283:(TSPM). In addition to accepting the worrying institutional memory of government use of the TSPM to suppress churches during the 1950s, groups joining the TSPM would have to agree to limits on the time and location of religious activities, among other restrictions. Further, some Christians find certain TSPM teachings inconsistent with their personal faith. All churches submit to government monitoring as a condition of state approval; the government has direct oversight over TSPM congregations and can insist that Christians honor the government, in addition to traditional Christian theological teachings. Many Chinese Christians choose to attend house churches to practice their faith without government interference.
2800:
2688:
189:, strongly resisted the TSPM both for its allegiance to a political entity and its liberal theological leanings. As a result of their refusal to join with the TSPM, an entire generation of China's independent pastors were severely persecuted and their churches forced to close. These resistant churches often began meeting in undisclosed locations, such as individual homes or fields, thus gaining the name "house church". Despite the TSPM's efforts to maintain a good relationship with the CCP, it too was eventually dismantled and persecuted during the
20:
178:", which publicly supported the CCP's policy of overseeing the church for the sake of national unity and progress and called on all Protestant Christians to follow suit. In the 1950s, Wu successfully oversaw the signing of "The Christian Manifesto" by roughly half of the Protestant population across China. He also played a key role in creating and leading the
241:
The house church has grown by some estimations to tens of millions of
Christians. They had demonstrated national-level influence when Christians organized to provide relief to the deadly 2008 Sichuan earthquake, a disaster which the government was slow to handle. In 2018, the CCP began to introduce a
149:
Some scholars prefer to use terms such as "unregistered church" to speak about the
Protestant phenomenon, because these groups can reach several hundred and do not always literally meet in someone's home. Others suggest the need to discard the "house church" vs. "TSPM church" dichotomy as there is a
227:
The rapid urbanization has also resulted in migration to China's urban centers and the rise of urban house churches. Some of these have developed through migrant worker communities and university students. Other new communities can be seen among urban intellectuals and entrepreneurs, the latter
153:
Moreover, as a result of the rapid urbanization of China since the 1990s, there has been a growing development within urban
Christianity. Some congregations have preferred to self-identify as being part of a "third church" to differentiate from both traditional house churches and TSPM churches.
286:
Some house churches, however, submit their activities for government approval in an attempt to follow the law as closely as possible while remaining independent. In some instances, authorities have allowed such house churches to continue to operate. In others, officials have arrested pastors,
275:
argues that house churches are subject to persecution when they cross red lines, which include, apart from size, rapid growth, active proselytization, the attempt to form national networks, contacts with foreign
Christian organization, and criticism of the government.
211:
Since the 1990s, a number of developments have resulted from the rapid urbanization experienced in
Chinese society. While house churches originated as being quite independent of one another, a number of house church networks have developed, with some headquartered in
402:
Robert
Menzies disputes these views, arguing, "The common thread that unites Pentecostals in China with other Pentecostals around the world is their sense of connection with the apostolic church as reflected in the book of Acts."
424:
While foreign media often focus discussion about house churches mainly with relation to
Protestantism, other religious traditions in China have chosen a similar form of organization. These include house assemblies of
112:
266:
House churches in China are generally considered illegal, yet smaller house churches of less than 25 members tend to be tolerated by the government. However, some have grown to a fairly large size, such as the
579:
193:(1966–1976) so that all Christian practice in China became persecuted and hidden. During the period from the 1950s to 1970s, the strongest house church networks could be found in China's countryside.
1140:
271:
which reached 1,000 members at its height. House churches today still experience persecution, though the situation tends to differ depending on the region. American political scientist
1814:
349:
However, a number of scholars have attempted to reconsider this description, using phrases such as "Pentecostal-like" or "Pentecostal characteristics" to indicate this ambiguity.
643:
387:, can trace themselves back to missionaries coming from Pentecostal denominations. Many of the Pentecostal characteristics in Chinese churches are seen to have parallels with
312:
848:
208:
would be formed. Protestant congregations that wished to worship publicly registered with the TSPM, but those that did not would eventually be termed house churches.
