
797:
685:
587:
580:
507:
497:
404:
21083:
17316:
16640:
16169:
Research on the date of the Buddha: South Asian Studies Published in Western Languages
15869:
13285:
10943:
8444:
8442:
6948:, p. 9), the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" (
3963:
3709:
tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the
3585:
3463:, who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted
3215:
2151:
One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by
1721:
21867:
21564:
21542:
21462:
21424:
21120:
21105:
21068:
21053:
20826:
20742:
20657:
20494:
20459:
20444:
20171:
20161:
19842:
19689:
19674:
19545:
19468:
19388:
19323:
19255:
19142:
18899:
18478:
18454:
18379:
18358:
18290:
18267:
18247:
18239:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
18210:
18187:
18127:
18041:
18000:
17967:
17948:
17927:
17896:
17873:
17855:
17817:
17742:
17653:
17635:
17535:
17515:
17479:
17448:
17243:
17215:
17204:
17185:
17149:
17134:
17049:
17008:
16983:
16976:
16886:
16840:
16822:
16799:
16614:
16543:
16536:
16512:
16482:
16453:
16434:
16308:
16234:
16190:
16145:
16072:
16039:
15981:
15962:
15909:
15888:
15855:
15818:
15794:
15762:
15743:
15733:
15714:
15693:
15675:
15656:
15642:
15621:
15601:
15566:
15541:
15510:
15469:
15449:
15431:
15356:
15251:
15191:
15161:
15126:
15112:
15069:
15045:
15026:
14960:
14849:
14790:
14715:
14628:
14536:
14480:
14470:
14445:
14441:
14424:
14403:
14337:
14303:
13989:
13935:
13648:
Wynne, Alexander (2005). "The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature".
12895:
12684:
12428:
11553:
11543:
11333:
10376:
10021:
9756:
9685:
9639:
9398:
9386:
9378:
9058:
8935:
8896:
8862:
8790:
8751:
8692:
8631:
8619:
8615:
8599:
8541:
8291:
8251:
8243:
7547:
7451:
7249:
7058:
6925:
6477:
6367:
6197:
5971:
5329:
4941:
4479:
In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers,
4451:
4355:
4351:" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other.
4275:
4055:
3937:
3884:
A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the
3499:
3311:
3235:
3150:
3141:
3001:
2973:
2801:
2797:
2740:
2548:
2366:
2152:
2063:
2059:
1729:
1331:
1303:
1292:
1149:. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as
1069:
929:
827:
812:
617:
492:
435:
399:
384:
315:
269:
20406:
19200:
19100:
18762:
17417:
17293:
16696:
12205:
7748:'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and
4383:(SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination.
2756:
2535:), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy. The more egalitarian
21892:
21817:
21697:
21640:
21110:
21063:
21058:
20914:
20879:
20854:
20849:
20600:
20556:
20469:
20144:
19800:
19793:
19577:
19567:
19453:
19117:
18989:
18505:
18496:
18487:
18430:
18339:
18305:"Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context"
18111:
18091:
17797:
17716:
17281:
17122:
16909:
16691:
16226:
16071:, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul,
15772:
15593:
15007:
14601:
13977:
13460:
13287:
Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta
12748:
9719:
9715:
9627:
9370:
8684:
8611:
8439:
8108:
7856:
7497:
include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the
7439:
7087:
7015:
6811:
6437:
6143:
6071:
5370:. Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of
4973:
4818:
4787:
4636:
4628:
4594:
4484:
4142:
4102:
3952:
3688:
3445:
2867:
2862:
2733:, so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader. In the
2544:
2274:
2041:
1645:
1618:
1252:
1138:
892:
837:
767:
757:
622:
20189:
18707:
17634:, Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge University Press,
14981:——— (2014). "The Buddha's Last Meditation in the Dirgha-Agama".
14606:
14591:
14143:
13837:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India"
9233:, Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–82 footnote 6.
8461:
7840:): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine".
2928:(MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of
2489:. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic
1820:
1794:
1155:, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as
1104:(meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the
21474:
21419:
21371:
21299:
21169:
20967:
20947:
20889:
20801:
20464:
20362:
20209:
19945:
19928:
19913:
19891:
19443:
19313:
19147:
19127:
18803:
18657:
18373:
18352:
18261:
18237:
17849:
17160:
17086:
Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles (2005), "Buddha", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),
16998:
16812:
16631:, New Delhi: The Director General: Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 66–67
16586:
16298:
16184:
16180:
16066:
16033:
15808:
15784:
15706:
15504:
15463:
15350:
15238:
14903:
14151:
14038:
Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228.
13294:
12889:
12722:
12678:
12045:
11730:
11270:
10117:
9476:"Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date"
9214:
8531:
8468:
8245:
7955:
Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.
7494:
7435:
7323:
5843:
5574:
5394:
5156:
5086:
4826:
4739:
4735:
4409:
4403:
4393:
4363:
4072:
3958:
3915:
3182:
3121:
before entering meditation. Other miracles and magical events are also depicted.
2944:
2333:
2295:
2278:
2222:
2218:
2104:
2055:
2004:
1558:
1431:
1162:
1097:
1081:
917:
832:
632:
542:
487:
20219:
19373:
19363:
18747:
18474:
18332:
When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha
17240:
The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism
16379:"Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought"
15318:
The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya
7168:
4542:
may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences . The Buddhist practice called
4419:, the cumulative development of wholesome states leading to a "state of perfect
4110:
3997:
3889:
3730:
2877:
2800:
there, though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a
2485:
Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a
1872:(who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of
1141:, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in
482:
21611:
21429:
21132:
20982:
20764:
20344:
20324:
20244:
19933:
19923:
19857:
19694:
19180:
19043:
18767:
18702:
18538:
18400:
17619:
17436:
17141:
16855:"Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I"
16654:. Memoirs of the Department of archaeology in Pakistan. Vol. 1. Cambridge.
10991:
9631:
9195:
8595:
7733:
6774:
6528:
6398:
6383:
6290:
6266:
5642:
5514:
5382:
5314:
5186:
4751:
4294:
4139:
3972:
3637:
3539:
3413:
3320:
3209:
3162:
2911:), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right.
2739:(5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer
2693:
2627:
2558:
The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in
2486:
2390:
2320:
2318:, this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" (
2164:
2160:
2114:
2077:
2051:
2000:
1952:
1449:
1146:
1130:
777:
707:
662:
520:
239:
80:
21485:
17531:"Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism
17285:
17126:
15840:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
15597:
9374:
8858:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka"
8688:
5313:, the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before
4522:
3790:: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord".
3381:
The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the
2717:
2712:
2382:
2020:
964:
21776:
21704:
21199:
21048:
20357:
20259:
20117:
19918:
19896:
19832:
19503:
19298:
19293:
19185:
18854:
18327:
18233:
18045:
17550:"The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar"
17344:
17208:
17153:
17053:
15976:
Gimello, Robert M. (2003), "Bodhi (awakening)", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
15780:
15747:
15605:
15201:
14964:
13885:
Omvedt, Gail (1 June 2001). "Review: The Buddha as a Political Philosopher".
12753:
12736:
9760:
9689:
9382:
9203:
8623:
8537:
7749:
7729:
7118:
6797:
6430:
6425:
6418:
6353:
6225:
6218:
6147:
5345:
5328:, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to
5325:
5185:
and others as an apostle of God sent to the human race. By the 12th century,
4945:
4901:
4889:
4822:
4602:
4567:
4239:
4005:
3897:
3837:
3787:
3502:
which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.
3460:
3417:
3324:
3303:
3075:
2948:
2933:
2702:
2674:
2354:
2081:
1968:
1824:
1655:
1634:
1609:
1278:
602:
597:
537:
288:
138:
21601:
19657:
19647:
19019:
18510:
18115:
18095:
17115:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
14484:
14369:
14264:
11557:
10931:
6201:, a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by
4994:
4944:(in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the
4829:
of society. The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one
4700:
The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various
4528:
3562:
As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with
2502:
2420:. The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either
1659:
1336:
742:
547:
189:
21557:
21289:
21274:
21244:
21194:
21184:
21026:
20821:
20314:
20149:
20027:
19815:
19810:
19637:
19508:
19383:
18844:
18732:
18183:
The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective
18161:
16778:
16068:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
15996:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
15847:
15554:
14596:. International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS 2018).
14462:
12157:
9390:
8810:
8527:
7741:
7737:
7443:
6749:
6592:
6533:
6468:
6407:
6372:
6337:
6333:
6281:, a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha.
6234:
6214:
5910:
5682:
5375:
5363:
5030:
4948:, generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things).
4676:
4645:
4590:
4543:
4480:
4468:
4433:
4221:
4216:
4118:
3968:
3681:
3190:
3178:
3133:
3110:
2969:
2929:
2594:
2308:
2250:
2246:
2085:
2024:
1857:
1806:
1769:
1745:
1621:(reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. Particularly,
1597:
1359:
is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".
1352:
1157:
1093:
1085:
1061:
642:
527:
445:
331:
69:
20072:
20057:
20017:
19714:
19378:
18954:
15538:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE
15100:
Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon
15068:. Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg.
15012:
14995:
13981:
12715:
12446:
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD
7822:
6777:
provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.
5035:
4048:
unreliable. The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.
4015:
3923:
3907:
3629:, and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese".
3488:
3236:
3095:
2706:
2526:
2444:
1781:
21576:
21259:
21088:
20229:
20214:
19997:
19805:
19733:
19513:
19343:
19245:
19092:
18964:
18573:
18243:
18144:(illustrated ed.), Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society
17165:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
16971:
15761:, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society,
15187:
14594:
Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position
14442:
Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History
14300:
Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History
7852:
6461:
6167:
6163:
6154:
5310:
5259:
5246:
5198:
5166:
5134:
4632:
4562:
4533:
4445:
4428:
4086:
3833:
3800:
3744:
He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as
3669:
3547:
3282:
3140:, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the
3099:
2793:
2748:
2735:
2522:
2479:
2304:
2206:
2191:
2126:
1877:
1869:
1840:
1749:
1534:
1193:
1041:
712:
21249:
19709:
18752:
18053:
18029:
15786:
Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts
15613:
13907:
Mrozik, Susanne. "Upali" in MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, pg. 870.
9674:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures"
5201:, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish
4366:, practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of
3737:
2692:("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at
1129:
A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title
21636:
21552:
21204:
21162:
21038:
20844:
20769:
20383:
20367:
20329:
20309:
20204:
20087:
20022:
20002:
19748:
19679:
19550:
19433:
19403:
19338:
19288:
18936:
18757:
18682:
17809:
17231:
Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia
17174:
Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)
17148:, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, pp. 70–71,
16959:
16921:
16230:
15395:"The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages"
15352:
The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology
13894:
13687:
6941:
6686:
6442:
6321:
5784:
5745:
5614:
5446:
Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.
5367:
5306:
4961:
4743:
4598:
4586:
4571:
4511:
4488:
4367:
4348:
4306:
3933:
3768:
3726:
3699:
3328:
3063:
3059:
3024:
2856:
2848:
2789:
2611:
2425:
2261:) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the
1894:
1681:
1466:
1151:
1049:
1036:
1012:
1008:
972:
717:
477:
160:
134:
20224:
19220:
18742:
15625:
15419:
Under the Bodhi Tree: Buddha's Original Vision of Dependent Co-arising
11615:
11039:
11015:
5506:
Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha,
4187:, the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" (
3023:, the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realized "the
21632:
21179:
21152:
20319:
20194:
19906:
19822:
19699:
19589:
19562:
19555:
19518:
19475:
19438:
19205:
19170:
19137:
19112:
19067:
18652:
18578:
18309:
Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies
18166:(in Burmese), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Yangon: Ya-Pyei, p. 39
18155:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 1, London: Luzac & Co.
17926:, Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research,
17079:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations
16359:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 3, London: Luzac & Co.
16348:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 2, London: Luzac & Co.
15814:
15309:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon
11724:
Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence
10334:
8677:"Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?"
7800:
Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment:
7331:
6595:, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in
6202:
5942:
5894:
5871:
5847:
5839:
5816:
5800:
5729:
5595:
5541:
5213:
5194:
5178:
5142:
4747:
4472:
4328:
4290:
3993:
3932:, which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the
3885:
3706:
3578:
3551:
3459:
The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant
3453:
3449:
3437:
3402:
3360:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3223:
3067:
3020:
2960:
2908:
2888:
2871:
2818:
2755:(DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha,
2721:
2603:
2559:
2490:
2130:
1988:
1861:
1836:
1519:
1245:
1020:
762:
737:
21616:
20952:
19788:
19642:
19408:
19190:
19059:
19051:
18445:; Johnson, Willard L; Wawrytko, Sandra A; DeGraff, Geoffrey (1996).
18173:
Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka
17726:
The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya
17680:"Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts"
16913:
15326:
15240:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
12845:
12098:
11367:"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion"
9520:
Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness
9413:
8747:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
8676:
8328:
5482:
The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.
4204:
rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali
4094:
3760:
before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.
3612:
3611:
This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and
3546:
Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king,
3433:
3429:
2814:
2631:
2198:
2036:
2019:
The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential
1972:
Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (
1827:
biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the
1533:
he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as
173:
21532:
21469:
21309:
21264:
21209:
21174:
21078:
20737:
20304:
20299:
20249:
20184:
20102:
20067:
20062:
19723:
19594:
19582:
19493:
19152:
18849:
18798:
18787:
18551:
18529:
17801:
16142:
Introduction to Buddhism An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life
10068:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9239:
7447:
7086:
Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several
6741:
Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in
6670:
6473:
6294:
6254:
6034:
Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century
5956:
5926:
5599:
3779:
3710:
3464:
3390:
3186:
3028:
2781:
2744:
2670:
2421:
2179:
2047:
2028:
1873:
1802:
1701:
1379:
1177:
1169:
1122:
984:
772:
752:
747:
627:
323:
249:
210:
20294:
20284:
20269:
20092:
19962:
19230:
16569:
16413:
A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities
16035:
How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
11785:
11579:
11458:
10017:
Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India
9057:(1st ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. xix.
8244:
Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002).
7781:
Dhammajoti, K.L. (2008). "Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing".
7552:
5528:
The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.
5089:
emerged after the lifetime of the Buddha, between 500–200 BCE and
4779:
4771:
4336:
4270:. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging
4079:(aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and
4009:
3901:
3483:
Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains
2657:
2113:, in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which
21628:
21214:
21157:
21142:
20289:
20279:
20254:
20129:
20124:
20082:
20052:
19984:
19950:
19837:
19778:
19773:
19627:
19530:
19368:
19318:
19105:
18931:
18566:
17889:
The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace
17367:
Srivastava, K.M. (1979), "Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location",
16527:
The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning
15944:
Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina",
14786:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE
13554:
13552:
13550:
13324:
9724:
8239:
8237:
7745:
7266:
7229:
7133:
6596:
5355:
5321:
5209:
5174:
5170:
5159:
5121:
5112:
4955:) karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome (
4762:
4726:
4692:
4507:
4420:
4387:
4271:
4267:
4076:
3919:
3577:
One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was
3527:
3523:
3398:
3356:
3332:
3231:
3197:
3137:
3114:
3083:
3006:
2996:
2852:
2822:
2599:
2577:
2497:) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the
2459:
2413:
2394:
2375:
2371:
2338:
2187:
2147:
2032:
1865:
1793:
is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet
1761:
1670:
1605:
1593:
1458:
1441:
1368:
1105:
1077:
1053:
988:
452:
109:
65:
19901:
19669:
18375:
The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace
17178:
Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)
16186:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
15399:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
14614:
14532:
Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition
13918:"God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism"
12833:
12358:
12346:
12334:
12322:
12050:
11995:
11663:
9236:
7752:'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century).
6766:
to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better". See also
6618:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. (
6328:
6170:
based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.
5945:
5405:
images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.
1708:, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.
1216:, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One", is the masculine form of
21687:
21294:
21279:
21115:
20977:
20957:
20732:
20394:
20274:
20264:
20199:
19827:
19783:
19768:
19758:
19728:
19652:
19535:
19303:
19175:
18919:
18914:
18737:
18346:(3rd ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
17709:"Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image"
17615:
17000:
Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations
15670:
Cox, Collett (2003), "Abidharma", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
14811:"Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century"
14592:
Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli; Jaffary Awang; Zaizul Ab Rahman (2018).
13711:
13636:"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices"
12808:
12177:
11809:
11773:
11749:
11737:
11639:
11446:
11075:
7832:
7816:
7804:
7396:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(
7393:
7327:
7311:
In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a
7262:
7129:
7106:
6796:), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day
6615:
6600:
6349:
6193:, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha.
5851:
5359:
5295:
5162:
5101:
5097:
5069:
5065:
4830:
4805:
4791:
4701:
4226:
4193:
4135:
4039:
3825:
3479:
3425:
3394:
3364:
3352:
3336:
3258:
2991:
2912:
2904:
2892:
2810:
2785:
2769:
2730:
2666:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2463:
2432:
2352:
is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (
2341:, who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood.
2238:
1984:
1650:
1622:
1578:
1454:
1404:
1308:
1263:
1218:
1173:
1134:
1032:
996:
912:
467:
462:
457:
420:
223:
113:
17317:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts"
16218:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
14087:
13547:
10582:
10401:
10399:
8576:
8234:
8069:
6531:. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the
4892:
form of government, while others disagree with this position.
4506:
are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in
4066:
3359:
and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals,
2588:
journeyed from his mountain abode, analyzed the child for the
2074:, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted.
1839:
tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by
21667:
21662:
21434:
21269:
21127:
21093:
21073:
21043:
20972:
20389:
20234:
20112:
20107:
20077:
20032:
19879:
19874:
19753:
19458:
19283:
19250:
19240:
18595:
18587:
15713:(February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii.
14198:
14196:
13638:, p. 3. Introduction to Religion. Cambridge University Press.
13537:
13535:
12798:
12796:
12421:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
10118:"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon"
9952:
9950:
9890:
9812:"Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha"
8931:
Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia
6888:
6876:
6852:
6403:
5867:
5761:
5299:
5202:
5190:
5182:
5138:
5108:
4934:
Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the
4766:
4499:
3829:
3821:
3441:
3382:
3227:
2921:
2661:
The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a
2607:
2592:
and then announced that he would either become a great king (
2585:
2567:
2563:
2471:
2122:
1992:
1983:
According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a
1901:
1644:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). Another one of his edicts (
1236:
1052:
between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to
1024:
992:
980:
976:
702:
18203:
History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era
17760:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
17684:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
17386:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
16859:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
14169:
14131:"The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism"
13761:
13759:
13665:
13663:
13023:
12932:
12908:
12828:
The Theory of 'Dependent Origination' in its Incipient Stage
11920:
10425:
9296:
9294:
8533:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
8373:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).
7894:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [
7621:
the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit
7615:
the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese
7042:
7030:
6838:
6826:
5434:
Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.
4940:) states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are:
4754:
as the foremost meter. In general, the Buddha critiques the
4551:
3947:
According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the
2907:
walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (
21304:
20097:
19763:
19260:
17503:
The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300
16941:, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223
15444:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014),
12951:
12949:
12947:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12249:
12247:
11884:
11692:
11690:
11183:
10452:
10396:
9967:
9965:
9842:
9791:
8308:
8222:
7828:): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying;
7045:
7036:
6912:
6894:
6864:
6858:
6841:
6832:
5998:
Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.
4870:
focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader (
4253:
3375:
3278:
3129:
3124:
2602:
scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.
2226:
1323:
1204:
15193:
The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)
14624:
Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice
14193:
14181:
14157:
14111:
14075:
13723:
13532:
13415:
13413:
13411:
13360:
13215:
13203:
13131:
13119:
13095:
13047:
13035:
12985:
12961:
12793:
12766:
12764:
12401:
12110:
11627:
11569:
11567:
11424:
11422:
11313:
11215:
11213:
11200:
11198:
10921:
10919:
10894:
10892:
10829:
10686:
10684:
10645:
10611:
10609:
10481:
10479:
9947:
9650:
9648:
9167:"Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?"
9076:
9074:
8462:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115
8035:
8033:
8031:
8029:
7559:
7203:
6906:
6058:
Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.
5408:
5324:, Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the
32:"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see
20962:
19498:
18520:
18205:, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste
15206:
The dating of the historical Buddha (Symposium), vol. 1–3
14896:
Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State
14764:
14561:
14535:. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 1–10.
14220:
14008:
13756:
13744:
13660:
13501:
13348:
12264:
12262:
12220:
11836:
11826:
11824:
10176:
10164:
10152:
9907:
9905:
9544:
9291:
9255:
8655:
8653:
8173:
7896:
7890:
7681:
Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit
7624:
the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese
7550:
destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (
7219:
robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.
7021:
6997:
A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha;
6873:
6849:
6817:
5657:
The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.
5257:
is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit
4498:
According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on
3828:. These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called
3494:
According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo,
2412:
According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in
2269:
life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the
2003:
without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as
1868:
empire); and died during the early years of the reign of
1180:
symbols to iconic depictions in various cultural styles.
16108:"Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?"
13564:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13516:
13430:
13428:
13336:
13232:
13230:
13167:
12944:
12776:
12658:
12552:
12550:
12548:
12546:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12274:
12244:
12134:
12122:
12062:
12019:
12007:
11971:
11959:
11687:
11159:
11147:
11087:
11003:
10979:
10773:
10771:
10708:
10633:
10570:
10442:
10440:
9962:
9206:, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545,
7714:
Early texts that outline the graduated path include the
5354:
The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at
3741:)" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā').
2773:("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction") and the end of
1400: – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct.
1007:
to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of
17788:
Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination",
17741:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
16937:——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths",
15582:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article"
14244:
14099:
13842:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13825:
13823:
13821:
13819:
13789:
Heirman, Ann (2019). "Vinaya rules for monks and nuns".
13408:
13372:
13242:
13107:
13071:
12973:
12857:
12761:
12634:
12622:
12610:
12598:
12586:
12507:
12473:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History"
12452:
12448:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48.
11983:
11896:
11564:
11506:
11494:
11419:
11289:
11210:
11195:
11171:
11135:
11123:
11111:
11063:
11051:
10967:
10916:
10889:
10841:
10817:
10783:
10744:
10720:
10681:
10606:
10539:
10476:
10464:
10051:
10049:
9830:
9645:
9568:
9556:
9452:
9122:
9110:
9071:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8415:
8161:
8098:
8096:
8026:
7885:
A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.
6638:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."
6086:
Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.
5298:-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of
3817:
arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.
3782:
vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads:
3487:
The formation of a parallel order of female monastics (
3196:
MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the
2213:) nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent (
2098:
1592:), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and "
14671:
14647:
13804:
13699:
13491:
13489:
13300:
13266:
13191:
13083:
13059:
12646:
12298:
12259:
12232:
12074:
11908:
11860:
11848:
11821:
11797:
11761:
11702:
11675:
11651:
11603:
11591:
11434:
11099:
10904:
10657:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10554:
9977:
9937:
9935:
9902:
9779:
9440:
9279:
9134:
9098:
8650:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8281:
8279:
8151:
8149:
8147:
7685:
Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7
7493:(MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to
6665:
The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.(
5119:. Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a
5107:
However, Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the
2537:
1851:
16337:(1st ed.), London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
16160:
Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder
16003:———. "Dating the Buddha: a red herring revealed". In
14659:
14573:
14063:
14051:
14020:
13866:
13854:
13792:
13771:
13513:
13425:
13396:
13384:
13227:
13179:
13155:
13143:
12920:
12574:
12562:
12531:
12519:
12310:
12286:
11872:
11482:
11470:
11301:
11263:"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka"
11027:
10955:
10877:
10865:
10853:
10768:
10756:
10732:
10696:
10594:
10491:
10437:
10375:. Vol. 7. Anmol Publications. pp. 260–275.
10310:
10298:
10286:
10274:
10262:
10250:
10238:
10200:
9922:
9920:
9854:
8986:
8427:
8132:
7018:
6814:
3944:, which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed.
2751:" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the
2478:
with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten
2277:
for which significant accounts exist. British author
1048:
According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a
21903:
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
18416:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
17668:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
16818:
Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes
15867:
15448:, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,
14983:
The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies
14752:
14740:
14728:
14500:"Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors"
14291:
14256:
14232:
13816:
13312:
13254:
12495:
12086:
10669:
10515:
10082:. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from
10046:
10000:. Staatl. Museen Preuss. Kulturbesitz. p. 188.
9498:
9342:
9330:
9318:
9306:
9034:
8998:
8833:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8120:
8093:
7033:
7027:
6909:
6903:
6891:
6885:
6855:
6829:
6823:
6588:
6022:
Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century
5764:
with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.
5458:
The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.
3702:, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning.
3347:)" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of
2784:, Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son
2273:, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in
18142:
Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z
18124:
The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia
16978:
Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste
16951:
The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon
16511:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press,
15496:
Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity
15217:. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
14789:. BRILL. pp. 199–206, 204 for the exact date.
14208:
13675:
13588:
13576:
13486:
12887:
12869:
11932:
10551:
10527:
10503:
10407:"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites"
9932:
9597:
9595:
9146:
8683:. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix.
8638:
8398:
8276:
8185:
8144:
8081:
8045:
7024:
6900:
6882:
6870:
6861:
6846:
6820:
6583:According to the Buddhist tradition, following the
5854:
temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.
4589:and other texts, such as the surviving portions of
3976:contain mostly the same major doctrines. Likewise,
3474:
3298:
2458:(Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from
2344:
Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (
2142:
1908:the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448 – 368 BCE.
