814:, naively, brushed off charges of imperialism on the grounds that churches they had founded were relatively independent. When it was discovered that even "devout believers" had signed the manifesto, it was attributed to political pressure. When missionaries finally realized the implications of the manifesto, they had no choice but to condemn it, regarding it as a unilateral termination of their relationship with Chinese Christians. Although Chinese Protestants took no immediate action against missions, the manifesto marked the beginning of the end. The manifesto did not specify a time frame for the end of missionary activities, other than "within the shortest possible time". Consequentially, new missionaries were called to China even after the manifesto had been issued. Missionary activities effectively ended in China after a tit-for-tat involving the Chinese and American governments. First, in November 1950, the United States forbade any transfer of funds to China. China retaliated by prohibiting organizations in the country from receiving funding from abroad. By December, both countries had frozen each other's assets. An immediate order to Chinese churches to cease all cooperation with foreign missionaries soon followed.
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to further the success of the manifesto. The preparatory committee of the meeting tried to fend off attempts to have the manifesto endorsed at the meeting, and even planned to write a counter-manifesto. Its efforts failed, and even though the TSPM was not even on the agenda of the meeting, it ended up unanimously supporting the manifesto and the TSPM, effectively terminating its own organization. It was the first meeting in history where all
Chinese Protestants were represented, and so its signing of the manifesto was of special importance. From that point on the road was open for both the inception of the TSPM and the success of the manifesto. For China author
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accommodate to the communist government. Conversely, the number of people who did not sign the manifesto count as people who did not want the
Chinese Church to sever its links with foreigners. It was feared that the NCC, which had facilitated cooperation between Chinese Protestants and foreign missionaries since 1922, would lose its independence. Most appear to have signed the document out of patriotic sentiments, not because of fundamental agreement with the actual provisions of the manifesto: not all were convinced Marxists. It is also possible that becoming a signatory was initially on a voluntary basis, but after the
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658:. Similar intensification affected other government-led campaigns as well. After China's entry into the war, leaders of independent Chinese churches who refused to sign the manifesto began to be persecuted: they lost their churches, pastors were arrested, congregations forced underground, and dissidents were dragged to "denunciation meetings" that sometimes could result in imprisonment or execution. Though only a small number of Christians ended up being indicted or executed, the meetings were very humiliating for the dissidents.
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forced to cancel its future appointments in the provinces and start working on the manifesto. At the final meeting, a first draft manifesto was presented by Wu and approved by the government. The manifesto had been largely composed by Wu. It is possible that Wu and Zhou had privately agreed on writing the manifesto beforehand. Wu was in contact with Zhou throughout drafting, but accusations at home and abroad that Zhou had personally penned the manifesto have proven unsubstantiated. Some attributed the work to
870:, although conditioned by Chinese patriotism, was thus a Christian endeavor instead of a government fiat. In other words, the Church had assumed agency and independence in relation to the CCP within the united front. Wickeri also points to the absence of Ting's signature and the initial failure of other Anglicans to sign as proof of alternatives to total submission in the early TSPM. Ting managed to become the head of the organization, and other prominent Anglicans were given positions in the movement, too.
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538:. Three such meetings were arranged, on the 2nd, 6th, and 13th, each lasting several hours. On the agenda were, most likely, all four problems of the Church: reliance on foreign funding, irreconcilability of faith and the communist ideology, suspicion towards local party cadres, and resistance to China's friendly ties with the Soviet Union. It was, however, the local CCP cadres that were the Church leaders' main concern and the reason they had requested audience with Zhou.
842:, however, points out that the manifesto paints a sympathetic picture of the Chinese Church: its past allegiance to imperialism is called "unfortunate" and, overall, the Church's contributions are recognized. Gao, however, concedes that the manifesto "misled" Chinese Christians into thinking that they would be well-off with the new government. Foreign missionaries went as far as calling the manifesto "the failure of Christian conscience in China".
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701:, did not sign the document. In Ting's case, the reason remains unclear. He stated that he supported the document but said, nonetheless: "it just happened that I haven't signed it". It could have been that the reason was that he was abroad at the time of the manifesto's circulation. He could have, like many did, sign it after official circulation, but never did. This casts some doubt on his stated rationale.
810:(Anglican Church in China). Both issued alternative manifestos of their own. All Anglican bishops in China later caved in and signed "The Christian Manifesto", and almost all of them became TSPM associates. Initially, foreign missionary societies were perplexed by the manifesto that had been preceded by mixed messages. It was labeled as a partisan work of a faction within the Chinese Church.
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adopts the propagandistic language of the
Chinese revolution resulting in overly optimistic and naive terms. It however failed to give the Chinese Church any guidance concerning its future in China under the CCP. The manifesto implied that compliance would be rewarded, and Chinese Christianity would prosper. In truth, the government would soon engage in persecution of many Christians.
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775:"The Christian Manifesto" makes three central claims: first, the Chinese Church should obey the new communist government and partake in the building of a "new China". Second, the Church should cut its ties with Western "imperialism". Finally, the Church should strive to construct a Christianity indigenous to China embodying the so-called "
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733:, an associate of Nee, has said that he was just trying to appear cooperative on the surface but, in reality, sabotaged the campaign. The share of signatures gathered by Nee was 17% of total signatures of the manifesto at the time. Of earlier signatories of the manifesto, the largest segment had been members of the indigenous
893:, "The Christian Manifesto" is, however, not so much a theological treatise as it is a political statement. Wickeri contends that this was the only way that the Church could make its position understood by the largely non-Christian Chinese population who shared their patriotism but not their religion.