2104:
2081:
2046:
1970:
2109:
2023:
1960:
2580:
1326:
575:
1034:
Tang, Edmond (2005). "'Yellers' and
Healers: Pentecostalism and the Study of Grassroots Christianity in China". In Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (eds.).
2474:
128:, one of the key leaders of the TSPM and the CCC for many years, did not like the term "house church" and preferred to use the term "house gathering" (
272:
1579:
1132:
1502:
287:
congregants, and others affiliated with the targeted congregations, and have even gone so far as the destruction of buildings used for worship.
1419:
804:
2676:
1178:
117:
1319:
602:
1705:
2654:
1266:
1874:
1059:
Oblau, Gotthard (2005). "Pentecostal by
Default? Contemporary Christianity in China". In Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (eds.).
840:
1312:
1172:
709:
2643:
2610:
1495:
1361:
1208:
1093:
1068:
1043:
986:
879:
517:
2941:
2718:
2202:
1731:
450:
304:
2600:
781:
2968:
1386:
921:
319:. These groups would also be instrumental in inspiring the creation of indigenous Pentecostal groups, such as the
2994:
2799:
2669:
2539:
1607:
895:
2723:
2444:
2061:
1741:
1488:
458:
138:). This was because he found designations such as "house church" and "official church" as returning to the pre-
108:
2464:
1587:
1439:
630:
343:
280:
201:
179:
167:
62:
36:
2814:
2989:
2936:
2844:
2713:
2434:
2056:
1824:
1806:
1796:
1366:
1335:
949:
369:
2910:
1781:
1682:
1525:
841:"Chinese Police Proudly Record Their Torture of Christians - Resources - Eternal Perspective Ministries"
2915:
2772:
2662:
1980:
1756:
1645:
1635:
1545:
1540:
1464:
361:
247:
69:(CCC). They represent a tradition of independent churches that would not come under the control of the
2956:
2951:
2684:
2585:
2497:
2114:
2099:
1819:
1786:
1653:
1356:
1112:
Gao, Shining (Dec 2000). "Twenty-first
Century Chinese Christianity and the Chinese Social Process".
342:. According to some surveys, 90% of converts to Protestant Christianity, in both house churches and
2554:
2544:
2459:
2071:
1995:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1700:
1625:
1562:
1550:
1535:
1392:
335:
2119:
1990:
2962:
2869:
2777:
2638:
2620:
2469:
2454:
2380:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1922:
1917:
1592:
1569:
1459:
696:
Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity is Transforming China and Changing the Global Balance of Power
357:
205:
175:
163:
70:
66:
814:
2767:
2595:
2502:
2076:
2000:
1912:
1834:
1791:
1557:
1414:
740:
667:
545:
483:
392:
143:
1162:
150:
lot that blurs these divisions, including the relationship between the two groups themselves.
2900:
2762:
2708:
2365:
2066:
2051:
2028:
2018:
1907:
1736:
1620:
1615:
1511:
701:
694:
388:
537:
2295:
1746:
1454:
1409:
1381:
300:
442:
258:, was given a jail sentence of 9 years, the longest given to a pastor in several decades.
8:
2946:
2874:
2854:
2559:
2360:
2260:
1751:
1630:
1449:
1225:
373:
243:
197:
190:
139:
78:
2859:
2755:
2615:
2449:
1695:
1658:
1258:
1084:
Chan, Simon (2005). "Wither Pentecostalism?". In Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (eds.).
954:
635:
90:
279:
House churches are often reluctant to become official by joining the state-sanctioned
224:
all over the country and have even started sending them abroad to neighboring states.
2920:
2905:
2884:
2839:
2740:
2700:
2692:
2549:
2512:
2285:
1673:
1376:
1262:
1204:
1168:
1089:
1064:
1039:
982:
926:
875:
773:
705:
639:
538:
513:
380:
353:
320:
316:
308:
221:
1294:
2879:
2849:
2750:
2745:
2590:
2529:
2405:
1854:
1248:
1240:
1011:
625:
617:
430:
255:
2605:
1829:
872:
The Politics of Protestant Churches and the Party-State in China: God Above Party?