18446:
18344:The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon
18282:
16535:
16364:Jong, JW de (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism",
16026:, London: World Buddhist Foundation, pp. 9–25
15880:
15279:
14302:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 184,
12676:
12670:
12183:
11325:
10805:Wynne, Alexander (2019). "Did the Buddha exist?".
9917:
9580:
9227:Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet
9022:
8197:
8057:
7862:According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication
7167:
4458:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
3035:. In later centuries, Gautama became known as the
1696:The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the
17351:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
17321:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
17146:Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath
16789:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
16448:Keown, Damien, ed. (2003), "Buddha (Skt; Pali)",
15374:The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India
15331:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
15157:The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan
14944:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
14314:Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a
13889:. Vol. 36, no. 21. pp. 1801–1804.
12881:
10067:
9878:
9866:
8381:
7911:Well-known proponents of the third position are:
7718:(MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the
7489:An account of these practices can be seen in the
6759:to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from
6382:, a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by
4091:), sensations (or feelings, received from form) (
3522:Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the
3027:"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of
1461:, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha.
983:), during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded
21774:
18449:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction
17771:(reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
17085:
16945:
16183:(2013) , "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.),
15711:The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan
15280:Bhikkhu, Mettanando; von Hinüber, Oskar (2000),
14908:Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies
12364:
12352:
12340:
12328:
12104:
12056:
12001:
11815:
11791:
11779:
11755:
11743:
11645:
11621:
11585:
11464:
11452:
11081:
10588:
9592:
9249:
9086:
9010:
7779:. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see:
6332:2010 PBS documentary by award-winning filmmaker
6289:, a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on
5271:. The only story in which St. Josaphat appears,
3420:, who were both students of the skeptic sramana
3405:, who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha.
2716:Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a
1248:clans adopted the names of their house priests.
987:. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in
21515:
17826:Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision
17608:Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition
16745:
15160:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8.
15131:, translated by Beal, Samuel, Oxford: Clarendon
13477:
10949:
8217:The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life
6991:
6245:, a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke.
6186:
5494:The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.
5205:", although he does not mention it explicitly.
4258:("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of
2331:, and then makes a series of resolves or vows (
1691:
1548:
1537:than as an exact historical record of events).
1424: – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people.
1382:, one of the most used epithets, together with
18281:Smith, Peter (2000), "Manifestations of God",
18104:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
18084:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
17870:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays
17180:] (in German), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250
15758:The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering
15535:
14693:. Shambhala Publications: Boston & London.
10220:"The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta"
9896:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9616:"The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha."
8372:
7851:Two well-known proponent of this position are
7166:
6180:
5378:, narratives of the Buddha in his past lives.
5165:reports that Buddhist idols were brought from
4725:Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum,
3672:, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist
1926:, and died 492 BCE, while Ajatashatru reigned
1688:("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni").
1183:
1045:("final release from conditioned existence").
274:
21501:
18828:
18611:
15200:
15140:(in French), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient
14600:. Vol. 53, no. 4001. pp. 6–7.
14528:
14467:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary
12891:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
12734:
10362:
10360:
9273:
7953:aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham.
6146:, first depiction of the Buddha on film with
5137:has been identified with the Buddha based on
4397:(ethical training), restraint of the senses (
4297:seated meditation posture, 2nd–3rd century CE
4202:Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self
3756:and finally the meditative dwelling known as
2828:
2780:Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse
2408:stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace.
2253:and his forty-five-year career as a teacher.
1897:tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE.
1347:), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" (
1027:. The Buddha then wandered through the lower
937:
19610:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
17953:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
17848:Wayman, Alex (1984), George R. Elder (ed.),
17577:"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited"
17198:
17171:
16606:
16465:
15967:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15905:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
15732:. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society.
15661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15571:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15443:
15147:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism
14974:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization
14710:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2003.
13669:
13507:
12894:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 6–7.
11669:
11269:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. (
10431:
10409:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from
10335:"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha"
9742:
8892:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya
8526:
8448:
8326:
8314:
8302:
8228:
8114:
7812:): That all things that come to have an end;
7574:
7209:
7080:
7063:
7007:
6698:
6666:
6643:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6521:
6389:Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha
6221:as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha.
4840:
4704:collections of the different early schools.
3980:has written that the doctrines found in the
3599:
3000:), culminating in complete insight into the
1937:. In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned
1680:, in relation with his illumination and the
1482:), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom (
1474:), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World (
18285:A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith
17674:
17496:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
17426:
16883:The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha
16629:Sarnath: Archaeology, Art, and Architecture
16332:
16179:
15943:
15154:Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011).
15128:The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha
14782:
14263:Britannica, Eds Encycl (19 February 2015),
14202:
13835:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009).
12814:
12728:
12683:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588.
11373:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993.
10576:
9956:
9730:
9660:
8866:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993.
8750:. Princeton University Press. p. 168.
8582:
7638:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7442:, in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of
7222:
7097:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism (
6269:. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book
5153:, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy.
5029:These characteristics are described in the
4983:
4210:(and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese)
4067:The six sense bases and the five aggregates
4037:This cycle of becoming is characterized by
4004:(unwholesome mental states), including the
3957:share these basic teachings and practices.
3896:(unwholesome mental states), including the
3843:According to various Buddhist sources, the
3735:decay. Strive for the goal with diligence (
3307:Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period
2665:, he is accompanied by numerous guards and
2442:According to later biographies such as the
2205:, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing
2137:
1262:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism.
1137:, his codes for monastic practice, and the
1068:. His core teachings are summarized in the
21508:
21494:
18835:
18821:
18618:
18604:
17838:The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism
17735:"Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy"
17713:Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932
17652:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 95,
17379:
17366:
17220:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
17190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16899:
16664:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16466:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S (2013),
16410:
16269:
16106:——— (12 December 2013).
15461:
15416:
15380:
15368:
14837:
14835:
14833:
14831:
14829:
14827:
14262:
14226:
13765:
13729:
13541:
13419:
13354:
11537:
10485:
10357:
10194:
10170:
9971:
9424:(1). Interview with Richard Gombrich: 42.
8674:
8473:
7595:
7531:According to various early texts like the
6983:
6768:Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni
6702:
6694:
6682:
6678:
6505:List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed
5803:period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century.
3996:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the
3888:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the
3428:. They also tell of how the Buddha's son,
3386:forests, where people would come to them.
2606:, the youngest, and later to be the first
2424:, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India, or
1658:. These texts may be the precursor of the
944:
930:
293:
55:
17647:
17629:
17267:"Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination"
17104:
17067:
16718:
16695:
16584:
16563:
16424:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America
16064:
16031:
15854:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 63,
15106:
15023:The Foundation History of the Nun's Order
15011:
14893:
14677:
14653:
14627:, Columbia University Press, p. 26,
14620:
14605:
14398:Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004),
13618:
13480:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism
12752:
11153:
11093:
10985:
10182:
9562:
9469:
9467:
7994:
7589:
7400:
7397:
7315:, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the
7212:, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the
6794:Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta
6782:
6709:
6623:
6619:
6568:
5548:, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata.
5401:. The subsequently influenced the art of
4758:and social system on certain key points.
4716:
4552:Scholarly views on the earliest teachings
4281:
3230:(liberated being) and the first Buddhist
2416:, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in
2374:and other major Buddhist sites in India.
2178:miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha.
1864:(his friend, protector, and ruler of the
979:and the eastern Ganges plain of northern
17961:
17920:Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts
17916:
17851:Budddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman
17575:Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002),
17574:
17563:(1), Orissa State museum, archived from
17547:
17512:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
17342:
17237:
17088:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.2
16811:
16776:
16649:
16635:
16506:
16419:
16376:
16258:
16214:
16166:
16157:
16131:Gopal, Madan (1990), K.S. Gautam (ed.),
16105:
16096:
16021:
16012:
16002:
15993:
15980:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference,
15754:
15727:
15687:
15430:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference,
15392:
15348:
15236:
15097:
15058:
15039:
14971:
14950:
14941:
14884:
14770:
14665:
14175:
14163:
13966:"Political theory in Canonical Buddhism"
13570:
13526:
13378:
13366:
13330:
13236:
13161:
13137:
13125:
13113:
13077:
13029:
12991:
12979:
12967:
12955:
12938:
12926:
12914:
12787:
12770:
12664:
12640:
12628:
12616:
12604:
12592:
12556:
12280:
12253:
12140:
12128:
12068:
12025:
12013:
11977:
11965:
11926:
11878:
11696:
11361:
11359:
11319:
11307:
11177:
11141:
11117:
11105:
11069:
11057:
10973:
10961:
10925:
10835:
10823:
10750:
10726:
10651:
10627:
10615:
10545:
10470:
10366:
9836:
9654:
9504:
9446:
9336:
9324:
9261:
9231:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
9200:The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha
9128:
9080:
9052:
9040:
8968:"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"
8844:
8743:
8670:
8668:
8454:
8421:
8377:. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 240.
8138:
7679:Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000),
7612:Anālayo draws from seven early sources:
7601:
7457:
7408:
7404:
7276:
7143:
6977:
6953:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6690:
6674:
6631:
6627:
6217:, an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars
5716:Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE.
5237:
5059:
4993:
4720:
4561:
4462:
4300:
4285:
4130:
4126:
3866:
3774:
3762:
3675:
3664:
3606:
3517:
3478:
3310:
3302:
3128:
3125:First sermon and formation of the saṅgha
2898:
2876:
2861:
2847:The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in
2842:
2711:
2656:
2399:
2381:
2365:
2170:
2146:
2109:The rise of Buddhism coincided with the
1967:
1809:biography dating to the 3rd century CE.
1545:) and its parallels in other languages.
1205:Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni
1187:
20797:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
18302:
18223:
18200:
18179:
18139:
17835:
17823:
17527:
17491:
17407:
17349:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17264:
17228:
17032:
16610:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1
16172:
16004:
15975:
15901:
15779:
15705:
15579:
15502:
15425:
15221:
15212:
15208:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
15020:
14993:
14980:
14918:
14902:
14824:
14529:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000).
14329:
14250:
14105:
13458:
13260:
13248:
12863:
12851:
12839:
12470:
12458:
12195:
12092:
11989:
11950:
11902:
11890:
11866:
11854:
11842:
11573:
11512:
11500:
11428:
11295:
11219:
11204:
11189:
11129:
10847:
10789:
10458:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10158:
10055:
9983:
9797:
9473:
9312:
9140:
9104:
8992:
8927:
8783:Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010).
8782:
8492:
8409:
8360:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online
8327:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021).
8063:
8039:
7546:), which allows the knowing of others'
7102:
6959:
6936:
6934:
6669:, p. 436) It may have been either
5409:Gallery showing different Buddha styles
5234:Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity
4969:(and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042).
4413:(clear awareness), and the practice of
4347:and its numerous parallel texts) as a "
4043:, commonly referred to as "suffering",
3285:and delivered his third discourse, the
3189:(Benares), he met another wanderer, an
2431:In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor
2361:
1711:
1161:, and additional discourses, i.e., the
975:(the Himalayan foothils of present-day
967:and religious teacher who lived in the
151:Cremated; ashes divided among followers
27:Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism
14:
21775:
21757:
21000:List of Buddhist architecture in China
18409:(2nd ed.). New York: Grove Press.
18101:
18080:
17867:
17847:
17842:
17830:
17787:
17764:
17755:
17732:
17723:
17665:
17604:
17557:The Orissa Historical Research Journal
17509:
17500:
17469:
17460:
17435:
17314:
17255:
17159:
17070:A Concise History of the Indian People
16996:
16970:
16936:
16927:
16880:
16852:
16834:
16793:
16555:
16509:An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy
16474:
16270:Huntington, John C. (September 1986),
16139:
15952:
15934:
15806:
15674:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.,
15641:Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894),
15640:
15536:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015),
15337:from the original on 13 September 2022
15315:
15144:
15135:
14906:(2006). "The Buddha and Omniscience".
14842:Bakker, Freek L. (30 September 2009).
14841:
14461:
14421:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy
14297:
14214:
14187:
13959:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13951:
13934:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
13884:
13872:
13860:
13810:
13798:
13777:
13750:
13717:
13705:
13693:
13681:
13606:
13558:
13495:
13446:
13434:
13402:
13390:
13318:
13306:
13272:
13221:
13209:
13197:
13185:
13173:
13101:
13089:
13065:
13053:
13041:
12875:
12802:
12737:"The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind"
12652:
12580:
12568:
12525:
12407:
12316:
12304:
12268:
12238:
12116:
12080:
11914:
11830:
11803:
11767:
11708:
11681:
11657:
11633:
11609:
11597:
11533:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11488:
11476:
11440:
11165:
11045:
11033:
11021:
11009:
10997:
10937:
10910:
10883:
10871:
10859:
10800:
10798:
10777:
10762:
10714:
10702:
10690:
10675:
10663:
10639:
10600:
10564:
10497:
10446:
10316:
10304:
10292:
10280:
10268:
10256:
10244:
10206:
9995:
9941:
9911:
9860:
9809:
9785:
9671:
9586:
9574:
9550:
9464:
9458:
9411:
9360:
9348:
9300:
9028:
9004:
8882:
8644:
8594:
8433:
8357:
8339:from the original on 13 September 2022
8191:
8179:
8167:
8155:
8126:
8102:
8087:
8075:
8051:
7584:
7579:
7569:
7364:
7358:
7233:
6965:
6742:
6732:
6655:
6649:
6639:
6608:
6316:, a 1996 Indian series which aired on
6303:with Abhishek Urade in the title role.
6273:, it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha.
6010:Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600.
5986:15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha.
5897:style, Southern Thailand, 9th century.
5335:
4990:Physical characteristics of the Buddha
4631:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and
4293:sculpture depicting the Buddha in the
4242:explains, for the Buddha, a person is
3914:, the repeated cycle of becoming; the
3851:
3444:the barber, the Buddha's half-brother
2747:that inspired him. This story of the "
2406:Lumbini pillar contains an inscription
1748:retell previous lives of Gautama as a
1172:, where he is considered an avatar of
1035:. Buddhist tradition holds he died in
21489:
18816:
18599:
18280:
18259:
18232:
18148:
18027:
17989:
17980:
17885:
17706:
17694:from the original on 15 November 2017
17548:Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (January 2014),
17427:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2012),
17415:
17140:
17112:
17099:, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179,
16966:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press
16683:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
16672:
16533:
16524:
16447:
16352:
16341:
16292:from the original on 28 November 2014
16130:
16118:from the original on 25 February 2021
15878:
15871:Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales)
15837:
15553:
15493:
15465:The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction
15324:
15306:
15267:from the original on 30 November 2016
15224:Die Datierung des historischen Buddha
15044:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies.
14758:
14746:
14734:
14579:
14567:
14380:from the original on 3 September 2015
14238:
14117:
14093:
14081:
14069:
14057:
14026:
14014:
13963:
13929:
13848:
13650:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies
13647:
13594:
13342:
13149:
12513:
12501:
12483:from the original on 29 February 2020
12292:
12226:
11356:
11277:from the original on 29 December 2008
10898:
10804:
10738:
10521:
10146:
10128:from the original on 22 December 2010
10013:
9926:
9848:
9613:
9428:from the original on 26 December 2022
9285:
9152:
9116:
8889:Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020).
8888:
8821:from the original on 25 November 2020
8665:
8659:
8285:
7248:
7160:
7128:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In
7057:
6973:
6949:
6945:
6924:
6718:
6591:, p. ), the introductory to the
6548:
6527:Buddha is seated cross-legged in the
6406:series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by
6046:Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya.
5044:
4022:, the repeated cycle of becoming and
3784:...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...
3043:). A Buddha has achieved liberation (
2303:depict the Buddha's (referred to as "
1958:
1522:evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert
1502:
1330:
1302:
1291:Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni (
21747:
18493:Works by or about Siddhārtha Gautama
18180:Kinnard, Jacob N. (1 October 2010).
18170:
18159:
18121:
18016:from the original on 20 October 2020
17021:from the original on 11 January 2023
16707:from the original on 5 November 2018
16675:"Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan"
16626:
16595:from the original on 11 January 2023
16495:from the original on 11 January 2023
16428:
16363:
16321:from the original on 11 January 2023
16296:
16203:from the original on 11 January 2023
16085:from the original on 11 January 2023
16052:from the original on 11 January 2023
15922:from the original on 11 January 2023
15586:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
15523:from the original on 11 January 2023
15482:from the original on 11 January 2023
15446:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
15405:from the original on 23 October 2022
15386:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism
15355:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,
15186:
15174:from the original on 11 January 2023
15153:
15124:
14929:from the original on 26 January 2021
14862:from the original on 11 January 2023
14549:from the original on 11 January 2023
14497:
14362:
14350:from the original on 11 January 2023
14330:Doniger, Wendy (30 September 2010).
13582:
12697:from the original on 11 January 2023
12471:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020).
12443:
11938:
10533:
10509:
10322:
10034:from the original on 11 January 2023
9601:
9092:
9016:
8948:from the original on 11 January 2023
8909:from the original on 11 January 2023
8870:from the original on 28 October 2017
8764:from the original on 11 January 2023
8554:from the original on 11 January 2023
8392:
8264:from the original on 11 January 2023
8250:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733.
7343:
7188:participating institution membership
7098:
6931:
6693:, pp. 1–7), present-day Nepal (
6560:
6130:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film
5540:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven.
4895:
4623:"Cautious optimism in this respect".
4012:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate
3904:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate
3794:
3214:text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the
3004:, thereby attaining liberation from
2293:Legendary biographies like the Pali
2197:In the earliest Buddhist texts, the
2099:Urban environment and egalitarianism
1951:and 330 BCE. According to historian
1846:
1716:Early canonical sources include the
1120:, lacking an existence on their own
18357:(2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan.
17917:Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009),
17650:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita
17618:: McGill University, archived from
17593:from the original on 9 January 2016
17514:, University of Californian Press,
17094:
17076:
16957:
16930:A Philological Approach to Buddhism
16881:———, ed. (2003).
16758:, London: Oxford University Press,
16613:, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac,
15937:Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices
15846:
15669:
15651:, vol. XLIX, Oxford: Clarendon
15228:The Dating of the Historical Buddha
15222:———, ed. (1992).
15215:The Dating of the Historical Buddha
15213:———, ed. (1991).
15062:Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path
15025:. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg.
14374:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13948:
13465:Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness
13005:"Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras"
12196:Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001).
11955:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190.
11518:
10795:
10369:"Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas"
9884:
9872:
9767:from the original on 25 August 2016
9516:
8509:from the original on 26 August 2013
8203:
7454:around the start of the Common Era.
6554:
6162:), a 1925 silent film, directed by
5645:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE.
5287:, Buddha is regarded as one of the
5230:Buddhist influences on Christianity
3500:eight conditions called gurudharmas
3117:) as witness to his superiority by
3093:The legendary biographies like the
2637:The legendary biographies like the
1852:Understanding the historical person
24:
21808:6th-century BC Indian philosophers
20787:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
18074:
17775:from the original on 15 April 2022
17331:from the original on 27 April 2016
16335:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge
15791:State University of New York Press
15085:from the original on 11 April 2021
14689:Barnstone W & Meyer M (2009).
14469:. Popular Prakashan. p. 354.
14333:The Hindus: An Alternative History
12680:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy
11377:from the original on 30 March 2019
9055:Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha
8921:
8705:from the original on 24 April 2022
8351:
7000:Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha:
6673:in Uttar Pradesh, northern India (
6589:Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878
6537:, the Wheel of Buddhist law, with
5874:mandala, Central Java, Indonesia,
5278:
5074:Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum
4750:as the foremost sacrifice and the
4107:), mental activity or formations (
3992:All beings have deeply entrenched
2229:commentaries or texts such as the
1288:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").
395:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
390:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
21914:
21727:Gautama Buddha in world religions
18468:
18354:Society at the Time of the Buddha
18289:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications,
18263:South Asian Politics and Religion
18060:from the original on 16 July 2021
17993:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation
17983:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation
17422:(4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon
17396:from the original on 26 June 2015
16869:from the original on 10 July 2015
16839:, Buddha Educational Foundation,
16399:from the original on 9 April 2015
16247:from the original on 8 March 2021
15643:"The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa"
15282:"The Cause of the Buddha's Death"
15237:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
15042:Early Buddhist Meditation Studies
14465:(2011). S. Devadas Pillai (ed.).
13996:from the original on 27 July 2020
13482:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3.
13003:Andrew Glass, Mark Allon (2007).
12376:
11331:
11243:from the original on 3 March 2013
10952:, p. 483, entry note: .
10345:from the original on 31 July 2010
9818:from the original on 28 June 2016
9749:Journal for the Study of Religion
9474:Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013).
9164:
8744:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017).
8375:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects
7302:for a translation of these texts.
6118:
5208:The Buddha is also regarded as a
5051:Gautama Buddha in world religions
3862:
3656:records his response as follows:
3343:)", to Campa (40 km east of
3242:, the company of Buddhist monks.
2622:of several schools, and numerous
2551:, where monarchies tended toward
2339:his meeting with Dipankara Buddha
2288:
1944:, while Ajatashatru died between
1648:) mentions the titles of several
1408: – Well-gone or Well-spoken.
1362:
141:(according to Buddhist tradition)
116:(according to Buddhist tradition)
21756:
21746:
21468:
21458:
21457:
21015:Thai temple art and architecture
20760:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
19000:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
18866:
18853:
18843:
18797:
18435:A history of Buddhist philosophy
17355:from the original on 21 May 2022
17238:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003),
16783:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16765:from the original on 25 May 2020
16578:A History of Sanskrit Literature
16574:Sanskrit Literature and the West
16568:
16386:Journal of the Pali Text Society
15426:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2003),
15289:Journal of the Pali Text Society
15000:Asian Literature and Translation
14803:
14783:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
14776:
14696:
14683:
14585:
14522:
14491:
14455:
14434:
14413:
14392:
14336:. OUP Oxford. pp. 481–484.
14323:
14275:from the original on 26 May 2022
14136:
14123:
14041:
14032:
13923:
13910:
13901:
13878:
13783:
13735:
13696:, pp. xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 4–5.
13641:
13628:
13471:
13452:
13278:
13020:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 59.
13010:
12997:
12820:
12709:
12464:
12437:
12413:
12370:
12189:
12184:Bhikkhu & von Hinüber (2000)
12166:from the original on 6 June 2011
12146:
12031:
11944:
11714:
11407:from the original on 16 May 2008
11389:
11344:from the original on 18 May 2020
11255:
11225:
10212:
10110:
10101:
10061:
10007:
9989:
9810:Berzin, Alexander (April 2007).
9803:
9736:
9708:
9177:from the original on 15 May 2020
8789:. Penn State Press. p. 29.
8616:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859
8358:Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis".
8003:
7985:
7976:
7967:
7958:
7946:
7936:
7926:
7905:
7879:
7845:
7794:
7765:
7755:
7708:
7699:
7689:
7673:
7663:
7606:
7525:
7512:
7483:
7428:
7414:
7386:
7376:
7014:
6810:
6752:, a life span for the Buddha of
6348:, a 2013 Indian drama series on
6142:), a 1923 Indian silent film by
6091:
6079:
6063:
6051:
6039:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5979:
5963:
5934:
5918:
5902:
5886:
5859:
5831:
5808:
5792:
5776:The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze,
5769:
5753:
5737:
5721:
5709:
5690:
5674:
5662:
5650:
5634:
5622:
5607:
5587:
5565:
5553:
5533:
5521:
5499:
5487:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5415:
4682:
3836:into many new stupas around the
3680:Mahaparinibbana scene, from the
3475:Formation of the bhikkhunī order
3299:Travels and growth of the saṅgha
3277:also speak of the conversion of
3253:of the Theravāda Vinaya and the
3010:, the endless cycle of rebirth.
2566:and the day he got conceived as
2143:Nature of traditional depictions
2118:alms-givings on lay supporters.
1801:is the next oldest biography, a
1568:
1557:
911:
330:
64:, preaching his first sermon at
18867:
18126:(illustrated ed.), Brill,
17068:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1950),
16796:The Dhammapada and Sutta-nipata
16697:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151
16580:, New York: D Appleton & Co
16065:——— (2006b),
16032:——— (2006a).
16024:Buddhism for the New Millennium
15059:——— (2017b).
15040:——— (2017a).
14510:from the original on 2 May 2015
12389:from the original on 7 May 2015
11000:, The Beginnings of Discontent.
9672:Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013).
9607:
9510:
9405:
9354:
9219:
9189:
9158:
9046:
8960:
8895:. Springer Nature. p. 80.
8850:
8803:
8776:
8737:
8588:
8567:
8520:
8486:
8366:
8320:
8209:
7349:
7337:
7305:
7299:Readings Selected by King Asoka
7282:
7255:
7239:
7182:. p. chapter "Buddha, n.".
7062:Gautama namely Gotama in Pali.
5219:
5193:, described as an ideal human.
4536:, the Buddhist teaching of the
4459:Jain and Brahmanical influences
4437:-scheme, as taught in the Pali
3564:members of other śrāmana sects.
3389:The first vassana was spent at
3031:and self-mortification, or the
2646:
959:, most commonly referred to as
21878:Journey to the West characters
21005:Japanese Buddhist architecture
20807:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
19887:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
19078:Places where the Buddha stayed
18625:
18266:. Princeton University Press.
18186:. Fortress Press. p. ix.
17990:——— (2007),
17765:——— (2004).
17756:——— (2000),
17715:, NTU: 343–354, archived from
17632:The Cambridge History of China
17630:Twitchett, Denis, ed. (1986),
17470:——— (2015),
17461:——— (2007),
17441:The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide
17380:——— (1980),
17199:——— (1990),
16953:, Buddhist Publication Society
16650:——— (1960).
