191:, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region. Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure, and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations. Few colonies remain remote from their mother country. Thus, most will eventually establish a separate nationality or remain under complete control of their mother colony.
3291:
Through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion, the United States took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism. This internal form of empire has been referred to as "internal colonialism". Participation in the
African slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of America's "internal colonialism". However, this internal colonialism faced resistance, as external colonialism did, but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the United States was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and African-Americans. In a lecture on April 16, 2003, Edward Said described modern imperialism in the United States as an aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient stating that "due to their backward living, lack of democracy and the violation of women's rights. The western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon".
302:(1920–1999) argued that European leaders rejected the notion that "imperialism" required formal, legal control by one government over a colonial region. Much more important was informal control of independent areas. According to Wm. Roger Louis, "In their view, historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas outside the formal British Empire. Key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'" Oron Hale says that Gallagher and Robinson looked at the British involvement in Africa where they "found few capitalists, less capital, and not much pressure from the alleged traditional promoters of colonial expansion. Cabinet decisions to annex or not to annex were made, usually on the basis of political or geopolitical considerations."
3217:
2390:
386:
568:
1327:
2760:
647:
2555:
3340:
697:
2918:
183:
to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Particularly, Edward Said distinguishes between imperialism and colonialism by stating: "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.' Contiguous land empires such as the
Russian, Chinese or Ottoman have traditionally been excluded from discussions of colonialism, though this is beginning to change, since it is accepted that they also sent populations into the territories they ruled.
498:
2382:
632:, the European examinations of the Orient, which misrepresented the East as irrational and backward, the opposite of the rational and progressive West. Defining the East as a negative vision of the Western world, as its inferior, not only increased the sense-of-self of the West, but also was a way of ordering the East, and making it known to the West, so that it could be dominated and controlled. Therefore, Orientalism was the ideological justification of early Western imperialism—a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control of other, non-white peoples.
2547:, and kept the islands as League of nations mandates. At first, Japan was in good standing with the victorious Allied powers of World War I, but different discrepancies and dissatisfaction with the rewards of the treaties cooled the relations with them, for example American pressure forced it to return the Shandong area. By the '30s, economic depression, urgency of resources and a growing distrust in the Allied powers made Japan lean to a hardened militaristic stance. Through the decade, it would grow closer to Germany and Italy, forming together the Axis alliance. In 1931 Japan took
1833:
547:, proposes the idea that imperialism is a phase of capitalism "in which Western European capitalist countries, the US, and Japan established political, economic, military and cultural hegemony over other parts of the world which were initially at a lower level and therefore could not resist domination." As a result, Imperialism "for many years embraced the whole world – one part being the exploiters and the other the exploited, one part being dominated and the other acting as overlords, one part making policy and the other being dependent."
167:
2008:
and methods in vogue in the mother nation. Having a moderately trained lower bureaucracy was of great use to colonial officials. The emerging French-educated indigenous elite saw little value in educating rural peoples. After 1946 the policy was to bring the best students to Paris for advanced training. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. Impressionistic colonials could mingle with studious scholars or radical revolutionaries or so everything in between.
3300:
3229:
1354:
2793:
1686:
820:
346:
1281:
1235:
1154:
1045:
3110:
2884:. The Russian colonization of Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia and treatment of the resident indigenous peoples has been compared to European colonization of the Americas, with similar negative impacts on the indigenous Siberians as upon the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The extermination of indigenous Siberian tribes was so complete that a relatively small population of only 180,000 are said to exist today. The Russian Empire exploited and suppressed
8744:
29:
1463:, and involved colonies and holdings primarily in North America, the Caribbean, and India. Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American colonies in 1776. Britain made compensating gains in India, Australia, and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in Latin America after the independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in about 1820. By the 1840s, the United Kingdom had adopted a highly successful policy of
1956:
314:, the scale of the wealth transfer out of India, between 1765 and 1938, was an estimated $ 45 Trillion. The Netherlands did very well in the East Indies. Germany and Italy got very little trade or raw materials from their empires. France did slightly better. The Belgian Congo was notoriously profitable when it was a capitalistic rubber plantation owned and operated by King Leopold II as a private enterprise. However, scandal after scandal regarding
1541:
464:
grow nearly as fast as they might have otherwise. Exporting capital, he concluded, put a lid on the growth of domestic wages in the domestic standard of living. Hobson theorized that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation, while state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order.
2034:
the heir of the colonial
Direction of Education – and its prestigious high schools. The Americans looked at the great mass of people and sought to make South Vietnam a nation strong enough to stop communism. The Americans had far more money, as USAID coordinated and funded the activities of expert teams, and particularly of academic missions. The French deeply resented the American invasion of their historical zone of cultural imperialism.
2640:
513:
236:
159:
1185:
750:. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, which may oppose such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and of unauthorized satellite dishes, etc. Nor is such a usage of culture recent – as part of Roman imperialism, local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle, with the aim that they would then become willing participants.
2049:
3404:, whereby proponents such as John Downing and Annabelle Sreberny-Modammadi define imperialism as "...the conquest and control of one country by a more powerful one." Cultural imperialism signifies the dimensions of the process that go beyond economic exploitation or military force." Moreover, colonialism is understood as "...the form of imperialism in which the government of the colony is run directly by foreigners."
681:". He states that maps "contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power into West Africa". During his analysis of 19th-century cartographic techniques, he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps".
2084:(1862–90), long opposed colonial acquisitions, arguing that the burden of obtaining, maintaining, and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits. He felt that colonies did not pay for themselves, that the German bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract Germany from its central interest, Europe itself.
5023:
2491:. In 1875 Qing China sent a 300-men force to subdue the Taiwanese, but unlike the Japanese the Chinese were routed, ambushed and 250 of their men were killed; the failure of this expedition exposed once more the failure of Qing China to exert effective control in Taiwan, and acted as another incentive for the Japanese to annex Taiwan. Eventually, the spoils for winning the
1529:, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the
3047:, critics argue that it exhibited traits common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation-states. Some also argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control.
119:'s despotic militarism and his attempts at obtaining political support through foreign military interventions. The term became common in the current sense in Great Britain during the 1870s; by the 1880's it was used with a positive connotation. By the end of the 19th century it was being used to describe the behavior of empires at all times and places.
537:. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural, and the temporal. Those changes reflect—among other shifts in sensibility—a growing unease, even great distaste, with the pervasiveness of such power, specifically, Western power.
2030:(Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and cultured Frenchmen and a unified educational system was impossible until the Pied-Noir and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962.
3321:, Spain committed considerable financial and military resources towards developing a robust navy capable of conducting large-scale, transatlantic expeditionary operations in order to establish and solidify a firm imperial presence across large portions of North America, South America, and the geographic regions comprising the
3270:'s mission to "make the world safe for democracy" changed all this. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. This is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires. In 1898, Americans who opposed imperialism created the
2198:
3290:
Some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism. This internal form is distinct from informal U.S. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony. It also showed difference in the United States' formation of "colonies" abroad.
2007:
French colonial officials, influenced by the revolutionary ideal of equality, standardized schools, curricula, and teaching methods as much as possible. They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems
1919:
in 1962. The French imperial history was marked by numerous wars, large and small, and also by significant help to France itself from the colonials in the world wars. France took control of
Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North
369:
Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made new explosives that made artillery much more deadly. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become a reliable battlefield weapon. This technology gave
European armies an advantage over
361:
European expansion greatly accelerated in the 19th century. To obtain raw materials, Europe expanded imports from other countries and from the colonies. European industrialists sought raw materials such as dyes, cotton, vegetable oils, and metal ores from overseas. Concurrently, industrialization was
3359:
Echoing the prevailing ideological perspectives regarding colonialism and imperialism embraced by Spain's
European rivals during the colonial era, including the English, French, and the Dutch, the Spanish used colonialism as a means of expanding imperial geopolitical borders and securing the defense
2033:
In South
Vietnam from 1955 to 1975 there were two competing powers in education, as the French continued their work and the Americans moved in. They sharply disagreed on goals. The French educators sought to preserving French culture among the Vietnamese elites and relied on the Mission Culturelle –
2022:
African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard
African development and maintain colonial superiority. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education
1998:
in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in
Algeria, de Gaulle decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962. French settlers and many local supporters relocated to France. Nearly all of France's colonies gained independence by 1960, but France retained great financial and diplomatic influence.
1447:
claimed
Newfoundland for the British while the French established colonies along the St. Lawrence River and claiming it as "New France". Britain continued to expand by colonizing countries such as New Zealand and Australia, both of which were not empty land as they had their own locals and cultures.
471:
and Oron Hale could argue that "the Hobsonian foundation has been almost completely demolished." It was not businessmen and bankers but politicians who went with the stream of the masses. The modern imperialism was primarily a political product caused by the national mass hysteria rather than by the
331:
state, and, while military activity was important at various times, the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance" for the establishment of control over the subcontinent's resources, markets, and manpower. Although a substantial number of colonies had
3384:
The scope and scale of Spanish participation in imperialism within the Caribbean basin remains a subject of scholarly debate among historians. A fundamental source of contention stems from the inadvertent conflation of theoretical conceptions of imperialism and colonialism. Furthermore, significant
1467:
that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world. After losing its first Empire to the Americans, Britain then turned its attention towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, the United Kingdom enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance
493:
that arose from the need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion. Later Marxist theoreticians echo this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism, which explained the World War
463:
he argued that the financing of overseas empires drained money that was needed at home. It was invested abroad because of lower wages paid to the workers overseas made for higher profits and higher rates of return, compared to domestic wages. So although domestic wages remained higher, they did not
326:
Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus: there, the
305:
Looking at the main empires from 1875 to 1914, there was a mixed record in terms of profitability. At first, planners expected that colonies would provide an excellent captive market for manufactured items. Apart from the Indian subcontinent, this was seldom true. By the 1890s, imperialists saw the
182:
writes that imperialism operates from the centre as a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons, while colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions; however, colonialism still includes invasion. Colonialism in modern usage also tends
3363:
While leveraging colonialism in the same geographic operating theater as its imperial rivals, Spain maintained distinct imperial objectives and instituted a unique form of colonialism in support of its imperial agenda. Spain placed significant strategic emphasis on the acquisition, extraction, and
3347:
In congruence with the colonialist activities of competing European imperial powers throughout the 15th – 19th centuries, the Spanish were equally engrossed in extending geopolitical power. The Caribbean basin functioned as a key geographic focal point for advancing Spanish imperialism. Similar to
1967:
French Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland
1114:
is a movement across Africa and the world that came as a result of imperial ideas splitting apart African nations and pitting them against each other. The Pan-African movement instead tried to reverse those ideas by uniting Africans and creating a sense of brotherhood among all African people. The
3569:
state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been
910:
denoted the lands, space, and area divinely appointed to the Emperor by universal and well-defined principles of order. The center of this land was directly apportioned to the Imperial court, forming the center of a world view that centered on the Imperial court and went concentrically outward to
365:
Communication became much more advanced during European expansion. With the invention of railroads and telegraphs, it became easier to communicate with other countries and to extend the administrative control of a home nation over its colonies. Steam railroads and steam-driven ocean shipping made
1614:. The United Kingdom now had a practically continuous line of controlled territories from Egypt to Burma and another one from Cairo to Cape Town. However, this period was also one of emergence of independence movements based on nationalism and new experiences the colonists had gained in the war.
991:
served as a moral justification for the domination of certain territories and peoples. The environmental determinist school of thought held that the environment in which certain people lived determined those persons' behaviours; and thus validated their domination. Some geographic scholars under
528:
Some theoreticians on the non-Communist left have emphasized the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a world system
336:
Modern empires were not artificially constructed economic machines. The second expansion of Europe was a complex historical process in which political, social and emotional forces in Europe and on the periphery were more influential than calculated imperialism. Individual colonies might serve an
3286:
At the start of World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was opposed to European colonialism, especially in India. He pulled back when Britain's Winston Churchill demanded that victory in the war be the first priority. Roosevelt expected that the United Nations would take up the problem of
1720:
China was one of the world's oldest empires. Due to its long history of imperialist expansion, China has been seen by its neighboring countries as a threat due to its large population, giant economy, large military force as well as its territorial evolution throughout history. Starting with the
1000:
produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. In contrast, tropical climates allegedly yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promiscuity, exotic culture, and moral degeneracy. The tropical peoples were believed to be "less civilized" and in need of European guidance, therefore justifying
3007:
leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of
738:
of the subordinate culture. This means more than just "foreign" music, television or film becoming popular with young people; rather that a populace changes its own expectations of life, desiring for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted. For example, depictions of
337:
economic purpose; collectively no empire had any definable function, economic or otherwise. Empires represented only a particular phase in the ever-changing relationship of Europe with the rest of the world: analogies with industrial systems or investment in real estate were simply misleading.
897:
At least some of the great modern empires—the British, French, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and even the Ottoman—have virtues that have been too readily forgotten. They provided stability, security, and legal order for their subjects. They constrained, and at their best, tried to transcend, the
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populations inhabiting Puerto Rico and segments of Cuba. Compulsory labor and slavery were widely institutionalized across Spanish-occupied territories and colonies, with an initial emphasis on directing labor towards mining activity and related methods of procuring semi-precious metals. The
3278:
and Cuba. One year later, a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos. American foreign policy was denounced as a "racket" by
3407:
In spite of diverging perspectives and the absence of a unilateral scholarly consensus regarding imperialism among historians, within the context of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean basin during the colonial era, imperialism can be interpreted as an overarching ideological agenda that is
3020:, in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union and later the People's Republic of China supported revolutionary and communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests, but were not always successful. The USSR provided great assistance to
2598:
and many islands of the Pacific Ocean. Just as Japan's late industrialization success and victory against the Russian Empire was seen as an example among underdeveloped Asia-Pacific nations, the Japanese took advantage of this and promoted among its conquered the goal to jointly create an
1968:
and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars. It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism,
186:
Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of
6480:
1422:
and other political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy. By the year 1670 Britain's imperialist ambitions were well off as she had colonies in Virginia, Massachusetts, Bermuda,
1025:
as the west's construction of the east as the "other". According to Said, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient. Orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location.
2603:". This plan helped the Japanese gain support from native populations during its conquests especially in Indonesia. However, the United States had a vastly stronger military and industrial base and defeated Japan, stripping it of conquests and returning its settlers back to Japan.
1980:– were offered, although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon. Contrasting from Britain, France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
3397:. In accordance with this theoretical perspective, the activities of the Spanish in the Caribbean are not components of a preeminent, ideologically driven form of imperialism. Rather, these activities are more accurately classified as representing a form of colonialism.
1382:
was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to other empires such as the Portuguese who already had set up trading posts in India.
7767:, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (February 7, 2019), pp. 8–10. Bulmer-Thomas writes: "Imperial retreat is not the same as national decline, as many other countries can attest. Indeed, imperial retreat can strengthen the nation-state just as imperial expansion can weaken it." (
2594:, Japan achieved one of the fastest maritime expansions in history. By 1942 Japan had conquered much of East Asia and the Pacific, including the east of China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of
3364:
exportation of precious metals (primarily gold and silver). A second objective was the evangelization of subjugated indigenous populations residing in mineral-rich and strategically favorable locations. Notable examples of these indigenous groups include the
939:
and other geographical societies in Europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories. Political geographers such as
2087:
However, public opinion and elite opinion in Germany demanded colonies for reasons of international prestige, so Bismarck was forced to oblige. In 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific. The establishment of the
1415:(also known as the United Kingdom). The empire Great Britain would go on to found was the largest empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population. Its power, both military and economic, remained unmatched for a few decades.