2564:
2534:
2522:
2330:
2310:
2215:
1859:
1849:
1469:
977:
Bays, Daniel H.; Johnson, Todd M. (2002). "China". In Burgess, Stanley M. (ed.).
809:
268:
182:(TSPM), a state-sanctioned governing body for Protestant Christianity in China.
77:
in the 1950s. However, they came into their current form of existence after the
2784:
1869:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1690:
1304:
1244:
1015:
365:
331:
296:
621:
376:
are not prevalent in Chinese churches, when compared with miraculous healing.
360:
argues that "an adequate definition of Pentecostalism cannot be restricted to
107:
assemblies who have chosen to operate independently from the state-sanctioned
2983:
2864:
2517:
2280:
2245:
2010:
1947:
1839:
777:
576:"'House Church' and 'Three-Self': Cooperation Across the Christian Community"
364:
description" – that is, based on experiences. Chan continues to explain that
339:
186:
74:
2730:
2375:
2315:
2255:
2230:
2220:
2182:
2174:
2164:
2146:
1864:
1766:
1663:
1530:
1371:
413:
408:
384:
324:
2400:
2390:
2370:
2325:
2300:
2275:
2270:
2235:
2091:
2038:
1844:
1715:
979:
The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements
765:
446:
426:
1480:
1253:
2789:
2507:
2420:
2415:
2395:
2385:
2355:
2305:
2250:
2240:
2225:
2210:
2192:
2159:
2154:
1899:
1201:
The Spread of Tibetan Buddhism in China: Charisma, Money, Enlightenment
510:
Reconstructing Christianity in China: K. H. Ting and the Chinese Church
125:
54:
19:
1299:
399:. Some have described this as a folk religionization of Christianity.
2834:
2819:
2350:
2265:
462:
2410:
2290:
2187:
1086:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
1061:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
1036:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
396:
217:
171:
104:
16:
Protestant assemblies in China outside of state-sanctioned churches
1002:
Koesel, Karrie J. (2014-01-14). "China's Patriotic Pentecostals".
2824:
2320:
1597:
251:
805:"Why Do Christian Groups in China Put Authorities on Red Alert?"
2735:
1710:
454:
44:
922:"For China's underground churches, this was no easy Christmas"
330:
Today, Chinese house churches are commonly described as being
2687:
2340:
438:
379:
Edmond Tang has pointed out that only a few groups, like the
213:
58:
196:
Due to the changes in religious policy after the end of the
434:
166:(CCP) gained control of mainland China and established the
1226:"From "Congregations" to "Small Group Community Building""
419:
2829:
346:
churches, cite healing as a reason for their conversion.
727:
China's Urban Christians: A Light That Cannot Be Hidden
170:(PRC). Shortly thereafter, well-known Christian leader
481:
185:
However, China's independent churches, championed by
61:
that operate independently from the state-sanctioned
838:
729:. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications. pp. 6–21.
693:
338:. This is often the case due to the experience of
631:20.500.11820/9dc682b5-4fe2-4022-932a-89d466dd71c1
2981:
1334:
603:"Calvinist Public Theology in Urban China Today"
299:missionaries arrived in China shortly after the
981:. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. pp. 58–64.
700:. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. pp.
242:series of new religious regulations. It closed
89:While these groups are sometimes described as "
1420:Shangdong Chinese Independent Christian Church
950:"Chinese Police Dynamite Christian Megachurch"
290:
113:Bishops Conference of Catholic Church in China
2670:
1496:
1320:
1295:Statement of Faith for Chinese House Churches
1133:"Pentecostal Theology and the Chinese Church"
976:
896:"Inside the House Church Movement in China"
2677:
2663:
1503:
1489:
1327:
1313:
103:), this term is generally associated with
1706:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1510:
1252:
629:
573:
558:
1203:. New York: Routledge. pp. 22, 88.
802:
796:
610:International Journal of Public Theology
544:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp.