16588:The real birth place of Buddha
16585:Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977),
16542:, Princeton University Press,
16353:——— (1956),
16140:Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang (2007),
16097:——— (2009),
16013:——— (1997),
15902:Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015).
15887:. Cambridge University Press.
15755:——— (1993),
15730:The Buddha & his disciples
15540:, Cambridge University Press,
15021:——— (2016).
14994:——— (2015).
14919:——— (2011).
14621:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008),
12725:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
10367:Nagendra, Kumar Singh (1997).
9720:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416
9526:, Dharma farer, archived from
9517:Tan, Piya (21 December 2009),
9250:Reynolds & Hallisey (2005)
8786:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
8493:Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri,
8305:, p. 398, entry "Buddha".
6803:
6175:Dedication of the Great Buddha
5925:Attack of Mara, 10th century,
5560:Standing Buddha from Gandhara.
5372:narrative scenes from his life
3695:argue that the Buddha died of
3513:
2855:representing the stage of his
2513:during the Buddha's lifetime.
1507:
1015:, and meditation, he attained
13:
1:
21838:Indian political philosophers
21020:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
18260:Smith, Donald Eugene (2015).
17739:A Course in Indian Philosophy
17728:, Boston: Wisdom Publications
17614:(master's thesis), Montreal,
17410:A Concise History of Buddhism
16752:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
15994:Gombrich, Richard F. (1988),
15953:Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998),
15728:Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) .
15692:, Columbia University Press,
15506:The Sociology of Philosophies
14444:, Columbia University Press,
13932:Buddhism and Political Theory
13887:Economic and Political Weekly
11542:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
8675:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016).
8219:, Yale University Press, p.24
8015:
7269:
7228:The final dissolution of the
7136:
7091:
6760:
6753:
6360:
6307:
6103:
5949:
5875:
5820:
5777:
5698:
5669:6th century Gandharan Buddha.
5507:
5197:, who was also familiar with
5090:
4825:, the Buddha posed the first
4782:, the Buddha points out that
4575:
4431:, which is elaborated in the
4379:. Other early texts like the
4138:Buddha statue with the famed
3961:concludes that the Theravada
3858:The Buddha and early Buddhism
3805:Relics associated with Buddha
3273:The Theravāda Vinaya and the
3226:(Kaundinya) became the first
2924:meditation. According to the
2669:who have come to pay homage;
2505:was "an elected chief of the
2462:, the ancient capital of the
1973:
1945:
1938:
1927:
1916:
1797:in the first century CE. The
1674:
1665:"Sakamuni" is also mentioned
1586:
1440: – Worthy of homage. An
1422:Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi
1256:
1200:, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE
125:
101:
81:Archaeological Museum Sarnath
73:
21803:6th-century BC Indian people
21788:5th-century BC Indian people
20777:Buddhism and the Roman world
20753:Decline of Buddhism in India
20748:History of Buddhism in India
18848: Topics in
18502:Works by or about Shakyamuni
18437:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
18175:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
17274:Journal of Indian Philosophy
17233:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
17167:, Cambridge University Press
17033:Prebish, Charles S. (2008),
16939:K.R. Norman Collected Papers
16885:. New Delhi: BR Publishing.
16780:"Barlaam and Josaphat"
16721:"Two Birth Plates of Buddha"
16719:Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000),
16673:Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016),
16525:Leidy, Denise Patty (2008).
16422:Early Buddhist Narrative Art
16415:, University of Hawaii Press
16297:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
15688:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003),
15509:, Harvard University Press,
15393:Bucknell, Robert S. (1984),
14877:
14440:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),
12888:David J. Kalupahana (1975).
12162:, Access insight, verse 56,
10940:, Incitements to Leave Home.
10020:. Archana Verma. p. 1.
8451:, p. Entry "Tathāgata".
8117:, p. entry "Sakyamuni".
8020:
7775:Perspectives on Satipatthana
7059:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐɡɐʊtɐmɐ]
6926:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐgɐʊtɐmɐ]
6713:
4443:and the sixteen elements of
4315:Buddhist paths to liberation
3526:Stupa at the Indian Museum,
3245:Various sources such as the
2792:. He travelled to the river
2014:
1692:Oldest surviving manuscripts
1549:Pillar and rock inscriptions
1343:), "one who has thus come" (
1314:
1230:(awakening, enlightenment).
593:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
21798:5th-century BC philosophers
19975:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
19715:
18217:Rockhill, William Woodville
17707:Waley, Arthur (July 1932),
16607:Malalasekera, G.P. (1960),
16478:India's Agony Over Religion
16452:, Oxford University Press,
16420:Karetzky, Patricia (2000),
16300:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
16265:(in Sanskrit). p. 164.
15908:. Oxford University Press.
15883:An Introduction to Hinduism
15468:, Oxford University Press,
14607:10.1051/shsconf/20185304001
12854:, p. 173 with note 16.
12677:Steven M. Emmanuel (2015).
12423:(PDF) (2nd ed.), New York:
11720:Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995).
9225:Das, Sarat Chandra (1882).
8496:Great Virtues of the Buddha
7823:
7501:as well as sections of the
6500:List of Indian philosophers
6483:
6421:, written in German in 1922
6187:
5055:
5036:
4862:Other early texts like the
4742:92 and Vinaya i 246 of the
4467:The Bodhisattva meets with
4345:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4028:Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta
4016:
3924:
3908:
3570:identifies six such sects.
3550:, who overthrew his father
3237:
3144:to his first five disciples
3016:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
2538:
2527:
1184:Etymology, names and titles
10:
21919:
21793:5th century BC in religion
20925:The unanswerable questions
18453:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
18351:Wagle, Narendra K (1995).
17472:Buddhisms: An Introduction
17419:The Early History of India
17042:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
16777:Mershman, Francis (1907).
16507:Laumakis, Stephen (2008),
16411:Kalupahana, David (1992),
16333:Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963),
16223:University of Hawaii Press
15998:, Routledge and Kegan Paul
15349:Boisvert, Mathieu (1995),
15248:Princeton University Press
14953:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
14816:Metropolitan Museum of Art
14129:Olivelle, Patrick (1974),
13970:Philosophy East & West
13964:Moore, Matthew J. (2015).
13930:Moore, Matthew J. (2016).
12735:Karunamuni ND (May 2015).
12425:Cambridge University Press
10432:Keown & Prebish (2013)
9897:Coningham & Young 2015
9743:Clasquin-Johnson, Michel.
9632:10.1177/037698360303000201
9053:Olivelle, Patrick (2008).
8970:. UW Press. Archived from
7111:Lumbini pillar inscription
6748:According to Pali scholar
6510:Miracles of Gautama Buddha
6286:A Journey of Samyak Buddha
6127:
6111:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5799:Amaravati style Buddha of
5629:Buddha statue from Sanchi.
5339:
5223:
5081:Gautama Buddha in Hinduism
5078:
5048:
4998:Buddhist monks from Nepal.
4987:
4972:Good karma is also termed
4711:
4555:
4327:) of training to undo the
4323:The Buddha taught a path (
4312:
4075:(six sense bases) and the
3987:
3877:
3874:birchbark scroll fragments
3855:
3798:
3767:Buddha's cremation stupa,
3378:may be a standardisation.
3339:(25 km south-west of
2972:from a village girl named
2891:, as recreated by Emperor
2866:The Mahabodhi Tree at the
2832:
2829:Ascetic life and awakening
2697:impurity, is narrow – the
2650:
2102:
1963:
1860:, and during the reign of
1686:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho
1627:Lumbini pillar inscription
1583:Lumbini pillar inscription
1511:
1497:
1268:Lumbini pillar inscription
1031:, teaching and building a
995:, to royal parents of the
31:
21883:Seven Buddhas of the Past
21742:
21528:
21453:
21405:
21320:
21235:
21010:Buddhist temples in Korea
20933:
20835:
20718:
20415:
20343:
20170:
20043:
19983:
19618:
19573:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
19484:
19476:Three planes of existence
19424:
19269:
19161:
19091:
19083:Buddha in world religions
18945:
18890:
18862:
18794:
18781:
18633:
18584:
18571:
18563:
18558:
18548:
18543:
18535:
18528:
18201:Lamotte, Etienne (1988),
17981:Wynne, Alexander (2004),
17286:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8
17265:Shulman, Eviatar (2008),
17260:, Oxford University Press
17229:Schober, Juliane (2002),
17127:10.1017/s0041977x00017572
17095:Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984),
17081:, Oxford University Press
17077:Ray, Reginald A. (1999),
17072:, Oxford University Press
16964:Oxford English Dictionary
16734:: 113–119, archived from
16565:Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony
16534:Lopez, Donald S. (1995),
16529:. Shambhala Publications.
16433:. New York: Grove Press.
16377:Jurewicz, Joanna (2000),
15957:, Oxford University Press
15842:, Oxford University Press
15598:10.1017/s1356186300014760
15503:Collins, Randall (2009),
15494:Cohen, Robert S. (2006),
15327:"On Translating "Buddha""
15295:: 105–118, archived from
15145:Baroni, Helen J. (2002),
15107:Armstrong, Karen (2000),
14720:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
14504:The Buddha and his Dharma
11538:Boisselier, Jean (1994).
10373:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism
10339:World Heritage Convention
10107:MN 71 Tevijjavacchagotta
9996:Yaldiz, Marianne (1987).
9414:"What the Buddha Thought"
9375:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7
8934:. Routledge. p. 64.
8689:10.1163/9789004315518_016
7716:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta
7660:can mean "pig's delight".
7518:a Chinese translation of
7317:Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini
7175:Oxford English Dictionary
7081:Buswell & Lopez (2014
7064:Buswell & Lopez (2014
7008:Buswell & Lopez (2014
6490:Buddhist pilgrimage sites
6379:The Buddha and His Dhamma
6300:The Buddha and His Dhamma
6181:
5226:Buddhism and Christianity
5016:32 Signs of the Great Man
4878:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta
4864:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta
4841:Socio-political teachings
4746:, the Buddha praises the
4178:
2952:
2937:
2835:Enlightenment in Buddhism
2590:"32 marks of a great man"
2466:Kingdom (what is now the
1887:
1494:" (ascetic, renunciate).
1296:
305:
301:
287:
282:
268:
263:
259:
255:
245:
235:
230:
222:Shakyamuni ("Sage of the
216:
205:
182:
166:
156:
146:
129: 483 BCE or 400 BCE
121:
105: 563 BCE or 480 BCE
93:
88:
54:
47:
21853:National heroes of Nepal
21673:Physical characteristics
20792:Persecution of Buddhists
20013:Four stages of awakening
19394:Three marks of existence
18980:Physical characteristics
18484:Works by or about Buddha
18414:Vetter, Tilmann (1988),
18140:Epstein, Ronald (2003),
18028:Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009).
17854:, Motilall Banarsidass,
17724:Walshe, Maurice (1995),
17666:Vetter, Tilmann (1988),
17492:Swearer, Donald (2004),
17408:Skilton, Andrew (2004),
16997:Penner, Hans H. (2009),
16468:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
16450:A Dictionary of Buddhism
16215:Hirakawa, Akira (1990),
15978:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15879:Flood, Gavin D. (1996).
15690:Indian Esoteric Buddhism
15672:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15648:Sacred Books of the East
15645:, in Müller, Max (ed.),
15428:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15316:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005a),
15098:Anderson, Carol (1999),
14976:, Windhorse Publications
14096:, pp. 146–148, 156.
13720:, pp. xxxiv–xxxvii.
13478:Mun-Keat Choong (1999).
13333:, pp. 80, 128, 135.
13016:Mun-keat Choong (2000),
12754:10.1177/2158244015583860
12154:"Maha-parinibbana Sutta"
11540:The wisdom of the Buddha
9998:Investigating Indian Art
9620:Indian Historical Review
9614:Sarao, K. T. S. (2003),
8928:Leoshko, Janice (2017).
8483:Curzon Press 1995, p.227
8449:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8315:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8303:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8229:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8115:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8078:, pp. 5, 9, 10, 14.
7210:Buswell & Lopez 2014
6699:Keown & Prebish 2013
6667:Keown & Prebish 2013
6644:Keown & Prebish 2013
6515:
6495:Family of Gautama Buddha
6449:
6265:, a 2008 Indian film by
6123:
5582:, Egypt, 2nd century CE.
5189:even compared Buddha to
5149:could be a reference to
5128:
4984:Physical characteristics
4817:explains all classes or
4566:The Buddha on a coin of
4539:three marks of existence
4517:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
3084:Five Spiritual Faculties
3054:) had been reached; the
2243:Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta
2237:, the Buddha's disciple
2138:Semi-legendary biography
2023:schools of thought like
1764:into his mother's womb.
1698:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
963:('the awakened'), was a
38:Gautama (disambiguation)
21570:ten principal disciples
20155:Ten principal disciples
19038:(aunt, adoptive mother)
18226:A Buddhist Kaleidoscope
18219:, London: Trübner, 1884
18116:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010
18096:10.3406/befeo.1975.3845
17962:Williams, Paul (2002).
17872:, Motilal Banarsidass,
17528:Trainor, Kevin (2010),
17510:Thapar, Romila (2004),
17501:Thapar, Romila (2002),
17416:Smith, Vincent (1924),
17343:Siderits, Mark (2019),
17242:, Motilal Banarsidass,
17005:Oxford University Press
16821:, Motilal Banarsidass,
16794:Muller, F. Max (2001),
16747:Monier-Williams, Monier
16475:Larson, Gerald (1995),
16099:What the Buddha thought
15955:Foundations of Buddhism
15939:, Sussex Academic Press
15462:Carrithers, M. (2001),
15325:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2020),
15307:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005),
14423:, Motilal Banarsidass,
14269:Encyclopedia Britannica
14150:3 February 2020 at the
13293:6 December 2019 at the
13284:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995).
12842:, p. 305, note 19.
12383:Encyclopædia Britannica
12365:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12353:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12341:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12329:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12105:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12057:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12044:30 January 2020 at the
12037:Bhikkhu Sujato (2012),
12002:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11816:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11792:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11780:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11756:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11744:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11729:2 November 2022 at the
11646:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11622:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11586:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11465:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11453:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11401:Encyclopædia Britannica
11338:Encyclopædia Britannica
11082:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
10589:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
10014:Verma, Archana (2007).
9957:Stein & Arnold 2012
9851:, pp. 8–23, ch. 2.
9678:Buddhist Studies Review
9412:Eiland, Murray (2020).
9213:2 November 2022 at the
9198:, ix–x in "Forward" to
7246:Sanskrit pronunciation:
7180:Oxford University Press
6371:, an 1879 epic poem by
6213:, a 1972 drama film by
6144:Dhundiraj Govind Phalke
4965:) as outlined in MN 41
4769:were eternal revealed (
4669:, is a later addition.
4425:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi
3615:, his chief attendant.
2624:post-canonical accounts
1995:(and, hence impure) in
1684:, with the inscription
1393:Perfectly self-awakened
613:Philosophical reasoning
34:Buddha (disambiguation)
20865:Buddhism and democracy
20378:Tibetan Buddhist canon
20373:Chinese Buddhist canon
19605:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
19600:Early Buddhist schools
18406:What the Buddha Taught
18090:(1), Persée: 151–189,
17836:Wayman, Alex (1984b),
17824:Wayman, Alex (1984a),
17648:Upadhyaya, KN (1971),
17315:Shults, Brett (2014),
17144:(1914), "B (b) 181.",
17097:A history of the Jains
16728:Indologica Taurinensia
16556:Ludden, David (1985),
16158:Hamilton, Sue (2000),
16133:India through the ages
16017:, Munshiram Manoharlal
15852:Banāras, City of Light
15580:Cousins, L.S. (1996).
15136:Bareau, André (1963),
14848:. BRILL. p. 135.
14598:SHS Web of Conferences
14142:Mazard, Eisel (2010).
13634:Harvey, Peter (1990).
12747:(2): 215824401558386.
12721:3 January 2018 at the
12419:Harvey, Peter (2013),
12216:– via BuddhaNet.
11951:Mahajan, V.D. (2016).
11251:– via BuddhaNet.
11048:, The Great Departure.
11024:, The Great Departure.
9363:Journal of Biosciences
9229:. First published in:
8811:"Definition of dhamma"
8467:13 August 2012 at the
6464:based on Arnold's poem
6460:, an 1886 oratorio by
6278:Sri Siddhartha Gautama
6070:Burmese style Buddha,
5941:Cambodian Buddha with
5909:Seated Buddha, Japan,
5866:Buddha in the exposed
5681:Buddha at Cave No. 6,
5594:Gandharan Buddha with
5391:Central Asian Buddhism
5250:
5076:
5064:Buddha incarnation of
4999:
4885:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta,
4730:
4717:Critique of Brahmanism
4582:
4476:
4358:, which refers to the
4310:
4298:
4282:The path to liberation
4248:
4168:
4147:
3875:
3845:First Buddhist Council
3811:Mahaparinibbana sutta,
3791:
3772:
3754:immaterial attainments
3723:Mahaparinibbana sutta,
3715:Buddhist vegetarianism
3684:
3673:
3663:
3616:
3530:
3484:
3316:
3308:
3145:
2916:
2896:
2895:in the 3rd century BCE
2874:
2859:
2725:
2678:
2409:
2397:
2379:
2217:) being. According to
2194:
2168:
2163:, mid-1st century CE,
1980:
1646:Minor Rock Edict No. 3
1414: – Knower of the
1201:
1086:kindness toward others
1066:rebirth, and suffering
380:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
294:
275:
21843:Prophets in Ahmadiyya
21828:Founders of religions
20875:Eight Consciousnesses
18985:Life of Buddha in art
18334:. Delhi: Sri Satguru.
18171:Katz, Nathan (1982),
18110:(1), Persée: 45–103,
17868:Wayman, Alex (1997),
17733:Warder, A.K. (1998).
17534:, London: Routledge,
17476:Oneworld Publications
17465:, Motilal Banarsidass
17445:Oneworld Publications
17256:Sharma, R.S. (2006),
16928:Norman, K.R. (1997),
16853:Narain, A.K. (1993),
16786:Catholic Encyclopedia
16627:Mani, B. R. (2012) ,
16262:Inscriptions of Asoka
16259:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
16167:Hartmann, Jens Uwe. "
15948:, Motilal Banarsidass
15935:Fowler, Mark (2005),
15868:Fausböll, V. (1878),
15807:Dundas, Paul (2002),
15636:– via Indology.
15555:Conze, Edward, trans.
15421:, Wisdom Publications
15376:, Motilal Banarsidass
15013:10.18573/j.2015.10216
14144:"The Buddha was bald"
13982:10.1353/pew.2015.0002
12379:"The Buddha's relics"
12198:"How the Buddha died"
11624:, pp. 48, 54–59.
7214:Ariyapariyesana Sutta
6790:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
6738:405: Richard Gombrich
6393:Hammalawa Saddhatissa
6237:as Prince Siddhartha.
6098:Head of Buddha, from
5702: 5th century CE
5641:Birth of the Buddha,
5393:, were influenced by
5350:Life of Buddha in art
5342:Aniconism in Buddhism
5289:Manifestations of God
5241:
5063:
4997:
4724:
4565:
4558:Presectarian Buddhism
4466:
4368:the awakening factors
4304:
4289:
4244:
4163:
4152:dependent origination
4134:
4127:Dependent Origination
3982:Gandharan Manuscripts
3930:dependent origination
3870:
3778:
3766:
3679:
3668:
3658:
3634:Mahaparinibbana sutta
3627:Mahaparinirvanasutra"
3622:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
3610:
3521:
3496:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī
3482:
3422:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta
3314:
3306:
3132:
3109:depict an attempt by
3080:Dependent Origination
3056:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
2926:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
2902:
2880:
2865:
2846:
2817:in the streets, King
2715:
2690:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
2660:
2626:, Gotama had a wife,
2403:
2385:
2369:
2174:
2150:
2068:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta
1971:
1726:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta
1718:Ariyapariyesana Sutta
1543:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
1529:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta
1428:Satthadeva-Manussanam
1332:[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ]
1307:) means "Sage of the
1191:
1112:, describing how all
1110:dependent origination
648:Aids to Enlightenment
473:Dependent Origination
77: 5th century CE
21863:Philosophers of mind
21858:Philosophers of love
21548:Noble Eightfold Path
21352:East Asian religions
20782:Buddhism in the West
20353:Early Buddhist texts
19968:Four Right Exertions
19434:Ten spiritual realms
18927:Noble Eightfold Path
18773:The Buddha (Gautama)
18443:Robinson, Richard H.
18431:Kalupahana, David J.
18303:von Hinüber, Oskar.
18149:Jones, J.J. (1949),
17790:History of Religions
17463:Relics of the Buddha
17258:India's Ancient Past
16837:A Manual of Buddhism
16558:India and South Asia
16538:Buddhism in Practice
16366:The Eastern Buddhist
16342:Jones, J.J. (1952),
15382:Bronkhorst, Johannes
15370:Bronkhorst, Johannes
15320:, Simon and Schuster
15311:, Simon and Schuster
14120:, pp. 151, 167.
14084:, pp. 111, 125.
10950:Monier-Williams 1899
8604:Indo-Iranian Journal
7250:[ɕɑːkjəmuni]
6710:Conception and birth
6242:The Legend of Buddha
5893:Vairocana Buddha of
5617:period Buddha Triad.
5273:Barlaam and Josaphat
5253:The Christian saint
5199:Manichaean teachings
5111:and the concepts of
4765:caste held that the
4756:Brahmanical religion
4663:Lambert Schmithausen
4611:Lambert Schmithausen
4360:Noble Eightfold Path
4305:Buddha Statues from
4207:Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta
3942:Noble Eightfold Path
3892:("formations"), the
3880:Early Buddhist Texts
3424:, were converted by
3401:, and met with King
3288:Ādittapariyāya Sutta
3033:Noble Eightfold Path
2884:Enlightenment Throne
2620:early Buddhist Texts
2362:Birth and early life
2184:palm-leaf manuscript
1829:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra
1712:Biographical sources
1514:Early Buddhist texts
1398:Vijja-carana-sampano
1376:Bhagavato (Bhagavan)
1353:transitory phenomena
1304:[ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ]
1145:dialects through an
1090:meditative practices
1078:training of the mind
1074:Noble Eightfold Path
618:Devotional practices
441:Noble Eightfold Path
62:Statue of the Buddha
21873:Social philosophers
21823:Classical humanists
21607:Mahapajapati Gotami
21475:Religion portal
21222:Temple of the Tooth
21101:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
20140:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
19633:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
19416:Two truths doctrine
19236:Mahapajapati Gotamī
19036:Mahapajapati Gotamī
18804:Religion portal
18545:Buddhist Patriarch
18372:Weise, Kai (2013).
18122:Eade, J.C. (1995),
17886:Weise, Kai (2013),
17494:Becoming the Buddha
17201:Buddhism and Nature
16429:Keay, John (2011).
16305:Motilal Banarsidass
16007:, pp. 237–259.
15838:Dyson, Tim (2019),
15628:on 26 February 2011
15559:Buddhist Scriptures
15417:Buddhadasa (2017),
15204:, ed. (1991–1997),
14570:, pp. 231–232.
14190:, pp. 441–460.
14178:, pp. 137–138.
14017:, pp. 107–109.
13670:Schmithausen (1981)
13508:Schmithausen (1990)
13224:, pp. 83, 165.
13212:, pp. 217–218.
13104:, pp. 134–135.
13056:, pp. 146–147.
13044:, pp. 136–137.
13032:, pp. 119–120.
12941:, pp. 147–150.
12917:, pp. 135–136.
12817:, pp. 167–168.
12805:, pp. 141–142.
12410:, pp. 136–137.
12229:, pp. 343–354.
12208:on 14 November 2012
12119:, pp. 165–166.
12107:, pp. 286–288.
11929:, pp. 232–233.
11893:, pp. 111–112.
11672:, pp. 291–292.
11670:Malalasekera (1960)
11636:, pp. 116–117.
11334:"Four Noble Truths"
11192:, pp. 234–235.
10461:, pp. 436–437.
9800:, pp. 199–200.
9553:, pp. 140–152.
9486:on 26 November 2013
9480:National Geographic
9303:, pp. 187–201.
8585:, pp. 198–206.
8182:, pp. 4–7, 44.
7652:, "pig's foot" and
7575:Schmithausen (1981)
7178:(Online ed.).
7126:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī
6685:, p. 108), or
6231:Bernardo Bertolucci
6140:Life of Lord Buddha
5913:, 9th-10th century.
5403:East Asian Buddhist
5397:, a style known as
5336:Artistic depictions
5294:Some early Chinese
5072:, Medieval period.
4868:Mahāsudassana Sutta
4671:Johannes Bronkhorst
4493:Johannes Bronkhorst
4449:, as taught in the
4319:Buddhist meditation
4156:evam sati idam hoti
3852:Teachings and views
3556:Samaññaphala Sutta,
3554:. According to the
3374:dialects, of which
3264:Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra
3198:Deer Park (Sarnath)
3119:touching the ground
3062:tree—known as "the
2630:, and a son, named
2525:(Solar dynasty) of
2348:) and the Sanskrit
2111:Second Urbanisation
1799:Lalitavistara Sūtra
1776:Lalitavistara Sūtra
1758:Achariyabhuta Sutta
1742:Achariyabhuta Sutta
1642:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī
1430: – Teacher of
1286:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī
1029:Indo-Gangetic Plain
969:Indian subcontinent
918:Buddhism portal
791:Buddhism by country
553:Sanskrit literature
21587:Great Renunciation
21582:Eight Great Events
21397:Western philosophy
20995:Dzong architecture
20817:Vipassana movement
20812:Buddhist modernism
20240:Emperor Wen of Sui
20008:Pratyekabuddhayāna
19941:Threefold Training
19743:Vipassana movement
19459:Hungry Ghost realm
19279:Avidyā (Ignorance)
19226:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
18975:Great Renunciation
18970:Eight Great Events
18852:
18160:Kala, U. (2006) ,
17676:von Hinüber, Oskar
17605:Turpie, D (2001),
17429:A History of India
17303:on 23 October 2022
17063:on 28 January 2012
16798:, Routledge (UK),
16591:, Grantha Mandir,
16015:How Buddhism Began
15775:on 28 October 2013
15125:Asvaghosa (1883),
14419:C. Sharma (2013),
13753:, pp. 85, 88.