2019:, who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. He emphasized female and vocational education. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France.
688:. According to Bassett, "ineteenth-century explorers commonly requested Africans to sketch maps of unknown areas on the ground. Many of those maps were highly regarded for their accuracy" but were not printed in Europe unless Europeans verified them.
964:, as its settlers considered it unused by its original inhabitants. The rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears still to have its impact. For example, throughout Latin America "whiteness" is still prized today and various forms of
934:
identifies this justification on general grounds as: "It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest 'social efficiency'". The
332:
been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the 17th and 18th centuries, D. K. Fieldhouse suggests that in the 19th and 20th centuries in places such as Africa and Asia, this idea is not necessarily valid:
662:
is "the art, science and technology of making maps" but this definition is problematic. It implies that maps are objective representations of the world when in reality they serve very political means. For Harley, maps serve as an example of
2424:. This sparked a period of rapid industrialization driven in part by a Japanese desire for self-sufficiency. By the early 1900s, Japan was a naval power that could hold its own against an established European power as it defeated Russia.
2486:
of 1867. Very few gave it much thought at the time, but this was the first move in the Japanese expansionism series. Japan occupied Taiwan for the rest of 1874 and then left owing to Chinese pressures, but in 1879 it finally annexed the
2526:
shook the world: never before had an Asian nation defeated a European power, and in Japan it was seen as a feat. Japan's victory against Russia would act as an antecedent for Asian countries in the fight against the Western powers for
318:
led the international community to force the government of Belgium to take it over in 1908, and it became much less profitable. The Philippines cost the United States much more than expected because of military action against rebels.
3173:
to the empire, and that "it is now also our responsibility to return (Russian) land". Kseniya Oksamytna wrote that in Russia media, the invasion was accompanied by discourses of Russian "supremacy". She says that this likely fuelled
428:
quickly appropriated the concept. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed.
3375:
system during the 16th–17th centuries in occupied colonies within the Caribbean basin reflects a gradual shift in imperial prioritization, increasingly focusing on large-scale production and exportation of agricultural commodities.
1640:
In Canada, the "imperialism" (and the related term "colonialism") has had a variety of contradictory meanings since the 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th, to be an "imperialist" meant thinking of Canada as a part of the
2578:). By now, relations with the Allied powers were at the bottom, and an international boycott against Japan to deprive it of natural resources was enforced. A military move to gain access to them was deemed necessary, and so Japan
898:
potentially savage ethnic or religious antagonisms among the peoples. And the aristocracies which ruled most of them were often far more liberal, humane, and cosmopolitan than their supposedly ever more democratic successors.
227:
The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1760, saw European industrializing nations, engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world. 19th century episodes included the
8076:
4776:
As late as 1935, a district officer in Northern Rhodesia asserted that 'the idea of the western mind, that can conceive of an individual personality having an independent existence ... is still beyond the scope of savage
322:
Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
3630:
In its most general sense, imperialism refers to the formation of an empire, and, as such, has been an aspect of all periods of history in which one nation has extended its domination over one or several neighbouring
753:
Imperialism has been subject to moral or immoral censure by its critics, and thus the term "imperialism" is frequently used in international propaganda as a pejorative for expansionist and aggressive foreign policy.
3388:
Among historians, there is substantial support in favor of approaching imperialism as a conceptual theory emerging during the 18th–19th centuries, particularly within Britain, propagated by key exponents such as
1769:
after 1814) possessed overseas colonies from 1536 until 1953. At its apex there were colonies on four continents: Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. In the 17th century, following territorial losses on the
620:
discourse that represents neither the ethnic diversity nor the social reality of the Eastern world. That by reducing the East into cultural essences, the imperial discourse uses place-based identities to create
766:
may build on and bolster views contrasting "primitive" and "advanced" peoples and cultures, thus justifying and encouraging imperialist practices among participants. Associated psychological tropes include the
452:. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and its impact on Europe, as well as contributing to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s.
2705:
were assisted by Russia, Britain and France. In 1815 to 1914 the Ottoman Empire could exist only in the conditions of acute rivalry of the great powers, with Britain its main supporter, especially in the
341:
During this time, European merchants had the ability to "roam the high seas and appropriate surpluses from around the world (sometimes peaceably, sometimes violently) and to concentrate them in Europe".
3400:
Further divergence among historians can be attributed to varying theoretical perspectives regarding imperialism that are proposed by emerging academic schools of thought. Noteworthy examples include
2175:. The Treaty of Versailles made them mandates temporarily operated by the Allied victors. Germany also lost part of the Eastern territories that became part of independent Poland as a result of the
2179:
in 1919. Finally, the Eastern territories captured in the Middle Ages were torn from Germany and became part of Poland and the USSR as a result of the territorial reorganization established by the
306:
economic benefit primarily in the production of inexpensive raw materials to feed the domestic manufacturing sector. Overall, Great Britain did very well in terms of profits from India, especially
459:(1902), Hobson developed a highly influential interpretation of imperialism that expanded on his belief that free enterprise capitalism had a negative impact on the majority of the population. In
3154:
178:"; however, many scholars have argued that each has its own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's influence upon a person or group of people.
1994:
used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in
1482:
and adopted the role of global policeman. However, this peace was mostly a perceived one from Europe, and the period was still an almost uninterrupted series of colonial wars and disputes. The
3012:" was intended to support non-Russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework. Never formally revoked, it stopped being implemented after 1932. After World War II, the
1628:
in 1947, the self-governing dominions break away from the empire in 1949, and the establishment of independent states in the 1950s. British imperialism showed its frailty in Egypt during the
1983:
The French colonial empire of extended over 11,500,000 km (4,400,000 sq mi) at its height in the 1920s and had a population of 110 million people on the eve of World War II.
1443:. Due to the vast imperialist ambitions of European countries, Britain had several clashes with France. This competition was evident in the colonization of what is now known as Canada.
198:
suggested that "imperialism was the highest form of capitalism", claiming that "imperialism developed after colonialism, and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism".
6982:
3028:). Although then relations with the USSR deteriorated, but the USSR was the only world power that provided military assistance to China against Japanese aggression in 1937–1941 (see
1632:
in 1956. However, with the United States and Soviet Union emerging from World War II as the sole superpowers, Britain's role as a worldwide power declined significantly and rapidly.
8136:
2570:
in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China. Also, in 1938–1939 Japan made an attempt to seize the territory of Soviet Russia and Mongolia, but suffered a serious defeats (see
420:
was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British Prime Minister
1525:
and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively
6771:
979:
notes that ex-colonial peoples themselves show no desire to undo the basic effects of this process. Hence moral self-criticism in respect of the colonial past is out of place.
6875:
1653:", which continued to be used as well. In mid-twentieth century Canada, the words "imperialism" and "colonialism" were used in English Canadian discourse to instead portray
1130:
and the United States and their rights. A total of six Pan-African conferences that were held, and these allowed the African people to have a voice in ending colonial rule.
494:
as the battle between imperialists for control of external markets. Lenin's treatise became a standard textbook that flourished until the collapse of communism in 1989–91.
1564:. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning and legitimation during this time. Other influential spokesmen included
5809:
Chafer, Tony (2001). "Teaching Africans to be French?: France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903–30".
3317:, conventionally recognized as emerging in 1402 with the conquest of the Canary Islands. Following the successes of exploratory maritime voyages conducted during the
2474:
and Japan, and the Japanese interpreted the incident as an attack on their citizens. They took steps to bring the islands in their jurisdiction: in 1872 the Japanese
2427:
Despite its rising population and increasingly industrialized economy, Japan lacked significant natural resources. As a result, the country turned to imperialism and
432:
Historians and political theorists have long debated the correlation between capitalism, class and imperialism. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as
6306:
Willard Sunderland, "An Empire of Peasants. Empire-Building, Interethnic Interaction, and Ethnic Stereotyping in the Rural World of the Russian Empire, 1800–1850s."
3490:
2076:. However, the German involvement in the seizure of overseas territories was negligible until the end of the 19th century. Prussia unified the other states into the
7034:
6707:
6691:
370:
their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows, swords, and leather shields (e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa during the
3408:
perpetuated through the institution of colonialism. In this context, colonialism functions as an instrument designed to achieve specific imperialist objectives.
7746:
6667:
6851:
10783:
2551:
from China. International reactions condemned this move, but Japan's already strong skepticism against Allied nations meant that it nevertheless carried on.
2229:
was being opened to navigation. This was taken over by the Italian government in 1882, becoming modern Italy's first overseas territory. By the start of the
3594:... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...
3385:
variation exists in the definition and interpretation of these terms as expounded by historians, anthropologists, philosophers, and political scientists.
3570:
considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.
8130:
1537:
launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.
374:
of 1879). Some exceptions of armies that managed to get nearly on par with the European expeditions and standards include the Ethiopian armies at the
11195:
2684:
2644:
1448:
Britain's nationalistic movements were evident with the creation of the commonwealth countries where there was a shared nature of national identity.
1806:
in 1917. Iceland became independent in 1944. Today, the only remaining vestiges are two originally Norwegian colonies that are currently within the
948:
of Britain also supported imperialism. Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state's survival and this argument dominated the discipline of
11563:
3728:
1604:
posed a growing threat to Britain's dominance. As of 1913, the United Kingdom was the world's fourth economy, behind the U.S., Russia and Germany.
2320:
1569:
2482:
was sent, which was a success. The success of this expedition emboldened the Japanese: not even the Americans could defeat the Taiwanese in the
1506:
to name the most notable conflicts mobilised ample military means to press Britain's lead in the global conquest Europe led across the century.
8806:
3146:
2376:
1610:
in 1919–1921 led to the сreation of the Irish Free State. But the United Kingdom gained control of former German and Ottoman colonies with the
571:
9640:
7373:
3246:
Made up of former colonies itself, the early United States expressed its opposition to imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own
3175:
6974:
3178:
and that "the behavior of Russian forces bore all hallmarks of imperial violence". The Putin regime has revived imperial ideas such as the "
1464:
8056:
5082:
3502:
2733:
in the aftermath of its decisive defeat. The Kemalist national movement, supported by Soviet Russia, achieved victory in the course of the
485:
3055:
while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government.
5952:
3216:
3064:
2687:. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
2634:
1225:
1798:
led the expedition that established the colony. After 1814, when Norway was ceded to Sweden, Denmark retained what remained of Norway's
8772:
2936:
930:
could declare in 1883 that "Superior races have a right, because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races."
595:
explain the limitations of the imperialist understanding of the societies of the different spaces inhabited by the non–European Other.
11215:
10776:
1818:; the Faroes were a Danish county until 1948, while Greenland's colonial status ceased in 1953. They are now autonomous territories.
479:
However, European Marxists picked up Hobson's ideas wholeheartedly and made it into their own theory of imperialism, most notably in
2389:
1478:("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global
11558:
3072:
1557:
7853:
7784:
7252:
3221:
1083:
as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed the
902:
A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. In
11323:
11318:
11313:
11245:
7105:
3669:
3444:
3439:
3434:
2864:
took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, and resulted in the slaughter of various indigenous tribes by Russians, including the
2344:
1802:. One by one the smaller colonies were lost or sold. Tranquebar was sold to the British in 1845. The United States purchased the
650:
By displaying oversized flags of British possessions, this map artificially increases the apparent influence and presence of the
218:
214:
1852:'s trading posts in Africa and Asia in the 17th century. France had its "First colonial empire" from 1534 until 1814, including
11578:
5673:Ọlọruntimẹhin, B. Ọlatunji (1974). "Education for Colonial Dominance in French West Africa from 1900 to the Second World War".
2600:
2332:
926:" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism. Under this doctrine, the French politician
684:
Although cartographic processes advanced through imperialism, further analysis of their progress reveals many biases linked to
625:
and psychologic distance between "We, the West" and "They, the East" and between "Here, in the West" and "There, in the East".
7544:
11188:
10593:
9975:
8164:
7843:
7742:
7494:
7351:
7273:
7142:
7082:
6370:
5524:
5340:
5315:
5288:
5261:
5209:
4869:
4842:
4482:
4258:
4199:
3990:
3888:
3708:
3615:
1976:: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full citizenship rights –
1573:
1396:
385:
4104:. Utsa Patnaik, Arindam Banerjee, C. P. Chandrasekhar (eds.) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 2018.
2412:
and other world powers coerced Japan to open itself to the global market, resulting in an end to the country's isolation. A
1456:
919:". Tianxia's idea of hierarchy gave Chinese a privileged position and was justified through the promise of order and peace.
130:
The term was and is mainly applied to Western and Japanese political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa,
11583:
11573:
10769:
7004:
3429:
1949:
1317:
567:
10499:
7463:
3331:, which further expanded Spanish imperial boundaries through the acquisition and development of territories and colonies.
416:
Anglophone academic studies often base their theories regarding imperialism on the British experience of Empire. The term
11568:
11421:
11411:
8124:
7038:
2659:
and made it his capital. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of
1841:
1326:
740:
448:(1872–1967). While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the
9134:
6553:
Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red: The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist Rule in Ukraine, 1918–1925
1021:
served to place categorically indigenous people in a racial hierarchy. Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said's
11338:
11328:
10645:
9645:
8799:
7758:
5149:
4904:
2998:
2817:
2479:
2026:
In Algeria, the debate was polarized. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. The
1577:
746:
changed the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama-series in
315:
2759:
11634:
11588:
11265:
9289:
8640:
8160:
8066:
7942:
7910:
7889:
7871:
7660:
7643:
7626:
7569:
7538:
7390:
7366:
7318:
6638:
6560:
6226:
6178:
5185:
5049:
4994:
4923:
4803:
4762:
4418:
4399:
4109:
3948:
3199:
2730:
2711:
2281:
1999:
It has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in Africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d'état.
1565:
5013:, "... the practice of colonialism was legitimized by geographical theories such as environmental determinism."
3325:. Concomitant with Spanish endorsement and sponsorship of transatlantic expeditionary voyages was the deployment of
2729:
The empire allied with Germany in World War I with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it
11181:
8246:
3275:
3271:
2841:
2352:
1674:
544:
5225:
646:
11675:
11629:
11488:
10868:
10271:
7580:"Imperialist appropriation in the world economy: Drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015"
6711:
4327:
Peatling, G. K. (2004). "Globalism, Hegemonism and British Power: J. A. Hobson and Alfred Zimmern Reconsidered".
3356:, Spain placed equal strategic emphasis on expanding the nation's imperial footprint within the Caribbean basin.
3083:, considered the Soviet regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism. The crushing of the
3032:). The victory of the Chinese Communists in the civil war of 1946–1949 relied on the great help of the USSR (see
3029:
2853:
2787:
2680:
1126:
demanded moderate reforms for colonial African nations. The conference also discussed African populations in the
62:
9433:
6630:
The Invasion of Afghanistan and UK-Soviet Relations, 1979-1982: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III
3729:
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geostein/docs/Steinmetz%202014%20Empires%20imperial%20states%20and%20colonies.pdf
2554:
1009:
argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the
138:, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organized around an imperial
11550:
11305:
8765:
8635:
8413:
8261:
6695:
6687:
5700:
Genova, James E. (2004). "Conflicted Missionaries: Power and Identity in French West Africa During the 1930s".