18:
1130:
1124:
1029:
1027:
1025:
507:
420:Similar organization in other religions
2982:
1272:from the original on 25 September 2019
1223:
1167:. Yale University Press. p. 356.
1107:
1105:
1004:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
1001:
839:Voice of the Marytrs (June 12, 2003).
834:
832:
784:from the original on November 27, 2017
724:
691:
540:A New History of Christianity in China
531:
529:
2658:
1484:
1308:
1160:
1058:
512:. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. p. 237.
1224:Palmer, David A. (1 December 2012).
1131:Menzies, Robert (January 21, 2015).
1083:
1063:. Oxford: Regnum. pp. 411–436.
1038:. Oxford: Regnum. pp. 481–485.
1033:
1022:
869:
745:The Center for House Church Theology
672:The Center for House Church Theology
600:
563:. London: Routledge. pp. 15–18.
535:
488:The Center for House Church Theology
220:provinces. These networks have sent
2644:National Christian Council of China
1300:Persecution News Reports from China
1143:from the original on April 27, 2016
1111:
1102:
829:
582:from the original on March 26, 2016
561:Christian Values in Communist China
526:
13:
1362:China Christian Independent Church
1198:
1164:Chinese Theology: Text and Context
14:
3006:
2942:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1288:
574:McLeister, Mark (June 24, 2013).
305:Christian and Missionary Alliance
23:A house church in Shunyi, Beijing
2969:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
2798:
2686:
1387:Evangelical Free Church of China
851:from the original on May 8, 2016
803:Gauthier, Ursula (2 June 2011).
1217:
1192:
1181:from the original on 2017-02-17
1154:
1088:. Oxford: Regnum. p. 578.
1077:
1052:
995:
970:
942:
914:
888:
863:
758:
733:
649:from the original on 2019-04-27
2724:Chinese salvationist religions
2445:Catholic Patriotic Association
2062:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
718:
685:
660:
594:
567:
552:
501:
475:
303:as part of groups such as the
234:
229:
134:
129:
109:Catholic Patriotic Association
99:
94:
84:
49:
40:
1:
2465:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
1440:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
741:""What is the House Church?""
468:
281:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
202:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
180:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
63:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2937:Freedom of religion in China
2057:Christianity in Heilongjiang
1336:Chinese Independent Churches
313:Pentecostal Missionary Union
204:would be reinstated and the
7:
2586:Anti-sex-selective abortion
1526:Timeline of Chinese history
1233:Chinese Sociological Review
668:"What is the House Church?"
508:Wickeri, Philip L. (2007).
484:"What is the House Church?"
482:What is the House Church?.
445:study groups, unregistered
291:Pentecostal characteristics
261:
10:
3011:
2611:Chinese Christian Colleges
1732:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
1546:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
1541:Catholic Church in Sichuan
1465:Back to Jerusalem movement
1245:10.2753/CSA2162-0555450205
1016:10.1163/22143955-04102002b
248:Early Rain Covenant Church
228:termed "boss Christians" (
168:People's Republic of China
157:
59:People's Republic of China
2957:Ghosts in Chinese culture
2952:Regional Religious System
2929:
2893:
2807:
2796:
2699:
2629:
2591:Anti-footbinding campaign
2573:
2490:
2433:
2339:
2201:
2173:
2145:
2132:
2115:Christianity in Hong Kong
2100:Christianity in Guangdong
2090:
2037:
2009:
1956:Christianity in Chongqing
1946:
1898:
1889:
1820:Medical missions in China
1805:
1797:St. Paul's College, Macau
1787:Chinese Rites controversy
1724:
1681:
1672:
1654:Hymns of Universal Praise
1644:
1606:
1578:
1518:
1432:
1402:
1357:Church of Christ in China
1349:
1342:
870:Vala, Carsten T. (2017).
622:10.1163/15697320-12341340
559:Wielander, Gerda (2013).