13345:, pp. 23, 37.
11237:Life of the Buddha
10577:Hiltebeitel (2013)
10413:on 31 October 2012
9814:. Study Buddhism.
9731:Jayatilleke (1963)
9696:on 1 November 2020
9165:Wynne, Alexander.
9119:, pp. 34, 48.
8583:von Hinüber (2008)
8481:The Selfless Mind.
8460:Chalmers, Robert.
8215:Donald Lopez Jr.,
7538:Samaññaphala Sutta
7533:Mahāsaccaka-sutta,
7520:Mahāsīhanāda-sutta
6714:Birthplace Sources
6681:, pp. 61–74;
6441:, a 1981 novel by
6356:in the title role.
6250:The Life of Buddha
6150:in the title role.
6100:Hadda, Afghanistan
5955:, Banteay Chhmar,
5399:Greco-Buddhist art
5387:Gandharan Buddhism
5251:
5077:
5045:In other religions
5020:mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa
5000:
4920:In another sutta (
4731:
4605:, and the Chinese
4583:
4514:sources, like the
4477:
4440:Satipatthana Sutta
4407:(mindfulness) and
4376:Samaññaphala Sutta
4311:
4299:
4148:
4115:), consciousness (
3876:
3872:Gandharan Buddhist
3792:
3773:
3758:nirodha-samāpatti,
3685:
3674:
3617:
3568:Samaññaphala Sutta
3531:
3485:
3317:
3309:
3275:Catusparisat-sūtra
3255:Catusparisat-sūtra
3168:Catusparisat-sūtra
3166:discourse, in the
3146:
2917:
2897:
2875:
2860:
2839:Nirvana (Buddhism)
2806:deity at Anomiya.
2726:
2679:
2653:Great Renunciation
2519:hereditary monarch
2468:Rupandehi District
2410:
2398:
2380:
2283:Michael Carrithers
2195:
2169:
2072:Samaññaphala Sutta
1981:
1959:Historical context
1503:Historical sources
1240:) from falsehood.
1202:
957:Siddhartha Gautama
405:Buddhist modernism
276:Siddhārtha Gautama
98:Siddhartha Gautama
21813:Avatars of Vishnu
21770:
21769:
21543:Four Noble Truths
21483:
21482:
21121:Om mani padme hum
20827:Women in Buddhism
20743:Buddhist councils
20613:Western countries
20401:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
20162:Shaolin Monastery
19739:Samatha-vipassanā
19349:Pratītyasamutpāda
19153:Metteyya/Maitreya
19071:
19063:
19055:
19047:
19039:
19031:
19023:
18900:Four Noble Truths
18810:
18809:
18594:
18593:
18585:Succeeded by
18549:Succeeded by
18479:Project Gutenberg
18460:978-0-534-20718-2
18385:978-92-3-001208-3
18364:978-81-7154-553-7
18296:978-1-85168-184-6
18273:978-1-4008-7908-3
18253:978-81-317-1677-9
18193:978-0-8006-9748-8
18133:978-90-04-10437-2
18006:978-0-203-96300-5
17973:978-0-415-20701-0
17943:on 27 August 2014
17933:978-1-886439-42-9
17912:on 30 August 2014
17902:978-92-3-001208-3
17895:, Paris: UNESCO,
17879:978-81-208-1321-2
17861:978-81-208-0675-7
17748:978-81-208-1244-4
17659:978-81-208-0880-5
17641:978-0-521-24327-8
17541:978-1-136-98588-1
17485:978-1-78074-506-0
17454:978-1-78074-054-6
17249:978-81-208-1817-0
17014:978-0-19-538582-3
16989:978-0-7619-9664-4
16846:978-967-9920-58-1
16828:978-81-208-0272-8
16741:on 4 October 2012
16642:A Guide To Sanchi
16549:978-0-691-04442-2
16518:978-0-521-85413-9
16488:978-0-7914-2411-7
16440:978-0-8021-9550-0
16314:978-81-208-0805-8
16196:978-1-136-87597-7
16175:, pp. 27–45.
16151:978-0-9789067-7-1
16078:978-1-134-21718-2
16045:978-1-134-19639-5
15987:978-0-02-865910-7
15915:978-0-19-026692-9
15894:978-0-521-43878-0
15824:978-0-415-26606-2
15768:978-955-24-0104-6
15699:978-0-231-12618-2
15561:, London: Penguin
15547:978-0-521-84697-4
15516:978-0-674-02977-4
15475:978-0-02-865910-7
15455:978-0-691-15786-3
15437:978-0-02-865910-7
15362:978-0-88920-257-3
15196:, London: Trübner
15167:978-0-307-77879-6
15118:978-0-7538-1340-9
15075:978-3-89733-415-1
15051:978-1-5404-1050-4
15032:978-3-89733-387-1
14972:Analayo (2013c),
14708:www.info-sikh.com
14634:978-0-231-70094-8
14476:978-81-7154-807-1
14450:978-0-231-14987-7
14429:978-81-208-0365-7
14408:978-0-415-77227-3
14343:978-0-19-959334-7
14309:978-0-19-935971-4
14166:, pp. 23–24.
13941:978-0-19-046551-3
13851:, pp. 33–34.
13766:Kalupahana (1992)
13730:Bronkhorst (1993)
13542:Bronkhorst (1993)
13420:Bronkhorst (1993)
13369:, pp. 9, 36.
13355:Bronkhorst (1993)
13176:, pp. 63–64.
13140:, pp. 73–74.
13128:, pp. 62–64.
12994:, pp. 19–20.
12970:, pp. 9, 67.
12901:978-0-8248-0298-1
12826:Hajime Nakamura.
12690:978-1-119-14466-3
12516:, pp. 32–33.
12433:978-0-521-85942-4
11845:, pp. 40–41.
11794:, pp. 79–83.
11588:, pp. 44–45.
11467:, pp. 30–35.
11371:Access to Insight
11322:, pp. 74–75.
11267:Access to Insight
11233:"The Golden Bowl"
11168:, pp. 19–20.
11012:, pp. 15–16.
10901:, pp. 39–40.
10838:, pp. 45–46.
10717:, pp. 11–12.
10654:, pp. 49–50.
10642:, pp. 14–15.
10486:Huntington (1986)
10382:978-81-7488-168-7
10195:Carrithers (2001)
10171:Carrithers (2001)
10161:, pp. 64–65.
10122:Access to Insight
10089:on 9 January 2016
10069:Tan, Piya (trans)
10027:978-1-4073-0151-8
9533:on 9 January 2016
9461:, pp. 37–58.
9288:, pp. 82–87.
9274:Bechert 1991–1997
9264:, pp. 10–13.
9064:978-0-8147-6216-5
8941:978-1-351-55030-7
8902:978-981-15-8067-3
8863:Access to Insight
8796:978-0-271-03803-2
8757:978-0-691-17632-1
8698:978-90-04-31551-8
8662:, pp. 46–47.
8257:978-81-208-3105-6
8170:, pp. 40–41.
8042:, pp. 57–63.
7596:Bronkhorst (1993)
7491:Mahāsaccaka-sutta
7452:"Hindu-synthesis"
7186:(Subscription or
7115:Buddha Shakyamuni
7105:). Particularly,
6478:Dinesh Subasinghe
6457:The Light of Asia
6368:The Light of Asia
6262:Tathagatha Buddha
6233:, the film stars
6229:, a 1994 film by
6198:Gotoma the Buddha
6160:The Light of Asia
5744:Seated Buddha at
5697:Standing Buddha,
5546:Satavahana period
5330:Guru Gobind Singh
5243:Christ and Buddha
4896:Worldly happiness
4627:Scholars such as
4452:Anapanasati Sutta
4356:Four Noble Truths
4276:anti-essentialist
3938:Four Noble Truths
3809:According to the
3795:Posthumous events
3693:Oskar von Hinüber
3372:Middle Indo-Aryan
3323:, in what is now
3142:Four Noble Truths
3013:According to the
3002:Four Noble Truths
2965:Mahāsaccaka-sutta
2887:of the Buddha at
2572:Buddha's Birthday
2393:'s birthplace in
2299:and the Sanskrit
2125:(the location of
2070:, as recorded in
2064:Pakudha Kaccāyana
2060:Ajita Kesakambalī
1847:Historical person
1740:(DN 14), and the
1734:Mahāsaccaka-sutta
1631:Buddha Shakyamuni
1524:Oskar von Hinüber
1272:Buddha Shakyamuni
1143:Middle Indo-Aryan
1070:Four Noble Truths
991:, in what is now
965:wandering ascetic
954:
953:
436:Four Noble Truths
309:
308:
295:Siddhattha Gotama
16:(Redirected from
21910:
21833:Indian ethicists
21760:
21759:
21750:
21749:
21646:pilgrimage sites
21641:Mahabodhi Temple
21510:
21503:
21496:
21487:
21486:
21473:
21472:
21461:
21460:
21300:Sacred languages
21148:Maya Devi Temple
21111:Mahabodhi Temple
20915:Secular Buddhism
20880:Engaged Buddhism
19720:
19568:Tibetan Buddhism
19519:Vietnamese Thiền
19118:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
19069:
19061:
19053:
19045:
19037:
19029:
19021:
18870:
18869:
18857:
18847:
18837:
18830:
18823:
18814:
18813:
18802:
18801:
18620:
18613:
18606:
18597:
18596:
18581:
18564:Preceded by
18536:Preceded by
18526:
18525:
18506:Internet Archive
18497:Internet Archive
18488:Internet Archive
18464:
18452:
18438:
18424:Buddhism general
18419:
18410:
18389:
18368:
18347:
18335:
18316:
18299:
18288:
18277:
18256:
18229:
18220:
18215:, translated by
18206:
18197:
18176:
18167:
18163:Maha Yazawin Gyi
18156:
18145:
18136:
18118:
18098:
18069:
18067:
18065:
18024:
18023:
18021:
18015:
17998:
17986:
17977:
17964:Buddhist Thought
17958:
17952:
17944:
17942:
17936:, archived from
17925:
17913:
17911:
17905:, archived from
17894:
17882:
17864:
17840:
17828:
17820:
17784:
17782:
17780:
17761:
17752:
17729:
17720:
17703:
17701:
17699:
17671:
17662:
17644:
17626:
17625:on 15 April 2007
17624:
17613:
17601:
17600:
17598:
17592:
17581:
17571:
17570:on 18 March 2012
17569:
17554:
17544:
17524:
17506:
17497:
17488:
17466:
17457:
17432:
17423:
17412:
17404:
17403:
17401:
17376:
17363:
17362:
17360:
17339:
17338:
17336:
17311:
17310:
17308:
17302:
17296:, archived from
17271:
17261:
17252:
17234:
17225:
17219:
17211:
17195:
17189:
17181:
17168:
17161:Samuel, Geoffrey
17156:
17137:
17109:
17108:
17091:
17082:
17073:
17064:
17062:
17056:, archived from
17039:
17029:
17028:
17026:
16993:
16981:
16967:
16954:
16947:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu
16942:
16933:
16924:
16902:Social Scientist
16896:
16877:
16876:
16874:
16849:
16831:
16813:Nakamura, Hajime
16808:
16790:
16782:
16773:
16772:
16770:
16764:
16757:
16742:
16740:
16725:
16715:
16714:
16712:
16706:
16699:
16679:
16669:
16663:
16655:
16646:
16632:
16623:
16603:
16602:
16600:
16581:
16572:
16560:
16552:
16541:
16530:
16521:
16503:
16502:
16500:
16471:
16462:
16444:
16431:India: A History
16425:
16416:
16407:
16406:
16404:
16398:
16383:
16373:
16360:
16349:
16338:
16329:
16328:
16326:
16293:
16291:
16276:
16266:
16255:
16254:
16252:
16211:
16210:
16208:
16181:Hiltebeitel, Alf
16176:
16163:
16154:
16136:
16127:
16125:
16123:
16102:
16093:
16092:
16090:
16061:
16059:
16057:
16027:
16018:
16008:
15999:
15990:
15972:
15966:
15958:
15949:
15940:
15931:
15929:
15927:
15898:
15886:
15875:
15864:
15843:
15834:
15833:
15831:
15813:(2nd ed.),
15803:
15776:
15771:, archived from
15751:
15724:
15707:de Bary, William
15702:
15684:
15666:
15660:
15652:
15637:
15635:
15633:
15624:. Archived from
15576:
15570:
15562:
15550:
15531:
15530:
15528:
15499:
15490:
15489:
15487:
15458:
15440:
15422:
15413:
15412:
15410:
15389:
15377:
15365:
15345:
15344:
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15312:
15303:
15301:
15286:
15276:
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15197:
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15179:
15150:
15141:
15132:
15121:
15103:
15094:
15092:
15090:
15084:
15067:
15055:
15036:
15017:
15015:
14990:
14977:
14968:
14947:
14938:
14936:
14934:
14915:
14904:Anālayo, Bhikkhu
14899:
14890:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14867:
14839:
14822:
14821:
14807:
14801:
14800:
14780:
14774:
14773:, pp. 1–40.
14768:
14762:
14756:
14750:
14744:
14738:
14732:
14726:
14725:
14719:
14711:
14700:
14694:
14687:
14681:
14678:Twitchett (1986)
14675:
14669:
14663:
14657:
14654:Macdonnel (1900)
14651:
14645:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14618:
14612:
14611:
14609:
14589:
14583:
14577:
14571:
14565:
14559:
14558:
14556:
14554:
14526:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14515:
14495:
14489:
14488:
14459:
14453:
14438:
14432:
14417:
14411:
14396:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14366:
14360:
14359:
14357:
14355:
14327:
14321:
14320:
14316:nastika darshana
14295:
14289:
14288:
14282:
14280:
14260:
14254:
14248:
14242:
14236:
14230:
14224:
14218:
14212:
14206:
14203:Hiltebeitel 2013
14200:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14155:
14140:
14134:
14127:
14121:
14115:
14109:
14103:
14097:
14091:
14085:
14079:
14073:
14067:
14061:
14055:
14049:
14045:
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14036:
14030:
14024:
14018:
14012:
14006:
14005:
14003:
14001:
13961:
13946:
13945:
13927:
13921:
13914:
13908:
13905:
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13898:
13882:
13876:
13870:
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13858:
13852:
13846:
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13833:
13814:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
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13781:
13775:
13769:
13763:
13754:
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13727:
13721:
13715:
13709:
13703:
13697:
13691:
13685:
13679:
13673:
13667:
13658:
13657:
13645:
13639:
13632:
13626:
13619:Gombrich (2006b)
13616:
13610:
13604:
13598:
13592:
13586:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13562:
13556:
13545:
13539:
13530:
13524:
13511:
13505:
13499:
13493:
13484:
13483:
13475:
13469:
13468:
13461:Nirbhay N. Singh
13456:
13450:
13444:
13438:
13432:
13423:
13417:
13406:
13400:
13394:
13388:
13382:
13376:
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13201:
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13141:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13117:
13111:
13105:
13099:
13093:
13087:
13081:
13075:
13069:
13063:
13057:
13051:
13045:
13039:
13033:
13027:
13021:
13014:
13008:
13001:
12995:
12989:
12983:
12977:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12953:
12942:
12936:
12930:
12924:
12918:
12912:
12906:
12905:
12885:
12879:
12873:
12867:
12861:
12855:
12849:
12843:
12837:
12831:
12824:
12818:
12815:Frauwallner 1973
12812:
12806:
12800:
12791:
12785:
12774:
12768:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12732:
12726:
12713:
12707:
12706:
12704:
12702:
12674:
12668:
12662:
12656:
12650:
12644:
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12602:
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12578:
12572:
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12505:
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12320:
12314:
12308:
12302:
12296:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12272:
12266:
12257:
12251:
12242:
12236:
12230:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12204:. Archived from
12193:
12187:
12181:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12150:
12144:
12138:
12132:
12126:
12120:
12114:
12108:
12102:
12096:
12090:
12084:
12078:
12072:
12066:
12060:
12054:
12048:
12035:
12029:
12023:
12017:
12011:
12005:
11999:
11993:
11987:
11981:
11975:
11969:
11963:
11957:
11956:
11948:
11942:
11936:
11930:
11924:
11918:
11912:
11906:
11900:
11894:
11888:
11882:
11876:
11870:
11864:
11858:
11852:
11846:
11840:
11834:
11828:
11819:
11813:
11807:
11801:
11795:
11789:
11783:
11777:
11771:
11765:
11759:
11753:
11747:
11741:
11735:
11718:
11712:
11706:
11700:
11694:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11661:
11655:
11649:
11643:
11637:
11631:
11625:
11619:
11613:
11607:
11601:
11595:
11589:
11583:
11577:
11571:
11562:
11561:
11535:
11516:
11510:
11504:
11498:
11492:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11462:
11456:
11450:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11426:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11363:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11349:
11329:
11323:
11317:
11311:
11305:
11299:
11293:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11259:
11253:
11252:
11250:
11248:
11229:
11223:
11217:
11208:
11202:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11163:
11157:
11154:Armstrong (2000)
11151:
11145:
11139:
11133:
11127:
11121:
11115:
11109:
11103:
11097:
11094:Upadhyaya (1971)
11091:
11085:
11079:
11073:
11067:
11061:
11055:
11049:
11043:
11037:
11031:
11025:
11019:
11013:
11007:
11001:
10995:
10989:
10986:Alexander (2019)
10983:
10977:
10971:
10965:
10959:
10953:
10947:
10941:
10935:
10929:
10923:
10914:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10887:
10881:
10875:
10869:
10863:
10857:
10851:
10845:
10839:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10814:
10802:
10793:
10787:
10781:
10775:
10766:
10760:
10754:
10748:
10742:
10736:
10730:
10724:
10718:
10712:
10706:
10700:
10694:
10693:, pp. 9–12.
10688:
10679:
10673:
10667:
10661:
10655:
10649:
10643:
10637:
10631:
10625:
10619:
10613:
10604:
10598:
10592:
10586:
10580:
10574:
10568:
10562:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10519:
10513:
10507:
10501:
10495:
10489:
10483:
10474:
10468:
10462:
10456:
10450:
10444:
10435:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10403:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10364:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10331:
10320:
10314:
10308:
10302:
10296:
10290:
10284:
10278:
10272:
10266:
10260:
10254:
10248:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10198:
10192:
10186:
10183:Armstrong (2000)
10180:
10174:
10168:
10162:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10114:
10108:
10105:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10088:
10080:The Dharmafarers
10077:
10065:
10059:
10053:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10011:
10005:
10004:
9993:
9987:
9981:
9975:
9969:
9960:
9954:
9945:
9939:
9930:
9924:
9915:
9909:
9900:
9894:
9888:
9882:
9876:
9870:
9864:
9858:
9852:
9846:
9840:
9834:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9789:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9692:. Archived from
9669:
9658:
9652:
9643:
9642:
9611:
9605:
9599:
9590:
9584:
9578:
9577:, p. xlvii.
9572:
9566:
9563:Rawlinson (1950)
9560:
9554:
9548:
9542:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9532:
9525:
9514:
9508:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9482:. Archived from
9471:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9358:
9352:
9346:
9340:
9334:
9328:
9322:
9316:
9310:
9304:
9298:
9289:
9283:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9259:
9253:
9247:
9234:
9223:
9217:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9069:
9068:
9050:
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8672:
8663:
8657:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8610:(2–3): 287–310.
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8571:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8508:
8502:, Dhamma talks,
8501:
8490:
8484:
8477:
8471:
8458:
8452:
8446:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8396:
8390:
8379:
8378:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8300:
8289:
8283:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8269:
8241:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8213:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8010:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7992:
7989:
7983:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7909:
7903:
7883:
7877:
7857:Richard Gombrich
7849:
7843:
7826:
7798:
7792:
7790:
7778:
7773:Anālayo (2014).
7769:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7642:
7636:
7610:
7604:
7590:Gombrich (2006a)
7563:
7557:
7529:
7523:
7516:
7510:
7499:Ekottarika-āgama
7487:
7481:
7472:
7455:
7432:
7426:
7418:
7412:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7309:
7303:
7286:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7226:
7220:
7207:
7201:
7191:
7183:
7171:
7141:
7138:
7123:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
7096:
7093:
7088:Edicts of Ashoka
7061:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
6995:
6989:
6984:Buddhadasa (2017
6938:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6807:
6801:
6786:
6780:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6727:
6716:
6581:
6566:
6525:
6336:and narrated by
6192:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6108:
6105:
6095:
6083:
6072:Shwedagon pagoda
6067:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
6007:
5995:
5983:
5967:
5954:
5951:
5938:
5922:
5906:
5890:
5880:
5877:
5863:
5835:
5825:
5822:
5812:
5796:
5782:
5779:
5773:
5757:
5741:
5725:
5713:
5703:
5700:
5694:
5678:
5666:
5654:
5638:
5626:
5611:
5591:
5578:, discovered in
5569:
5557:
5537:
5525:
5512:
5509:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5431:
5419:
5212:by the minority
5133:Islamic prophet
5095:
5092:
5039:
4914:Sigālovāda Sutta
4788:animal sacrifice
4637:Richard Gombrich
4629:Richard Gombrich
4595:Mulasarvastivada
4580:
4577:
4485:Uddaka Rāmaputta
4122:
4114:
4106:
4099:), perceptions (
4098:
4090:
4019:
4000:("formations"),
3954:Śālistamba Sūtra
3927:
3911:
3240:
3218:Vinaya, and the
3211:Ekottarika-āgama
3163:Ekottarika-āgama
3157:Brahmā Sahampati
3076:River Nairañjanā
2954:
2945:Udraka Rāmaputra
2939:
2868:Mahabodhi Temple
2553:Vedic Brahmanism
2541:
2530:
2190:, Bihar, India.
2090:Uddaka Rāmaputta
2042:Brahmajala Sutta
1978:
1975:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1789:. Of these, the
1754:Mahāpadāna Sutta
1738:Mahapadana Sutta
1679:
1676:
1639:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
1619:Edicts of Ashoka
1602:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
1591:
1588:
1572:
1561:
1518:On the basis of
1457:in the religion
1367:A list of other
1334:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1283:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
1276:
1261:
1258:
1253:Edicts of Ashoka
1225:
1082:ethical training
946:
939:
932:
916:
915:
643:Sublime abidings
334:
311:
310:
297:
278:
217:Other names
130:
127:
106:
103:
78:
75:
59:
45:
44:
21:
21918:
21917:
21913:
21912:
21911:
21909:
21908:
21907:
21848:Miracle workers
21773:
21772:
21771:
21766:
21738:
21524:
21514:
21484:
21479:
21467:
21449:
21401:
21316:
21231:
20968:Ordination hall
20929:
20831:
20802:Buddhist crisis
20714:
20411:
20363:Mahayana sutras
20339:
20335:Thích Nhất Hạnh
20166:
20039:
19979:
19929:Bodhisattva vow
19614:
19480:
19420:
19379:Taṇhā (Craving)
19314:Five hindrances
19265:
19157:
19087:
18941:
18886:
18858:
18841:
18811:
18806:
18796:
18790:
18777:
18629:
18624:
18590:
18577:
18576:
18569:
18554:
18552:Maitreya Buddha
18541:
18530:Buddhist titles
18475:Works by Buddha
18471:
18461:
18441:
18429:
18413:
18401:Rahula, Walpola
18399:
18386:
18371:
18365:
18350:
18340:Ñāṇamoli Bhikku
18338:
18326:
18297:
18274:
18254:
18209:
18194:
18134:
18077:
18075:Further reading
18072:
18063:
18061:
18034:Islamic Studies
18019:
18017:
18013:
18007:
17996:
17974:
17946:
17945:
17940:
17934:
17923:
17909:
17903:
17892:
17880:
17862:
17778:
17776:
17768:Indian Buddhism
17758:Indian Buddhism
17749:
17697:
17695:
17660:
17642:
17622:
17611:
17596:
17594:
17590:
17579:
17567:
17552:
17542:
17522:
17486:
17455:
17399:
17397:
17358:
17356:
17334:
17332:
17306:
17304:
17300:
17269:
17250:
17213:
17212:
17183:
17182:
17142:Sahni, Daya Ram
17106:10.1.1.132.6107
17060:
17037:
17024:
17022:
17015:
16990:
16914:10.2307/3518337
16893:
16872:
16870:
16847:
16835:Narada (1992),
16829:
16806:
16768:
16766:
16762:
16755:
16738:
16723:
16710:
16708:
16704:
16677:
16657:
16656:
16621:
16598:
16596:
16550:
16519:
16498:
16496:
16489:
16460:
16441:
16402:
16400:
16396:
16381:
16324:
16322:
16315:
16289:
16274:
16250:
16248:
16241:
16206:
16204:
16197:
16152:
16121:
16119:
16088:
16086:
16079:
16055:
16053:
16046:
15988:
15960:
15959:
15925:
15923:
15916:
15895:
15862:
15829:
15827:
15825:
15801:
15769:
15740:
15721:
15700:
15682:
15654:
15653:
15631:
15629:
15564:
15563:
15548:
15526:
15524:
15517:
15485:
15483:
15476:
15456:
15438:
15408:
15406:
15363:
15340:
15338:
15302:on 9 April 2015
15299:
15284:
15270:
15268:
15264:
15258:
15243:
15177:
15175:
15168:
15119:
15088:
15086:
15082:
15076:
15065:
15052:
15033:
14932:
14930:
14880:
14875:
14865:
14863:
14856:
14840:
14825:
14809:
14808:
14804:
14797:
14781:
14777:
14771:Marshall (1960)
14769:
14765:
14757:
14753:
14745:
14741:
14733:
14729:
14713:
14712:
14704:"Chaubis Avtar"
14702:
14701:
14697:
14688:
14684:
14676:
14672:
14666:Mershman (1907)
14664:
14660:
14652:
14648:
14639:
14637:
14635:
14619:
14615:
14590:
14586:
14582:, pp. 376.