4634:
3469:
3339:
2986:
2971:
2813:
2548:
1650:
6870:
4292:
Cain, P. J. (2007). "Capitalism, Aristocracy and Empire: Some 'Classical' Theories of Imperialism Revisited".
2442:
And Japan was eager to take every opportunity. In 1869 they took advantage of the defeat of the rebels of the
2416:
followed due to socioeconomic uncertainty, ending in 1868 with the reunification of political power under the
10709:
8792:
8650:
7926:
5383:
2982:
2695:
2676:
2356:
2324:
2172:
2061:
93:, imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.
8005:
Xypolia, Ilia (August 2016). "Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism".
11250:
11147:
10704:
10588:
9216:
8815:
8399:
8231:
8202:
7769:
7763:
7444:
6786:
3267:
3134:
3084:
2393:
2336:
1726:
1625:
1346:
1123:
960:
meaning 'no man's land'). The British settlement in Australia in the 18th century was arguably premised on
667:
20:
677:
To better illustrate this idea, Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of 19th-century maps during the "
382:, but these still relied heavily on weapons imported from Europe and often on European military advisors.
11690:
11431:
11162:
11142:
10851:
10714:
9751:
9191:
8703:
7831:
7584:
6516:
6017:
von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge (1969), "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion Under Bismarck",
4020:
3150:
3126:
2994:
2990:
2857:
2734:
2316:
2101:
1517:
in 1851 the country was described as the "workshop of the world". The British Empire expanded to include
696:
6134:
Kelly, Saul (2000). "Britain, the United States, and the End of the Italian empire in Africa, 1940–52".
5735:
Rice, Louisa (2013). "Between empire and nation: Francophone West African students and decolonization".
2812:. This took place in a large number of military invasions of the lands east, west, and south of it. The
11685:
11680:
11639:
11448:
11225:
11137:
10972:
8236:
8207:
7791:
7429:
7053:
6910:
4125:
2833:
2828:
being conquered by Imperial Russia as a colony until 1918. The southern campaigns involved a series of
2821:
2304:
2009:
1715:
1711:
1707:
936:
521:
7407:
2917:
2892:
in the late 18th century. Cossacks were then used in Imperial Russian campaigns against other tribes.
11665:
10836:
10761:
10672:
9820:
9384:
8758:
8363:
8089:
6803:
6766:
3417:
2702:
1849:
1642:
1611:
1607:
1375:
1018:
988:
11106:
3865:
1552:
and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by
472:
much-abused capitalists. The British experience failed to support it. Similarly, American Historian
11441:
11132:
11004:
10630:
10605:
10455:
10114:
10109:
8478:
8368:
7874:; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
7561:
6831:
6752:
6321:
5446:
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C.–A.D. 8
5072:"British Empire" British Empire | historical state, United Kingdom | Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4569:
Sharp, J. (2008). Geographies of Postcolonialism. Los Angeles:London:Sage Publications. pp. 16, 17.
3259:
2754:
2664:
2660:
2567:
2372:
2097:
2072:). The concept of Drang Nach Osten was a core element of German nationalism and a major element of
1929:
1757:
1412:
1411:, the English and Scottish kingdoms were merged, and their colonies collectively became subject to
975:
improved through the building of roads, other infrastructure and introduction of new technologies.
952:
for decades. British imperialism in some sparsely-inhabited regions applied a principle now termed
551:
398:
7721:
6975:"How Russia's Wagner Group funds its role in Putin's Ukraine war by plundering Africa's resources"
1292:
1246:
1165:
1056:
497:
11614:
11426:
11204:
11016:
10949:
10873:
10846:
10697:
10578:
10119:
10072:
10015:
9714:
9658:
9406:
9079:
8408:
7922:
7776:
7708:
7226:
6914:
5405:
4616:
Said, Edward.(1979) "Imaginative Geography and its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental",
3829:
Clapp, C H (1912). "Southern Vancouver Island". Canada. Geological Survey. Memoirno. 13. Ottawa.
3454:
3130:
3100:
2575:
2507:
2492:
2273:
1783:
1530:
1452:
641:
622:
476:
claims that businessmen were less enthusiastic about colonialism than statesmen and adventurers.
411:
5592:
5090:
4685:
Bassett, Thomas J. (1994). "Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa".
11055:
10890:
10719:
10620:
10615:
10303:
10251:
10171:
10104:
10008:
9993:
9886:
9653:
9607:
9448:
9335:
9236:
8938:
8645:
8587:
8533:
4977:. In Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.).
4607:
Sharp, J. (2008). Geographies of Postcolonialism. Los Angeles:London: Sage Publications. p. 18.
4006:
3931:. In Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.).
3187:
2719:
2691:
2656:
2579:
2348:
2289:
2265:
2261:
2225:
by an Italian navigation company which intended to establish a coaling station at the time the
2089:
2043:
1869:
1827:
1771:
1589:
1221:
1006:
700:
379:
362:
quickly making Europe the centre of manufacturing and economic growth, driving resource needs.
115:", or simply "to rule". The word “imperialism” was first produced in the 19th century to decry
6628:
6360:
6216:
5593:"Population en 2019 - Tableaux de séries longues − La situation démographique en 2019 | Insee"
5514:
5139:
4974:
4832:
4191:
3928:
2347:, but then lost those conquests and its African colonies, including Ethiopia, to the invading
10880:
10863:
10650:
10610:
10423:
10298:
9362:
9352:
9311:
9282:
9127:
8873:
8465:
8298:
7684:
7132:
6950:
6508:
5871:
Heggoy, Alf Andrew; Zingg, Paul J. (1976). "French Education in Revolutionary North Africa".
5305:
4938:
Arnold, David (2000). ""Illusory Riches": Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950".
4751:
Linstrum, Erik (1 April 2016). "The Laboratory in the Field: Inventing Imperial Psychology".
3852:
3258:. The United States achieved very significant territorial concessions from Mexico during the
3088:
2948:
2571:
1666:
1522:
1510:
864:
852:
844:
828:
768:
490:
295:
10538:
6584:
Arendt, Hannah (1958). "Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution".
6428:
Dave, Bhavna. 2007 Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, language and power. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.
6337:
3348:
the strategic prioritization Spain placed towards achieving victory in the conquests of the
2381:
628:
That cultural differentiation was especially noticeable in the books and paintings of early
11670:
11604:
11518:
11255:
11021:
10743:
10573:
10543:
10418:
10349:
10320:
10239:
9573:
9411:
9401:
9084:
8890:
8863:
8575:
8446:
8436:
8421:
8348:
8266:
7796:
7730:
6109:
The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism
6107:
Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in
4947:
4694:
4581:
Said, Edward. "Imaginative Geography and its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental",
4519:
3401:
3211:
2900:
2896:
2849:
2714:, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro gained independence and Britain took colonial control of
2652:
2582:, bringing the United States to World War II. Using its superior technological advances in
2297:
2242:
2176:
2077:
1514:
1399:. Most of these colonies were either closed down or collapsed quickly for various reasons.
1084:
1014:
727:
592:
584:
394:
82:
10523:
1832:
1732:
The most successful Chinese imperial dynasties in terms of territorial expansion were the
8:
11528:
11523:
11386:
11157:
11067:
10885:
10800:
10435:
10315:
10281:
10183:
10003:
9998:
9810:
9529:
9465:
9340:
9325:
9196:
8933:
8878:
8687:
8597:
8451:
8353:
8303:
8241:
7718:
Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire
7412:
6804:"Putin Sees Himself as Part of the History of Russia's Tsars—Including Their Imperialism"
5630:
Clignet, Remi (1970). "Inadequacies of the Notion of Assimilation in African Education".
4274:
3744:
3484:
3138:
3025:
2776:
2312:
1921:
1857:
1779:
1774:, Denmark-Norway began to develop colonies, forts, and trading posts in West Africa, the
1701:
1549:
1503:
1392:
1338:
972:
678:
491:
imperialism as the closure of the world market and the end of capitalist free-competition
239:
229:
207:
143:
32:
10151:
10141:
4951:
4698:
4642:
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization
4523:
3075:
as Soviet imperialism. Some Marxists within the Russian Empire and later the USSR, like
1786:
first initiated the policy of expanding Denmark-Norway's overseas trade, as part of the
893:
Stephen Howe has summarized his view on the beneficial effects of the colonial empires:
11695:
11359:
10548:
10528:
10511:
10462:
10327:
10136:
10087:
10020:
9938:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9825:
9795:
9687:
9585:
9453:
9428:
9251:
8883:
8858:
8848:
8843:
8831:
8725:
8318:
8174:
8114:
8032:
7993:
7985:
7808:
7603:
6609:
6601:
6566:
6533:
6461:
6411:
6403:
6184:
6151:
6067:
5935:
5896:
5888:
5818:
5791:
5752:
5717:
5682:
5655:
5647:
4718:
4710:
4657:
4374:
4370:
4309:
4164:
4119:
3802:
3794:
3536:
3390:
3263:
3142:
3052:
2940:
2829:
2742:
2738:
2587:
2515:
2483:
2431:
in part as a means of compensating for these shortcomings, adopting the national motto
2296:
in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of
2238:
2180:
1973:
1925:
1873:
1803:
1762:
1553:
1491:
1408:
1379:
1100:
1002:
792:
772:
600:
425:
179:
40:
8104:
8099:
7916:
7850:
A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires
7109:
3195:
3161:. Four months into the invasion of Ukraine, Putin compared himself to Russian emperor
1944:). France also twice attempted to make Mexico a colony in 1838–39 and in 1861–67 (see
11624:
11493:
11458:
11401:
11369:
11286:
11122:
10824:
10814:
10657:
10553:
10489:
10484:
10413:
10310:
10025:
9953:
9948:
9790:
9719:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9492:
9443:
8963:
8853:
8826:
8720:
8394:
8256:
8251:
8212:
8185:
8156:
8108:
8077:
The Accumulation of Capital: A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism
8062:
8036:
7997:
7968:
Winslow, E. M. (1931). "Marxian, Liberal, and Sociological Theories of Imperialism".
7953:
7938:
7906:
7885:
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7839:
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The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
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The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
5939:
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5795:
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Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914
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Spanish imperialism in the colonial era corresponds with the rise and decline of the
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2093:
2081:
1987:
1897:
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1419:
1342:
1334:
1205:
1010:
997:
945:
885:("China" in French) written on it. A portrayal of New Imperialism and its effects on
824:
730:
refers to the cultural influence of one dominant culture over others, i.e. a form of
577:
437:
421:
366:
possible the fast, cheap transport of massive amounts of goods to and from colonies.
166:
124:
8146:
7857:
7598:
7579:
7311:
Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharatai, Chinese, and Western,
6537:
6188:
5916:"The rivalry of the French and American educational missions during the Vietnam War"
4905:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.121968/page/n183/mode/2up?view=theater
3016:
installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old
2535:, Japan took German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province, as well as the
2363:
became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experiment with colonialism ended.
11644:
11513:
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10902:
10792:
10506:
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5927:
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5857:
5853:
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5744:
5709:
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4955:
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4410:
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4366:
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4148:
3936:
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3191:
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2417:
2409:
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2328:
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2293:
2214:
2156:
2148:
2069:
1960:
1941:
1933:
1901:
1654:
1076:
1035:
941:
923:
912:
629:
468:
441:
390:
78:
8018:
6668:"Putin compares himself to Peter the Great over drive to 'take back Russian land'"
4924:
https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater
4419:
https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater
4400:
https://archive.org/details/theoriesofimperi0000momm/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater
3228:
2434:
1915:
in 1830 and came for the most part to an end with the granting of independence to
1661:. In twentieth century French-Canadian discourse the "imperialists" were all the
1353:
976:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11381:
10927:
10912:
10831:
10796:
10724:
10692:
10565:
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10516:
10472:
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10398:
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10226:
10221:
10062:
9943:
9837:
9832:
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9625:
9615:
9509:
9502:
9497:
9482:
9438:
9320:
9306:
9256:
9154:
8913:
8748:
8730:
8555:
8540:
8152:
7677:
7470:
7424:
7072:
6951:"Proxy Neo-colonialism? The Case of Wagner Group in the Central African Republic"
6808:
6243:
The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War
5931:
5748:
5278:
5251:
5199:
4859:
4793:
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4042:
3495:
3474:
3449:
3322:
3251:
3162:
3118:
3056:
2944:
2809:
2804:
extended its control to the Pacific, peacefully forming a common border with the
2723:
2679:
to escape persecution. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained
2651:
The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1922. In 1453,
2536:
2463:
2443:
2277:
2234:
2230:
2152:
2140:
2053:
1658:
1597:
1581:
1526:
1469:
872:
776:
664:
449:
354:
299:
222:
134:. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as
131:
10146:
7008:
6826:
6781:
6747:
6626:
5787:
4653:
4443:
Proudman, Mark F. (2008). "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of "Imperialism"".
3582:
3299:
1790:
wave that was sweeping Europe. Denmark-Norway's first colony was established at
1374:
England's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the 16th century as the
517:
11270:
11060:
10667:
10662:
10625:
10600:
10583:
10494:
10479:
10450:
10408:
10256:
10216:
10211:
10166:
10092:
10052:
10042:
10032:
9847:
9726:
9620:
9487:
9369:
9042:
9022:
9017:
9005:
8626:
8545:
8499:
8441:
8071:
7526:
7486:
6919:
6044:
4789:
3723:
Steinmetz, George, (2014). "Empires, Imperial States, and Colonial Societies,"
3643:
3553:
3314:
3308:
3280:
3114:
3080:
3060:
3017:
3009:
2888:
hosts during this period, before turning them into the special military estate
2881:
2840:
as a protectorate. Between 1800 and 1864, Imperial armies invaded south in the
2801:
2672:
2630:
2583:
2528:
2523:
2488:
2467:
2455:
2451:
2192:
2057:
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1321:
1271:
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1111:
965:
856:
840:
836:
800:
796:
651:
480:
375:
371:
195:
147:
139:
52:
7222:
6147:
5884:
5643:
4986:
4305:
3940:
3303:
The areas of the world that at one time were territories of the Spanish Empire
2792:
2663:, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire, which
11659:
11045:
10937:
10748:
10635:
10430:
10403:
10376:
10354:
10332:
10099:
10082:
10067:
9911:
9864:
9852:
9778:
9670:
9544:
9539:
9514:
9396:
9226:
9186:
9074:
8978:
8900:
8550:
8528:
8503:
8333:
8137:
Rethinking Empire After 9/11: Towards A New Ontological Image of World Order"
8118:
7864:
Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013
7726:
7631:
7614:
7550:
7512:
7474:
7435:
7304:
7005:"Woodrow Wilson: War Message | Text of Original address (mtholyoke.edu)"
6799:
6529:
5578:
5431:
4160:
4139:
Christopher, A.J. (1985). "Patterns of British Overseas Investment in Land".
3898:
3790:
3625:
3179:
3076:
2912:
2763:
Areas across the world that were, at one point in their history, part of the
2591:
2475:
2459:
2254:
2073:
2012:
and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920.
1937:
1885:
1811:
1620:
decisively weakened Britain's position in the world, especially financially.
1209:
953:
903:
848:
832:
613:
540:
505:
445:
328:
310:, but not from most of the rest of its empire. According to Indian Economist
307:
120:
10176:
10156:
6692:"Blood and Iron: How Nationalist Imperialism Became Russia's State Ideology"
6030:
6004:
5844:
Gardinier, David E. (1974). "Schooling in the States of Equatorial Africa".
5618:
The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?