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Chinese academics and the TSPM attribute the
Chinese Church's modern successes to "The Christian Manifesto". Official Chinese historiography claims that the initiative for "The Christian Manifesto" came from the Chinese Protestant Church, and Premier Zhou Enlai merely granted their wish. According to
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The
Chinese Church faced four problems in the changed reality: it was dependent on foreign funding, its confession was fundamentally at odds with the communist ideology, it was wary of how local CCP cadres would implement religious policy of the new government, and finally, the Church was uneasy with
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The NCC, which was the highest
Protestant authority in the country, also signed the manifesto. After years of inactivity, the organization convened a meeting in October 1950. The meeting was initially scheduled for August, but proponents of "The Christian Manifesto" were able to postpone it in order
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and other newspapers, particularly in
Shanghai, published it as well. It was the publication in the newspaper of the CCP that made it an authoritative statement, however. Both the Chinese Church and foreign missionaries were left out of the process from that point on. The publication was accompanied
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Protestant
Christianity has been introduced to China for more than a hundred and forty years. During this period it has made a not unworthy contribution to Chinese society. Nevertheless, and this was most unfortunate, not long after Christianity's coming to China, imperialism started its activities
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The churchmen had prepared a letter to Zhou explaining the adversities faced by the Church and likely hoped to get assurances of protection from him. Zhou, however, "turned the tables on them", insisting that they came up with a new document that supported the government instead. The delegation was
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The wording of the manifesto remains controversial to this day. Written in "carefully measured and relatively polite" terms, it goes out of is way not to blame the Church outright. The document urges
Christians to accept the new communist reality, rather than to denounce their faith. The manifesto
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thinks that the number of signatories indicated that
Chinese Christians agreed with the CCP regarding its analysis of imperialism in China. In this sense, it was a self-imposed condemnation of the missionary past of the Chinese Church. According to Wickeri, this was not necessarily a disadvantage
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purportedly signed the document than were in existence in China. It has also been claimed that many names were included without consent. Regardless, the number of signatories can be interpreted in two ways: a relatively high number of signatories testifies to the success of Wu and the campaign to
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closely followed the success of the manifesto and the number of its signatories. By the end of August, more than 1,500 had signed, 3,000 by September and 20,000 by November. January 1951 saw the figure go up to 90,000 and April 180,000. The campaign ultimately reached 417,389 claimed signatories
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whose writings were very similar in content. Among the Protestant parties concerned, attitudes to the situation varied widely and so writing the manifesto had been "as painstaking as it was controversial". Churches in China protested the draft, and Wu was forced to make some changes, although he
406:(PRC) in 1949, religious life in mainland China was forced to adapt itself in relation to the new rulers. Of all religions in China, Christianity was particularly susceptible to such pressure, because its inherently foreign character made the government think of it as a political threat. The
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before the circulation was over, in 1954, amounting to about half of all Chinese Protestants. More than one million additional signatures were gathered after the official circulation had been concluded. The high number of signatures has since been disputed by journalist
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church. Nee was able to gather as much as 34,983 signatures in total, though most of them had been for a petition against the nationalization of Little Flock property; Nee simply included them in "The Christian Manifesto" as well. The move proved to be controversial.
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The manifesto was intended for both domestic and foreign audiences. The covering letter accompanying it states that its target audience is people outside the Church and aims to educate them about the social and political position of Christianity in China.
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and other leftist clergymen espoused the task and presented a draft manifesto that, after some opposition and changes, became a foundational text of Christianity in the new People's Republic. It condemns missionary activities in China as a form of
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since it allowed the Church to discover an indigenous Chinese identity and a new social conscience. This was central to the project of the TSPM as well. According to K. H. Ting, Chinese Christians genuinely espoused the "three-self" ideology.
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here; and since the principal groups of missionaries who brought Christianity to China all came themselves from these imperialistic countries, Christianity consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, became related with imperialism.
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were particularly defiant, they were as unable to resist as Protestants, their key positions having been domesticated by the government. Consequentially, the Catholics issued a manifesto very much like the Protestant one, in November 1950.
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had broken out, doing so certainly became a test of loyalty that could not be avoided. The war resulted in the campaign rising to an unforeseen level of political urgency, and by early 1951 it had become mingled with the
410:(CCP) was compelled to draw up a plan to persecute Christians whose religion it viewed as an ideological competitor of Marxism, or at least, to make the Christian population politically accountable. At the same time, the
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A middle of the road position holds that Chinese Church leaders acted with the sincere aim to preserve the Church, but by signing the manifesto they had to compromise with the leaders of the country to achieve that end.
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Gao argues that the manifesto is not to be entirely blamed on Wu. Rather, it was "a product of a particular time – from 1948 to 1950 – that witnessed the victory of the CCP and the establishment of the PRC". Similarly,
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346:(TSPM) of Protestants. This movement proclaimed the three principles of self-government, self-support, and self-propagation. The drafting and content of the manifesto was, and remains, controversial to this day.
555:. Some members of the clergy were left discontent and they withdrew from the movement led by Wu. The manifesto was issued on 28 July. Later, on 23 September, it was published on the front page of the
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dispatched envoys all over China to see how this provision was being met in practice. Upon their return, they planned to write a report about the situation and present it to the Chinese government.
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772:. The second part examines the task of the Church and sides with government policy. The third focuses on future aims of the Church in patriotic terms. The last section lays out concrete methods.