2701:Major religions in China
2555:Second Sino-Japanese War
2072:Christianity in Liaoning
1996:Christianity in Xinjiang
1938:Christianity in Zhejiang
1933:Christianity in Shanghai
1928:Christianity in Shandong
1742:Foreign Missions Society
1701:Mogao Christian painting
1626:Studium Biblicum Version
1563:Protestantism in Sichuan
1551:Catholic Church in Tibet
1536:Catholic Church in China
1393:Lutheran Church of China
601:Chow, Alexander (2014).
459:folk religious groupings
416:themes, is widely used.
174:authored and published "
2963:Three Persian religions
2870:Mongolian folk religion
2639:China Christian Council
2621:Sino-Christian theology
2540:Anti-Christian Movement
2470:China Christian Council
2455:The Christian Manifesto
2105:Christianity in Guangxi
2082:Christianity in Tianjin
2047:Christianity in Beijing
1986:Christianity in Sichuan
1981:Christianity in Shaanxi
1976:Christianity in Qinghai
1971:Christianity in Ningxia
1966:Christianity in Guizhou
1923:Christianity in Jiangxi
1918:Christianity in Jiangsu
1757:Giovanni de' Marignolli
1636:Today's Chinese Version
1570:Chinese Orthodox Church
1460:China Gospel Fellowship
874:. New York: Routledge.
206:China Christian Council
176:The Christian Manifesto
164:Chinese Communist Party
71:Chinese Communist Party
67:China Christian Council
2995:Protestantism in China
2719:Folk ritual ministries
2581:Science and technology
2503:Century of humiliation
2435:Church-state relations
2261:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
2226:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
2110:Christianity in Hainan
2077:Christianity in Shanxi
2001:Christianity in Yunnan
1913:Christianity in Fujian
1835:Divie Bethune McCartee
1792:Martyr Saints of China
1782:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
1737:Jesuit missions (Ming)
1558:Protestantism in China
1415:Gospel of Grace Church
1199:Yu, Dan Smyer (2013).
725:Fulton, Brent (2015).
692:Aikman, David (2003).
244:Zion Church in Beijing
24:
2709:Chinese folk religion
2366:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
2120:Christianity in Macau
2067:Christianity in Jilin
2052:Christianity in Hebei
2029:Christianity in Hunan
2024:Christianity in Hubei
2019:Christianity in Henan
1991:Christianity in Tibet
1961:Christianity in Gansu
1908:Christianity in Anhui
1621:Chinese Union Version
1512:Christianity in China
1445:House church movement
1433:Established post-1949
1161:Starr, Chloë (2016).
536:Bays, Daniel (2012).
389:Chinese folk religion
366:classical Pentecostal
22:
2606:Cantonese Roman Type
2437:in People's Republic
2296:John Ching Hsiung Wu
1747:John of Montecorvino
1455:Fangcheng Fellowship
1410:Christian Tabernacle
1382:Bread of Life Church
1343:Established pre-1949
309:China Inland Mission
301:Azusa Street Revival
91:underground churches
81:in the early-1980s.
2990:Christian movements
2947:Irreligion in China
2875:Qiang folk religion
2714:Ancestor veneration
2630:Interdenominational
2596:Anti-opium campaign
2560:Cultural Revolution
2460:Protestant Lianghui
2361:Aloysius Jin Luxian
2133:Chinese Christians
1752:Odoric of Pordenone
1631:Chinese New Version
1450:Born Again Movement
1114:China Study Journal
772:. October 2, 2008.