5570:
5554:
4959:
3254:. However the US may have unsuccessfully attempted to capture Canada in the
1836:
Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French colonial empires
1685:
819:
11533:
11453:
11406:
10954:
10922:
10841:
10640:
10381:
10371:
10337:
10266:
10261:
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9978:
9960:
9921:
9916:
9896:
9891:
9763:
9756:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9630:
9568:
9549:
9534:
9470:
8973:
8958:
8953:
8313:
8093:
7896:
Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire
7704:
7575:
7383:
Imperialism and Postcolonialism (History: Concepts, Theories and Practice),
6852:"Putin admits Ukraine invasion is an imperial war to "return" Russian land"
5830:
5410:
The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867–1914
5253:
The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III
5201:
The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III
3459:
3349:
3343:
Spanish colonies and territories in the Caribbean basin (c. 1490 – c. 1660)
3327:
3194:
to undermine the sovereignty of other countries. Russia is also accused of
3068:
3040:
3013:
2877:
2612:
2559:
2428:
1905:
1865:
1807:
1787:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1617:
1561:
1460:
1201:
1189:
1144:
1088:
993:
931:
804:
707:
685:
617:
530:
473:
433:
311:
116:
66:
36:
11173:
7826:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
6362:
Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
5555:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
4492:
4357:
Fieldhouse, D. K. (1961). "'Imperialism': An Historiographical Revision".
3743:, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press), p 16, EISBN 978-1-4008-8491-9
3067:'s foreign policies, such as the occupation and economic exploitations of
2701:
By 1810 Egypt was effectively independent. In 1821–1829 the Greeks in the
1673:. By the early 21st century, "colonialism" was used to highlight supposed
1596:
were recognised by the United Kingdom but eventually re-annexed after the
345:
11619:
11498:
11391:
11376:
11291:
11082:
11009:
10897:
10857:
10359:
10344:
10193:
9906:
9815:
9805:
9731:
9379:
9374:
9144:
9139:
9069:
8990:
8968:
8918:
8895:
8617:
8582:
8485:
8473:
8338:
8051:
7877:
7648:
7416:
6703:
3606:
Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen; Ashcroft, Bill (2007).
3599:
3353:
3283:, a former American general who had become a spokesman for the far left.
3255:
3183:
3158:
2967:
2865:
2805:
2707:
2532:
2404:
For over 200 years, Japan maintained a feudal society during a period of
2016:
1991:
1969:
1733:
1722:
1662:
1629:
1518:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1440:
1330:
1116:
1022:
949:
927:
886:
747:
659:
605:
591:
about the imperialists' understanding of different spaces. Conceptually,
175:
135:
90:
8743:
7074:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
6465:
5822:
5686:
4232:
Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development
3819:
Edward W. Said. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Publishers, 1994. p. 9.
2068:
German expansion into Slavic lands begins in the 12th–13th-century (see
1280:
1234:
1153:
1044:
1017:(the first in the Americas, the second in Asia and the last in Africa),
28:
11503:
11127:
11099:
11077:
10987:
10386:
10203:
10077:
10037:
9970:
9241:
9201:
9171:
9057:
9037:
8928:
8784:
8707:
8697:
8692:
8431:
8293:
7989:
7795:
7554:
6605:
6441:
6407:
6071:
5953:
Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee, von Matthias Heine
4378:
4219:
3798:
3766:
3644:"Imperialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
3371:
3048:
3021:
2595:
2471:
2226:
2136:
1945:
1881:
1853:
1845:
1795:
1791:
1499:
1444:
916:
808:
731:
609:
74:
70:
10791:
7301:
The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1425–1980
6256:
Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism
5892:
5651:
4821:, B.P.Lenman, T. Anderson, Editors, Chambers: Edinburgh. 2000. p. 769.
4714:
4168:
3262:. Beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as
2197:
1955:
1540:
11609:
11364:
11050:
11026:
10982:
10977:
10932:
10917:
10819:
10276:
10047:
9931:
9901:
9682:
9556:
9347:
9231:
9176:
9166:
9101:
9096:
9052:
8943:
8923:
8592:
8490:
8373:
8328:
8308:
8027:
7735:
Empire in Retreat: The Past, Present, and Future of the United States
7156:
7154:
6457:
6386:
Beissinger, Mark R. (2006). "Soviet Empire as "Family Resemblance"".
5772:"The Modernization of Education: A Case Study of Tunisia and Morocco"
3233:
3109:
3004:
2889:
2845:
2618:
2413:
2285:
2269:
2217:
primarily in northeast Africa. It began with the purchase in 1869 of
2027:
1815:
1775:
1358:
1127:
1092:
957:
876:
735:
711:
671:
588:
350:
112:
44:
7710:
Oppressor and Oppressed Nations: Sketching a Taxonomy of Imperialism
7690:
Globalization and Violence, Vol. 1: Globalizing Empires, Old and New
7359:
New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953
6708:"Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia"
6597:
6399:
6063:
5915:
5771:
5516:
The Liberal-Welfarist Law of Nations: A History of International Law
5307:
Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present
4922:, (tr. Falla, P. S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p 76-77,
3782:
3670:"Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, imperium (inp-)"
2639:
1645:
not a separate nation. The older words for the same concepts were "
996:. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
512:
158:
11416:
11354:
11333:
10992:
10907:
9677:
9460:
9418:
9357:
9221:
9211:
9206:
9062:
9032:
9027:
9012:
8868:
8838:
8715:
8675:
8358:
8343:
8323:
8192:
8170:
7981:
7688:
7578:; Dorninger, Christian; Wieland, Hanspeter; Suwandi, Intan (2022).
7264:
Downing, John; Ali Mohammadi; Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi (1995).
7030:
4706:
4186:
Politics, Geography and Political Geography: A Critical Perspective
4152:
3834:
3765:
Knorr, Klaus (1952). Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Arendt, Hannah (eds.).
3024:
in 1926–1928 in the formation of a unified Chinese government (see
2885:
2873:
2675:. Its repeated invasions, and brutal treatment of Slavs led to the
2668:
2519:
2447:
2124:
2108:
2023:
in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans.
1677:
attitudes and actions of Canada inherited from the British period.
1646:
1534:
1432:
1424:
1184:
1080:
860:
715:
534:
107:
89:
and a more or less formal empire. While related to the concepts of
86:
8125:
Imperialism Entry in The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
7504:
7151:
4757:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 36.
4214:
D. K. Fieldhouse, “'Imperialism': An Historiographical Revision.”
4102:
Dispossession deprivation and development: essays for Utsa Patnaik
3365:
2355:
to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. It was granted a
2048:
1893:
235:
11152:
11072:
9590:
9519:
9475:
9330:
9246:
9106:
9047:
8995:
8630:
8288:
7440:
Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination
7374:
Rational Empires: Institutional Incentives and Imperial Expansion
5541:
Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914
4417:, (tr. Falla, P. S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p 79,
4398:, (tr. Falla, P. S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p 72,
3104:
2958:
Imperial territories that did not become part of the Soviet Union
2869:
2360:
2222:
2164:
2120:
2116:
1995:
1916:
1912:
1889:
1766:
1601:
1479:
1436:
1428:
1204:. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the
907:
868:
763:
206:"Imperial Age" redirects here. For the symphonic metal band, see
9391:
7453:
After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000,
7404:
Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 – 1999
6509:"The Tito–Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence"
5991:
Wehler, Hans–Ulrich (1970), "Bismarck's Imperialism 1862–1890",
5955:"Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ... ."
2895:
The acquisition of Ukraine by Russia commenced in 1654 with the
2698:, losing control of much of its territory in Europe and Africa.
2264:
off the coast of Turkey (following the Italo-Turkish War) and a
795:
is a Marxist expression first used in the early 20th century by
61:
is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending
11508:
11396:
11094:
11031:
10997:
10944:
9423:
9298:
9000:
8680:
8622:
8520:
3605:
2825:
2715:
2496:
2405:
2397:
2237:
on the Red Sea coast, a large protectorate and later colony in
2168:
2112:
2107:
German colonies included the present territories of in Africa:
2104:
in modern-day Namibia, the first genocide of the 20th century.
1861:
1670:
1096:
7781:
The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New
7249:
The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New
6045:"Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations"
4560:, 2nd. Ed. Los Angeles, Calif:Sage Publications. 2010. p. 239.
1624:
movements arose nearly everywhere in the Empire, resulting in
803:
and other socialist organizations. Later, in a split with the
11483:
11240:
11037:
10057:
7819:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism
7699:
Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World
7574:
7434:, Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2020, 401 pp.; and
6871:"Imperialism, supremacy, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine"
6627:
Richard Smith; Patrick Salmon; Stephen Robert Twigge (2012).
6203:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present
4861:
Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World
3741:
Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World
3727:, ed. Sasaki, Masamichi, (Leiden & Boston: Brill), p 59,
2511:
2272:
of 1900. During the First World War, Italy occupied southern
2218:
2160:
2144:
2128:
799:
as "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds" describing the
550:
Imperialism has also been identified in newer phenomena like
48:
7751:
Republic in Peril: American Empire and the Liberal Tradition
2935:
Soviet territories that were never part of Imperial Russia:
2643:
The Ottoman Empire in 1683; core possessions in dark green;
658:
One of the main tools used by imperialists was cartography.
127:
defined imperialism as expansion for the sake of expansion.
11260:
5461:(Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Denmark and its colonies" pp 58–105.
4251:
Turbulent Passage A Global History of the Twentieth Century
4056:
Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism
3166:
2617:
The most notable example of Dutch imperialism is regarding
2132:
9267:
6653:
Alvin Z. Rubinstein, "Soviet Imperialism in Afghanistan."
6114:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4577:
4575:
4552:
4550:
4548:
2899:. Georgia's accession to Russia in 1783 was marked by the
706:
Imperialism in pre-modern times was common in the form of
529:
extending over a period of centuries, often going back to
502:
Entrance of the Russian troops in Tiflis, 26 November 1799
11540:
7521:
Discovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I.
7423:, Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2020, 363 pp.;
6782:"The Postcolonial Moment in Russia's War Against Ukraine"
6295:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923
6218:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives
3491:
Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
1544:
Map of the British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921
242:, divided into colonies under multiple European empires,
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
2796:
Expansion of the Tsardom and Empire of Russia until 1914
2015:
Tunisia was exceptional. The colony was administered by
1696:
marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.
911:
major and minor officials and then the common citizens,
562:
7134:
The United States and Decolonization: Power and Freedom
5280:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
4889:. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath. pp. 70–73.
4669:
4572:
4545:
3051:
once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an
2710:
1853–1856, against Russia. After Ottoman defeat in the
2506:, another territory that for centuries it coveted; the
1911:
Its "Second colonial empire" began with the seizure of
146:. This definition encompasses both nominal empires and
7814:(1926); 583 pp; Wide-ranging historical survey; online
6827:"The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment"
6748:"The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment"
5472:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion
4798:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 254.
4598:. Los Angeles: London: Sage Publications. 2008. p. 22.
3813:
3745:
https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10967.pdf
2694:
against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually
1659:
economic and cultural penetration by the United States
85:). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining
7344:
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997
7106:"Moore: War is just a racket, said a General in 1933"
5113:
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997
3957:
3334:
2439:(富国強兵, "Enrich the state, strengthen the military").
1468:
and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe.
1115:
Pan-African movement helped with the eventual end of
4628:
4626:
4141:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
2233:
in 1914, Italy had acquired in Africa the colony of
1548:
A resurgence came in the late 19th century with the
1208:
in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, ruled by
7519:Fay, Richard B. and Daniel Gaido (ed. and trans.),
5512:
3379:
2307:in 1935–36, Italy was successful and it merged its
7077:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 1075.
7035:"In Modern Imperialism, U.S. Needs to Walk Softly"
6721:Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism
6482:The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System
5979:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914
5459:A historical companion to postcolonial literatures
5138:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
4431:Marxist theories of imperialism: a critical survey
4244:
4242:
4240:
4183:
4007:"Imperialism: A Study – Online Library of Liberty"
2466:sailors that became shipwrecked. At that time the
2385:The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1942
1075:Anti-imperialism gained a wide currency after the
734:, which changes the moral, cultural, and societal
7667:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914
7432:: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities
7361:, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000,
7130:
5384:"Britain, the Commonwealth and the End of Empire"
5330:
4738:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
4623:
4352:
4350:
4253:(4th ed.). Pearson/Longman. pp. 54–58.
3360:of maritime trade routes in the Caribbean basin.
2562:of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937.
327:"British exploited the political weakness of the
11657:
7098:
6136:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
4294:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
2522:from Russia. Precisely, the victory against the
2514:was annexed in 1910. As a result of winning the
1600:. But British power was fading, as the reunited
174:The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "
7448:, vol. LXVIII, no. 11 (1 July 2021), pp. 59–62.
7442:, Princeton University Press, 2021 , 271 pp.),
7328:(1989). survey by scholars; heavily illustrated
5428:Yankee Go Home?: Canadians and anti-Americanism
5283:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–57.
5137:
4237:
3200:activities of the Wagner Group and Africa Corps
2502:In 1875 Japan took its first operation against
2359:under United Nations supervision in 1950. When
2311:with its older east African colonies to create
811:criticized its leaders as social imperialists.
11246:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
7962:Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914
7937:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7636:On Empire: America, War, and Global Supremacy,
7339:, (Oct 2007), Vol. 57 Issue 10, pp. 44–47
7266:Questioning the media: a critical introduction
7037:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
6500:
6444:(1953). "Soviet Colonialism in Central Asia".
6358:
6016:
4754:Ruling Minds: Psychology in the British Empire
4347:
3980:
3071:and its aggressive and hostile policy towards
2377:List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan
1936:), with other conquests in the South Pacific (
1602:German state founded by the Kingdom of Prussia
739:opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera
11189:
10777:
9283:
8800:
8766:
8141:Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs
7303:(Yale UP, 2000), political science approach.
6909:
6798:
6308:Imperial Russia. New histories for the Empire
6085:Fuller, Mia (2014). "Italian Colonial Rule".
5672:
5068:
5066:
4933:
4931:
4857:
4505:
3905:
3725:Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology
3608:Post-colonial studies : the key concepts
2414:period of conflicts and political revolutions
2406:relative isolation from the rest of the world
2357:trust to administer former Italian Somaliland
573:Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa
10740:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
8057:Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism
6765:Götz, Elias; Merlen, Camille-Renaud (2019).
6730:Vladimir Putin and Russia's Imperial Revival
6282:The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800
5873:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5675:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
4830:
3503:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
3121:in an effort to regain former Russian lands.
2667:much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the
2253:) which were later unified in the colony of
2213:) comprised the overseas possessions of the
1729:continued to follow its form of expansions.
982:
880:
757:
608:said that the West developed the concept of
486:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
11203:
7285:Downing; Sreberny-Mohammadi (1995). p. 482.
7051:
6948:
5870:
5519:. Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
5422:
4248:
4181:
4138:
2635:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
1794:on India's southern coast in 1620. Admiral
1513:began to transform Britain; by the time of
1472:, British dominance was later described as
1226:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
65:over foreign nations, particularly through
11196:
11182:
10784:
10770:
9290:
9276:
8807:
8793:
8773:
8759:
8143:, Volume XII, Winter 2007, pp. 61–93.
8061:International Publishers, New York, 1997,
7683:
7531:Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World,
6997:
6949:Doboš, Bohumil; Purton, Alexander (2024).