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outright refused to sign "The Christian Manifesto". This, and his deliberate failure to register his church with the RAD, led to his imprisonment for 23 years and ensured his worldwide fame.
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refused other suggestions on the grounds of time constraints. The draft ultimately went through several revisions, some of which were discussed with the leaders of the CCP in
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and communism. The government's political goals thus coincided with his. The core ideas of "The Christian Manifesto" had already been presented by Wu in a 1948 article "
434:. In order to exert control, the government supported those Christian groups that were willing to accommodate. One such group were Chinese Protestants who were based in
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Before the manifesto, the Chinese Church had separated Church and state matters, but according to Oi, "The Christian Manifesto" marked a turning point in this regard.
834:(unofficial Protestant churches not affiliated with the TSPM) and other critics of the manifesto think that it sold out Christianity in China to the political elites.
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of the CCP. The role of the TSPM was, and still is, to ensure that Protestant churches approved by officials operate according to the government's religious policy.
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Theologically, "The Christian Manifesto" reflects upon Wu's idea that the "Spirit of God" is discernible in the socio-political progress. According to Wickeri and
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The manifesto is short, less than 1,000 Chinese characters, and unambiguous in its message. The manifesto has four sections. The first section condemns
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375:, the manifesto was accompanied by a campaign to gather signatures. Many Christian leaders and laymen signed, while others refused to do so. After the
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Most experts think that the large number of signatories cannot be explained with reference to political convenience or pressure only.
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struggling to reconcile their faith with the changed political situations. The manifesto ended missionary activities in China and the
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357:. Instead of receiving their report, Zhou demanded them to come up with a statement in support of the new communist leadership.
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Y. T. Wu and other Shanghai churchmen were joined by Protestants from the northern regions of China to hold talks with Premier
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in China. Wu had envisioned transforming the Chinese Church even before 1949: he developed ideas ranging from advocating the
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argues the manifesto was appropriate in its historical setting, as "he tide of history had left them with no other choice".
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462:" that declared foreign missionary activities unwelcome in China and called for their legacy to be critically reassessed.
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2615:(2007). "The 'Christian Manifesto' and the Making of a Patriotic Protestant Church in the People's Republic of China".
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This article is about the 1950 political manifesto of Protestants in China. For theologian Francis Schaeffer's book
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Documents of the Three-Self Movement: Source Materials for the Study of the Protestant Church in Communist China
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The manifesto urged Chinese Christians to pledge allegiance to the new People's Republic. Its main theme is
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The document's 40 original signatories were all Church leaders, including T. C. Chao, Jiang Changchuan,
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broke out, the campaign became an increasingly politicized test of loyalty that became merged with the
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The manifesto was devised after Protestant leaders presented their concerns with religious freedom to
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Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China's United Front
866:, however, points out that the talks with Zhou were initiated by the Church. The project of securing
2511:. Vol. V: Global Anglicanism, C. 1910–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 148–168.
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Some view the manifesto as a betrayal of the Church, while others find sympathy for the position of
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The Unexpected Christian Century: The Reversal and Transformation of Global Christianity, 1900–2000
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Theosis, Sino-Christian Theology and the Second Chinese Enlightenment: Heaven and Humanity in Unity
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Wu and his associates would implement the government's desires by publishing a document outlining
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2528:"Reading the Sermon on the Mount in China: A Hermeneutical Enquiry into its History of Reception"
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Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity Is Transforming China and Changing the Global Balance of Power
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By late summer of 1950, "The Christian Manifesto" had become part of a campaign to establish the
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in May 1950. Some of the other Christian leaders included in the 19-strong delegation were
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Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei (2005). "Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China".
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Many, if not most, Chinese Protestants thought that the manifesto was too radical. The
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342:(CCP). Published in 1950, the manifesto paved the way for the government-controlled
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was accompanied by 1,527 signatures from Christian leaders. These names included
316:"Direction of Endeavor for Chinese Christianity in the Construction of New China"
137:"Direction of Endeavor for Chinese Christianity in the Construction of New China"
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A Protestant Church in Communist China: Moore Memorial Church Shanghai 1949–1989
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in June 1950, between the approval and publication of "The Christian Manifesto"
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Acquainted with Grief: Wang Mingdao's Stand for the Persecuted Church in China
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The Changing Role of the British Protestant Missionaries in China, 1945–1952
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Protestant Bible Translation and Mandarin as the National Language of China
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Christianity in Today's China: Taking Root Downward, Bearing Fruit Upward
458:". Similarly, in December 1949 Wu's associates published an open letter "
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Chinese Christianity: An Interplay Between Global and Local Perspectives
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by a campaign among Protestants to collect signatures in support of it.
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2245:. Translated by MacInnis, Donald E.; Zheng Xi'an. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
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Reconstructing Christianity in China: K.H. Ting and the Chinese Church
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directly controlled by the Religious Affairs Division (RAD, later the
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The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church
2005:. Vol. 2: 1800 to the Present. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 867–881.
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Explorations in Asian Christianity: History, Theology, and Mission
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Understanding Watchman Nee: Spirituality, Knowledge, and Formation
480:(NCC). The TSPM would not be a church, but a government-sponsored
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Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present
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interim constitution of the PRC, guaranteed freedom of religion.
1999:"Chinese Churches and Communist State: The 'Patriotic' Churches"
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Zhōngguó Jīdūjiào zài xīn Zhōngguó jiànshè zhōng nǔlì de tújìng
2338:. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 117–134.