14578:
14574:
14566:
14562:
14552:
14550:
14543:
14527:
14523:
14513:
14511:
14498:Ambedkar, B.R.
14496:
14492:
14477:
14460:
14456:
14439:
14435:
14418:
14414:
14400:The Hindu World
14397:
14393:
14383:
14381:
14368:
14367:
14363:
14353:
14351:
14344:
14328:
14324:
14310:
14296:
14292:
14278:
14276:
14261:
14257:
14249:
14245:
14237:
14233:
14227:Vijay Nath 2001
14225:
14221:
14213:
14209:
14201:
14194:
14186:
14182:
14176:Anālayo (2017b)
14174:
14170:
14164:Dhammika (n.d.)
14162:
14158:
14152:Wayback Machine
14141:
14137:
14128:
14124:
14116:
14112:
14104:
14100:
14092:
14088:
14080:
14076:
14068:
14064:
14056:
14052:
14048:Wissenschaften.
14046:
14042:
14037:
14033:
14025:
14021:
14013:
14009:
13999:
13997:
13962:
13949:
13942:
13928:
13924:
13916:Kancha Ilaiah,
13915:
13911:
13906:
13902:
13883:
13879:
13871:
13867:
13859:
13855:
13847:
13843:
13834:
13817:
13809:
13805:
13797:
13793:
13788:
13784:
13776:
13772:
13764:
13757:
13749:
13745:
13740:
13736:
13728:
13724:
13716:
13712:
13704:
13700:
13692:
13688:
13680:
13676:
13668:
13661:
13646:
13642:
13633:
13629:
13617:
13613:
13605:
13601:
13593:
13589:
13581:
13577:
13571:Davidson (2003)
13569:
13565:
13557:
13548:
13540:
13533:
13527:Gombrich (1997)
13525:
13514:
13506:
13502:
13494:
13487:
13476:
13472:
13457:
13453:
13445:
13441:
13433:
13426:
13418:
13409:
13401:
13397:
13389:
13385:
13379:Gombrich (2009)
13377:
13373:
13367:Gombrich (2009)
13365:
13361:
13353:
13349:
13341:
13337:
13331:Anālayo (2017a)
13329:
13325:
13317:
13313:
13305:
13301:
13295:Wayback Machine
13283:
13279:
13271:
13267:
13259:
13255:
13247:
13243:
13237:Bucknell (1984)
13235:
13228:
13220:
13216:
13208:
13204:
13196:
13192:
13184:
13180:
13172:
13168:
13162:Anālayo (2013a)
13160:
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13148:
13144:
13138:Gombrich (2009)
13136:
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13126:Gombrich (2009)
13124:
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13030:Gombrich (2009)
13028:
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13015:
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12834:
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12809:
12801:
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12788:Gombrich (2009)
12786:
12777:
12771:Hamilton (2000)
12769:
12762:
12733:
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12723:Wayback Machine
12714:
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12675:
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12665:Gombrich (2009)
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12641:Gombrich (2009)
12639:
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12629:Gombrich (2009)
12627:
12623:
12617:Gombrich (2009)
12615:
12611:
12605:Gombrich (2009)
12603:
12599:
12593:Gombrich (2009)
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12557:Siderits (2019)
12555:
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12465:
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12406:
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12392:
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12377:Lopez, Donald.
12375:
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12347:
12339:
12335:
12327:
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12315:
12311:
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12069:Schumann (2003)
12067:
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12046:Wayback Machine
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11978:Schumann (2003)
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11964:
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11927:Schumann (2003)
11925:
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11909:
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11879:Anālayo (2013b)
11877:
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11499:
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11475:
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11463:
11459:
11451:
11447:
11443:, pp. 8–9.
11439:
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11365:
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11332:Lopez, Donald.
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11320:Williams (2002)
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11178:Hirakawa (1990)
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11142:Schumann (2003)
11140:
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11118:Schumann (2003)
11116:
11112:
11106:Laumakis (2008)
11104:
11100:
11092:
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11080:
11076:
11070:Marshall (1918)
11068:
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11058:Hirakawa (1990)
11056:
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11020:
11016:
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10972:
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10962:Analayo (2013c)
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10926:Schumann (2003)
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10727:Hamilton (2000)
10725:
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10674:
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10652:Gombrich (1988)
10650:
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10628:Dhammika (n.d.)
10626:
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10616:Hirakawa (1990)
10614:
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10471:Nakamura (1980)
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10226:. 13 March 2015
10224:British Library
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9655:Gombrich (1988)
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9505:Gombrich (2013)
9503:
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9447:Schumann (2003)
9445:
9441:
9431:
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9410:
9406:
9359:
9355:
9347:
9343:
9337:Gombrich (2000)
9335:
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9325:Gombrich (1992)
9323:
9319:
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9307:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9272:
9268:
9262:Schumann (2003)
9260:
9256:
9252:, p. 1061.
9248:
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9220:
9215:Wayback Machine
9194:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9163:
9159:
9151:
9147:
9139:
9135:
9131:, pp. 1–5.
9129:Schumann (2003)
9127:
9123:
9115:
9111:
9103:
9099:
9091:
9087:
9081:Karetzky (2000)
9079:
9072:
9065:
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9041:Willemen (2009)
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8903:
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8873:
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8851:
8845:Dhammika (1993)
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8808:
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8596:Witzel, Michael
8593:
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8478:
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8469:Wayback Machine
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8422:Hultzsch (1925)
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8139:Laumakis (2008)
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7959:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7937:
7931:
7927:
7910:
7906:
7884:
7880:
7864:Indian Buddhism
7850:
7846:
7799:
7795:
7780:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7756:
7742:Mo-ho chih-kuan
7736:, Kamalasila's
7727:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7696:consciousness!"
7694:
7690:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7664:
7650:suukara-paadika
7643:
7639:
7611:
7607:
7602:Anderson (1999)
7599:
7593:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7564:
7560:
7530:
7526:
7517:
7513:
7488:
7484:
7473:
7458:
7436:Geoffrey Samuel
7433:
7429:
7419:
7415:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7377:
7354:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7324:Geoffrey Samuel
7322:
7320:
7310:
7306:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7272:
7267:Rummindei Edict
7260:
7256:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7208:
7204:
7185:
7146:, p. 164))
7139:
7134:Rummindei Edict
7094:
7054:
7041:
7017:
7013:
6996:
6992:
6939:
6932:
6921:
6899:
6881:
6869:
6845:
6837:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6787:
6783:
6763:
6756:
6728:
6719:
6703:Huntington 1986
6695:Huntington 1986
6683:Srivastava 1980
6679:Srivastava 1979
6626:, p. 114;
6613:
6612:
6607:), was born." (
6582:
6569:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6486:
6452:
6363:
6310:
6188:Daibutsu Kaigen
6178:
6132:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6106:
6096:
6087:
6084:
6075:
6068:
6059:
6056:
6047:
6044:
6035:
6032:
6023:
6020:
6011:
6008:
5999:
5996:
5987:
5984:
5975:
5968:
5959:
5952:
5939:
5930:
5923:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5891:
5882:
5878:
5864:
5855:
5844:Avalokiteshvara
5836:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5804:
5797:
5788:
5780:
5774:
5765:
5758:
5749:
5742:
5733:
5728:Seated Buddha,
5726:
5717:
5714:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5686:
5679:
5670:
5667:
5658:
5655:
5646:
5639:
5630:
5627:
5618:
5612:
5603:
5592:
5583:
5575:Berenike Buddha
5570:
5561:
5558:
5549:
5538:
5529:
5526:
5517:
5510:
5504:
5495:
5492:
5483:
5480:
5471:
5468:
5459:
5456:
5447:
5444:
5435:
5432:
5423:
5420:
5411:
5395:Hellenistic art
5352:
5340:Main articles:
5338:
5305:In the ancient
5281:
5279:Other religions
5236:
5224:Main articles:
5222:
5131:
5093:
5087:Hindu synthesis
5083:
5058:
5053:
5047:
4992:
4986:
4967:Saleyyaka Sutta
4937:Dīghajāṇu Sutta
4923:Dīghajāṇu Sutta
4898:
4843:
4827:contract theory
4802:Vasettha sutta
4740:Majjhima Nikaya
4736:Samyutta Nikaya
4719:
4714:
4685:
4578:
4560:
4554:
4491:. According to
4461:
4423:and awareness (
4321:
4313:Main articles:
4284:
4181:
4129:
4069:
4054:is dictated by
3990:
3978:Richard Salomon
3964:Majjhima Nikaya
3959:Bhikkhu Analayo
3920:five aggregates
3916:six sense bases
3882:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3807:
3797:
3750:Mahaparinibbana
3670:Mahaparinirvana
3654:Mahaparinibbana
3649:Mahaparinibbana
3605:
3516:
3477:
3410:chief disciples
3301:
3183:Udaka Ramaputta
3127:
3086:and suffering (
3029:self-indulgence
2990:is the path to
2953:Udaka Ramaputta
2903:Miracle of the
2841:
2831:
2705:Vinaya and the
2655:
2649:
2387:Mayadevi Temple
2364:
2346:Jātakaṭṭhakathā
2291:
2279:Karen Armstrong
2271:Jain scriptures
2223:Mahayana sutras
2219:Bhikkhu Analayo
2145:
2140:
2107:
2105:Greater Magadha
2101:
2056:Makkhali Gosāla
2017:
2005:Greater Magadha
1976:
1966:
1961:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1890:
1854:
1849:
1714:
1694:
1677:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1604:, "Sage of the
1589:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1380:The Blessed one
1365:
1327:
1317:
1274:
1259:
1223:
1207:
1186:
1163:Mahayana sutras
1094:sense restraint
1023:in what is now
950:
910:
903:
902:
793:
783:
782:
733:
723:
722:
688:
678:
677:
583:
573:
572:
543:Mahayana Sutras
523:
513:
512:
453:Five Aggregates
431:
430:
410:
409:
400:Later Buddhists
365:
221:
220:Gautama Buddha
201:
178:
142:
132:
128:
117:
114:Shakya Republic
107:
104:
100:
99:
84:
76:
50:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21916:
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21898:Indian princes
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21840:
21835:
21830:
21825:
21820:
21815:
21810:
21805:
21800:
21795:
21790:
21785:
21783:Gautama Buddha
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21562:
21561:
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21555:
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21545:
21538:Core teachings
21535:
21529:
21526:
21525:
21521:Gautama Buddha
21513:
21512:
21505:
21498:
21490:
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21480:
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21477:
21465:
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21197:
21187:
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21130:
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21113:
21108:
21103:
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21086:
21081:
21076:
21066:
21061:
21056:
21051:
21046:
21041:
21036:
21035:
21034:
21032:Greco-Buddhist
21024:
21023:
21022:
21017:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20992:
20987:
20986:
20985:
20983:Burmese pagoda
20975:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20950:
20939:
20937:
20931:
20930:
20928:
20927:
20922:
20917:
20912:
20907:
20902:
20897:
20892:
20887:
20882:
20877:
20872:
20867:
20862:
20857:
20852:
20847:
20841:
20839:
20833:
20832:
20830:
20829:
20824:
20819:
20814:
20809:
20804:
20799:
20794:
20789:
20784:
20779:
20774:
20773:
20772:
20765:Greco-Buddhism
20762:
20757:
20756:
20755:
20745:
20740:
20735:
20730:
20724:
20722:
20716:
20715:
20713:
20712:
20711:
20710:
20705:
20700:
20698:United Kingdom
20695:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20675:
20670:
20665:
20660:
20655:
20650:
20645:
20643:Czech Republic
20640:
20635:
20630:
20625:
20620:
20610:
20609:
20608:
20603:
20593:
20592:
20591:
20581:
20580:
20579:
20574:
20564:
20559:
20554:
20549:
20544:
20539:
20534:
20533:
20532:
20522:
20517:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20487:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20467:
20462:
20457:
20452:
20447:
20442:
20437:
20432:
20427:
20421:
20419:
20413:
20412:
20410:
20409:
20407:Abhidharmadīpa
20404:
20397:
20392:
20387:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20349:
20347:
20341:
20340:
20338:
20337:
20332:
20327:
20325:B. R. Ambedkar
20322:
20317:
20312:
20307:
20302:
20297:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20277:
20272:
20267:
20262:
20257:
20252:
20247:
20245:Songtsen Gampo
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20202:
20197:
20192:
20187:
20182:
20176:
20174:
20168:
20167:
20165:
20164:
20159:
20158:
20157:
20147:
20142:
20137:
20132:
20127:
20122:
20121:
20120:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20080:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20049:
20047:
20041:
20040:
20038:
20037:
20036:
20035:
20030:
20025:
20020:
20010:
20005:
20000:
19995:
19989:
19987:
19981:
19980:
19978:
19977:
19972:
19971:
19970:
19960:
19959:
19958:
19953:
19948:
19938:
19937:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19924:Eight precepts
19921:
19911:
19910:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19884:
19883:
19882:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19861:
19860:
19855:
19850:
19840:
19835:
19830:
19825:
19820:
19819:
19818:
19813:
19803:
19798:
19797:
19796:
19791:
19786:
19781:
19776:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19756:
19751:
19746:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19712:
19702:
19697:
19695:Five Strengths
19692:
19687:
19682:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19662:
19661:
19660:
19655:
19650:
19645:
19635:
19630:
19624:
19622:
19616:
19615:
19613:
19612:
19607:
19602:
19597:
19592:
19587:
19586:
19585:
19580:
19575:
19570:
19560:
19559:
19558:
19553:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19522:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19490:
19488:
19482:
19481:
19479:
19478:
19473:
19472:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19456:
19451:
19446:
19436:
19430:
19428:
19422:
19421:
19419:
19418:
19413:
19412:
19411:
19406:
19401:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19334:Mental factors
19331:
19326:
19321:
19316:
19311:
19306:
19301:
19296:
19291:
19286:
19281:
19275:
19273:
19267:
19266:
19264:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19186:Mahamoggallāna
19183:
19178:
19173:
19167:
19165:
19159:
19158:
19156:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19140:
19135:
19130:
19125:
19120:
19115:
19110:
19109:
19108:
19101:Avalokiteśvara
19097:
19095:
19089:
19088:
19086:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19074:
19073:
19065:
19057:
19049:
19041:
19033:
19025:
19012:
19007:
19002:
18997:
18992:
18987:
18982:
18977:
18972:
18967:
18962:
18957:
18951:
18949:
18943:
18942:
18940:
18939:
18934:
18929:
18924:
18923:
18922:
18917:
18912:
18902:
18896:
18894:
18888:
18887:
18885:
18884:
18879:
18874:
18863:
18860:
18859:
18840:
18839:
18832:
18825:
18817:
18808:
18807:
18795:
18792:
18791:
18782:
18779:
18778:
18776:
18775:
18770:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18750:
18745:
18740:
18735:
18730:
18725:
18720:
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18634:
18631:
18630:
18623:
18622:
18615:
18608:
18600:
18592:
18591:
18586:
18583:
18570:
18565:
18561:
18560:
18559:Regnal titles
18556:
18555:
18550:
18547:
18542:
18539:Kassapa Buddha
18537:
18533:
18532:
18524:
18523:
18508:
18499:
18490:
18481:
18470:
18469:External links
18467:
18466:
18465:
18459:
18439:
18421:
18420:
18411:
18394:Early Buddhism
18391:
18390:
18384:
18369:
18363:
18348:
18336:
18330:, ed. (1996).
18328:Bechert, Heinz
18318:
18317:
18300:
18295:
18278:
18272:
18257:
18252:
18234:Singh, Upinder
18230:
18221:
18207:
18198:
18192:
18177:
18168:
18157:
18146:
18137:
18132:
18119:
18099:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18070:
18040:(3): 367–394.
18025:
18005:
17987:
17978:
17972:
17959:
17932:
17914:
17901:
17883:
17878:
17865:
17860:
17845:
17833:
17821:
17802:10.1086/462628
17796:(3): 185–203,
17785:
17762:
17753:
17747:
17730:
17721:
17719:on 3 June 2011
17704:
17690:(2): 193–210.
17672:
17663:
17658:
17645:
17640:
17627:
17602:
17572:
17545:
17540:
17525:
17520:
17507:
17498:
17489:
17484:
17467:
17458:
17453:
17433:
17431:, Oxford-Wiley
17424:
17413:
17405:
17392:(1): 103–110,
17377:
17364:
17340:
17312:
17280:(2): 297–317,
17262:
17253:
17248:
17235:
17226:
17196:
17169:
17157:
17138:
17110:
17092:
17083:
17074:
17065:
17030:
17013:
16994:
16988:
16968:
16955:
16943:
16934:
16925:
16908:(3/4): 19–50,
16897:
16891:
16878:
16865:(1): 187–201,
16850:
16845:
16832:
16827:
16809:
16804:
16791:
16774:
16743:
16716:
16690:(1): 131–151,
16670:
16647:
16637:Marshall, John
16633:
16624:
16619:
16604:
16582:
16561:
16553:
16548:
16531:
16522:
16517:
16504:
16487:
16481:, SUNY Press,
16472:
16463:
16458:
16445:
16439:
16426:
16417:
16408:
16374:
16361:
16350:
16339:
16330:
16313:
16294:
16267:
16256:
16239:
16212:
16195:
16177:
16173:Bechert (1991)
16164:
16155:
16150:
16137:
16128:
16103:
16094:
16077:
16062:
16044:
16029:
16019:
16010:
16005:Bechert (1992)
16000:
15991:
15986:
15973:
15950:
15941:
15932:
15914:
15899:
15893:
15876:
15865:
15860:
15844:
15835:
15823:
15804:
15799:
15783:, ed. (1993),
15781:Doniger, Wendy
15777:
15767:
15752:
15738:
15725:
15719:
15703:
15698:
15685:
15680:
15667:
15638:
15577:
15551:
15546:
15533:
15515:
15500:
15491:
15474:
15459:
15454:
15441:
15436:
15423:
15414:
15390:
15378:
15366:
15361:
15346:
15322:
15313:
15304:
15277:
15256:
15234:
15233:
15232:
15219:
15202:Bechert, Heinz
15198:
15184:
15166:
15151:
15142:
15133:
15122:
15117:
15104:
15095:
15074:
15056:
15050:
15037:
15031:
15018:
14991:
14978:
14969:
14948:
14939:
14916:
14900:
14891:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14873:
14854:
14823:
14802:
14795:
14775:
14763:
14751:
14739:
14727:
14695:
14682:
14670:
14658:
14646:
14633:
14613:
14584:
14572:
14560:
14541:
14521:
14490:
14475:
14454:
14433:
14412:
14391:
14361:
14342:
14322:
14308:
14290:
14255:
14253:, p. 243.
14251:Doniger (1993)
14243:
14231:
14219:
14207:
14192:
14180:
14168:
14156:
14135:
14122:
14110:
14108:, p. 263.
14106:Anālayo (2011)
14098:
14086:
14074:
14072:, p. 110.
14062:
14060:, p. 124.
14050:
14040:
14031:
14029:, p. 109.
14019:
14007:
13947:
13940:
13922:
13909:
13900:
13877:
13865:
13853:
13841:
13815:
13813:, p. 119.
13803:
13791:
13782:
13770:
13755:
13743:
13734:
13732:, p. 107.
13722:
13710:
13708:, p. xxx.
13698:
13686:
13674:
13659:
13640:
13627:
13611:
13599:
13587:
13575:
13573:, p. 147.
13563:
13561:, inside flap.
13546:
13544:, p. vii.
13531:
13512:
13500:
13485:
13470:
13467:. p. 267.
13451:
13439:
13424:
13407:
13395:
13383:
13371:
13359:
13347:
13335:
13323:
13311:
13309:, p. 157.
13299:
13277:
13275:, p. 165.
13265:
13261:Anālayo (2015)
13253:
13251:, p. 189.
13249:Anālayo (2011)
13241:
13226:
13214:
13202:
13200:, p. 164.
13190:
13178:
13166:
13154:
13152:, p. 229.
13142:
13130:
13118:
13106:
13094:
13092:, p. 139.
13082:
13070:
13068:, p. 148.
13058:
13046:
13034:
13022:
13009:
12996:
12984:
12972:
12960:
12958:, p. 138.
12943:
12931:
12919:
12907:
12900:
12880:
12868:
12866:, p. 256.
12856:
12844:
12832:
12819:
12807:
12792:
12790:, p. 131.
12775:
12760:
12727:
12708:
12689:
12669:
12667:, p. 114.
12657:
12655:, p. 135.
12645:
12633:
12621:
12609:
12597:
12585:
12573:
12561:
12530:
12518:
12506:
12494:
12463:
12461:, p. 891.
12459:Anālayo (2011)
12451:
12436:
12412:
12400:
12369:
12367:, p. 331.
12357:
12355:, p. 330.
12345:
12343:, p. 327.
12333:
12331:, p. 324.
12321:
12309:
12307:, p. 183.
12297:
12295:, p. 112.
12285:
12283:, p. 250.
12273:
12271:, p. 178.
12258:
12256:, p. 249.
12243:
12241:, p. 176.
12231:
12219:
12188:
12176:
12145:
12143:, p. 246.
12133:
12131:, p. 244.
12121:
12109:
12097:
12093:Anālayo (2014)
12085:
12083:, p. 165.
12073:
12071:, p. 239.
12061:
12059:, p. 280.
12049:
12030:
12028:, p. 237.
12018:
12016:, p. 236.
12006:
12004:, p. 257.
11994:
11992:, p. 198.
11990:Anālayo (2011)
11982:
11980:, p. 232.
11970:
11968:, p. 215.
11958:
11943:
11931:
11919:
11917:, p. 134.
11907:
11905:, p. 127.
11903:Anālayo (2016)
11895:
11891:Anālayo (2016)
11883:
11871:
11867:Anālayo (2016)
11859:
11855:Anālayo (2016)
11847:
11843:Anālayo (2016)
11835:
11833:, p. 136.
11820:
11808:
11806:, p. 122.
11796:
11784:
11772:
11770:, p. 119.
11760:
11748:
11736:
11713:
11711:, p. 132.
11701:
11699:, p. 231.
11686:
11684:, p. 131.
11674:
11662:
11660:, p. 115.
11650:
11638:
11626:
11614:
11612:, p. 113.
11602:
11600:, p. 110.
11590:
11578:
11576:, p. 185.
11574:Anālayo (2011)
11563:
11548:
11517:
11515:, p. 183.
11513:Anālayo (2011)
11505:
11503:, p. 182.
11501:Anālayo (2011)
11493:
11481:
11469:
11457:
11445:
11433:
11431:, p. 178.
11429:Anālayo (2011)
11418:
11388:
11355:
11324:
11312:
11300:
11298:, p. 243.
11296:Anālayo (2011)
11288:
11254:
11224:
11222:, p. 240.
11220:Anālayo (2011)
11209:
11207:, p. 236.
11205:Anālayo (2011)
11194:
11190:Anālayo (2011)
11182:
11170:
11158:
11146:
11134:
11132:, p. 175.
11130:Anālayo (2011)
11122:
11110:
11098:
11086:
11074:
11062:
11050:
11038:
11026:
11014:
11002:
10990:
10978:
10966:
10954:
10942:
10930:
10915:
10913:, p. 322.
10903:
10888:
10876:
10864:
10852:
10850:, p. 173.
10848:Anālayo (2011)
10840:
10828:
10816:
10794:
10792:, p. 170.
10790:Anālayo (2011)
10782:
10767:
10755:
10743:
10741:, p. 139.
10731:
10719:
10707:
10695:
10680:
10668:
10666:, p. 146.
10656:
10644:
10632:
10620:
10605:
10593:
10581:
10569:
10550:
10538:
10526:
10514:
10502:
10490:
10475:
10463:
10459:Trainor (2010)
10451:
10436:
10434:, p. 436.
10424:
10395:
10381:
10356:
10321:
10309:
10297:
10285:
10273:
10261:
10249:
10237:
10211:
10199:
10187:
10185:, p. xii.
10175:
10163:
10159:Skilton (2004)
10151:
10139:
10109:
10100:
10060:
10056:Anālayo (2006)
10045:
10026:
10006:
9988:
9976:
9961:
9946:
9931:
9916:
9914:, p. 169.
9901:
9889:
9877:
9865:
9853:
9841:
9829:
9802:
9798:Collins (2009)
9790:
9788:, p. 268.
9778:
9755:(1): 100–114.
9735:
9723:
9707:
9684:(2): 145–180.
9659:
9644:
9606:
9591:
9579:
9567:
9555:
9543:
9509:
9497:
9463:
9451:
9439:
9404:
9353:
9341:
9329:
9317:
9313:Prebish (2008)
9305:
9290:
9278:
9266:
9254:
9235:
9218:
9188:
9157:
9145:
9143:, p. 352.