6764:
6718:
6686:
6550:
6385:
6319:
6267:Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, eds.,
5158:
5063:
4928:
4356:
3266:'s interventionism in Central America and
2816:took place after Polish nobility from the
2737:, and the parties signed and ratified the
2450:to Japan. For centuries, Japan viewed the
2052:German colonial empire, the third largest
992:colonizing empires divided the world into
405:
397:following McKinley's quick victory in the
11261:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
8026:
7790:
7597:
7421:Time's Monster: How History Makes History
7070:
6938:. Yale University Press. pp. 2–3, 9.
6868:
6849:
6741:. Yale University Press. pp. 2–3, 9.
6323:Critical Remarks on the National Question
5843:
5552:
5141:The Historical Foundations of World Order
5050:"The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945 •"
5047:
5010:
4864:. Princeton University Press. p. 4.
4249:Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter N. (2008).
3926:
3842:
3698:
3546:
1133:
8814:
7932:
7054:"America is still the world's policeman"
6898:. Yale University Press. pp. 30–31.
6767:"Russia and the question of world order"
6436:
6434:
6338:"The Soviet Union and Europe after 1945"
6087:Oxford Bibliographies in African Studies
5333:World War I: People, Politics, and Power
5204:. Oxford University Press. p. 332.
4750:
4442:
4326:
3692:
3338:
3298:
3227:
3215:
3108:
2916:
2791:
2758:
2638:
2553:
2510:made Korea open to international trade.
2446:to incorporate definitely the island of
2410:military pressure from the United States
2388:
2380:
2196:
2047:
1954:
1831:
1684:
1539:
1527:controlled the economies of many regions
1378:began in the 1530s. In 1599 the British
1352:
1325:
1183:
818:
695:
645:
566:
511:
496:
384:
344:
234:
165:
157:
27:
11266:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
10564:
8004:
7967:
7729:, "Imperial Exceptionalism" (review of
7357:Bickers, Robert and Christian Henriot,
7064:
6824:
6779:
6745:
6723:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61.
6506:
6269:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
6168:
5769:
5629:
5370:The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902
5357:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
5303:
5126:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
4940:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
4684:
4472:
4081:
4079:
4077:
3703:(in Swedish). Tidens Förl. p. 19.
3135:occupies parts of neighboring countries
1106:
721:
11658:
7918:Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450–1950
7468:
7210:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
7195:. Oxford University Press. p. 67.
7180:. Oxford University Press. p. 59.
7165:. Oxford University Press. p. 57.
6933:
6893:
6736:
6727:
6702:
6583:
6478:
6214:
6084:
6042:
5990:
5913:
5808:
5699:
5404:
5256:. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
4972:
4937:
4884:
4632:
4508:"Development and imperialism in space"
2601:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1013:zone. Across the three major waves of
922:The purportedly scientific nature of "
915:, and finally ending with the fringe "
424:. Supporters of "imperialism" such as
96:
16:Extension of rule over foreign nations
11177:
10765:
9271:
8788:
7848:Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds.,
7333:"A Moral Audit of the British Empire"
7229:from the original on 11 December 2021
7108:. federalobserver.com. Archived from
6936:Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire
6896:Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire
6739:Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire
6440:
6431:
6133:
5632:The Journal of Modern African Studies
5448:(University of Michigan Press, 2007).
4788:
4468:
4466:
3883:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 54.
3878:
3828:
3764:
3094:
2454:as one of its provinces. In 1871 the
1665:including Canada who were oppressing
786:
563:Orientalism and imaginative geography
201:
153:
7935:Imperialism in the Twentieth Century
7268:(2, illustrated ed.). Sage. p. 482.
7205:
7190:
7175:
7160:
7029:
6365:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 138.
6340:. The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
5734:
4819:Chambers Dictionary of World History
4730:
4556:Hubbard, P., & Kitchin, R. Eds.
4291:
4085:
4074:
3981:Painter, Joe; Jeffrey, Alex (2009).
3430:Historiography of the British Empire
3222:annexation of the Republic of Hawaii
2260:Outside Africa, Italy possessed the
2241:, and authority in formerly Ottoman
1950:Second French intervention in Mexico
1318:Historiography of the British Empire
1275:
1229:
1148:
1039:
1005:. For instance, American geographer
971:Imperial peripheries benefited from
937:Royal Geographical Society of London
7547:, The Middle Ground Journal (2017).
6869:Oksamytna, Kseniya (October 2023).
5846:Canadian Journal of African Studies
5457:Prem Poddar and Lars Jensen, eds.,
4979:Key Concepts in Political Geography
4279:Persuasive Maps: PJ Mode Collection
3933:Key Concepts in Political Geography
3445:International relations (1919–1939)
3440:International relations (1814–1919)
3435:International relations (1648–1814)
2002:
1842:French colonization of the Americas
1402:
1029:
956:(Latin expression which stems from
219:International relations (1814–1919)
215:International relations (1648–1814)
111:, which means "to command", "to be
13:
11339:International relations since 1989
11329:Diplomatic history of World War II
11251:International Criminal Court (ICC)
7905:Cambridge University Press, 1998,
7817:Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds.
7479:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
7415:, "Imperial Delusions" (review of
7292:
7208:Empire – A Very Short Introduction
7193:Empire – A Very Short Introduction
7178:Empire – A Very Short Introduction
7163:Empire – A Very Short Introduction
6221:. SAGE Publications. p. 430.
5381:
5048:Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008).
4463:
4371:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1961.tb00045.x
4054:R.E. Robinson and John Gallagher,
3610:. London: Routledge. p. 111.
3335:Imperialism in the Caribbean basin
2836:, resulting in the acquisition of
2056:during the 19th century after the
583:Imperial control, territorial and
389:This cartoon reflects the view of
316:atrocities in the Congo Free State
73:(military and economic power) and
14:
11707:
11635:International political sociology
8641:Biology and political orientation
8105:State, Imperialism and Capitalism
8083:
7753:, Oxford University Press, 2017,
7674:The New Imperial Histories Reader
7378:University Of Chicago Press, 2012
6985:from the original on 22 June 2023
6850:Dickinson, Peter (10 June 2022).
6124:(Osprey Publishing, 2001), p. 17.
6052:American Political Science Review
5485:The Wars of French Decolonization
4834:Empire: A Very Short Introduction
4445:Journal of the Historical Society
4275:"A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done"
4039:The New Imperial Histories Reader
2781:
2624:
1626:Indian independence and partition
1343:British East India Company forces
1311:
467:By the 1970s, historians such as
8742:
7279:
7258:
7241:
7214:
7199:
7184:
7169:
7124:
7045:
7023:
6967:
6942:
6927:
6902:
6887:
6862:
6843:
6818:
6678:
6660:
6647:
6620:
6577:
6544:
6472:
6422:
6379:
6352:
6330:
6313:
6300:
6287:
6274:
6261:
6248:
6235:
6208:
6195:
6162:
6127:
6101:
6078:
6036:
6010:
5984:
5971:
5958:
5714:10.1111/j.0018-2370.2004.00063.x
5276:
5180:. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9.
5024:"The Pan-African Movement | AHA"
4475:How Europe underdeveloped Africa
4457:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2008.00252.x
4341:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00305.x
3380:Scholarly debate and controversy
3276:US annexation of the Philippines
3205:
2852:. This last conflict led to the
2842:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
1800:great medieval colonial holdings
1397:several colonies in the Americas
1279:
1233:
1152:
1043:
814:
545:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
294:In the 1970s British historians
11630:International political economy
8148:Imperialism 101, Against Empire
7737:, Yale University Press, 2018,
7599:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467
7523:Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012.
7397:Ancient and Modern Imperialism,
7052:Oliver Kamm (30 October 2008).
6712:Royal United Services Institute
6555:. University of Toronto Press.
5946:
5907:
5864:
5837:
5802:
5763:
5728:
5693:
5666:
5623:
5610:
5585:
5559:International Studies Quarterly
5546:
5533:
5506:
5490:
5477:
5464:
5451:
5438:
5416:
5398:
5375:
5362:
5349:
5324:
5297:
5270:
5243:
5218:
5191:
5170:
5131:
5118:
5105:
5075:
5041:
5016:
5003:
4966:
4909:
4893:
4878:
4851:
4824:
4812:
4782:
4743:
4610:
4601:
4588:
4563:
4558:Key Thinkers on Space and Place
4506:Alan Marshall (February 1995).
4499:
4436:
4423:
4404:
4385:
4320:
4285:
4267:
4224:
4208:
4175:
4132:
4094:
4061:
4048:
4031:
4013:
3999:
3872:
3822:
3758:
3749:
3733:
3250:, through policies such as the
3030:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
2906:
2854:ethnic cleansing of Circassians
2788:Territorial evolution of Russia
2480:retaliatory incursion to Taiwan
1932:), as well as South-East Asia (
1721:unification of China under the
1560:, and implemented in Africa by
1509:In the early 19th century, the
691:
105:originated from the Latin word
41:building railways across Africa
8636:Theories of political behavior
8262:Political history of the world
7903:British Imperialism 1750–1970,
7812:Imperialism and world politics
7221:Said, Edward (16 April 2003).
7220:
6696:Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center
6095:10.1093/OBO/9780199846733-0150
5858:10.1080/00083968.1974.10804447
5335:. America at War. p. 21.
5249:
5197:
5178:Navies in Modern World History
5164:
4596:Geographies of Postcolonialism
3717:
3683:
3662:
3636:
3575:
3530:
3470:Political history of the world
3157:. Russia has also established
2824:. The war resulted in eastern
2818:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2606:
2351:by 1943. It was forced in the
2276:to prevent it from falling to
1365:to the British Empire in 1902.
1196:The Roman Empire was the post-
635:
612:—an imagined geography of the
533:and, in some accounts, to the
132:in the 19th and 20th centuries
1:
8651:Critique of political economy
8019:10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629
7927:Institute of European History
7898:(Hachette UK, 2008). to 1783.
7804:. John Murray. pp. 5–28.
7619:The Age of Empire, 1875–1914,
7545:What Is Informal Imperialism?
7455:(Penguin Books, 2008), 576 pp
6772:European Politics and Society
6496:– via Internet Archive.
6488:. London: Thames & Hudson
6122:Armies in the Balkans 1914–18
3523:
3237:
3176:war crimes against Ukrainians
3141:, most notably with the 2008
3091:have been cited as examples.
2722:were occupied and annexed by
2712:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2677:Great Migrations of the Serbs
2337:parts of south-eastern France
2183:of the great powers in 1945.
1840:During the 16th century, the
1690:
243:
11598:Related fields and subfields
11148:Social dominance orientation
8232:Outline of political science
8127:, Columbia University Press.
7970:Journal of Political Economy
7824:Page, Melvin E. et al. eds.
7764:The New York Review of Books
7445:The New York Review of Books
7137:. Springer. pp. 64–65.
7131:D. Ryan; V. Pungong (2000).
6876:Contemporary Security Policy
6787:Journal of Genocide Research
6551:Velychenko, Stephen (2015).
6173:. Cornell University Press.
5932:10.1080/00309230.2013.872683
5914:Nguyen, Thuy-Phuong (2014).
5749:10.1080/14788810.2013.764106
5513:Emmanuelle Jouannet (2012).
5304:Tompson, Richard S. (2003).
4903:Cosimo, Inc., 2005. p. 154,
4532:10.1016/0265-9646(95)93233-B
3117:compared himself to Emperor
3085:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2981:Soviet military occupation:
2966:Soviet sphere of influence:
2586:and its modern doctrines of
2518:in 1905, Japan took part of
2478:was declared, and in 1874 a
395:America's imperial ambitions
21:Imperialism (disambiguation)
7:
11163:List of totalitarian states
11143:Right-wing authoritarianism
9297:
8133:, by Emile Perreau-Saussine
7792:Monypenny, William Flavelle
7585:Global Environmental Change
7326:Atlas of the British Empire
6915:"Putin's Thousand-Year War"
6719:Van Herpen, Marcel (2015).
6517:Journal of Cold War Studies
5788:10.1080/1084877022000006780
5226:"The Workshop of the World"
5144:. BRILL. pp. 508–510.
4885:Austen, Ralph, ed. (1969).
4837:. OUP Oxford. p. 164.
4654:10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53
4620:. New York: Vintage. p. 361
4585:. New York:Vintage. p. 357.
4477:. Howard University Press.
4359:The Economic History Review
4088:The great illusion: 1900–14
3422:
3155:annexation of its southeast
3143:Russian invasion of Georgia
3127:Russia under Vladimir Putin
2858:Russian conquest of Siberia
2748:
2735:Turkish War of Independence
2690:Following a long period of
2333:occupied British Somaliland
2305:second invasion of Ethiopia
2282:a protectorate over Albania
2266:small concession in Tianjin
2102:Herero and Namaqua genocide
1844:began with the creation of
1486:, its intervention against
1391:Between 1621 and 1699, the
1386:
1124:1900 Pan African Conference
1087:supported the power of the
554:and its governing context.
10:
11712:
11640:Peace and conflict studies
11256:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
11138:Left-wing authoritarianism
10973:Authoritarian conservatism
8237:Index of politics articles
8171:The Paradox of Imperialism
8155:, City Lights Books, 1995
7802:The Empire and the century
7797:"The Imperial Ideal"
7713:, Kersplebedeb, June 2017.
7487:10.4135/9781412965811.n146
7430:Neither Settler nor Native
6633:. Routledge. p. 520.
6215:Joseph, Paul, ed. (2016).
6043:Potter, Pitman B. (1922).
5331:Hosch, William L. (2009).
3881:Empire, colony, postcolony
3487:, in the late 19th century
3415:
3306:
3209:
3098:
2910:
2834:Persian Expedition of 1796
2822:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2814:Polish–Russian War of 1792
2785:
2774:
2752:
2645:vassal or autonomous areas
2628:
2610:
2370:
2284:, which remained in place
2280:. In 1917, it established
2201:The Italian Empire in 1940
2190:
2096:in 1884. Within 25 years,
2041:
2037:
1825:
1755:
1751:
1716:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
1712:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1708:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
1705:
1699:
1369:
1361:was the annexation of the
1315:
1269:
1265:
1219:
1142:
1033:
639:
522:French conquest of Vietnam
409:
212:
205:
18:
11597:
11549:
11347:
11304:
11279:
11233:
11224:
11211:
11115:
10965:
10837:Counterintelligence state
10807:
10733:
10685:
10202:
9606:
9305:
9115:
8909:
8822:
7957:(1922), worldwide; 922 pp
7672:Howe, Stephen Howe, ed.,
7313:Geneva, INU Press, 2000,
6825:Mankoff, Jeffrey (2022).
6746:Mankoff, Jeffrey (2022).
6507:Perović, Jeronim (2007).
6293:Caroline Finkel, (2005).
6148:10.1080/03086530008583098
5885:10.1017/S0020743800024703
5770:Degorge, Barbara (2002).
5644:10.1017/S0022278X00019935
5372:(2nd ed. 1950) pp. 67–100
4987:10.4135/9781446279496.n35
4306:10.1080/03086530601143388
3941:10.4135/9781446279496.n13
3929:"Colonialism/Imperialism"
3767:"Theories of Imperialism"
3418:Swedish overseas colonies
3411:
3236:placing Spain on notice,
3196:neo-colonialism in Africa
2800:By the 18th century, the
2770:
2703:Greek War of Independence
2408:. However, in the 1850s,
2080:in 1871. Its Chancellor,
1959:French poster about the "
1850:French East India Company
1821:
1635:
1612:League of Nations mandate
1608:Irish War of Independence
1484:British Conquest of India
1376:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1215:
1019:environmental determinism
989:environmental determinism
983:Environmental determinism
758:Psychological imperialism
557:
51:, aimed at extending the
11133:Inverted totalitarianism
11005:Authoritarian capitalism
7954:Colonial tariff policies
7951:U.S. Tariff Commission.