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thinks that Nee complied with the wishes of the campaign, but
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The Catholic Invasion of China: Remaking Chinese Christianity
476:(TSPM) to replace its more outward-oriented predecessor, the
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Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica
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English translation of the manifesto has been published in:
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cites patriotism as the reason for the manifesto's success.
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Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion
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Church and State in the Modern Age: A Documentary History
2077:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 338–352.
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2505:"The Vicissitudes of Anglicanism in China, 1912-Present"
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Message from Chinese Christians to Mission Boards Abroad
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Instill pro-government tendency among Chinese Christians
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refused to sign the manifesto, as did, initially, the
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The Church in Communist China: A Protestant Appraisal
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The Church in Communist China: A Protestant Appraisal
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History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)
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1112:
1001:
1662:
1587:
1312:
1204:
1176:
1138:
50:"The Christian Manifesto" on the front page of the
2564:
2334:. In Chilcote, Paul W.; Warner, Laceye C. (eds.).
2135:
1729:
1614:
1503:
1059:
416:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
2291:. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
1835:
1816:
1787:
1674:
1650:
1599:
1515:
1295:
1235:
1109:
1097:
862:attributes the Church's role to public pressure.
838:, for instance, called it outright a "betrayal".
430:China's foreign policy of friendly ties with the
4072:
27:. For other manifestos by Christian groups, see
16:1950 political manifesto of Chinese Protestants
2611:
2067:"Y. T. Wu: A Christian Leader Under Communism"
2864:
2651:
797:
267:
214:
161:
147:
2534:. London: T&T Clark. pp. 143–162.
2305:
1935:
1349:
968:
956:
697:Some notable Protestant ministers, such as
656:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
381:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
2871:
2857:
2658:
2644:
2599:. New York: National Council of Churches.
2422:. The Tao Foundation Missionary Heritage.
754:Opening lines of "The Christian Manifesto"
486:State Administration for Religious Affairs
44:
3074:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2878:
2481:
2161:. Bethlehem, PA: Leigh University Press.
2043:
1632:
1198:
1170:
766:Protestant missionary activities in China
2394:
2373:
2259:
1868:
1566:
1418:
1406:
931:List of Protestant missionaries in China
499:
2571:. New York: Friendship Press. pp.
2502:
2460:
2436:
2196:
2154:
1931:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1856:
1810:
1777:
1765:
1719:
1644:
1581:
1542:
1482:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1289:
1262:
1258:
1229:
1225:
1091:
1053:
1024:
995:
456:The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity
4073:
2415:
2352:
2326:
2091:
1979:A New History of Christianity in China
1951:
1919:
1750:
1707:
1695:
1554:
1497:
1333:
1210:
334:whereby they backed the newly founded
2852:
2639:
2594:
2532:Reading Christian Scriptures in China
2446:. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2401:. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.
2359:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
2133:
2050:. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1982:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
1668:
720:did sign, as did many members of his
2525:
2155:Keating, John Craig William (2012).
2112:
2019:
1996:
1972:
1620:
1593:
1538:
1321:
1194:
1182:
1153:
1072:
4012:National Christian Council of China
2485:Christian Values in Communist China
2268:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
2238:
2217:
2203:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2175:
2119:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2064:
2029:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
1738:
1723:
1656:
1608:
1509:
1274:
1132:
1103:
825:
478:National Christian Council of China
369:Published on the front page of the
13:
2750:Nanjing Union Theological Seminary
2595:Jones, Francis Price, ed. (1963).
2550:
2284:
1958:. Washington: Regnery Publishing.
1844:
1829:
1793:
1781:
1683:
1526:
1337:
1306:
1246:
507:(left) having a conversation with
14:
4117:
2509:The Oxford History of Anglicanism
2242:Religion Under Socialism in China
2003:Handbook of Christianity in China
613:. The initial publication in the
4056:
4044:
4032:
2380:. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.
674:
665:
338:(PRC) and the leadership of the
1944:
1925:
1771:
1713:
1532:
1453:
1396:
1327:
1252:
1188:
906:Anti-Christian Movement (China)
644:and others. For instance, more
488:), which in turn was under the
3813:Catholic Patriotic Association
3430:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
2555:
2507:. In Sachs, William L. (ed.).
2142:. New York: Friendship Press.
2116:World Christianity and Marxism
2098:. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press.
392:separation of Church and state
298:
268:
245:
215:
192:
162:
148:
1:
3833:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2723:Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai
2671:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2563:Jones, Francis Price (1962).
2134:Jones, Francis Price (1962).
2001:. In Tiedemann, R. G. (ed.).
936:
571:
474:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
402:After the declaration of the
397:
344:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
3425:Christianity in Heilongjiang
2218:Mak, George Kam Wah (2017).
2197:Maclear, J. F., ed. (1995).
2092:Harvey, Thomas Alan (2002).
916:Chinese Independent Churches
911:Chinese Communist Revolution
490:United Front Work Department
7:
3954:Anti-sex-selective abortion
2894:Timeline of Chinese history
2374:Sunquist, Scott W. (2015).
899:
10:
4122:
3979:Chinese Christian Colleges
3100:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
2914:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
2909:Catholic Church in Sichuan
2830:Nanjing Theological Review
2823:Chinese Theological Review
2740:St. Paul's Church, Nanjing
2629:10.6353/BIMHAS.200706.0091
2467:. Maryknoll: Orbis Books.
2306:Peter Tze Ming Ng (2012).
2044:Dongsheng John Wu (2012).