9141:Buswell (2003)
9133:
9121:
9109:
9107:, p. 177.
9105:Swearer (2004)
9097:
9085:
9083:, p. xxi.
9070:
9063:
9045:
9033:
9021:
9009:
8997:
8993:Schober (2002)
8985:
8974:on 27 May 2017
8959:
8940:
8920:
8901:
8881:
8849:
8832:
8815:Dictionary.com
8802:
8795:
8775:
8756:
8736:
8727:|journal=
8697:
8664:
8649:
8637:
8587:
8575:
8566:
8546:
8519:
8485:
8479:Peter Harvey,
8472:
8453:
8438:
8436:, p. 230.
8426:
8424:, p. 164.
8414:
8410:Fogelin (2015)
8397:
8380:
8365:
8350:
8319:
8317:, p. 817.
8307:
8290:
8275:
8256:
8233:
8231:, p. 398.
8221:
8208:
8206:, p. 1–7.
8196:
8184:
8172:
8160:
8143:
8131:
8119:
8107:
8092:
8080:
8068:
8064:Prebish (2008)
8056:
8044:
8040:Cousins (1996)
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8002:
7993:
7984:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7945:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7829:
7813:
7793:
7764:
7754:
7734:Abhidharmakosa
7724:Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra
7707:
7698:
7688:
7672:
7662:
7658:suukaramaddava
7648:, "pig-bulb";
7637:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7605:
7558:
7524:
7511:
7482:
7456:
7427:
7413:
7401:Mohāpātra 2000
7398:Mahāpātra 1977
7385:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7362:
7348:
7336:
7304:
7281:
7279:, p. 164)
7277:Hultzsch (1925
7273: 260 BCE
7254:
7238:
7221:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7164:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7144:Hultzsch (1925
7140: 260 BCE
7103:Fogelin (2015)
7101:, p. 8),
7084:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7011:
7002:
7001:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6981:
6969:
6963:
6930:
6802:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6775:Michael Witzel
6771:
6746:
6739:
6736:
6717:
6707:
6706:
6677:, p. 18;
6663:
6653:
6646:, p. 436
6624:Mohāpātra 2000
6620:Mahāpātra 1977
6567:
6565:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6529:lotus position
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6465:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6434:
6422:
6410:
6395:
6386:
6384:B. R. Ambedkar
6375:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6341:
6325:
6324:as the Buddha.
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6291:B. R. Ambedkar
6282:
6274:
6271:Gautama Buddha
6267:Allani Sridhar
6258:
6246:
6238:
6222:
6206:
6194:
6171:
6151:
6128:Main article:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:In other media
6117:
6116:
6115:
6109:–6th century.
6097:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5978:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5960:
5953: 1100 CE
5940:
5933:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5838:Seated Buddha
5837:
5830:
5828:
5814:
5807:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5789:
5775:
5768:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5696:
5689:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5649:
5647:
5643:Kushan dynasty
5640:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5606:
5604:
5593:
5586:
5584:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5552:
5550:
5539:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5520:
5518:
5515:Art of Mathura
5505:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5337:
5334:
5280:
5277:
5221:
5218:
5187:al-Shahrastani
5130:
5127:
5079:Main article:
5057:
5054:
5049:Main article:
5046:
5043:
5037:Lakkhaṇa Sutta
4988:Main article:
4985:
4982:
4897:
4894:
4842:
4839:
4784:ritual bathing
4752:Gayatri mantra
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4684:
4681:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4556:Main article:
4553:
4550:
4460:
4457:
4399:indriyasamvara
4283:
4280:
4180:
4177:
4140:Ye Dharma Hetu
4128:
4125:
4068:
4065:
3989:
3986:
3973:Madhyama Agama
3878:Main article:
3864:
3863:Core teachings
3861:
3853:
3850:
3796:
3793:
3638:Vajjika League
3604:
3600:Last days and
3598:
3515:
3512:
3476:
3473:
3454:stream-enterer
3418:Mahāmoggallāna
3321:Gangetic Plain
3300:
3297:
3204:, also called
3126:
3123:
3052:sammā-sambodhi
2961:breath control
2830:
2827:
2648:
2645:
2476:white elephant
2454:, his mother,
2439:), was born."
2370:A map showing
2363:
2360:
2290:
2289:Previous lives
2287:
2275:Indian history
2165:British Museum
2161:Bimaran Casket
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2115:egalitarianism
2100:
2097:
2052:Pūraṇa Kassapa
2016:
2013:
1977: 500 BCE
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:K. T. S. Sarao
1949: 380 BCE
1942: 400 BCE
1935: 460 BCE
1924: 492 BCE
1889:
1886:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1713:
1710:
1693:
1690:
1678: 100 BCE
1590: 250 BCE
1577:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1389:Sammasambuddho
1386:
1364:
1363:Other epithets
1361:
1316:
1313:
1206:
1203:
1185:
1182:
1147:oral tradition
1080:that includes
1033:monastic order
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
905:
904:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
708:Pratyekabuddha
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
663:Buddhist chant
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
521:Buddhist texts
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
449:
448:
438:
432:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
336:
335:
327:
326:
320:
319:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
240:Kassapa Buddha
237:
233:
232:
231:Senior posting
228:
227:
218:
214:
213:
207:
206:Known for
203:
202:
200:
199:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
139:Malla republic
133:
123:
119:
118:
108:
97:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
60:
52:
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21915:
21904:
21901:
21899:
21896:
21894:
21891:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21876:
21874:
21871:
21869:
21866:
21864:
21861:
21859:
21856:
21854:
21851:
21849:
21846:
21844:
21841:
21839:
21836:
21834:
21831:
21829:
21826:
21824:
21821:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21799:
21796:
21794:
21791:
21789:
21786:
21784:
21781:
21780:
21778:
21763:
21755:
21753:
21745:
21744:
21741:
21733:
21730:
21729:
21728:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21718:
21715:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21706:
21705:Buddha in art
21703:
21699:
21696:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21686:
21685:
21684:
21681:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21669:
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21651:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21638:
21634:
21630:
21627:
21626:
21625:
21622:
21618:
21615:
21613:
21610:
21608:
21605:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21594:
21593:
21590:
21588:
21585:
21583:
21580:
21578:
21575:
21571:
21568:
21567:
21566:
21563:
21559:
21556:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21541:
21540:
21539:
21536:
21534:
21531:
21530:
21527:
21522:
21518:
21511:
21506:
21504:
21499:
21497:
21492:
21491:
21488:
21476:
21471:
21466:
21464:
21456:
21455:
21452:
21446:
21443:
21441:
21438:
21436:
21433:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21421:
21418:
21416:
21413:
21412:
21410:
21408:
21404:
21398:
21395:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21337:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21327:
21325:
21323:
21319:
21311:
21308:
21306:
21303:
21302:
21301:
21298:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21256:
21253:
21251:
21248:
21246:
21243:
21242:
21240:
21238:
21237:Miscellaneous
21234:
21228:
21227:Vegetarianism
21225:
21223:
21220:
21216:
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21203:
21201:
21198:
21196:
21193:
21192:
21191:
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21164:
21161:
21159:
21156:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21146:
21144:
21141:
21140:
21139:
21136:
21134:
21131:
21129:
21126:
21122:
21119:
21118:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21080:
21077:
21075:
21072:
21071:
21070:
21067:
21065:
21062:
21060:
21057:
21055:
21052:
21050:
21049:Buddha in art
21047:
21045:
21042:
21040:
21037:
21033:
21030:
21029:
21028:
21025:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20991:
20988:
20984:
20981:
20980:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20945:
20944:
20941:
20940:
20938:
20936:
20932:
20926:
20923:
20921:
20918:
20916:
20913:
20911:
20908:
20906:
20903:
20901:
20898:
20896:
20893:
20891:
20888:
20886:
20883:
20881:
20878:
20876:
20873:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20858:
20856:
20853:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20842:
20840:
20838:
20834:
20828:
20825:
20823:
20820:
20818:
20815:
20813:
20810:
20808:
20805:
20803:
20800:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20771:
20768:
20767:
20766:
20763:
20761:
20758:
20754:
20751:
20750:
20749:
20746:
20744:
20741:
20739:
20736:
20734:
20731:
20729:
20726:
20725:
20723:
20721:
20717:
20709:
20706:
20704:
20703:United States
20701:
20699:
20696:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20674:
20671:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20656:
20654:
20651:
20649:
20646:
20644:
20641:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20615:
20614:
20611:
20607:
20604:
20602:
20599:
20598:
20597:
20594:
20590:
20587:
20586:
20585:
20582:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20569:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20553:
20550:
20548:
20545:
20543:
20540:
20538:
20535:
20530:
20526:
20523:
20521:
20518:
20516:
20513:
20512:
20511:
20508:
20506:
20503:
20501:
20498:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20488:
20486:
20483:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20458:
20456:
20453:
20451:
20448:
20446:
20443:
20441:
20438:
20436:
20433:
20431:
20428:
20426:
20423:
20422:
20420:
20418:
20414:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20402:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20388:
20386:
20385:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20350:
20348:
20346:
20342:
20336:
20333:
20331:
20328:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20318:
20316:
20313:
20311:
20308:
20306:
20303:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20288:
20286:
20283:
20281:
20278:
20276:
20273:
20271:
20268:
20266:
20263:
20261:
20260:Padmasambhava
20258:
20256:
20253:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20206:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20177:
20175:
20173:
20172:Major figures
20169:
20163:
20160:
20156:
20153:
20152:
20151:
20148:
20146:
20143:
20141:
20138:
20136:
20133:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20119:
20118:Western tulku
20116:
20115:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20050:
20048:
20046:
20042:
20034:
20031:
20029:
20026:
20024:
20021:
20019:
20016:
20015:
20014:
20011:
20009:
20006:
20004:
20001:
19999:
19996:
19994:
19991:
19990:
19988:
19986:
19982:
19976:
19973:
19969:
19966:
19965:
19964:
19961:
19957:
19954:
19952:
19949:
19947:
19944:
19943:
19942:
19939:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19919:Five precepts
19917:
19916:
19915:
19912:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19897:Dhamma vicaya
19895:
19893:
19890:
19889:
19888:
19885:
19881:
19878:
19877:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19859:
19856:
19854:
19851:
19849:
19846:
19845:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19821:
19817:
19814:
19812:
19809:
19808:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19795:
19792:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
19767:
19765:
19762:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19747:
19744:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19719:
19718:
19713:
19711:
19708:
19707:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19665:Buddhābhiṣeka
19663:
19659:
19656:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19644:
19641:
19640:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19625:
19623:
19621:
19617:
19611:
19608:
19606:
19603:
19601:
19598:
19596:
19593:
19591:
19588:
19584:
19581:
19579:
19576:
19574:
19571:
19569:
19566:
19565:
19564:
19561:
19557:
19554:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19527:
19524:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19502:
19501:
19500:
19497:
19496:
19495:
19492:
19491:
19489:
19487:
19483:
19477:
19474:
19470:
19467:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19457:
19455:
19452:
19450:
19447:
19445:
19442:
19441:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19431:
19429:
19427:
19423:
19417:
19414:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19396:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19309:Enlightenment
19307:
19305:
19302:
19300:
19299:Dhamma theory
19297:
19295:
19294:Buddha-nature
19292:
19290:
19287:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19276:
19274:
19272:
19268:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19187:
19184:
19182:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19168:
19166:
19164:
19160:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19141:
19139:
19136:
19134:
19133:Samantabhadra
19131:
19129:
19126:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19114:
19111:
19107:
19104:
19103:
19102:
19099:
19098:
19096:
19094:
19090:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19072:
19066:
19064:
19058:
19056:
19050:
19048:
19042:
19040:
19034:
19032:
19026:
19024:
19018:
19017:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19001:
18998:
18996:
18993:
18991:
18988:
18986:
18983:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18952:
18950:
18948:
18944:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18907:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18897:
18895:
18893:
18889:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18865:
18864:
18861:
18856:
18851:
18846:
18838:
18833:
18831:
18826:
18824:
18819:
18818:
18815:
18805:
18800:
18793:
18789:
18785:
18780:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18635:
18632:
18628:
18621:
18616:
18614:
18609:
18607:
18602:
18601:
18598:
18589:
18582:
18580:
18575:
18568:
18562:
18557:
18553:
18546:
18540:
18534:
18531:
18527:
18522:
18518:
18517:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18503:
18500:
18498:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18476:
18473:
18472:
18462:
18456:
18451:
18450:
18444:
18440:
18436:
18432:
18428:
18427:
18426:
18425:
18417:
18412:
18408:
18407:
18402:
18398:
18397:
18396:
18395:
18387:
18381:
18377:
18376:
18370:
18366:
18360:
18356:
18355:
18349:
18345:
18341:
18337:
18333:
18329:
18325:
18324:
18323:
18322:
18314:
18310:
18306:
18301:
18298:
18292:
18287:
18286:
18279:
18275:
18269:
18265:
18264:
18258:
18255:
18249:
18245:
18241:
18240:
18235:
18231:
18227:
18222:
18218:
18214:
18213:
18208:
18204:
18199:
18195:
18189:
18185:
18184:
18178:
18174:
18169:
18165:
18164:
18158:
18154:
18153:
18152:The Mahāvastu
18147:
18143:
18138:
18135:
18129:
18125:
18120:
18117:
18113:
18109:
18106:(in French),
18105:
18100:
18097:
18093:
18089:
18086:(in French),
18085:
18079:
18078:
18059:
18055:
18051:
18047:
18043:
18039:
18035:
18031:
18026:
18012:
18008:
18002:
17999:, Routledge,
17995:
17994:
17988:
17984:
17979:
17975:
17969:
17966:. Routledge.
17965:
17960:
17956:
17950:
17939:
17935:
17929:
17922:
17921:
17915:
17908:
17904:
17898:
17891:
17890:
17884:
17881:
17875:
17871:
17866:
17863:
17857:
17853:
17852:
17846:
17844:
17843:Wayman (1984)
17839:
17834:
17832:
17831:Wayman (1984)
17827:
17822:
17819:
17815:
17811:
17807:
17803:
17799:
17795:
17791:
17786:
17774:
17770:
17769:
17763:
17759:
17754:
17750:
17744:
17740:
17736:
17731:
17727:
17722:
17718:
17714:
17710:
17705:
17693:
17689:
17685:
17681:
17677:
17673:
17669:
17664:
17661:
17655:
17651:
17646:
17643:
17637:
17633:
17628:
17621:
17617:
17610:
17609:
17603:
17589:
17585:
17584:Ancient Nepal
17578:
17573:
17566:
17562:
17558:
17551:
17546:
17543:
17537:
17533:
17532:
17526:
17523:
17521:0-520-24225-4
17517:
17513:
17508:
17504:
17499:
17495:
17490:
17487:
17481:
17477:
17473:
17468:
17464:
17459:
17456:
17450:
17446:
17442:
17438:
17434:
17430:
17425:
17421:
17420:
17414:
17411:
17406:
17395:
17391:
17387:
17383:
17378:
17374:
17370:
17369:East and West
17365:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17341:
17330:
17326:
17322:
17318:
17313:
17299:
17295:
17291:
17287:
17283:
17279:
17275:
17268:
17263:
17259:
17254:
17251:
17245:
17241:
17236:
17232:
17227:
17223:
17217:
17210:
17206:
17202:
17197:
17193:
17187:
17179:
17175:
17170:
17166:
17162:
17158:
17155:
17151:
17147:
17143:
17139:
17136:
17132:
17128:
17124:
17120:
17116:
17111:
17107:
17102:
17098:
17093:
17089:
17084:
17080:
17075:
17071:
17066:
17059:
17055:
17051:
17047:
17043:
17036:
17031:
17020:
17016:
17010:
17006:
17002:
17001:
16995:
16991:
16985:
16980:
16979:
16973:
16969:
16965:
16961:
16956:
16952:
16948:
16944:
16940:
16935:
16931:
16926:
16923:
16919:
16915:
16911:
16907:
16903:
16898:
16894:
16888:
16884:
16879:
16868:
16864:
16860:
16856:
16851:
16848:
16842:
16838:
16833:
16830:
16824:
16820:
16819:
16814:
16810:
16807:
16805:0-7007-1548-7
16801:
16797:
16792:
16788:
16787:
16781:
16775:
16761:
16754:
16753:
16748:
16744:
16737:
16733:
16729:
16722:
16717:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16689:
16685:
16684:
16676:
16671:
16667:
16661:
16653:
16648:
16644:
16643:
16638:
16634:
16630:
16625:
16622:
16620:9788120618237
16616:
16612:
16611:
16605:
16594:
16590:
16589:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16571:
16566:
16562:
16559:
16554:
16551:
16545:
16540:
16539:
16532:
16528:
16523:
16520:
16514:
16510:
16505:
16494:
16490:
16484:
16480:
16479:
16473:
16469:
16464:
16461:
16459:0-19-860560-9
16455:
16451:
16446:
16442:
16436:
16432:
16427:
16423:
16418:
16414:
16409:
16395:
16391:
16387:
16380:
16375:
16371:
16367:
16362:
16358:
16357:
16356:The Mahāvastu
16351:
16347:
16346:
16345:The Mahāvastu
16340:
16336:
16331:
16320:
16316:
16310:
16306:
16302:
16301:
16295:
16288:
16284:
16280:
16273:
16268:
16264:
16263:
16257:
16246:
16242:
16240:0-8248-1203-4
16236:
16232:
16228:
16224:
16220:
16219:
16213:
16202:
16198:
16192:
16189:, Routledge,
16188:
16187:
16182:
16178:
16174:
16170:
16165:
16161:
16156:
16153:
16147:
16143:
16138:
16134:
16129:
16117:
16113:
16109:
16104:
16100:
16095:
16084:
16080:
16074:
16070:
16069:
16063:
16051:
16047:
16041:
16038:. Routledge.
16037:
16036:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15997:
15992:
15989:
15983:
15979:
15974:
15970:
15964:
15956:
15951:
15947:
15942:
15938:
15933:
15921:
15917:
15911:
15907:
15906:
15900:
15896:
15890:
15885:
15884:
15877:
15873:
15872:
15866:
15863:
15861:0-394-51971-X
15857:
15853:
15849:
15848:Eck, Diana L.
15845:
15841:
15836:
15826:
15820:
15816:
15812:
15811:
15805:
15802:
15800:0-7914-1381-0
15796:
15792:
15788:
15787:
15782:
15778:
15774:
15770:
15764:
15760:
15759:
15753:
15749:
15745:
15741:
15739:981-00-4525-5
15735:
15731:
15726:
15722:
15720:0-394-71696-5
15716:
15712:
15708:
15704:
15701:
15695:
15691:
15686:
15683:
15677:
15673:
15668:
15664:
15658:
15650:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15627:
15623:
15619:
15615:
15611:
15607:
15603:
15599:
15595:
15591:
15587:
15583:
15578:
15574:
15568:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15549:
15543:
15539:
15534:
15522:
15518:
15512:
15508:
15507:
15501:
15497:
15492:
15481:
15477:
15471:
15467:
15466:
15460:
15457:
15451:
15447:
15442:
15439:
15433:
15429:
15424:
15420:
15415:
15404:
15400:
15396:
15391:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15375:
15371:
15367:
15364:
15358:
15354:
15353:
15347:
15336:
15332:
15328:
15323:
15319:
15314:
15310:
15305:
15298:
15294:
15290:
15283:
15278:
15263:
15259:
15257:9781400866328
15253:
15249:
15242:
15241:
15235:
15229:
15225:
15220:
15216:
15211:
15210:
15207:
15203:
15199:
15195:
15194:
15189:
15185:
15173:
15169:
15163:
15159:
15158:
15152:
15148:
15143:
15139:
15134:
15130:
15129:
15123:
15120:
15114:
15110:
15105:
15101:
15096:
15081:
15077:
15071:
15064:
15063:
15057:
15053:
15047:
15043:
15038:
15034:
15028:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15005:
15001:
14997:
14992:
14988:
14984:
14979:
14975:
14970:
14966:
14962:
14958:
14954:
14949:
14945:
14940:
14928:
14924:
14923:
14917:
14913:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14897:
14892:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14861:
14857:
14855:9789004194045
14851:
14847:
14846:
14838:
14836:
14834:
14832:
14830:
14828:
14819:
14817:
14812:
14806:
14798:
14796:9789004155374
14792:
14788:
14787:
14779:
14772:
14767:
14761:, p. 31.
14760:
14755:
14749:, p. 19.
14748:
14743:
14737:, p. 15.
14736:
14731:
14723:
14717:
14709:
14705:
14699:
14692:
14686:
14679:
14674:
14667:
14662:
14655:
14650:
14636:
14630:
14626:
14625:
14617:
14608:
14603:
14599:
14595:
14588:
14581:
14576:
14569:
14564:
14548:
14544:
14542:0-203-18593-5
14538:
14534:
14533:
14525:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14494:
14486:
14482:
14478:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14458:
14451:
14447:
14443:
14437:
14430:
14426:
14422:
14416:
14410:, pp. 729–730
14409:
14405:
14402:, Routledge,
14401:
14395:
14379:
14375:
14371:
14365:
14349:
14345:
14339:
14335:
14334:
14326:
14319:
14317:
14311:
14305:
14301:
14294:
14287:
14274:
14270:
14266:
14259:
14252:
14247:
14241:, p. 73.
14240:
14235:
14229:, p. 21.
14228:
14223:
14216:
14211:
14205:, p. 12.
14204:
14199:
14197:
14189:
14188:Walshe (1995)
14184:
14177:
14172:
14165:
14160:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14139:
14132:
14126:
14119:
14114:
14107:
14102:
14095:
14090:
14083:
14078:
14071:
14066:
14059:
14054:
14044:
14035:
14028:
14023:
14016:
14011:
13995:
13991:
13987:
13983:
13979:
13975:
13971:
13967:
13960:
13958:
13956:
13954:
13952:
13943:
13937:
13933:
13926:
13919:
13913:
13904:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13881:
13875:, p. 72.
13874:
13873:Omvedt (2003)
13869:
13863:, p. 76.
13862:
13861:Omvedt (2003)
13857:
13850:
13845:
13838:
13832:
13830:
13828:
13826:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13812:
13811:Shults (2014)
13807:
13801:, p. 87.
13800:
13799:Gethin (1998)
13795:
13786:
13780:, p. 85.
13779:
13778:Gethin (1998)
13774:
13768:, p. 28.
13767:
13762:
13760:
13752:
13751:Gethin (1998)
13747:
13738:
13731:
13726:
13719:
13718:Vetter (1988)
13714:
13707:
13706:Vetter (1988)
13702:
13695:
13694:Vetter (1988)
13690:
13683:
13682:Norman (2003)
13678:
13671:
13666:
13664:
13655:
13651:
13644:
13637:
13631:
13624:
13620:
13615:
13608:
13607:Warder (2004)
13603:
13596:
13591:
13585:, p. 25.
13584:
13579:
13572:
13567:
13560:
13559:Warder (2000)
13555:
13553:
13551:
13543:
13538:
13536:
13528:
13523:
13521:
13519:
13517:
13509:
13504:
13497:
13496:Vetter (1988)
13492:
13490:
13481:
13474:
13466:
13462:
13455:
13448:
13447:Warder (2000)
13443:
13437:, p. ix.
13436:
13435:Vetter (1988)
13431:
13429:
13421:
13416:
13414:
13412:
13405:, p. 28.
13404:
13403:Norman (1997)
13399:
13393:, p. 26.
13392:
13391:Norman (1997)
13387:
13381:, p. 48.
13380:
13375:
13368:
13363:
13357:, p. 10.
13356:
13351:
13344:
13339:
13332:
13327:
13320:
13319:Vetter (1988)
13315:
13308:
13307:Gethin (1998)
13303:
13296:
13292:
13289:
13288:
13281:
13274:
13273:Gethin (1998)
13269:
13262:
13257:
13250:
13245:
13238:
13233:
13231:
13223:
13222:Gethin (1998)
13218:
13211:
13210:Gethin (1998)
13206:
13199:
13198:Gethin (1998)
13194:
13188:, p. 81.
13187:
13186:Gethin (1998)
13182:
13175:
13174:Gethin (1998)
13170:
13163:
13158:
13151:
13146:
13139:
13134:
13127:
13122:
13116:, p. 20.
13115:
13110:
13103:
13102:Gethin (1998)
13098:
13091:
13090:Gethin (1998)
13086:
13080:, p. 27.
13079:
13074:
13067:
13066:Gethin (1998)
13062:
13055:
13054:Gethin (1998)
13050:
13043:
13042:Gethin (1998)
13038:
13031:
13026:
13019:
13013:
13006:
13000:
12993:
12988:
12982:, p. 10.
12981:
12976:
12969:
12964:
12957:
12956:Gombrich 2009
12952:
12950:
12948:
12940:
12939:Boisvert 1995
12935:
12928:
12927:Jurewicz 2000
12923:
12916:
12915:Gombrich 2009
12911:
12903:
12897:
12893:
12892:
12884:
12877:
12872:
12865:
12860:
12853:
12848:
12841:
12836:
12829:
12823:
12816:
12811:
12804:
12803:Gethin (1998)
12799:
12797:
12789:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12773:, p. 22.
12772:
12767:
12765:
12755:
12750:
12746:
12742:
12738:
12731:
12724:
12720:
12717:
12712:
12696:
12692:
12686:
12682:
12681:
12673:
12666:
12661:
12654:
12653:Gethin (1998)
12649:
12643:, p. 13.
12642:
12637:
12631:, p. 49.
12630:
12625:
12619:, p. 20.
12618:
12613:
12607:, p. 19.
12606:
12601:
12595:, p. 12.