7882:Culture and Imperialism,
7562:Harvard University Press
7469:Davies, Stephen (2008).
7247:Roger Bigelow Merriman,
6832:The Washington Quarterly
6753:The Washington Quarterly
6732:. Routledge. p. 58.
6530:10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.32
6479:Djilas, Milovan (1957).
5310:. Infobase. p. 63.
5083:"New France (1608–1763)"
4795:Essential Works of Lenin
4635:"Deconstructing the Map"
4473:Walter., Rodney (1972).
3927:Gilmartin, Mary (2009).
3699:Magnusson, Lars (1991).
3294:
2755:Second Portuguese Empire
2671:, North Africa, and the
2661:Suleiman the Magnificent
2568:Second Sino-Japanese War
2373:Japanese colonial empire
2366:
2292:that came to power with
2186:
2098:German South West Africa
1930:French Equatorial Africa
1758:Danish overseas colonies
1680:
1079:and at the onset of the
968:(whitening) are common.
489:(1916). Lenin portrayed
11615:Foreign policy analysis
11427:International community
11205:International relations
11017:Authoritarian socialism
8646:Political organisations
8409:International relations
8247:Politics by subdivision
7933:Thornton, A.P. (1980).
7923:European History Online
7777:Merriman, Roger Bigelow
7655:Cosimo Classics, 2005,
7406:(2009) popular history
6908:"Hirsh Eurasianism">
6780:Mälksoo, Maria (2022).
6586:The Journal of Politics
6524:(2). MIT Press: 32–63.
6359:Melvin E. Page (2003).
5571:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
5277:Marshall, P.J. (1996).
5250:Porter, Andrew (1998).
5198:Porter, Andrew (1998).
4973:Mountz, Alison (2009).
4960:10.1111/1467-9493.00060
4920:Theories of Imperialism
4415:Theories of Imperialism
4396:Theories of Imperialism
4218:14#2 1961, pp. 187–209
4216:Economic History Review
4037:See Stephen Howe, ed.,
3844:2027/nyp.33433090753066
3739:Kumar, Krishan (2017).
3455:List of largest empires
3272:Anti-Imperialist League
3232:Cartoon of belligerent
3171:returned "Russian land"
3159:domination over Belarus
3101:Russian neo-imperialism
2832:, which began with the
2724:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2576:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2508:Ganghwa Island incident
2493:First Sino-Japanese War
2268:in China following the
1453:proto-industrialization
1138:
1122:Representatives at the
1099:this was criticized as
835:robe in the back, with
642:Cartographic propaganda
616:—which functions as an
587:, is justified through
412:Theories of imperialism
406:Theories of imperialism
170:Imperial powers in 1945
162:Imperial powers in 1800
11676:History of colonialism
8100:Imperialism Quotations
7665:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh.
7638:Pantheon Books, 2008,
7206:Howe, Stephen (2002).
7191:Howe, Stephen (2002).
7176:Howe, Stephen (2002).
7161:Howe, Stephen (2002).
6934:Grigas, Agnia (2016).
6894:Grigas, Agnia (2016).
6737:Grigas, Agnia (2016).
6728:McNabb, David (2017).
6169:Hofmann, Reto (2015).
6111:(Algora, 2005), p. 22.
5553:Taagepera, R. (1997).
4858:Krishan Kumar (2017).
4633:Harley, J. B. (1989).
4124:: CS1 maint: others (
4086:Hale, Oron J. (1971).
4023:Atlas of world history
3879:Young, Robert (2015).
3860:Cite journal requires
3701:Teorier om imperialism
3543:, London: 1933, p. 138
3498:esp. V and XII in 1918
3344:
3304:
3243:
3225:
3220:Ceremonies during the
3182:" and the ideology of
3129:has been described as
3122:
3001:
2856:from their lands. The
2797:
2767:
2741:in 1923 and 1924. The
2720:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2648:
2563:
2401:
2386:
2202:
2090:German colonial empire
2065:
2044:German colonial empire
1972:declared France had a
1964:
1837:
1828:French colonial empire
1772:Scandinavian Peninsula
1697:
1590:South African Republic
1545:
1366:
1350:
1349:, where he was killed.
1347:Siege of Srirangapatna
1222:Early Muslim conquests
1193:
1134:Imperialism by country
1007:Ellen Churchill Semple
1001:colonial control as a
900:
890:
881:
791:The political concept
780:
703:
701:Ottoman wars in Europe
655:
580:
525:
509:
402:
380:Imperial Army of Japan
358:
339:
291:
171:
163:
55:
10881:Dominant-party system
10710:Medieval great powers
8726:Political campaigning
8466:Public administration
8299:Collective leadership
8139:by Mehmet Akif Okur,
7884:Vintage Books, 1998,
7862:Rothermund, Dietmar.
7852:(Edinburgh UP, 2008)
7821:(2 vol 2015), 1456 pp
7720:(Cambridge UP, 2013)
7687:; Nairn, Tom (2006).
7669:(2 vol. 2007), online
7653:Imperialism: A Study,
7533:Penguin Books, 2004,
7354:, wide-ranging survey
6802:(30 September 2022).
6657:79#459 (1980): 80-83.
6031:10.1093/past/42.1.140
6005:10.1093/past/48.1.119
5920:Paedagogica Historica
5176:Sondhaus, L. (2004).
4901:Imperialism: A Study.
4831:Stephen Howe (2002).
4281:. Cornell University.
4190:. E. Arnold. p.
3342:
3302:
3231:
3219:
3198:, mainly through the
3112:
3099:Further information:
3063:have referred to the
2920:
2911:Further information:
2795:
2786:Further information:
2762:
2665:invaded and colonized
2642:
2580:attacked Pearl Harbor
2572:Battle of Lake Khasan
2557:
2470:were claimed by both
2396:preparing to land in
2392:
2384:
2317:Italy invaded Albania
2200:
2051:
1958:
1848:. It was followed by
1835:
1688:
1663:Anglo-Saxon countries
1543:
1511:Industrial Revolution
1356:
1329:
1187:
895:
865:French Third Republic
822:
699:
649:
570:
515:
500:
388:
348:
334:
238:
169:
161:
31:
11605:Comparative politics
10720:European colonialism
10705:Ancient great powers
8816:Political ideologies
8576:Separation of powers
8447:Political psychology
8422:Comparative politics
8400:political scientists
8387:Academic disciplines
8267:Political philosophy
8115:Economic Imperialism
8090:Imperialism: a Study
7915:Stuchtey, Benedikt.
7747:David C. Hendrickson
7731:Victor Bulmer-Thomas
7693:. Sage Publications.
7621:Abacus Books, 1989,
7543:Gotteland, Mathieu.
7299:Abernethy, David P.
7112:on 24 September 2015
6189:10.7591/j.ctt20d88b6
5087:Canada in the Making
4981:. pp. 328–338.
4182:Joe Painter (1995).
3935:. pp. 115–123.
3402:cultural imperialism
3260:Mexican–American War
3212:American imperialism
3147:annexation of Crimea
2901:Treaty of Georgievsk
2897:Pereiaslav Agreement
2850:Russo-Circassian War
2653:Mehmed the Conqueror
2558:Japanese march into
2460:Taiwanese aborigines
2353:peace treaty of 1947
2298:Italian irredentists
2177:Treaty of Versailles
2078:second German Empire
1515:the Great Exhibition
1107:Pan-African Movement
1015:European colonialism
827:depicting a shocked
728:cultural imperialism
722:Cultural imperialism
593:imagined geographies
457:Imperialism: A Study
399:Spanish–American War
289: United Kingdom
83:cultural imperialism
19:For other uses, see
11387:Collective security
11271:United Nations (UN)
11068:Ecoauthoritarianism
10886:Illiberal democracy
10715:Modern great powers
8934:Christian democracy
8749:Politics portal
8598:Election commission
8569:Government branches
8452:Political sociology
8304:Confessional system
8242:Politics by country
7960:Vandervort, Bruce.
7716:Lawrence, Adria K.
7481:. pp. 237–39.
7402:Cotterell, Arthur.
6571:10.3138/j.ctv69tft2
6320:V.I. Lenin (1913).
5776:The European Legacy
5368:William L. Langer,
4952:2000SJTG...21....6A
4699:1994GeoRv..84..316B
4687:Geographical Review
4524:1995SpPol..11...41M
4234:(Verso, 2006) p. 91
4090:. Harper & Row.
3983:Political Geography
3506:1917 book by Lenin
3485:Scramble for Africa
3151:invasion of Ukraine
3137:and has engaged in
3113:Russia's president
3026:Northern Expedition
2777:Russian imperialism
2400:China in June 1938
2331:(1939–1945), Italy
2313:Italian East Africa
1922:French North Africa
1780:Indian subcontinent
1702:Chinese imperialism
1550:Scramble for Africa
1504:Scramble for Africa
1470:Unchallenged at sea
1393:Kingdom of Scotland
1339:Napoleone Bonaparte
973:economic efficiency
781:mission civilatrice
744:during the Cold War
679:Scramble for Africa
623:cultural difference
469:David K. Fieldhouse
378:, and the Japanese
349:British assault on
230:Scramble for Africa
208:Imperial Age (band)
97:Etymology and usage
11691:Political theories
8849:Political spectrum
8432:Political analysis
8364:Semi-parliamentary
8175:Hans-Hermann Hoppe
7964:(Indiana UP, 2009)
7858:entire text online
7783:(4 vol 1918–1933)
7773:, cited on p. 10.)
7592:(102467): 102467.
7460:The Empire Project
7399:John Murray, 1910.
7251:(4 vol 1918–1933)
7071:Ooi, K.G. (2004).
6688:Kolesnikov, Andrei
6326:. Prosveshcheniye.
6205:(2013), pp 114–25.
6171:The Fascist Effect
5981:(1988) pp. 167–83.
5434:. pp. passim.
5424:Granatstein, J. L.
5412:. pp. passim.
5028:www.historians.org
4887:Modern Imperialism
3755:Sasaki 2014, p 59.
3558:www.britannica.com
3537:S. Gertrude Millin
3391:Joseph Chamberlain
3345:
3305:
3264:Theodore Roosevelt
3244:
3226:
3123:
3095:Russia under Putin
3002:
2830:Russo-Persian Wars
2798:
2768:
2743:Republic of Turkey
2739:Treaty of Lausanne
2649:
2564:
2516:Russo-Japanese War
2484:Formosa Expedition
2402:
2387:
2290:Fascist government
2262:Dodecanese Islands
2249:(gained after the
2203:
2181:Potsdam Conference
2100:had committed the
2066:
1974:civilising mission
1965:
1926:French West Africa
1874:French West Indies
1838:
1804:Danish West Indies
1698:
1671:province of Quebec
1655:Canada as a victim
1554:Joseph Chamberlain
1546:
1531:Conservative Party
1492:Anglo-Burmese Wars
1409:Acts of Union 1707
1380:East India Company
1367:
1357:The result of the
1351:
1291:. You can help by
1245:. You can help by
1194:
1164:. You can help by
1101:social imperialism
1055:. You can help by
1003:civilizing mission
891:
875:) stabbing into a
793:social imperialism
787:Social imperialism
773:civilizing mission
769:White Man's Burden
704:
656:
581:
526:
510:
426:Joseph Chamberlain
403:
359:
292:
202:Age of Imperialism
194:The Soviet leader
172:
164:
154:Versus colonialism
56:
11686:Political systems
11681:Marxian economics
11653:
11652:
11625:International law
11494:Right of conquest
11459:National interest
11402:Deterrence theory
11300:
11299:
11287:League of Nations
11171:
11170:
11123:Democracy indices
10815:Absolute monarchy
10759:
10758:
10681:
10680:
10646:Polish–Lithuanian
9821:Gurjara-Pratihara
9265:
9264:
8964:Constitutionalism
8827:The Establishment
8783:
8782:
8731:Political parties
8671:Electoral systems
8395:Political science
8369:Semi-presidential
8281:Political systems
8257:Political history
8252:Political economy
8165:978-0-87286-298-2
8109:Joseph Schumpeter
7844:978-0-380-71999-0
7743:978-0-300-21000-2
7496:978-1-4129-6580-4
7352:978-0-307-27028-3
7274:978-0-8039-7197-4
7144:978-0-333-97795-8
7084:978-1-57607-770-2
6956:Insight on Africa
6913:(12 March 2022).
6690:(December 2023).
6372:978-1-57607-335-3
5977:Paul M. Kennedy,
5964:Thomas Pakenham,
5526:978-1-107-01894-5
5497:Winfried Baumgart
5483:Anthony Clayton,
5359:(1997) pp. 307–18
5342:978-1-61530-048-8
5317:978-0-8160-4474-0
5290:978-0-521-00254-7
5263:978-0-19-924678-6
5211:978-0-19-924678-6
5128:(1997) pp. 169–83
5093:on 8 October 2014
4916:Mommsen, Wolfgang
4871:978-1-4008-8491-9
4844:978-0-19-160444-7
4484:978-0-9501546-4-0
4411:Mommsen, Wolfgang
4392:Mommsen, Wolfgang
4260:978-0-205-64571-8
4201:978-0-470-23544-7
4067:Wm. Roger Louis,
3992:978-1-4462-4435-7
3890:978-1-4051-9355-9
3710:978-91-550-3830-4
3617:978-0-203-93347-3
3515:Ultra-imperialism
3510:Super-imperialism
3480:Right of conquest
3465:Might Makes Right
3395:Benjamin Disraeli
3369:emergence of the
3125:Since the 2010s,
3089:Soviet–Afghan War
3053:imperialist power
3034:Chinese Civil War
2765:Portuguese Empire
2745:was established.
2692:military setbacks
2495:in 1894 included
2422:Meiji Restoration
2251:Italo-Turkish War
2094:German New Guinea
2082:Otto von Bismarck
1988:Charles de Gaulle
1986:In World War II,
1920:and West Africa (
1898:Mascarene Islands
1727:Chinese dynasties
1594:Orange Free State
1580:, and the writer
1574:General Kitchener
1420:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1309:
1308:
1263:
1262:
1206:Mediterranean Sea
1188:Provinces of the
1182:
1181:
1073:
1072:
998:temperate climate
946:Halford Mackinder
825:political cartoon
578:Antoine-Jean Gros
552:space development
444:(1857–1929), and
438:Joseph Schumpeter
422:Benjamin Disraeli
125:Joseph Schumpeter
69:, employing both
11703:
11666:Authoritarianism
11645:Security studies
11437:Internationality
11432:Internationalism
11231:
11230:
11198:
11191:
11184:
11175:
11174:
11022:Marxism–Leninism
10903:Managerial state
10786:
10779:
10772:
10763:
10762:
10562:
10561:
10227:Austro-Hungarian
9927:Chagatai Khanate
9292:
9285:
9278:
9269:
9268:
9192:Internationalism
9123:Authoritarianism
9092:Social democracy
8986:Environmentalism
8949:Communitarianism
8809:
8802:
8795:
8786:
8785:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8747:
8746:
8537:
8482:
8437:Political theory
8427:Election science
8417:
8403:
8181:
8180:
8177:, November 2006.