868:religious freedom in China
798:Responses by other parties
748:
495:
404:People's Republic of China
336:People's Republic of China
324:"The Three-Self Manifesto"
257:"The Three-Self Manifesto"
18:
3997:
3959:Anti-footbinding campaign
3941:
3858:
3801:
3707:
3569:
3541:
3513:
3500:
3483:Christianity in Hong Kong
3468:Christianity in Guangdong
3458:
3405:
3377:
3324:Christianity in Chongqing
3314:
3266:
3257:
3188:Medical missions in China
3173:
3165:St. Paul's College, Macau
3155:Chinese Rites controversy
3092:
3049:
3040:
3022:Hymns of Universal Praise
3012:
2974:
2946:
2886:
2814:
2763:
2705:
2677:
2530:. In Starr, Chloë (ed.).
2526:Yieh, John Y. H. (2008).
2482:Wielander, Gerda (2013).
2239:Luo Zhufeng, ed. (1991).
2190:10.1017/S0009640700109667
804:Methodist Church in China
691:who signed the manifesto.
320:"The Christian Manifesto"
309:
291:
284:
279:
275:
261:
256:
238:
231:
226:
222:
208:
204:"The Christian Manifesto"
203:
185:
178:
173:
169:
155:
141:
136:
132:
120:
106:
98:
87:
77:
69:
61:
43:
39:"The Christian Manifesto"
38:
4101:Anti-imperialism in Asia
3923:Second Sino-Japanese War
3440:Christianity in Liaoning
3364:Christianity in Xinjiang
3306:Christianity in Zhejiang
3301:Christianity in Shanghai
3296:Christianity in Shandong
3110:Foreign Missions Society
3069:Mogao Christian painting
2994:Studium Biblicum Version
2931:Protestantism in Sichuan
2919:Catholic Church in Tibet
2904:Catholic Church in China
2718:Haidian Christian Church
2588:
2260:Mungello, D. E. (2015).
941:
808:Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui
143:Traditional Chinese
4007:China Christian Council
3989:Sino-Christian theology
3908:Anti-Christian Movement
3838:China Christian Council
3823:The Christian Manifesto
3473:Christianity in Guangxi
3450:Christianity in Tianjin
3415:Christianity in Beijing
3354:Christianity in Sichuan
3349:Christianity in Shaanxi
3344:Christianity in Qinghai
3339:Christianity in Ningxia
3334:Christianity in Guizhou
3291:Christianity in Jiangxi
3286:Christianity in Jiangsu
3125:Giovanni de' Marignolli
3004:Today's Chinese Version
2938:Chinese Orthodox Church
2706:Churches and seminaries
2686:The Christian Manifesto
2667:China Christian Council
2488:. New York: Routledge.
2113:Janz, Denis R. (1998).
1997:Chan Kim-Kwong (2010).
548:China Democratic League
482:parachurch organization
408:Chinese Communist Party
340:Chinese Communist Party
157:Simplified Chinese
4096:Protestantism in China
3949:Science and technology
3871:Century of humiliation
3803:Church-state relations
3629:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
3594:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
3478:Christianity in Hainan
3445:Christianity in Shanxi
3369:Christianity in Yunnan
3281:Christianity in Fujian
3203:Divie Bethune McCartee
3160:Martyr Saints of China
3150:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
3105:Jesuit missions (Ming)
2926:Protestantism in China
2416:Towery, Britt (2000).
1952:Aikman, David (2012).
832:Chinese house churches
761:
512:
3734:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
3488:Christianity in Macau
3435:Christianity in Jilin
3420:Christianity in Hebei
3397:Christianity in Hunan
3392:Christianity in Hubei
3387:Christianity in Henan
3359:Christianity in Tibet
3329:Christianity in Gansu
3276:Christianity in Anhui
2989:Chinese Union Version
2880:Christianity in China
2728:Moore Memorial Church
836:Leslie Theodore Lyall
777:Three-self principles
756:
503:
111:Christianity in China
21:A Christian Manifesto
4091:Political manifestos
4081:1950 in Christianity
3974:Cantonese Roman Type
3805:in People's Republic
3664:John Ching Hsiung Wu
3115:John of Montecorvino
2065:Gao Wangzhi (1999).
812:China Inland Mission
467:Chinese Christianity
332:Protestants in China
318:, commonly known as
78:Commissioned by
56:on 23 September 1950
3998:Interdenominational
3964:Anti-opium campaign
3928:Cultural Revolution
3828:Protestant Lianghui
3729:Aloysius Jin Luxian
3501:Chinese Christians
3120:Odoric of Pordenone
2999:Chinese New Version
2285:Oi Ki Ling (1999).
1277:, pp. 343–344.
452:Christian socialism
442:, the secretary of
424:Chinese Protestants
3984:Manchurian revival
3969:Chinese Roman Type
3818:Underground church
3064:Jingjiao Documents
3051:Church of the East
3027:Chinese New Hymnal
2984:Delegates' Version
2976:Bible translations
2438:Wickeri, Philip L.
830:Affiliates of the
727:Joseph Tse-Hei Lee
513:
388:Chinese Christians
326:, was a political
4020:
4019:
3918:Chinese Civil War
3903:Xinhai Revolution
3881:Taiping Rebellion
3866:Rites controversy
3797:
3796:
3654:Francis C. M. Wei
3507:
3496:
3495:
3253:
3252:
2846:
2845:
2541:978-0-567-63846-5
2518:978-0-19-964301-1
2495:978-1-317-97604-2
2474:978-1-60833-366-0
2453:978-1-61097-529-2
2429:978-1-58721-410-3
2408:978-0-8308-9085-9
2387:978-1-4412-6663-7
2366:978-1-4443-5864-3
2345:978-0-8028-0391-7
2319:978-90-04-22574-9
2312:. Leiden: BRILL.