12594:
12589:
12583:, p. 62.
12582:
12581:Gethin (1998)
12577:
12571:, p. 61.
12570:
12569:Gethin (1998)
12565:
12558:
12553:
12551:
12549:
12547:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12539:
12537:
12535:
12528:, p. 59.
12527:
12526:Gethin (1998)
12522:
12515:
12510:
12504:, p. 39.
12503:
12498:
12482:
12478:
12474:
12467:
12460:
12455:
12447:
12440:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12416:
12409:
12408:Strong (2007)
12404:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12373:
12366:
12361:
12354:
12349:
12342:
12337:
12330:
12325:
12319:, p. 76.
12318:
12313:
12306:
12305:Strong (2001)
12301:
12294:
12289:
12282:
12277:
12270:
12269:Strong (2001)
12265:
12263:
12255:
12250:
12248:
12240:
12239:Strong (2001)
12235:
12228:
12223:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12192:
12185:
12180:
12165:
12161:
12160:
12155:
12149:
12142:
12137:
12130:
12125:
12118:
12117:Strong (2001)
12113:
12106:
12101:
12094:
12089:
12082:
12081:Strong (2001)
12077:
12070:
12065:
12058:
12053:
12047:
12043:
12040:
12034:
12027:
12022:
12015:
12010:
12003:
11998:
11991:
11986:
11979:
11974:
11967:
11962:
11954:
11953:Ancient India
11947:
11941:, p. 79.
11940:
11935:
11928:
11923:
11916:
11915:Strong (2001)
11911:
11904:
11899:
11892:
11887:
11880:
11875:
11869:, p. 79.
11868:
11863:
11857:, p. 43.
11856:
11851:
11844:
11839:
11832:
11831:Strong (2001)
11827:
11825:
11818:, p. 91.
11817:
11812:
11805:
11804:Strong (2001)
11800:
11793:
11788:
11782:, p. 78.
11781:
11776:
11769:
11768:Strong (2001)
11764:
11758:, p. 70.
11757:
11752:
11746:, p. 68.
11745:
11740:
11734:
11732:
11728:
11725:
11717:
11710:
11709:Strong (2001)
11705:
11698:
11693:
11691:
11683:
11682:Strong (2001)
11678:
11671:
11666:
11659:
11658:Strong (2001)
11654:
11648:, p. 64.
11647:
11642:
11635:
11634:Strong (2001)
11630:
11623:
11618:
11611:
11610:Strong (2001)
11606:
11599:
11598:Strong (2001)
11594:
11587:
11582:
11575:
11570:
11568:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11549:0-8109-2807-8
11545:
11541:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11514:
11509:
11502:
11497:
11491:, p. 94.
11490:
11489:Strong (2001)
11485:
11479:, p. 93.
11478:
11477:Strong (2001)
11473:
11466:
11461:
11455:, p. 30.
11454:
11449:
11442:
11441:Gyatso (2007)
11437:
11430:
11425:
11423:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11392:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11328:
11321:
11316:
11309:
11304:
11297:
11292:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11258:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11228:
11221:
11216:
11214:
11206:
11201:
11199:
11191:
11186:
11180:, p. 26.
11179:
11174:
11167:
11166:Narada (1992)
11162:
11156:, p. 77.
11155:
11150:
11144:, p. 48.
11143:
11138:
11131:
11126:
11120:, p. 47.
11119:
11114:
11107:
11102:
11096:, p. 95.
11095:
11090:
11084:, p. 15.
11083:
11078:
11072:, p. 65.
11071:
11066:
11060:, p. 25.
11059:
11054:
11047:
11046:Strong (2001)
11042:
11036:, p. 28.
11035:
11034:Penner (2009)
11030:
11023:
11022:Strong (2015)
11018:
11011:
11010:Narada (1992)
11006:
10999:
10998:Strong (2015)
10994:
10988:, p. 36.
10987:
10982:
10976:, p. 30.
10975:
10970:
10963:
10958:
10951:
10946:
10939:
10938:Strong (2001)
10934:
10928:, p. 44.
10927:
10922:
10920:
10912:
10911:Warder (2000)
10907:
10900:
10895:
10893:
10886:, p. 20.
10885:
10884:Gethin (1998)
10880:
10874:, p. 63.
10873:
10872:Strong (2001)
10868:
10862:, p. 21.
10861:
10860:Gethin (1998)
10856:
10849:
10844:
10837:
10832:
10826:, p. 45.
10825:
10820:
10812:
10808:
10801:
10799:
10791:
10786:
10780:, p. 15.
10779:
10778:Gethin (1998)
10774:
10772:
10765:, p. 60.
10764:
10763:Strong (2001)
10759:
10753:, p. 23.
10752:
10747:
10740:
10735:
10729:, p. 47.
10728:
10723:
10716:
10715:Narada (1992)
10711:
10705:, p. 55.
10704:
10703:Strong (2001)
10699:
10692:
10691:Narada (1992)
10687:
10685:
10677:
10676:Turpie (2001)
10672:
10665:
10664:Thapar (2002)
10660:
10653:
10648:
10641:
10640:Gethin (1998)
10636:
10629:
10624:
10618:, p. 24.
10617:
10612:
10610:
10603:, p. 51.
10602:
10601:Strong (2001)
10597:
10590:
10585:
10578:
10573:
10566:
10565:Samuel (2010)
10561:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10548:, p. 21.
10547:
10542:
10536:, p. 41.
10535:
10530:
10524:, p. 11.
10523:
10518:
10512:, p. 37.
10511:
10506:
10500:, p. 19.
10499:
10498:Gethin (1998)
10494:
10487:
10482:
10480:
10473:, p. 18.
10472:
10467:
10460:
10455:
10449:, p. 14.
10448:
10447:Gethin (1998)
10443:
10441:
10433:
10428:
10412:
10408:
10402:
10400:
10384:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10363:
10361:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10330:
10328:
10326:
10319:, p. 43.
10318:
10317:Strong (2001)
10313:
10307:, p. 37.
10306:
10305:Strong (2001)
10301:
10295:, p. 25.
10294:
10293:Strong (2001)
10289:
10283:, p. 31.
10282:
10281:Strong (2001)
10277:
10271:, p. 30.
10270:
10269:Strong (2001)
10265:
10259:, p. 24.
10258:
10257:Strong (2001)
10253:
10247:, p. 21.
10246:
10245:Strong (2001)
10241:
10225:
10221:
10215:
10209:, p. 19.
10208:
10207:Strong (2001)
10203:
10196:
10191:
10184:
10179:
10173:, p. 15.
10172:
10167:
10160:
10155:
10148:
10143:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10113:
10104:
10085:
10081:
10074:
10070:
10064:
10057:
10052:
10050:
10033:
10029:
10023:
10019:
10018:
10010:
10003:
9999:
9992:
9986:, p. 74.
9985:
9980:
9973:
9968:
9966:
9959:, p. 62.
9958:
9953:
9951:
9943:
9938:
9936:
9928:
9923:
9921:
9913:
9908:
9906:
9899:, p. 65.
9898:
9893:
9886:
9881:
9874:
9869:
9863:, p. 45.
9862:
9861:Warder (1998)
9857:
9850:
9845:
9839:, p. 20.
9838:
9833:
9817:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9794:
9787:
9786:Walshe (1995)
9782:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9739:
9732:
9727:
9721:
9717:
9711:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9657:, p. 49.
9656:
9651:
9649:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9626:(1–2): 1–12,
9625:
9621:
9617:
9610:
9603:
9598:
9596:
9588:
9583:
9576:
9575:Muller (2001)
9571:
9565:, p. 46.
9564:
9559:
9552:
9551:Samuel (2010)
9547:
9529:
9522:
9521:
9513:
9506:
9501:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9468:
9460:
9459:Wayman (1997)
9455:
9449:, p. xv.
9448:
9443:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9357:
9351:, p. 39.
9350:
9349:Norman (1997)
9345:
9338:
9333:
9326:
9321:
9314:
9309:
9302:
9301:Narain (1993)
9297:
9295:
9287:
9282:
9275:
9270:
9263:
9258:
9251:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9232:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9204:Bernard Faure
9201:
9197:
9192:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9161:
9155:, p. 16.
9154:
9149:
9142:
9137:
9130:
9125:
9118:
9113:
9106:
9101:
9094:
9089:
9082:
9077:
9075:
9066:
9060:
9056:
9049:
9042:
9037:
9030:
9029:Cowell (1894)
9025:
9018:
9013:
9007:, p. 32.
9006:
9005:Fowler (2005)
9001:
8995:, p. 20.
8994:
8989:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8933:
8932:
8924:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8885:
8869:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8798:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8779:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8740:
8732:
8720:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8669:
8661:
8656:
8654:
8646:
8645:Strong (2001)
8641:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8591:
8584:
8579:
8570:
8564:Entry: "Jina"
8553:
8549:
8547:9788184753967
8543:
8539:
8538:Penguin Books
8535:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8505:
8498:
8497:
8489:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8457:
8450:
8445:
8443:
8435:
8434:Baroni (2002)
8430:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8394:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8376:
8369:
8361:
8354:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8311:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8288:, p. 42.
8287:
8282:
8280:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8240:
8238:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8212:
8205:
8200:
8193:
8192:Warder (2000)
8188:
8181:
8180:Warder (2000)
8176:
8169:
8168:Gethin (1998)
8164:
8157:
8156:Gethin (1998)
8152:
8150:
8148:
8140:
8135:
8129:, p. 51.
8128:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8105:, p. 45.
8104:
8103:Warder (2000)
8099:
8097:
8089:
8088:Strong (2001)
8084:
8077:
8076:Gethin (1998)
8072:
8065:
8060:
8054:, p. 33.
8053:
8052:Norman (1997)
8048:
8041:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8025:
8006:
7997:
7988:
7979:
7970:
7961:
7954:
7949:
7939:
7929:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7788:
7784:
7776:
7768:
7758:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7730:Visuddhimagga
7725:
7721:
7720:Tevijja Sutta
7717:
7711:
7702:
7692:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7666:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7646:suukara-kanda
7644:Waley notes:
7641:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7586:
7585:Vetter (1988)
7581:
7580:Norman (2003)
7576:
7571:
7570:Bareau (1963)
7562:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7521:
7515:
7508:
7504:
7503:Lalitavistara
7500:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7479:
7478:
7477:Upaddha Sutta
7471:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7434:According to
7431:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7409:Hartmann 1991
7406:
7405:Tripathy 2014
7403:, p. 114
7402:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7379:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7301:
7300:
7285:
7278:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7251:
7242:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7195:
7192:: "Also with
7189:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7170:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7145:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7119:Brahmi script
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7065:
7060:
7050:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6978:Abrahams 2021
6975:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6960:Gimello (2003
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:Abrahams 2021
6951:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6927:
6917:
6806:
6799:
6798:Uttar Pradesh
6795:
6791:
6788:According to
6785:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6743:Narain (2003)
6740:
6737:
6734:
6733:Dundas (2002)
6730:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6691:Tuladhar 2002
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6675:Nakamura 1980
6672:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6632:Hartmann 1991
6629:
6628:Tripathy 2014
6625:
6621:
6617:
6611:, p. 19)
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:teaching pose
6540:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6431:Roger Zelazny
6429:, a novel by
6428:
6427:
6426:Lord of Light
6423:
6420:
6419:Hermann Hesse
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6355:
6354:Himanshu Soni
6351:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6226:Little Buddha
6223:
6220:
6219:Shashi Kapoor
6216:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:Bhaurao Datar
6145:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6112:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6013:
6006:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5970:15th century
5966:
5961:
5958:
5947:
5944:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5884:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5829:
5824: 774 CE
5819:Cave Buddha,
5818:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5665:
5660:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5346:Buddha in art
5343:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:Chaubis Avtar
5323:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:and Georgian
5266:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:Sunni scholar
5158:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5094: 300 CE
5088:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5006:
4996:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4946:five precepts
4943:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:Bhikkhu Bodhi
4893:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4857:Aggañña Sutta
4854:
4853:
4852:Aggañña Sutta
4847:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:Kancha Ilaiah
4820:
4816:
4815:
4814:Aggañña Sutta
4809:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4683:Homeless life
4680:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4603:Dharmaguptaka
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:Brahma-vihara
4541:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4381:Upanisa sutta
4378:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:Rupert Gethin
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:consciousness
4219:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4077:five skandhas
4074:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4011:
4007:
4006:three poisons
4003:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3898:three poisons
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3838:Mauryan realm
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3789:
3788:Brahmi script
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:Anāthapiṇḍika
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:, capital of
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:Uttar Pradesh
3322:
3313:
3305:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:Mahākhandhaka
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3172:Lalitavistara
3170:, and in the
3169:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:earth goddess
3112:
3108:
3107:
3106:Lalitavistara
3102:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:(SN 56), the
3018:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:) to beg for
2812:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2765:enlightenment
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2724:, 8th century
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:Dharmaguptaka
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2676:
2675:Kushan period
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:Lalitavistara
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:countries as
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:and Buddhist
2546:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2451:Lalitavistara
2447:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:Sandaka Sutta
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2135:
2132:
2131:Aryan society
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1970:
1956:
1954:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Dharmaguptaka
1822:
1821:Lokottaravāda
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1762:Tuṣita Heaven
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:(MN 36), the
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:Brahmi script
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1610:Brahmi script
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1560:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:Brahmi script
1273:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1196:monastery in
1195:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:five skandhas
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
906:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
787:
786:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
681:
674:
673:Vegetarianism
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Recollections
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Five precepts
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
582:
577:
576:
569:
566:
564:
563:Chinese canon
561:
559:
558:Tibetan canon
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
517:
516:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
364:
359:
358:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
313:
312:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:Sanskrit name
262:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
229:
225:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
185:
181:
175:
172:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:Resting place
145:
140:
136:
124:
120:
115:
111:
96:
92:
87:
82:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
21520:
21516:
21415:Bodhisattvas
21335:Christianity
21330:Baháʼí Faith
21195:Dharmachakra
21185:Prayer wheel
21175:Prayer beads
20943:Architecture
20822:969 Movement
20606:Saudi Arabia
20584:Central Asia
20577:South Africa
20399:
20382:
20315:Panchen Lama
20220:Buddhapālita
20179:
19816:Satipatthana
19811:Mindful Yoga
19724:Recollection
19638:Brahmavihara
19509:Japanese Zen
19504:Chinese Chan
19464:Animal realm
19271:Key concepts
19093:Bodhisattvas
18946:
18909:
18905:Three Jewels
18783:
18772:
18733:Tissa Buddha
18723:Dharmadarśin
18572:
18544:
18515:
18448:
18434:
18423:
18422:
18415:
18405:
18393:
18392:
18374:
18353:
18343:
18331:
18320:
18319:
18312:
18308:
18284:
18262:
18238:
18225:
18211:
18202:
18182:
18172:
18162:
18151:
18141:
18123:
18107:
18103:
18087:
18083:
18062:. Retrieved
18037:
18033:
18018:, retrieved
17992:
17982:
17963:
17938:the original
17919:
17907:the original
17888:
17869:
17850:
17837:
17825:
17793:
17789:
17777:. Retrieved
17767:
17757:
17738:
17725:
17717:the original
17712:
17696:. Retrieved
17687:
17683:
17667:
17649:
17631:
17620:the original
17607:
17595:, retrieved
17586:(151): 1–7,
17583:
17565:the original
17560:
17556:
17530:
17511:
17502:
17493:
17471:
17462:
17440:
17437:Strong, J.S.
17428:
17418:
17409:
17398:, retrieved
17389:
17385:
17375:(1/4): 61–74
17372:
17368:
17357:, retrieved
17348:
17333:, retrieved
17324:
17320:
17305:, retrieved
17298:the original
17277:
17273:
17257:
17239:
17230:
17200:
17177:
17173:
17164:
17145:
17121:(1): 82–87,
17118:
17114:
17096:
17087:
17078:
17069:
17058:the original
17045:
17041:
17023:, retrieved
16999:
16977:
16972:Omvedt, Gail
16963:
16960:"Buddha, n."
16958:OED (2013),
16950:
16938:
16929:
16905:
16901:
16882:
16871:, retrieved
16862:
16858:
16836:
16817:
16795:
16784:
16767:, retrieved
16751:
16736:the original
16731:
16727:
16709:, retrieved
16687:
16681:
16651:
16641:
16628:
16609:
16597:, retrieved
16587:
16577:
16557:
16537:
16526:
16508:
16497:, retrieved
16477:
16467:
16449:
16430:
16421:
16412:
16401:, retrieved
16389:
16385:
16369:
16365:
16355:
16344:
16334:
16323:, retrieved
16299:
16285:(9): 46–58,
16282:
16279:Orientations
16278:
16261:
16249:, retrieved
16217:
16205:, retrieved
16185:
16159:
16141:
16132:
16120:. Retrieved
16111:
16098:
16087:, retrieved
16067:
16054:. Retrieved
16034:
16023:
16014:
15995:
15977:
15954:
15945:
15936:
15924:. Retrieved
15904:
15882:
15870:
15851:
15839:
15828:, retrieved
15809:
15785:
15773:the original
15757:
15729:
15710:
15689:
15671:
15647:
15630:. Retrieved
15626:the original
15592:(1): 57–63.
15589:
15585:
15558:
15537:
15525:, retrieved
15505:
15495:
15484:, retrieved
15464:
15445:
15427:
15418:
15407:, retrieved
15398:
15385:
15373:
15351:
15339:, retrieved
15330:
15317:
15308:
15297:the original
15292:
15288:
15269:. Retrieved
15239:
15227:
15223:
15214:
15205:
15192:
15188:Beal, Samuel
15176:. Retrieved
15156:
15146:
15137:
15127:
15108:
15099:
15087:. Retrieved
15061:
15041:
15022:
15003:
14999:
14986:
14982:
14973:
14956:
14952:
14943:
14931:. Retrieved
14921:
14911:
14907:
14895:
14887:
14864:. Retrieved
14844:
14814:
14805:
14785:
14778:
14766:
14759:Leidy (2008)
14754:
14747:Leidy (2008)
14742:
14735:Leidy (2008)
14730:
14707:
14698:
14690:
14685:
14673:
14661:
14649:
14638:, retrieved
14623:
14616:
14597:
14593:
14587:
14580:Yusuf (2009)
14575:
14568:Flood (1996)
14563:
14551:. Retrieved
14531:
14524:
14512:. Retrieved
14503:
14493:
14466:
14463:Ghurye, G.S.
14457:
14436:
14420:
14415:
14399:
14394:
14382:. Retrieved
14373:
14364:
14352:. Retrieved
14332:
14325:
14315:
14313:
14299:
14293:
14284:
14277:, retrieved
14268:
14258:
14246:
14239:Gopal (1990)
14234:
14222:
14210:
14183:
14171:
14159:
14154:New Mandala.
14138:
14130:
14125:
14118:Bodhi (2005)
14113:
14101:
14094:Bodhi (2005)
14089:
14082:Bodhi (2005)
14077:
14070:Bodhi (2005)
14065:
14058:Bodhi (2005)
14053:
14043:
14034:
14027:Bodhi (2005)
14022:
14015:Bodhi (2005)
14010:
13998:. Retrieved
13976:(1): 36–64.
13973:
13969:
13931:
13925:
13917:
13912:
13903:
13886:
13880:
13868:
13856:
13849:Bodhi (2005)
13844:
13836:
13806:
13794:
13785:
13773:
13746:
13737:
13725:
13713:
13701:
13689:
13677:
13653:
13649:
13643:
13635:
13630:
13614:
13602:
13597:, p. 4.
13595:Lopez (1995)
13590:
13578:
13566:
13503:
13479:
13473:
13464:
13454:
13442:
13398:
13386:
13374:
13362:
13350:
13343:Wynne (2004)
13338:
13326:
13321:, p. 5.
13314:
13302:
13286:
13280:
13268:
13256:
13244:
13217:
13205:
13193:
13181:
13169:
13157:
13150:Bodhi (2005)
13145:
13133:
13121:
13109:
13097:
13085:
13073:
13061:
13049:
13037:
13025:
13017:
13012:
13007:, pp. 5, 15.
13004:
12999:
12987:
12975:
12963:
12934:
12922:
12910:
12890:
12883:
12871:
12864:Wayman 1984b
12859:
12852:Wayman 1984a
12847:
12840:Shulman 2008
12835:
12827:
12822:
12810:
12744:
12740:
12730:
12711:
12699:. Retrieved
12679:
12672:
12660:
12648:
12636:
12624:
12612:
12600:
12588:
12576:
12564:
12521:
12514:Bodhi (2005)
12509:
12502:Bodhi (2005)
12497:
12485:. Retrieved
12476:
12466:
12454:
12445:
12439:
12420:
12415:
12403:
12391:. Retrieved
12382:
12372:
12360:
12348:
12336:
12324:
12312:
12300:
12293:Wynne (2007)
12288:
12276:
12234:
12227:Waley (1932)
12222:
12210:. Retrieved
12206:the original
12202:Bangkok Post
12201:
12191:
12179:
12168:, retrieved
12159:Digha Nikaya
12158:
12148:
12136:
12124:
12112:
12100:
12088:
12076:
12064:
12052:
12033:
12021:
12009:
11997:
11985:
11973:
11961:
11952:
11946:
11934:
11922:
11910:
11898:
11886:
11874:
11862:
11850:
11838:
11811:
11799:
11787:
11775:
11763:
11751:
11739:
11721:
11716:
11704:
11677:
11665:
11653:
11641:
11629:
11617:
11605:
11593:
11581:
11539:
11508:
11496:
11484:
11472:
11460:
11448:
11436:
11409:. Retrieved
11400:
11391:
11379:. Retrieved
11370:
11346:. Retrieved
11337:
11327:
11315:
11303:
11291:
11279:. Retrieved
11266:
11257:
11245:. Retrieved
11236:
11227:
11185:
11173:
11161:
11149:
11137:
11125:
11113:
11108:, p. 8.
11101:
11089:
11077:
11065:
11053:
11041:
11029:
11017:
11005:
10993:
10981:
10969:
10957:
10945:
10933:
10906:
10899:Conze (1959)
10879:
10867:
10855:
10843:
10831:
10819:
10810:
10806:
10785:
10758:
10746:
10739:Meeks (2016)
10734:
10722:
10710:
10698:
10678:, p. 3.
10671:
10659:
10647:
10635:
10623:
10596:
10591:, p. 8.
10584:
10572:
10541:
10529:
10522:Jones (1952)
10517:
10505:
10493:
10466:
10454:
10427:
10415:. Retrieved
10411:the original
10386:. Retrieved
10372:
10347:. Retrieved
10338:
10312:
10300:
10288:
10276:
10264:
10252:
10240:
10228:. Retrieved
10223:
10214:
10202:
10190:
10178:
10166:
10154:
10147:Jones (1956)
10142:
10132:24 September
10130:. Retrieved
10121:
10112:
10103:
10093:24 September
10091:. Retrieved
10084:the original
10079:
10063:
10036:. Retrieved
10016:
10009:
10001:
9997:
9991:
9984:Fogelin 2015
9979:
9974:, p. 1.
9892:
9887:, p. 7.
9880:
9875:, p. 1.
9868:
9856:
9849:Wynne (2007)
9844:
9832:
9820:. Retrieved
9805:
9793:
9781:
9769:. Retrieved
9752:
9748:
9738:
9733:, chpt. 1–3.
9726:
9710:
9698:. Retrieved
9694:the original
9681:
9677:
9623:
9619:
9609:
9582:
9570:
9558:
9546:
9535:, retrieved
9528:the original
9519:
9512:
9500:
9488:. Retrieved
9484:the original
9454:
9442:
9430:. Retrieved
9421:
9417:
9407:
9366:
9362:
9356:
9344:
9332:
9320:
9315:, p. 2.
9308:
9286:Ruegg (1999)
9281:
9269:
9257:
9230:
9226:
9221:
9208:google books
9199:
9196:Strong, John
9191:
9179:. Retrieved
9170:
9160:
9153:Lopez (1995)
9148:
9136:
9124:
9117:Smith (1924)
9112:
9100:
9088:
9054:
9048:
9036:
9024:
9012:
9000:
8988:
8976:. Retrieved
8972:the original
8962:
8950:. Retrieved
8930:
8923:
8911:. Retrieved
8891:
8884:
8872:. Retrieved
8861:
8852:
8823:. Retrieved
8814:
8805:
8785:
8778:
8766:. Retrieved
8746:
8739:
8707:. Retrieved
8680:
8660:Weise (2013)
8647:, p. 5.
8640:
8607:
8603:
8590:
8578:
8569:
8556:. Retrieved
8532:
8528:Roshen Dalal
8522:
8511:, retrieved
8495:
8488:
8480:
8475:
8456:
8429:
8417:
8395:, p. 8.
8374:
8368:
8359:
8353:
8341:. Retrieved
8332:
8322:
8310:
8286:Keown (2003)
8266:. Retrieved
8246:
8224:
8216:
8211:
8199:
8194:, p. 4.
8187:
8175:
8163:
8158:, p. 8.
8141:, p. 4.
8134:
8122:
8110:
8090:, p. 1.