8040:
8030:
8001:
7948:
7901:Smith, Simon C.
7894:Simms, Brendan.
7805:
7799:
7697:Kumar, Krishan.
7694:
7611:
7601:
7516:
7413:Dabhoiwala, Fara
7395:Comer, Earl of.
7385:Longmans, 2006,
7342:Brendon, Piers.
7331:Brendon, Piers.
7324:Bayly, C.A. ed.
7286:
7283:
7277:
7262:
7256:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7158:
7149:
7148:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7041:on 20 July 2006.
7033:(15 July 2004).
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7007:. Archived from
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6856:Atlantic Council
6847:
6841:
6840:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6795:
6776:
6761:
6742:
6733:
6724:
6715:
6706:(2 March 2022).
6699:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6664:
6658:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6513:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6487:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6458:10.2307/20031013
6438:
6429:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6311:
6310:(1998): 174–198.
6304:
6298:
6291:
6285:
6278:
6272:
6271:(1987) pp 61–127
6265:
6259:
6252:
6246:
6245:(2017) pp 15–48.
6239:
6233:
6232:
6212:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6049:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6019:Past and Present
6014:
6008:
6007:
5993:Past and Present
5988:
5982:
5975:
5969:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5737:Atlantic Studies
5732:
5726:
5725:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5627:
5621:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5550:
5544:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5510:
5504:
5494:
5488:
5481:
5475:
5470:Robert Aldrich,
5468:
5462:
5455:
5449:
5444:Chun-shu Chang,
5442:
5436:
5435:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5379:
5373:
5366:
5360:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5135:
5129:
5124:Lawrence James,
5122:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5089:. Archived from
5079:
5073:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5020:
5014:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4935:
4926:
4913:
4907:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4747:
4741:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4682:
4667:
4665:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4554:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4408:
4402:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4335:(295): 381–398.
4324:
4318:
4317:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4246:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4189:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4072:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3985:(2nd ed.).
3978:
3955:
3954:
3924:
3903:
3902:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3737:
3731:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3550:
3544:
3534:
3319:Age of Discovery
3287:decolonization.
3248:Manifest Destiny
3242:
3239:
3192:Russian diaspora
3045:anti-imperialist
3043:declared itself
2980:
2978:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2862:Khanate of Sibir
2545:Marshall Islands
2418:Japanese Emperor
2394:Japanese Marines
2329:Second World War
2294:Benito Mussolini
2215:Kingdom of Italy
2157:Caroline Islands
2149:Marshall Islands
2070:Drang Nach Osten
2003:Education policy
1942:French Polynesia
1934:French Indochina
1902:Mauritius Island
1695:
1692:
1689:The Qing Empire
1335:Sultan of Mysore
1304:
1301:
1283:
1276:
1258:
1255:
1237:
1230:
1177:
1174:
1156:
1149:
1077:Second World War
1068:
1065:
1047:
1040:
1036:Anti-imperialism
1030:Anti-imperialism
942:Friedrich Ratzel
924:Social Darwinism
913:tributary states
884:
771:and the idea of
630:Oriental studies
442:Thorstein Veblen
298:(1919–1980) and
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
248:
245:
79:diplomatic power
11711:
11710:
11706:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11656:
11655:
11654:
11649:
11593:
11584:Postcolonialism
11545:
11474:Non-state actor
11469:Non-belligerent
11464:Neutral country
11449:Interventionism
11382:Co-belligerence
11343:
11296:
11275:
11220:
11207:
11202:
11172:
11167:
11111:
10961:
10928:Socialist state
10913:One-party state
10832:Communist state
10803:
10790:
10760:
10755:
10744:American Empire
10729:
10725:African empires
10677:
10560:
10252:Central African
10198:
10016:Romano-Germanic
9602:
9336:Middle Assyrian
9309:
9301:
9296:
9266:
9261:
9257:Totalitarianism
9111:
8914:Accelerationism
8905:
8818:
8813:
8779:
8741:
8736:
8735:
8666:
8665:
8656:
8655:
8613:
8612:
8603:
8602:
8571:
8570:
8561:
8560:
8556:Public interest
8541:Domestic policy
8531:
8524:
8523:
8512:
8511:
8476:
8469:
8468:
8457:
8456:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8389:
8388:
8379:
8378:
8284:
8283:
8272:
8271:
8227:
8226:
8217:
8186:Politics series
8153:Michael Parenti
8086:
8046:Primary sources
8043:
7945:
7832:Thomas Pakenham
7809:Moon, Parker T.
7745:, 459 pp.; and
7497:
7425:Mahmood Mamdani
7381:Bush, Barbara.
7295:
7293:Further reading
7290:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7263:
7259:
7246:
7242:
7232:
7230:
7219:
7215:
7204:
7200:
7189:
7185:
7174:
7170:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7069:
7065:
7050:
7046:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6981:. 16 May 2023.
6973:
6972:
6968:
6947:
6943:
6932:
6928:
6907:
6903:
6892:
6888:
6867:
6863:
6848:
6844:
6823:
6819:
6683:
6679:
6674:. 10 June 2022.
6666:
6665:
6661:
6655:Current History
6652:
6648:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6598:10.2307/2127387
6582:
6578:
6563:
6549:
6545:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6446:Foreign Affairs
6439:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6400:10.2307/4148594
6384:
6380:
6373:
6357:
6353:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6318:
6314:
6305:
6301:
6292:
6288:
6280:Jane Hathaway,
6279:
6275:
6266:
6262:
6258:(1999) pp 3–54.
6253:
6249:
6240:
6236:
6229:
6213:
6209:
6201:Andrew Gordon,
6200:
6196:
6181:
6167:
6163:
6132:
6128:
6119:
6115:
6106:
6102:
6083:
6079:
6064:10.2307/1943638
6047:
6041:
6037:
6015:
6011:
5989:
5985:
5976:
5972:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5912:
5908:
5869:
5865:
5842:
5838:
5807:
5803:
5768:
5764:
5733:
5729:
5698:
5694:
5671:
5667:
5628:
5624:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5551:
5547:
5539:Raymond Betts,
5538:
5534:
5527:
5511:
5507:
5495:
5491:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5439:
5421:
5417:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5376:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5196:
5192:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5136:
5132:
5123:
5119:
5111:Piers Brendon,
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4971:
4967:
4936:
4929:
4914:
4910:
4898:
4894:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4790:Lenin, Vladimir
4787:
4783:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4748:
4744:
4736:"Imperialism."
4735:
4731:
4683:
4670:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4593:
4589:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4504:
4500:
4485:
4471:
4464:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4390:
4386:
4355:
4348:
4325:
4321:
4290:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4180:
4176:
4137:
4133:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4021:"John Haywood,
4019:
4018:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3958:
3951:
3925:
3906:
3891:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3783:10.2307/2009130
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3738:
3734:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3618:
3604:
3600:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3496:Fourteen Points
3475:Postcolonialism
3450:List of empires
3425:
3420:
3414:
3382:
3337:
3323:Caribbean basin
3311:
3297:
3252:Monroe Doctrine
3240:
3214:
3208:
3165:. He said that
3163:Peter the Great
3149:, and the 2022
3131:neo-imperialist
3119:Peter the Great
3107:
3097:
3057:Josip Broz Tito
2976:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2945:western Ukraine
2930:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2810:Empire of Japan
2790:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2757:
2751:
2647:in light green.
2637:
2629:Main articles:
2627:
2615:
2609:
2599:anti-European "
2520:Sakhalin Island
2444:Republic of Ezo
2379:
2371:Main articles:
2369:
2321:incorporated it
2278:Austria-Hungary
2231:First World War
2211:Impero italiano
2195:
2189:
2163:; and in Asia:
2153:Mariana Islands
2141:Solomon Islands
2054:colonial empire
2046:
2040:
2005:
1904:, Réunion) and
1830:
1824:
1760:
1754:
1718:
1704:
1693:
1683:
1675:anti-indigenous
1667:French-speakers
1638:
1598:Second Boer War
1582:Rudyard Kipling
1523:parts of Africa
1405:
1389:
1372:
1324:
1316:Main articles:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1289:needs expansion
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1243:needs expansion
1228:
1220:Main articles:
1218:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1162:needs expansion
1147:
1141:
1136:
1109:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1053:needs expansion
1038:
1032:
987:The concept of
985:
944:of Germany and
873:Empire of Japan
817:
789:
760:
726:The concept of
724:
694:
644:
638:
565:
560:
516:The capture of
414:
408:
355:First Opium War
300:Ronald Robinson
290:
286:
284:
280:
278:
274:
272:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
225:
223:New Imperialism
213:Main articles:
211:
204:
156:
99:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11709:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11651:
11650:
11648:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11601:
11599:
11595:
11594:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11564:English school
11561:
11559:Constructivism
11555:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11543:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11531:
11529:Non-aggression
11526:
11521:
11516:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11351:
11349:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11310:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11294:
11289:
11283:
11281:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11237:
11235:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11218:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11201:
11200:
11193:
11186:
11178:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11119:
11117:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11109:
11104:
11103:
11102:
11092:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11070:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11058:
11048:
11043:
11042:
11041:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11014:
11013:
11012:
11002:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10969:
10967:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10883:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10854:
10852:Constitutional
10849:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10828:
10827:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10804:
10789:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10766:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10746:
10737:
10735:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10689:
10687:
10683:
10682:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10581:
10576:
10570:
10568:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10526:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10421:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10395:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10357:
10347:
10342:
10341:
10340:
10335:
10325:
10324:
10323:
10318:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10301:
10291:
10286:
10285:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10254:
10249:
10248:
10247:
10242:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10208:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10139:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10023:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9766:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9717:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9680:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9612:
9610:
9608:Post-classical
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9588:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9554:
9553:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9463:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9407:Middle Kingdom
9404:
9394:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9363:Neo-Babylonian
9360:
9355:
9353:Old Babylonian
9345:
9344:
9343:
9338:
9328:
9323:
9317:
9315:
9303:
9302:
9295:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9272:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9119:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9072:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9043:Libertarianism
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9018:Fundamentalism
9015:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9006:Third Position
9003:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
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8611:Related topics
8610:
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8546:Foreign policy
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8442:Policy studies
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8225:Primary topics
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8084:External links
8082:
8081:
8080:
8072:Rosa Luxemburg
8069:
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8013:(3): 221–231.
8002:
7982:10.1086/254283
7976:(6): 713–758.
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7759:978-0190660383
7724:
7722:online reviews
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7702:
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7572:
7548:
7541:
7527:Niall Ferguson
7524:
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7495:
7475:Hamowy, Ronald
7466:
7458:Darwin, John.
7456:
7451:Darwin, John.
7449:
7410:
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7393:
7379:
7371:Blanken, Leo.
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6920:Foreign Policy
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6254:Louise Young,
6247:
6241:S.C.M. Paine,
6234:
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6161:
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6120:Nigel Thomas,
6113:
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6058:(4): 563–583.
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5382:Darwin, John.
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5167:, p. 332.
5157:
5151:978-9047423935
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5011:Gilmartin 2009
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4740:, 2nd edition.
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4693:(3): 316–335.
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4230:David Harvey,
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4174:
4153:10.2307/621891
4143:. New Series.
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3777:(3): 402–431.
3771:World Politics
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3648:Britannica.com
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3315:Spanish Empire
3309:Spanish Empire
3307:Main article:
3296:
3293:
3281:Smedley Butler
3274:to oppose the
3268:Woodrow Wilson
3210:Main article:
3207:
3204:
3188:disinformation
3186:. It has used
3115:Vladimir Putin
3096:
3093:
3081:Vasyl Shakhrai
3069:Eastern Europe
3065:Stalinist USSR
3061:Milovan Djilas
3018:Russian Empire
3010:Indigenization
2991:northern Korea
2908:
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2802:Russian Empire
2783:
2782:Russian Empire
2780:
2775:Main article:
2772:
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2753:Main article:
2750:
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2673:Horn of Africa
2657:Constantinople
2631:Ottoman Empire
2626:
2625:Ottoman Empire
2623:
2611:Main article:
2608:
2605:
2584:naval aviation
2529:Decolonization
2524:Russian Empire
2489:Ryukyu Islands
2468:Ryukyu Islands
2456:Mudan incident
2452:Ryukyu Islands
2368:
2365:
2345:most of Greece
2207:Italian Empire
2193:Italian Empire
2191:Main article:
2188:
2185:
2135:; in Oceania:
2042:Main article:
2039:
2036:
2004:
2001:
1961:Madagascar War
1880:, Guadeloupe,
1878:Saint-Domingue
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1763:Denmark–Norway
1756:Main article:
1753:
1750:
1700:Main article:
1682:
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1643:British nation
1637:
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1622:Decolonization
1586:First Boer War
1475:Pax Britannica
1457:British Empire
1455:, the "First"
1451:Following the
1404:
1403:United Kingdom
1401:
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1363:Boer Republics
1322:British Empire
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1270:Main article:
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1034:Main article:
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994:climatic zones
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966:blanqueamiento
857:Russian Empire
841:British Empire
837:Queen Victoria
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652:British Empire
637:
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618:essentializing
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543:, in his 1972
481:Vladimir Lenin
450:interwar years
434:John A. Hobson
410:Main article:
407:
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391:Judge magazine
376:Battle of Adwa
372:Anglo-Zulu War
296:John Gallagher
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277: Portugal
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10388:
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10380:
10378:
10375:
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10370:
10369:
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10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10339:
10336:
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10333:German Empire
10331:
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10319:
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9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9293:
9288:
9286:
9281:
9279:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9227:Progressivism
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9187:Individualism
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:Republicanism
9073:
9071:
9068:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8980:
8979:Social credit
8977:
8976:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8902:
8901:Revolutionary
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8821:
8817:
8810:
8805:
8803:
8798:
8796:
8791:
8790:
8787:
8776:
8771:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8739:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8607:
8606:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8565:
8564:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:Civil society
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8535:
8530:
8529:Public policy
8527:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8480:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8460:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8392:
8391:
8383:
8382:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8349:Parliamentary
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8334:Hybrid regime
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8221:
8220:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8162:
8161:0-87286-298-4
8158:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8132:
8129:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8119:A.J.P. Taylor
8116:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8067:0-7178-0098-9
8064:
8060:
8058:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7946:
7944:9780816609932
7940:
7936:
7931:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7912:
7911:0-521-59930-X
7908:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7891:
7890:0-09-996750-2
7887:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7872:1-107-10229-4
7869:
7865:
7861:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7727:Jackson Lears
7725:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7678:online review
7675:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7661:1-59605-250-3
7658:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7644:0-375-42537-3
7641:
7637:
7633:
7632:E.J. Hobsbawm
7630:
7628:
7627:0-349-10598-7
7624:
7620:
7616:
7615:E.J. Hobsbawm
7613:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7577:
7576:Hickel, Jason
7573:
7571:
7570:0-674-00671-2
7567:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7551:Michael Hardt
7549:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7539:0-14-100754-0
7536:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7471:"Imperialism"
7467:
7465:
7462:(2011) 811pp
7461:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7436:Adom Getachew
7433:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7392:
7391:0-582-50583-6
7388:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7367:0-7190-5604-7
7364:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7337:History Today
7334:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7319:2-88155-004-5
7316:
7312:
7309:Ankerl, Guy.
7308:
7306:
7305:online review
7302:
7298:
7297:
7282:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7228:
7224:
7223:"orientalism"
7217:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7187:
7179:
7172:
7164:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7127:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7086:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7011:on 1 May 1997
7010:
7006:
7000:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6930:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6911:Michael Hirsh
6905:
6897:
6890:
6883:(4): 497–512.