2298:978-0-8386-3776-0
2277:978-1-4422-5050-5
2252:978-0-87332-609-4
2231:978-90-04-31630-0
2224:. Leiden: BRILL.
2210:978-0-19-508681-2
2168:978-1-61146-091-9
2126:978-0-19-535323-5
2105:978-1-58743-039-8
2084:978-0-8047-3651-0
2057:978-1-61097-532-2
2036:978-1-137-31262-4
2012:978-90-04-11430-2
1989:978-1-4443-4284-0
1965:978-1-59698-652-7
1647:, p. 315n26.
1635:, pp. 47–48.
891:Peter Tze Ming Ng
864:Philip L. Wickeri
819:Chinese Catholics
313:
312:
305:
304:
286:Standard Mandarin
252:
251:
233:Standard Mandarin
199:
198:
180:Standard Mandarin
163:中国基督教在新中国建设中努力的途径
149:中國基督教在新中國建設中努力的途徑
128:
127:
25:Francis Schaeffer
4113:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4036:
4028:
3913:Nanjing incident
3898:Tianjin Massacre
3511:
3510:
3503:
3264:
3263:
3223:Jonathan Goforth
3047:
3046:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2755:Other seminaries
2736:
2697:Amity Foundation
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2608:
2584:
2570:
2545:
2522:
2503:— (2018).
2499:
2478:
2461:— (2015).
2457:
2433:
2412:
2395:— (2017).
2391:
2370:
2353:— (2011).
2349:
2323:
2302:
2281:
2256:
2235:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2141:
2130:
2109:
2088:
2061:
2040:
2016:
1993:
1969:
1939:
1936:Tze Ming Ng 2012
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1353:
1350:Tze Ming Ng 2012
1347:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1157:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1028:
1022:
999:
993:
972:
969:Tze Ming Ng 2012
966:
960:
957:Tze Ming Ng 2012
954:
826:Further analysis
784:anti-imperialism
715:
687:refused, unlike
678:
669:
612:
597:
586:
537:
529:Jiang Changchuan
469:in the new era.
355:Premier of China
301:
300:
277:
276:
271:
270:
248:
247:
246:Jīdūjiào xuānyán
224:
223:
218:
217:
195:
194:
171:
170:
165:
164:
151:
150:
130:
129:
115:anti-imperialism
48:
36:
35:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4016:
3999:
3993:
3937:
3933:Boluan Fanzheng
3891:Boxer Rebellion
3854:
3804:
3793:
3710:
3703:
3699:David Z. T. Yui
3679:Y. C. James Yen
3584:Chiang Kai-shek
3565:
3537:
3505:
3502:
3492:
3454:
3401:
3373:
3310:
3259:
3249:
3228:Cambridge Seven
3218:Timothy Richard
3193:Robert Morrison
3169:
3088:
3042:Mission history
3036:
3008:
2970:
2942:
2882:
2877:
2847:
2842:
2810:
2759:
2730:
2701:
2673:
2664:
2591:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:Further reading
2548:
2542:
2519:
2496:
2475:
2454:
2430:
2409:
2388:
2367:
2346:
2328:Robert, Dana L.
2320:
2299:
2278:
2253:
2232:
2211:
2169:
2127:
2106:
2085:
2071:Bays, Daniel H.
2058:
2037:
2021:Chow, Alexander
2013:
1990:
1974:Bays, Daniel H.
1966:
1947:
1942:
1934:, p. 132;
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:, p. 131;
1776:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1730:
1722:, p. 133;
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:, p. 138;
1537:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1470:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:, p. 129;
1257:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1228:, p. 129;
1224:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1139:
1131:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1079:
1071:
1060:
1052:
1031:
1023:
1002:
994:
975:
967:
963:
955:
948:
944:
939:
902:
828:
800:
762:
755:
751:
743:Richard C. Bush
709:
695:
694:
693:
692:
681:
680:
679:
671:
670:
606:
591:
580:
574:
531:
498:
414:adopted by the
400:
57:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:1950 documents
4083:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3504:(by period of
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3238:Gladys Aylward
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Angelo Zottoli
3142:
3140:Joachim Bouvet
3137:
3132:
3130:Francis Xavier
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Chongyi Church
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:(56): 91–141.
2613:Ying Fuk-tsang
2609:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2523:
2517:
2500:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2452:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2324:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2194:
2178:Church History
2173:
2167:
2152:
2131:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2017:
2011:
1994:
1988:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1938:, p. 210.
1924:
1912:
1910:, p. 163.
1900:
1888:
1886:, p. 132.
1873:
1861:
1849:
1847:, p. 164.
1834:
1832:, p. 148.
1815:
1813:, p. 133.
1798:
1796:, p. 151.
1786:
1784:, p. 152.
1770:
1768:, p. 162.
1755:
1743:
1741:, p. 345.
1728:
1726:, p. 344.
1712:
1710:, p. 123.
1700:
1698:, p. 151.
1688:
1686:, p. 149.
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1633:Dongsheng 2012
1625:
1613:
1598:
1596:, p. 150.
1586:
1584:, p. 141.
1571:
1569:, p. 110.
1559:
1547:
1531:
1529:, p. 156.
1514:
1512:, p. 169.
1502:
1500:, p. 153.
1487:
1485:, p. 142.
1468:
1466:, p. 131.