391:, such as trances,
374:speaking in tongues
198:Cultural Revolution
191:Cultural Revolution
140:Cultural Revolution
79:Cultural Revolution
2860:Miao folk religion
2756:Theravada Buddhism
2616:Manchurian revival
2601:Chinese Roman Type
2450:Underground church
1696:Jingjiao Documents
1683:Church of the East
1659:Chinese New Hymnal
1616:Delegates' Version
1608:Bible translations
955:The New York Times
930:. 25 December 2019
340:miraculous healing
57:assemblies in the
25:
2977:
2976:
2885:Yao folk religion
2693:Religion in China
2652:
2651:
2550:Chinese Civil War
2535:Xinhai Revolution
2513:Taiping Rebellion
2498:Rites controversy
2429:
2428:
2286:Francis C. M. Wei
2139:
2128:
2127:
1885:
1884:
1478:
1477:
1428:
1427:
1377:True Jesus Church
1174:978-0-300-22493-1
958:. 12 January 2018
927:Los Angeles Times
711:978-0-89526-128-1
395:, and the use of
393:ancestral worship
381:True Jesus Church
354:Assemblies of God
321:True Jesus Church
317:Assemblies of God
144:denominationalism
3002:
2850:Manchu shamanism
2802:
2751:Tibetan Buddhism
2746:Chinese Buddhism
2691:
2690:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2545:Nanjing incident
2530:Tianjin Massacre
2143:
2142:
2135:
1896:
1895:
1855:Jonathan Goforth
1679:
1678:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1347:
1346:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1031:
1020:
1019:
999:
993:
992:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
902:. 19 August 2019
900:palladiummag.com
892:
886:
885:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
836:
827:
826:
824:
822:
813:. Archived from
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
766:"Sons of heaven"
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
737:
731:
730:
722:
716:
715:
699:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
664:
658:
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254:, whose pastor,
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269:Shouwang Church
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200:, in 1980, the
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73:dating back to
50:jiātíng jiàohuì
33:family churches
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1289:External links
1287:
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1210:978-0415575324
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1095:978-1870345439
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1070:978-1870345439
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1044:
1021:
1010:(2): 131–155.
994:
988:978-0310224815
987:
969:
941:
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881:978-1138036901
880:
862:
828:
817:on 7 June 2011
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457:, and various
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370:Spirit-baptism
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1830:Karl Gützlaff
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1580:Terms for God
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1127:
1120:(2–3): 14–18.
1119:
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770:The Economist
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235:lǎobǎn jīdūtú
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203:
199:
194:
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188:
187:Wang Ming-Dao
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:In 1949, the
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
135:jiātíng jùhuì
127:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
100:dìxià jiàohuì
92:
82:
80:
76:
75:Wang Ming-Dao
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2961:
2815:Baháʼí Faith
2763:Christianity
2731:Confucianism
2482:House church
2481:
2381:Liu Xiaofeng
2376:Lin Shengben
2316:Ying Lianzhi
2256:Watchman Nee
2231:Feng Yuxiang
2221:Cheng Jingyi
2165:Yang Tingyun
1875:
1865:Eric Liddell
1767:Matteo Ricci
1664:Canaan Hymns
1531:Christianity
1444:
1395:(since 1951)
1389:(since 1949)
1372:Jesus Family
1367:Local church
1276:25 September
1274:. Retrieved
1254:10722/189427
1239:(2): 78–98.
1236:
1232:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1163:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1085:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1035:
1007:
1003:
997:
978:
972:
960:. Retrieved
953:
944:
932:. Retrieved
925:
916:
904:. Retrieved
899:
890:
871:
865:
853:. Retrieved
844:
819:. Retrieved
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2371:Samuel Lamb
2326:Paul Yu Pin
2301:Wu Leichuan
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2138:prominence)
1890:By province
1845:Lottie Moon
1691:Xi'an Stele
1519:Foundations
1137:ChinaSource
845:www.epm.org
427:Han Chinese
406:The hymnal
356:theologian
336:charismatic
332:Pentecostal
297:Pentecostal
116: [
85:Terminology
65:(TSPM) and
2984:Categories
2790:Falun Gong
2768:Protestant
2508:Opium Wars
2475:Seminaries
2421:Zhao Fusan
2416:Allen Yuan
2396:K. H. Ting
2386:Lü Xiaomin
2356:He Guanghu
2306:Wu Yi-fang
2271:Sun Yatsen
2251:Ma Xiangbo
2241:Jia Yuming
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2193:Xi Shengmo
2160:Xu Guangqi
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1892:and region
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1147:2016-04-21
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906:11 October
653:2019-01-29
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429:following
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2894:By region
2835:Dongbaism
2820:Benzhuism
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677:4 October
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586:March 18,
493:4 October
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1267:Archived
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782:Archived
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580:Archived
461:such as
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