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8005:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7952:
7948:
7938:
7928:
7907:
7895:
7889:
7881:
7867:
7863:
7847:
7837:
7831:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7796:
7786:
7782:
7774:
7767:
7757:
7750:Tsong-kha-pa
7738:Bhavanakrama
7723:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7701:
7691:
7684:
7680:
7675:
7665:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7640:
7608:
7561:
7551:
7544:dibba-cakkhu
7543:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7519:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7490:
7485:
7476:
7430:
7422:
7416:
7388:
7378:
7368:
7351:
7339:
7312:
7307:
7298:
7284:
7257:
7241:
7236:, p. 76
7224:
7205:
7193:
7173:
7125:
7114:
6993:
6966:Norman (1997
6805:
6784:
6750:K. R. Norman
6659:
6656:Walshe (1995
6650:Warder (2000
6635:
6604:
6593:Jataka tales
6584:
6534:dharmachakra
6532:
6523:
6469:Karuna Nadee
6467:
6455:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6408:Osamu Tezuka
6397:
6388:
6377:
6373:Edwin Arnold
6366:
6343:
6338:Richard Gere
6334:David Grubin
6327:
6313:
6298:
6284:
6276:
6270:
6260:
6248:
6240:
6235:Keanu Reeves
6224:
6215:Conrad Rooks
6208:
6196:
6173:
6159:
6153:
6139:
6135:
5911:Heian period
5748:, Sri Lanka.
5730:Gupta period
5683:Ajanta Caves
5573:
5511: 15 CE
5380:
5376:Jataka tales
5364:Dharma wheel
5353:
5319:
5304:
5293:
5285:Baháʼí Faith
5282:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5242:
5220:Christianity
5207:
5155:
5146:
5141:95:1 of the
5132:
5120:
5106:
5084:
5041:(D, I:142).
5034:
5031:Digha Nikaya
5028:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4935:
4933:
4921:
4919:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4900:As noted by
4899:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4777:
4770:
4760:
4734:example, in
4732:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4677:Edward Conze
4675:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4646:A. K. Warder
4642:Peter Harvey
4626:
4591:Sarvastivada
4584:
4544:
4537:
4527:
4521:
4520:. Likewise,
4515:
4497:
4481:Āḷāra Kālāma
4478:
4469:Alara Kalama
4450:
4444:
4438:
4434:satipatthana
4432:
4424:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4324:
4322:
4263:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4080:
4070:
4059:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4027:
3991:
3971:
3969:Sarvastivada
3962:
3953:
3949:Mahasamghika
3946:
3883:
3842:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3783:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3704:
3686:
3682:Ajanta caves
3659:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3601:
3594:
3590:Mahāsaṅghika
3583:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3508:
3504:
3493:
3486:
3468:
3465:Jeta's grove
3458:
3407:
3388:
3380:
3369:
3318:
3293:
3286:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3219:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3179:Alara Kalama
3176:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3149:
3147:
3134:Dhamek Stupa
3104:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3072:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3041:yatha-bhutam
3040:
3036:
3014:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2970:rice pudding
2964:
2957:
2942:
2938:Alara Kalama
2930:Ārāḍa Kālāma
2925:
2918:
2882:
2808:
2802:
2798:monk's robes
2779:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2753:Digha Nikaya
2752:
2734:
2727:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2647:Renunciation
2638:
2636:
2616:
2595:chakravartin
2593:
2583:
2575:
2557:
2532:
2515:
2494:
2484:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2411:
2389:marking the
2353:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2329:past Buddhas
2326:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:Alara Kalama
2242:
2234:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2120:
2108:
2094:
2086:Alara Kalama
2076:
2040:
2018:
2009:
1982:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1858:Mahajanapada
1855:
1835:is from the
1832:
1828:
1818:Mahāsāṃghika
1813:
1811:
1807:Sarvāstivāda
1798:
1791:Buddhacarita
1790:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1770:Buddhacarita
1768:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1746:Jātaka tales
1741:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1695:
1685:
1664:
1649:
1641:
1630:
1616:
1542:
1539:
1527:
1520:philological
1517:
1491:
1488:Maha sramana
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1448:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1319:
1318:
1290:
1285:
1271:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1192:The Buddha,
1167:
1158:Jataka tales
1156:
1150:
1139:Sutta Piṭaka
1128:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1047:
1040:
1039:and reached
960:
956:
955:
623:Merit making
588:Three Jewels
528:Buddhavacana
458:Impermanence
446:Dharma wheel
374:
70:Gupta period
42:
29:
21888:Deified men
21717:Iconography
21710:life in art
21577:Four sights
21260:Dharma talk
21089:Asalha Puja
20885:Eschatology
20688:Switzerland
20668:New Zealand
20596:Middle East
20505:Philippines
20425:Afghanistan
20230:Bodhidharma
20215:Buddhaghosa
20135:Householder
20045:Monasticism
19998:Bodhisattva
19853:Prostration
19806:Mindfulness
19734:Anapanasati
19717:Kammaṭṭhāna
19514:Korean Seon
19454:Asura realm
19449:Human realm
19389:Ten Fetters
19344:Parinirvana
19246:Uppalavanna
19211:Mahākaccana
19196:Mahākassapa
19128:Kṣitigarbha
19123:Ākāśagarbha
19020:Suddhodāna
18965:Four sights
18892:Foundations
18718:Arthadarśin
18713:Priyadarśin
18648:Saraṇaṅkara
18574:Dashavatara
18516:In Our Time
17985:, Routledge
17698:15 November
17327:: 106–140,
17090:, MacMillan
16769:13 November
16711:14 November
16470:, Routledge
16231:10125/23030
16162:, Routledge
15830:25 December
15527:13 February
15498:, Routledge
15271:13 November
15102:, Routledge
15006:(4): 1–27.
14866:17 November
14640:15 November
14452:, Chapter 9
14215:Larson 1995
13609:, p. .
13583:Jong (1993)
13449:, p. .
12876:Wayman 1971
12477:Lion's Roar
12317:Gethin 1998
12212:25 December
11939:Jain (1991)
11381:25 December
11247:25 December
10630:, p. .
10534:Beal (1875)
10510:Beal (1875)
10417:25 December
10197:, p. .
10149:, p. .
9942:Ludden 1985
9912:Thapar 2004
9700:23 February
9602:Keay (2011)
9587:Sharma 2006
9490:26 November
9432:26 December
9093:Beal (1875)
9017:Beal (1883)
8978:4 September
8393:Bary (2011)
8127:Bodhi 2005a
7933:Bronkhorst.
7868:parinirvana
7853:A.K. Warder
7836:(Sanskrit:
7820:(Sanskrit:
7808:(Sanskrit:
7654:sukaresh.ta
7598:, Chapter 7
7592:, Chapter 4
7553:āsavakkhaya
7365:Walshe 1995
7359:Warder 2000
7234:Gethin 1998
7161:Keown (2003
7153:The Buddha:
7073:Shakyamuni:
6773:Indologist
6640:Gethin 1998
6609:Gethin 1998
6585:Nidanakatha
6549:Sahni (1914
6462:Dudley Buck
6320:. It stars
6168:Himansu Rai
6164:Franz Osten
6155:Prem Sanyas
5842:flanked by
5311:Manichaeism
5263:via Arabic
5260:Bodhisattva
5247:Paul Ranson
5167:Afghanistan
5151:Kapilavastu
5135:Dhu al-Kifl
4633:A.K. Warder
4534:K.R. Norman
4512:Brahmanical
4446:Anapanasati
4429:mindfulness
4339:and attain
4189:ucchedavada
4185:sassatavada
3936:, with the
3815:Mahākassapa
3771:(Kushinara)
3746:parinirvana
3721:As per the
3602:parinirvana
3548:Ajatashatru
3514:Later years
3206:Rishipatana
3100:Nidanakatha
2763:during his
2749:four sights
2736:Nidanakatha
2523:Suryavansha
2507:Shakya clan
2418:Kapilavastu
2321:asamkheyyas
2316:Buddhavaṃsa
2305:bodhisattva
2296:Buddhavaṃsa
2207:omniscience
2192:Pāla period
2155:(left) and
2127:Pataliputra
1878:tirthankara
1876:, the Jain
1870:Ajatashatru
1841:Buddhaghoṣa
1833:Nidānakathā
1787:Nidānakathā
1750:bodhisattva
1700:, found in
1673:, dated to
1667:in a relief
1535:hagiography
1508:Pali suttas
1445:knowledge".
1434:and humans.
1416:many worlds
1349:tathā-agata
1345:tathā-āgata
1194:Tapa Shotor
1098:mindfulness
1042:parinirvana
858:New Zealand
713:Bodhisattva
698:Four Stages
653:Monasticism
633:Mindfulness
603:Perfections
533:Early Texts
236:Predecessor
83:(B(b) 181).
21777:Categories
21637:Bodhi Tree
21602:Śuddhodana
21553:Middle Way
21517:The Buddha
21377:Psychology
21357:Gnosticism
21345:Comparison
21340:Influences
21322:Comparison
21205:Bhavacakra
21163:Kushinagar
21138:Pilgrimage
21084:Māgha Pūjā
21039:Bodhi Tree
20855:Buddhology
20845:Abhidharma
20837:Philosophy
20770:Menander I
20638:Costa Rica
20589:Uzbekistan
20430:Bangladesh
20384:Dhammapada
20368:Pali Canon
20330:Ajahn Chah
20310:Dalai Lama
20210:Kumārajīva
20205:Vasubandhu
20180:The Buddha
20088:Zen master
20023:Sakadagami
20003:Buddhahood
19934:Pratimokṣa
19749:Shikantaza
19705:Meditation
19680:Deity yoga
19551:Madhyamaka
19444:Deva realm
19339:Mindstream
19289:Bodhicitta
19201:Aṅgulimāla
19068:Devadatta
19044:Yaśodharā
18947:The Buddha
18937:Middle Way
18763:Koṇāgamana
18758:Kakusandha
18728:Siddhārtha
18698:Padmottara
18683:Anomadassi
18643:Medhaṃkara
18638:Taṇhaṅkara
18627:28 Buddhas
18378:. UNESCO.
18321:The Buddha
17779:13 October
17359:24 January
17307:23 October
16892:8176463531
16873:21 October
16392:: 77–103,
16251:17 January
16207:7 November
16144:, Tharpa,
16056:30 October
15681:0028657187
15532:, 1120 pp.
15409:23 October
14946:(5): 9–41.
14933:13 October
14898:, Springer
14000:9 February
13621:, p.
12701:23 October
12487:21 January
11411:22 October
10341:. UNESCO.
9927:Dyson 2019
9885:Roy (1984)
9873:Roy (1984)
9537:22 October
8825:27 October
8268:23 October
8204:Cox (2003)
8016:References
7915:formulas."
7746:sGam-po-pa
7230:aggregates
7190:required.)
7099:Bary (2011
7095: 269
6974:Bodhi 2020
6950:Bodhi 2020
6946:Cohen 2006
6942:Max Muller
6764: 445
6757: 480
6687:Tilaurakot
6561:Mani (2012
6443:Gore Vidal
6414:Siddhartha
6361:Literature
6329:The Buddha
6322:Arun Govil
6308:Television
6210:Siddhartha
6136:Buddha Dev
6107: 5th
5879: 825
5781: 609
5746:Gal Vihara
5383:Lotus Pose
5368:Bodhi tree
4962:kammapatha
4890:republican
4873:Cakkavatti
4744:Pali Canon
4599:Mahisasaka
4587:Pali Canon
4579: 130
4572:Kanishka I
4489:Upanishads
4421:equanimity
4410:sampajañña
4364:hindrances
4349:Middle Way
4307:Gal Vihara
4295:full lotus
4224:and will (
3934:Middle Way
3900:, and the
3856:See also:
3799:See also:
3769:Kushinagar
3727:Kushinagar
3700:infarction
3697:mesenteric
3540:Pratimoksa
3329:Angulimala
3259:"not-self"
3247:Mahāvastu,
3216:Mahīśāsaka
3078:, such as
3064:Bodhi tree
3025:Middle Way
2992:liberation
2857:asceticism
2849:Wat Suthat
2833:See also:
2651:See also:
2574:is called
2539:gaṇasaṅgha
2503:Śuddhodana
2426:Tilaurakot
2350:Jātakamālā
2334:pranidhana
2301:Jātakamālā
2225:and later
2103:See also:
2082:Moggallāna
1933: – c.
1931: 492
1922: – c.
1920: 558
1895:Kalachakra
1785:, and the
1682:Bodhi tree
1660:Pāli Canon
1656:Maurya era
1608:") in the
1472:Dharmaraja
1467:Pali Canon
1455:liberation
1341:tathā-gata
1337:Pāli Canon
1260: 269
1152:Abhidharma
1050:Middle Way
1037:Kushinagar
1013:asceticism
1009:mendicancy
999:clan, but
973:South Asia
961:the Buddha
731:Traditions
668:Pilgrimage
608:Meditation
568:Post-canon
548:Pāli Canon
478:Middle Way
375:The Buddha
190:Śuddhodana
161:Yashodhara
135:Kushinagar
49:The Buddha
21762:Wikiquote
21698:footprint
21633:Bodh Gaya
21612:Yaśodharā
21565:Disciples
21445:Festivals
21425:Buddhists
21387:Theosophy
21190:Symbolism
21180:Hama yumi
21153:Bodh Gaya
20920:Socialism
20895:Evolution
20870:Economics
20708:Venezuela
20623:Australia
20618:Argentina
20542:Sri Lanka
20537:Singapore
20455:Indonesia
20417:Countries
20358:Tripiṭaka
20320:Ajahn Mun
20195:Nagarjuna
20190:Aśvaghoṣa
20073:Anagārika
20068:Śrāmaṇerī
20063:Śrāmaṇera
20058:Bhikkhunī
20018:Sotāpanna
19907:Passaddhi
19848:Offerings
19823:Nekkhamma
19700:Iddhipada
19620:Practices
19590:Theravada
19563:Vajrayana
19556:Yogachara
19526:Pure Land
19439:Six Paths
19426:Cosmology
19206:Anuruddha
19181:Sāriputta
19171:Kaundinya
19163:Disciples
19138:Vajrapāṇi
18990:Footprint
18955:Tathāgata
18658:Kauṇḍinya
18653:Dīpaṃkara
18579:Kali Yuga
18046:0578-8072
18020:2 January
17818:161507469
17505:, Penguin
17209:697272229
17203:, Tokyo,
17154:173481241
17135:162902049
17101:CiteSeerX
17054:1076-9005
16660:cite book
16567:(1900), "
16101:, Equinox
15815:Routledge
15810:The Jains
15748:173196980
15622:162929573
15606:1356-1863
15486:1 October
15111:, Orion,
14965:1076-9005
14265:"Balaram"
13990:143618675
12741:SAGE Open
12427:, p. 88,
11397:"nirvana"
10813:: 98–148.
9761:1011-7601
9690:1747-9681
9640:141897826
9399:195804491
9383:0973-7138
9369:(3): 58.
8952:5 October
8874:8 January
8729:ignored (
8719:cite book
8632:154283219
8624:0019-7246
8343:18 August
8021:Citations
7507:Mahāvastu
7344:Keay 2011
7332:Vajrapani
7313:Bodhigara
7121:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥
7090:(reigned
7055:Sanskrit:
6922:Sanskrit:
6731:411–400:
6708:See also
6605:Śākyamuni
6555:Eck (1982
6472:, a 2010
6417:novel by
6352:starring
6203:Bimal Roy
6074:, Yangon.
5972:Sukhothai
5943:Mucalinda
5895:Srivijaya
5872:Borobudur
5848:Vajrapani
5840:Vairocana
5817:Seokguram
5801:Srivijaya
5596:Vajrapani
5542:Amaravati
5214:Ahmadiyya
5195:Ibn Nadim
5179:Al-Biruni
5157:Classical
4835:svadharma
4748:Agnihotra
4473:Borobudur
4329:samyojana
4291:Gandharan
4146:teaches."
3998:sankharas
3994:samyojana
3951:school's
3890:sankharas
3886:samyojana
3732:saṅkhāras
3707:Theravada
3579:Devadatta
3552:Bimbisara
3489:bhikkhunī
3450:Devadatta
3438:Anuruddha
3414:Sāriputta
3403:Bimbisara
3349:Gorakhpur
3345:Bhagalpur
3341:Allahabad
3220:Mahāvastu
3202:Mrigadāva
3096:Mahavastu
3070:, Bihar.
3068:Bodh Gaya
3021:Tathagata
2909:aniconism
2889:Bodh Gaya
2872:Bodh Gaya
2819:Bimbisara
2790:Yaśodhara
2731:suffering
2722:Borobudur
2707:Mahāvastu
2628:Yasodhara
2560:Theravada
2491:Kshatriya
2445:Mahavastu
2437:Śākyamuni
2263:Mahāvastu
2259:lokottara
2233:. In the
2231:Mahāvastu
2215:lokottara
2159:(right).
2078:Śāriputra
2015:Shramanas
2001:Aryavarta
1997:Brahminic
1989:oligarchy
1862:Bimbisara
1837:Theravada
1816:from the
1814:Mahāvastu
1795:Aśvaghoṣa
1782:Mahāvastu
1732:16), the
1724:26), the
1637:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥
1490:, "great
1484:Varapañña
1478:), Lion (
1476:Lokanatha
1384:tathāgata
1357:tathāgata
1320:Tathāgata
1315:Tathāgata
1298:शाक्यमुनि
1281:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥
1255:(reigned
1246:Kshatriya
1058:ignorance
1021:Bodh Gaya
1005:home life
1001:renounced
878:Sri Lanka
868:Singapore
823:Indonesia
763:Vajrayāna
738:Theravāda
693:Awakening
581:Practices
538:Tripiṭaka
508:Cosmology
483:Emptiness
463:Suffering
283:Pali name
246:Successor
209:Founding
131:(aged 80)
18:Sakyamuni
21868:Ascetics
21732:Hinduism
21668:Prophecy
21658:Birthday
21653:Miracles
21533:Buddhism
21463:Category
21392:Violence
21362:Hinduism
21310:Sanskrit
21265:Hinayana
21250:Amitābha
21210:Swastika
21079:Uposatha
21069:Holidays
21054:Calendar
20900:Humanism
20738:Kanishka
20728:Timeline
20552:Thailand
20520:Kalmykia
20515:Buryatia
20500:Pakistan
20485:Mongolia
20480:Maldives
20475:Malaysia
20440:Cambodia
20305:Shamarpa
20300:Nichiren
20250:Xuanzang
20185:Nagasena
20103:Rinpoche
19833:Pāramitā
19675:Devotion
19595:Navayana
19583:Dzogchen
19546:Nichiren
19494:Mahayana
19486:Branches
19364:Saṅkhāra
19113:Mañjuśrī
19070:(cousin)
19062:(cousin)
19030:(mother)
19022:(father)
19010:Miracles
18960:Birthday
18877:Glossary
18850:Buddhism
18788:Maitreya
18753:Vessabhū
18433:(1994),
18403:(1974).
18342:(1992).
18315:: 33–66.
18236:(2016),
18058:Archived
18054:20839172
18011:archived
17949:citation
17773:Archived
17692:Archived
17678:(2008).
17597:15 April
17588:archived
17439:(2001),
17400:15 April
17394:archived
17353:archived
17345:"Buddha"
17335:22 April
17329:archived
17294:59132368
17216:citation
17186:citation
17163:(2010),
17048:: 1–21,
17019:archived
16982:. SAGE.
16974:(2003).
16949:(1992),
16867:archived
16815:(1980),
16760:archived
16749:(1899),
16702:archived
16639:(1918).
16593:archived
16493:archived
16394:archived
16325:22 April
16319:archived
16287:archived
16245:archived
16201:archived
16122:13 March
16116:Archived
16112:Tricycle
16089:14 March
16083:archived
16050:Archived
15963:citation
15920:Archived
15850:(1982),
15709:(1969).
15657:citation
15614:25183119
15567:citation
15557:(1959),
15521:archived
15480:archived
15403:archived
15384:(2011),
15372:(1993),
15335:archived
15262:Archived
15190:(1875),
15172:Archived
15089:13 March
15080:Archived
14927:Archived
14888:TriCycle
14860:Archived
14716:cite web
14547:Archived
14508:Archived
14485:38215769
14378:Archived
14370:"Buddha"
14354:16 April
14348:Archived
14279:17 April
14273:archived
14148:Archived
14133:, p. 19.
13994:Archived
13656:: 35–70.
13463:(eds.).
13291:Archived
12719:Archived
12695:Archived
12481:Archived
12387:Archived
12164:archived
12042:Archived
11727:Archived
11558:31489012
11405:Archived
11375:Archived
11342:Archived
11275:Archived
11241:Archived
10388:16 April
10343:Archived
10126:Archived
10124:. 2005.
10071:(2010).
10032:Archived
9816:Archived
9765:Archived
9426:Archived
9418:Antiqvvs
9391:31389347
9211:Archived
9175:Archived
8946:Archived
8907:Archived
8868:Archived
8819:Archived
8762:Archived
8703:Archived
8598:(2009).
8552:Archived
8530:(2014).
8504:archived
8465:Archived
8362:. Brill.
8337:Archived
8262:Archived
7535:and the
7505:and the
7474:See the
7448:Panchala
7355:Shakya:
6800:, India.
6671:Piprahwa
6539:couchant
6484:See also
6474:oratorio
6438:Creation
6295:Navayana
6293:'s 1957
6255:Tipitaka
5957:Cambodia
5927:Dunhuang
5787:, Japan.
5760:Chinese
5600:Herakles
5580:Berenice
5309:sect of
5269:Iodasaph
5265:Būdhasaf
5255:Josaphat
5056:Hinduism
5018:" (Skt.
4866:and the
4794:secret.
4694:bhikkhus
4111:sankhara
3940:and the
3918:and the
3780:Piprahwa
3738:appamāda
3711:Mahayana
3586:Sthavira
3469:Jetavana
3395:Rajagaha
3391:Varanasi
3365:Rajagaha
3361:Savatthi
3269:arahant.
3224:Koṇḍañña
3187:Vārānasī
3103:and the
2782:Kanthaka
2741:Chandaka
2671:Gandhara
2604:Kondañña
2533:khattiya
2495:khattiya
2487:sal tree
2448:and the
2422:Piprahwa
2355:pāramitā
2211:sabbaññu
2180:Sanskrit
2048:Mahavira
1874:Mahavira
1803:Mahāyāna
1706:Gāndhārī
1702:Gandhara
1412:Lokavidu
1391: –
1378: –
1369:epithets
1293:Sanskrit
1178:aniconic
1170:Hinduism
1123:svabhava
1092:such as
1072:and the
985:Buddhism
888:Thailand
848:Mongolia
843:Malaysia
808:Cambodia
773:Navayana
753:Hinayana
748:Mahāyāna
658:Lay life
488:Morality
468:Not-self
426:Concepts
385:Councils
370:Timeline
342:Glossary
324:Buddhism
316:a series
314:Part of
270:Sanskrit
250:Maitreya
211:Buddhism
198:(mother)
192:(father)
167:Children
89:Personal
21893:Shakyas
21818:Buddhas
21752:Commons
21629:Lumbini
21558:Sayings
21440:Temples
21420:Buddhas
21382:Science
21372:Judaism
21367:Jainism
21285:Lineage
21245:Abhijñā
21215:Thangka
21158:Sarnath
21143:Lumbini
21064:Funeral
21059:Cuisine
20935:Culture
20910:Reality
20860:Creator
20850:Atomism
20720:History
20693:Ukraine
20653:Germany
20572:Senegal
20562:Vietnam
20490:Myanmar
20290:Shinran
20280:Karmapa
20255:Shandao
20225:Dignāga
20150:Śrāvaka
20130:Donchee
20125:Kappiya
20083:Sayadaw
20053:Bhikkhu
20028:Anāgāmi
19985:Nirvana
19951:Samadhi
19838:Paritta
19779:Tonglen
19774:Mandala
19729:Smarana
19710:Mantras
19658:Upekkha
19628:Bhavana
19578:Shingon
19531:Tiantai
19384:Tathātā
19374:Śūnyatā
19369:Skandha
19359:Saṃsāra
19354:Rebirth
19329:Kleshas
19319:Indriya
19221:Subhūti
19106:Guanyin
19060:Ānanda
19052:Rāhula
18932:Nirvana
18872:Outline
18768:Kāśyapa
18743:Vipassī
18703:Sumedha
18678:Śobhita
18673:Raivata
18668:Sumanas
18663:Maṃgala
18567:Krishna
18519:at the
18504:at the
18495:at the
18486:at the
18418:, Brill
18244:Pearson
18228:, Kosei
18064:16 July
17810:1062009
17670:, Brill
16922:3518337
16403:9 April
15632:4 April
15388:, BRILL
15341:18 June
15149:, Rosen
14959:: 752.
14914:: 1–20.
14878:Sources
14818:website
14431:, p. 66
14384:13 July
13895:4410659
12716:Skandha
12393:21 June
12170:5 March
11348:21 June
10230:28 June
10038:12 July
9822:20 June
8513:28 July
8335:: 946.
7874:rules."
7838:anātman
7495:Anālayo
6597:Lumbini
6318:Sony TV
5974:Buddha.
5815:Korean
5356:Bharhut
5322:Sikhism
5307:Gnostic
5283:In the
5210:prophet
5175:Bukhara
5171:Baghdad
5147:Al-Kifl
5122:nāstika
5113:Brahman
5068:, from
5005:mundaka
4974:merit (
4957:akusala
4883:In the
4849:In the
4800:In the
4792:mantras
4763:Brahmin
4727:Kolkata
4712:Society
4689:sramana
4667:dhyānas
4523:samsara
4504:Rebirth
4475:relief.
4388:Bhāvanā
4341:vimutti
4333:kleshas
4272:essence
4268:purusha
4262:(Pali:
4217:viññana
4143:dhāraṇī
4119:vijnana
4073:āyatana
4052:Samsara
4024:rebirth
4002:kleshas
3988:Samsara
3894:kleshas
3528:Kolkata
3524:Bharhut
3399:Magadha
3357:Magadha
3335:on the
3333:Kosambi
3232:bhikkhu
3228:arahant
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