1462:, p. 93;
1452:
1423:
1421:, p. 192.
1411:
1409:, p. 192.
1405:, p. 92;
1395:
1393:, p. 201.
1383:
1354:
1352:, p. 177.
1342:
1340:, p. 150.
1336:, p. 33;
1326:
1324:, p. 129.
1311:
1309:, p. 150.
1294:
1292:, p. 130.
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 428.
1251:
1249:, p. 157.
1234:
1215:
1203:
1199:Wielander 2013
1187:
1185:, p. 871.
1175:
1171:Wielander 2013
1158:
1156:, p. 138.
1137:
1135:, p. 344.
1108:
1106:, p. 342.
1096:
1094:, p. 129.
1077:
1075:, p. 137.
1058:
1056:, p. 131.
1029:
1000:
998:, p. 428.
973:
971:, p. 174.
961:
959:, p. 209.
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
901:
898:
856:George A. Hood
827:
824:
799:
796:
753:
752:
750:
747:
683:
682:
673:
672:
664:
663:
662:
661:
660:
615:People's Daily
573:
570:
558:People's Daily
497:
494:
412:Common Program
399:
396:
372:People's Daily
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
295:
289:
288:
282:
281:
280:Transcriptions
273:
272:
265:
259:
258:
254:
253:
250:
249:
242:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:Transcriptions
220:
219:
212:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
196:
189:
183:
182:
176:
175:
174:Transcriptions
167:
166:
159:
153:
152:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:People's Daily
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4118:
4107:
4106:1950 in China
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:organisations
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Yangzhou riot
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Wang Ming-Dao
3647:
3645:
3644:Tseng Pao-sun
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Lu Zhengxiang
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Hong Xiuchuan
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Hudson Taylor
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Karl Gützlaff
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2948:Terms for God
2945:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Tianhe Church
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1922:, p. 63.
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1898:, p. 25.
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1871:, p. 56.
1870:
1869:Mungello 2015
1865:
1859:, p. 89.
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1753:, p. 33.
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1671:, p. 53.
1670:
1665:
1659:, p. 57.
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1623:, p. 60.
1622:
1617:
1611:, p. 84.
1610:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:Sunquist 2015
1563:
1557:, p. 76.
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 92.
1544:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1450:, p. 93.
1449:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:Sunquist 2017
1415:
1408:
1407:Sunquist 2017
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1381:, p. 92.
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1232:, p. 91.
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1197:, p. 5;
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1027:, p. 91.
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
997:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
970:
965:
958:
953:
951:
946:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
897:
894:
892:
887:
883:
881:
880:Chee Kong-Lee
876:
875:Robert G. Orr
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
851:
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
823:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
795:
791:
787:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
768:as a form of
767:
760:
746:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
713:
708:
704:
703:Wang Ming-Dao
700:
690:
686:
685:Wang Ming-Dao
677:
668:
659:
657:
652:
647:
643:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
610:
605:
601:
595:
590:
584:
579:
569:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
549:
545:
539:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
506:
502:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Social Gospel
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
425:
421:
418:in 1949, the
417:
413:
409:
405:
395:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:
367:
365:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
299:Sānzì xuānyán
296:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
274:
266:
264:
260:
255:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
221:
213:
211:
207:
202:
190:
188:
184:
181:
177:
172:
168:
160:
158:
154:
146:
144:
140:
135:
131:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
54:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4068:
4039:Christianity
3850:House church
3822:
3749:Liu Xiaofeng
3744:Lin Shengben
3684:Ying Lianzhi
3624:Watchman Nee
3599:Feng Yuxiang
3589:Cheng Jingyi
3533:Yang Tingyun
3243:
3233:Eric Liddell
3135:Matteo Ricci
3032:Canaan Hymns
2899:Christianity
2835:
2828:
2821:
2815:Publications
2776:Marcus Cheng
2685:
2684:
2620:
2616:
2596:
2566:
2531:
2508:
2484:
2463:
2442:
2418:
2397:
2376:
2355:
2335:
2308:
2287:
2262:
2241:
2220:
2199:
2184:(1): 68–96.
2181:
2177:
2157:
2137:
2115:
2094:
2074:
2046:
2025:
2002:
1978:
1954:
1945:Bibliography
1932:Wickeri 2011
1927:
1915:
1908:Wickeri 2018
1903:
1896:Wickeri 2015
1891:
1884:Wickeri 2011
1864:
1857:Keating 2012
1852:
1811:Wickeri 2011
1789:
1778:Wickeri 2011
1773:
1766:Wickeri 2018
1746:
1720:Wickeri 2011
1715:
1703:
1691:
1664:
1652:
1645:Wickeri 2011
1640:
1628:
1616:
1589:
1582:Wickeri 2015
1562:
1550:
1543:Keating 2012
1534:
1505:
1483:Wickeri 2015
1464:Wickeri 2011
1460:Keating 2012
1455:
1448:Keating 2012
1414:
1403:Keating 2012
1398:
1391:Keating 2012
1386:
1379:Keating 2012
1345:
1329:
1290:Wickeri 2011
1270:
1263:Maclear 1995
1259:Wickeri 2011
1254:
1230:Keating 2012
1226:Wickeri 2011
1213:, p. 7.
1206:
1201:, p. 5.
1190:
1178:
1173:, p. 5.
1099:
1092:Wickeri 2011
1054:Wickeri 2011
1025:Keating 2012
996:Maclear 1995
964:
895:
888:
884:
872:
852:
844:
829:
816:
801:
792:
788:
781:
774:
763:
757:
739:
735:Jesus Family
731:Tang Shoulin
722:Little Flock
718:Watchman Nee
696:
689:Watchman Nee
642:David Aikman
636:
635:
614:
604:Wang Zizhong
575:
562:
556:
540:
514:
471:
464:
438:, headed by
432:Soviet Union
428:
419:
401:
385:
370:
368:
348:
323:
319:
315:
314:
293:Hanyu Pinyin
240:Hanyu Pinyin
187:Hanyu Pinyin
73:28 July 1950
51:
33:
20:
3769:Wang Weifan
3759:Matthias Lu
3739:Samuel Lamb
3694:Paul Yu Pin
3669:Wu Leichuan
3604:Francis Hsu
3506:prominence)
3258:By province
3213:Lottie Moon
3059:Xi'an Stele
2887:Foundations
2801:Wang Weifan
2731: [
2678:Foundations
2556:Translation
1920:Harvey 2002
1751:Towery 2000
1708:Robert 2008
1696:Aikman 2012
1555:Robert 2011
1498:Aikman 2012
1334:Towery 2000
1211:Aikman 2012
840:Gao Wangzhi
770:imperialism
710: [
627:Zhu Guishen
607: [
592: [
581: [
544:Chen Xingui
532: [
364:imperialism
99:Signatories
4075:Categories
3876:Opium Wars
3843:Seminaries
3789:Zhao Fusan
3784:Allen Yuan
3764:K. H. Ting
3754:Lü Xiaomin
3724:He Guanghu
3674:Wu Yi-fang
3639:Sun Yatsen
3619:Ma Xiangbo
3609:Jia Yuming
3579:T. C. Chao
3561:Xi Shengmo
3528:Xu Guangqi
3523:Candida Xu
3260:and region
3175:Protestant
2806:Zhao Fusan
2791:Jia Yuming
2781:K. H. Ting
2771:T. C. Chao
2266:. Lanham:
1669:Jones 1962
937:References
860:Oi Ki Ling
707:Robin Chen
699:K. H. Ting
651:Korean War
619:Han Wenzao
600:Zhao Fusan
572:Signatures
525:T. C. Chao
521:Deng Yuzhi
517:Zhou Enlai
509:Mao Zedong
398:Background
377:Korean War
351:Zhou Enlai
94:and others
82:Zhou Enlai
4063:Communism
3719:Joseph Gu
3634:John Sung
3244:(more...)
2837:Tian Feng
2786:Joseph Gu
1621:Chow 2013
1594:Yieh 2008
1539:Bays 2011
1322:Janz 1998
1195:Chow 2013
1183:Chan 2010
1154:Bays 2011
1073:Bays 2011
921:Four Olds
848:Bob Whyte
817:Although
646:Lutherans
637:Tian Feng
631:Sun Yanli
623:Yu Zhihai
578:Qi Qincai
564:Tian Feng
328:manifesto
88:Author(s)
70:Presented
29:Manifesto
3779:Y. T. Wu
3711:Republic
3709:People's
3659:Paul Wei
3571:Republic
3556:Liang Fa
3183:Agencies
3093:Catholic
2796:Y. T. Wu
2692:Lianghui
2605:67550862
2440:(2011).
2330:(2008).
2023:(2013).
1976:(2011).
1739:Gao 1999
1724:Gao 1999
1657:Luo 1991
1609:Lee 2005
1510:Mak 2017
1275:Gao 1999
1133:Gao 1999
1104:Gao 1999
900:See also
737:church.
589:Wu Gaozi
505:Y. T. Wu
440:Y. T. Wu
436:Shanghai
420:de facto
359:Y. T. Wu
92:Y. T. Wu
65:May 1950
4025:Portals
3774:Wang Yi
3689:Dora Yu
3379:Central
2966:Shangdi
2956:Tianzhu
2073:(ed.).
1845:Oi 1999
1830:Oi 1999
1794:Oi 1999
1782:Oi 1999
1684:Oi 1999
1527:Oi 1999
1338:Oi 1999
1307:Oi 1999
1247:Oi 1999
749:Content
553:Beijing
546:of the
496:History
263:Chinese
210:Chinese
121:Purpose
107:Subject
102:417,389
62:Created
3942:Impact
3859:Events
3079:Alopen
2764:People
2603:
2581:550843
2579:
2538:
2515:
2492:
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2426:
2405:
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2207:
2165:
2148:550843
2146:
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2102:
2081:
2054:
2033:
2009:
1986:
1962:
629:, and
602:, and
527:, and
353:, the
23:, see
4051:China
3460:South
3407:North
3014:Hymns
2735:]
2589:Other
2573:53–55
2069:. In
942:Notes
714:]
611:]
596:]
585:]
536:]
216:基督教宣言
3543:Qing
3515:Ming
3316:West
3268:East
3084:Adam
2961:Shen
2669:and
2601:OCLC
2577:OCLC
2536:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2144:OCLC
2121:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1960:ISBN
444:YMCA
269:三自宣言
2625:doi
2186:doi
450:to
330:of
322:or
4077::
2733:zh
2621:56
2619:.
2575:.
2270:.
2182:74
2180:.
1876:^
1837:^
1818:^
1801:^
1758:^
1731:^
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1601:^
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1471:^
1426:^
1357:^
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1003:^
976:^
949:^
712:zh
633:.
625:,
621:,
609:zh
598:,
594:zh
587:,
583:zh
534:zh
523:,
383:.
113:,
4027::
2872:e
2865:t
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1992:.
1968:.
31:.
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