6882:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6839:(2): 127–128.
6838:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6821:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6800:Orlando Figes
6797:
6794:(3): 471–481.
6793:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6760:(2): 127–128.
6759:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6656:
6650:
6642:
6640:9781136325489
6636:
6632:
6631:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6562:9781442648517
6558:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6510:
6503:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6452:(1): 135–44.
6451:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6388:Slavic Review
6382:
6374:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6355:
6339:
6333:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6277:
6270:
6264:
6257:
6251:
6244:
6238:
6230:
6228:9781483359885
6224:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6180:9780801456350
6176:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6117:
6110:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5702:The Historian
5696:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5616:Tony Chafer,
5613:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5536:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5432:HarperCollins
5429:
5425:
5419:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5365:
5358:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5194:
5187:
5186:1-86189-202-0
5183:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5114:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5051:
5044:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5006:
4998:
4996:9781412946728
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4899:Hobson, J.A.
4896:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4807:
4805:9780486253336
4801:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4778:
4766:
4764:9780674088665
4760:
4756:
4755:
4749:For example:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4613:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4566:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4429:Tony Brewer,
4426:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4147:(4): 452–66.
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4111:9788193732915
4107:
4103:
4097:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4043:online review
4040:
4034:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3950:9781412946728
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3854:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3650:. 4 July 2023
3649:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3584:
3583:"imperialism"
3578:
3571:
3559:
3555:
3554:"Imperialism"
3549:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
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3463:
3461:
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3428:
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3419:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:Conquistadors
3324:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3206:United States
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:Russian world
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:Sultan Galiev
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:Although the
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:northern Iran
2973:
2969:
2950:
2949:Kuril Islands
2946:
2942:
2938:
2919:
2914:
2913:Soviet empire
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2789:
2778:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2685:vassal states
2683:and numerous
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2592:naval warfare
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:Ryukyu Domain
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2435:Fukoku kyōhei
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:allied forces
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:. During the
2326:
2325:Fascist state
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:started with
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:Nazi ideology
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:New Caledonia
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:French Guiana
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:Faroe Islands
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Lord Rosebury
1555:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1459:was based on
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:In 1767, the
1416:
1414:
1413:Great Britain
1410:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1341:, confronted
1340:
1337:, an ally of
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1287:This section
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1241:This section
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:around 117 AD
1191:
1186:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1160:This section
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:, such as in
1090:
1086:
1085:United States
1082:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1051:This section
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
980:
978:
977:Herbert Lüthy
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:terra nullius
959:
955:
954:Terra nullius
951:
947:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
909:
905:
904:ancient China
899:
894:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:German Empire
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
815:Justification
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
755:
751:
749:
745:
743:
737:
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
702:
698:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
666:
661:
653:
648:
643:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
615:
614:Eastern world
611:
607:
603:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
579:
575:
574:
569:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:Walter Rodney
538:
536:
532:
523:
519:
514:
507:
506:Franz Roubaud
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
487:
482:
477:
475:
470:
465:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
446:Norman Angell
443:
440:(1883–1950),
439:
436:(1858–1940),
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
413:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
367:
363:
356:
352:
347:
343:
338:
333:
330:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
308:Mughal Bengal
303:
301:
297:
265: Germany
253: Belgium
241:
237:
233:
231:
224:
220:
216:
209:
199:
197:
192:
190:
184:
181:
177:
168:
160:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
121:Hannah Arendt
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
43:, connecting
42:
38:
35:representing
34:
30:
26:
22:
11524:Multilateral
11478:
11454:Isolationism
11407:Expansionism
11089:
11036:
10950:Majoritarian
10923:Police state
10891:Totalitarian
10856:
10842:Dictatorship
10797:totalitarian
10500:Contemporary
10350:Indo-Persian
10338:Nazi Germany
10282:Contemporary
10184:Vijayanagara
10083:Great Seljuk
9994:Thessalonica
9922:Golden Horde
9562:Carthaginian
9341:Neo-Assyrian
9326:Neo-Sumerian
9181:
9135:Collectivism
8974:Distributism
8959:Conservatism
8954:Confucianism
8874:Centre-right
8479:street-level
8354:Presidential
8314:Dictatorship
8184:Part of the
8147:
8140:
8094:J. A. Hobson
8075:
8055:
8045:
8044:
8010:
8006:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7952:
7934:
7917:
7902:
7895:
7881:
7863:
7849:
7835:
7828:(2 vol 2003)
7825:
7818:
7811:
7801:
7780:
7768:
7762:
7761:, 287 pp.),
7750:
7734:
7717:
7709:
7705:Gabriel Kuhn
7698:
7689:
7673:
7666:
7652:
7635:
7618:
7589:
7583:
7558:
7530:
7520:
7478:
7464:free viewing
7459:
7452:
7443:
7439:
7428:
7420:
7403:
7396:
7382:
7372:
7358:
7343:
7336:
7325:
7310:
7300:
7281:
7265:
7260:
7248:
7243:
7231:. Retrieved
7216:
7207:
7201:
7192:
7186:
7177:
7171:
7162:
7133:
7126:
7114:. Retrieved
7110:the original
7100:
7088:. Retrieved
7073:
7066:
7057:
7047:
7039:the original
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
7009:the original
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6978:
6969:
6960:
6954:
6944:
6935:
6929:
6918:
6904:
6895:
6889:
6880:
6874:
6864:
6845:
6836:
6830:
6820:
6807:
6791:
6785:
6770:
6757:
6751:
6738:
6729:
6720:
6704:Melvin, Neil
6680:
6671:
6662:
6654:
6649:
6629:
6622:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6552:
6546:
6521:
6515:
6502:
6490:. Retrieved
6481:
6474:
6449:
6445:
6424:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6361:
6354:
6342:. Retrieved
6332:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6302:
6294:
6289:
6281:
6276:
6268:
6263:
6255:
6250:
6242:
6237:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6197:
6170:
6164:
6142:(3): 51–70.
6139:
6135:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6103:
6086:
6080:
6055:
6051:
6038:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5978:
5973:
5968:(1992) ch 12
5965:
5960:
5948:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5597:www.insee.fr
5596:
5587:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5540:
5535:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5479:
5471:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5445:
5440:
5427:
5418:
5409:
5406:Berger, Carl
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5377:
5369:
5364:
5356:
5351:
5332:
5326:
5306:
5299:
5279:
5272:
5252:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5229:
5220:
5200:
5193:
5177:
5172:
5160:
5140:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5115:(2008) p. 61
5112:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:the original
5086:
5077:
5053:. Retrieved
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5027:
5018:
5005:
4978:
4968:
4943:
4939:
4919:
4911:
4900:
4895:
4886:
4880:
4860:
4853:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4794:
4784:
4775:
4770:30 September
4768:. Retrieved
4753:
4745:
4737:
4732:
4690:
4686:
4645:
4641:
4617:
4612:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4565:
4557:
4535:. Retrieved
4518:(1): 41–52.
4515:
4512:Space Policy
4511:
4501:
4474:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4414:
4406:
4395:
4387:
4362:
4358:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4250:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4210:
4185:
4177:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4101:
4096:
4087:
4071:(1976) p. 4.
4068:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4038:
4033:
4022:
4015:
4001:
3982:
3932:
3880:
3874:
3853:cite journal
3824:
3815:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3751:
3740:
3735:
3724:
3719:
3700:
3694:
3685:
3675:11 September
3673:. Retrieved
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3647:
3638:
3629:
3607:
3601:
3593:
3586:. Retrieved
3577:
3568:
3561:. Retrieved
3557:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3501:
3460:Mercantilism
3406:
3399:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:Aztec Empire
3346:
3326:
3312:
3289:
3285:
3245:
3139:expansionism
3124:
3041:Soviet Union
3038:
3014:Soviet Union
3003:
2941:East Prussia
2927:Soviet Union
2907:Soviet Union
2894:
2878:Mansi people
2799:
2728:
2700:
2689:
2681:32 provinces
2650:
2616:
2613:Dutch Empire
2565:
2560:Zhengyangmen
2504:Joseon Korea
2501:
2462:murdered 54
2441:
2432:
2429:expansionism
2426:
2403:
2309:new conquest
2302:
2259:
2243:Tripolitania
2210:
2206:
2204:
2173:Jiaozhou Bay
2106:
2086:
2067:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1985:
1982:
1978:assimilation
1977:
1966:
1910:
1906:French India
1866:Newfoundland
1839:
1808:Danish Realm
1788:mercantilist
1784:Christian IV
1761:
1731:
1719:
1639:
1618:World War II
1616:
1606:
1584:. After the
1562:Cecil Rhodes
1547:
1508:
1473:
1461:mercantilism
1450:
1417:
1406:
1390:
1373:
1297:
1293:adding to it
1288:
1251:
1247:adding to it
1242:
1202:ancient Rome
1195:
1190:Roman Empire
1170:
1166:adding to it
1161:
1145:Roman Empire
1121:
1110:
1089:Soviet Union
1074:
1061:
1057:adding to it
1052:
986:
970:
961:
932:J. A. Hobson
921:
901:
896:
892:
805:Soviet Union
790:
761:
752:
741:
725:
708:expansionism
705:
692:Expansionism
686:eurocentrism
683:
676:
657:
627:
599:
597:
582:
572:
549:
539:
531:Colonization
527:
501:
484:
478:
474:David Landes
466:
460:
456:
454:
431:
417:
415:
368:
364:
360:
340:
335:
325:
321:
312:Utsa Patnaik
304:
293:
259: France
226:
193:
188:
185:
180:Robert Young
173:
129:
117:Napoleon III
106:
102:
100:
67:expansionism
58:
57:
37:Cecil Rhodes
33:Illustration
25:
11671:Imperialism
11620:Geopolitics
11499:Sovereignty
11479:Imperialism
11392:Colonialism
11377:Appeasement
11292:Warsaw Pact
11090:Imperialism
11056:Enlightened
11010:Pinochetism
10898:Mafia state
10869:Proletarian
10858:Dictablanda
10088:Khwarezmian
10021:Carolingian
9826:Rashtrakuta
9530:Shaishunaga
9429:Hellenistic
9412:New Kingdom
9402:Old Kingdom
9237:Regionalism
9182:Imperialism
9145:Culturalism
9140:Colonialism
9070:Nationalism
8991:Familialism
8969:Corporatism
8939:Communalism
8919:Agrarianism
8896:Reactionary
8864:Centre-left
8618:Sovereignty
8583:Legislature
8486:Technocracy
8474:Bureaucracy
8339:Meritocracy
8319:Directorial
8167:, 217 pages
8131:Imperialism
8052:V. I. Lenin
7878:Edward Said
7685:James, Paul
7649:J.A. Hobson
7417:Priya Satia
6592:(1): 5–43.
6442:Caroe, Olaf
6344:30 December
5743:: 131–147.
5230:BBC History
4975:"The other"
4946:(1): 6–18.
4777:mentality.'
4648:(2): 1–20.
4618:Orientalism
4583:Orientalism
4069:Imperialism
3588:22 February
3354:Inca Empire
3256:War of 1812
3241: 1898
3184:Eurasianism
3145:, the 2014
2999:Afghanistan
2968:Warsaw Pact
2806:Qing Empire
2708:Crimean war
2607:Netherlands
2566:During the
2533:World War I
2420:during the
2315:. In 1939,
2017:Paul Cambon
2010:Ho Chi Minh
1992:Free French
1970:Jules Ferry
1748:dynasties.
1723:Qin dynasty
1694: 1820
1630:Suez Crisis
1578:Lord Milner
1570:Lord Curzon
1566:Lord Cromer
1496:Crimean War
1488:Mehemet Ali
1441:Nova Scotia
1395:authorised
1119:in Africa.
1117:Colonialism
1095:, while in
1023:Orientalism
950:geopolitics
928:Jules Ferry
853:Nicholas II
748:North Korea
660:Cartography
636:Cartography
606:Edward Said
601:Orientalism
520:during the
461:Imperialism
418:imperialism
353:during the
283: Spain
271: Italy
247: 1914
176:colonialism
136:Edward Said
103:imperialism
91:colonialism
59:Imperialism
11660:Categories
11574:Liberalism
11519:Friendship
11504:Suzerainty
11128:Deep state
10988:Khomeinism
10966:Ideologies
10908:Ochlocracy
10874:Right-wing
10847:Benevolent
10801:government
10658:Portuguese
10539:Revival Le
10529:Vietnamese
10172:Later Tran
10142:Vietnamese
10038:Singhasari
10026:Holy Roman
9650:Bulgarian
9586:Satavahana
9557:Phoenician
9493:Achaemenid
9454:Indo-Greek
9434:Macedonian
9348:Babylonian
9252:Syncretism
9242:Separatism
9202:Militarism
9172:Federalism
9058:Monarchism
9038:Liberalism
8929:Capitalism
8879:Right-wing
8708:Governance
8698:Government
8693:Federalism
8294:City-state
7555:Toni Negri
7505:2008009151
6963:(1): 7–21.
6775:: 133–153.
6025:: 140–59,
5999:: 119–55,
5097:3 February
4594:Sharp, J.
3524:References
3372:Encomienda
3169:Peter had
3073:Yugoslavia
3049:Mao Zedong
3022:Kuomintang
2848:, and the
2820:wrote the
2596:New Guinea
2588:amphibious
2472:Qing China
2458:happened:
2339:, western
2286:until 1920
2227:Suez Canal
2137:New Guinea
1946:Pastry War
1882:Martinique
1854:New France
1846:New France
1796:Ove Gjedde
1792:Tranquebar
1778:, and the
1706:See also:
1500:Opium Wars
1465:free trade
1445:John Cabot
1407:Under the
1300:April 2020
1254:April 2020
1200:period of
1198:Republican
1173:April 2021
917:barbarians
845:Wilhelm II
809:Mao Zedong
762:An empire
732:soft power
665:Foucault's
640:See also:
610:The Orient
589:discourses
393:regarding
357:, May 1841
75:soft power
71:hard power
39:' plan of
11696:Invasions
11610:Diplomacy
11514:Bilateral
11412:Grey-zone
11365:Coalition
11324:1919–1939
11319:1814–1919
11314:1648–1814
11158:Strongman
11051:Despotism
11027:Stalinism
10983:Francoism
10978:Chiangism
10933:Theocracy
10918:Oligarchy
10820:Autocracy
10799:forms of
10651:Couronian
10289:Ethiopian
10277:Manchukuo
10232:Brazilian
10078:Ghaznavid
10048:Srivijaya
9999:Trebizond
9984:Byzantine
9966:North Sea
9961:Norwegian
9949:Almoravid
9932:Ilkhanate
9902:Majapahit
9875:Muromachi
9784:Solomonic
9769:Ethiopian
9683:Caliphate
9616:Aragonese
9444:Ptolemaic
9232:Reformism
9217:Pluralism
9177:Globalism
9167:Extremism
9102:Third Way
9097:Socialism
9080:Classical
9053:Masculism
8944:Communism
8924:Anarchism
8884:Far-right
8859:Left-wing
8688:Unitarism
8676:Elections
8664:Subseries
8593:Judiciary
8588:Executive
8491:Adhocracy
8374:Theocracy
8329:Feudalism
8309:Democracy
8037:148118309
8028:2164/9956
7998:143859209
7925:, Mainz:
7608:246855421
7513:750831024
7058:The Times
7031:Boot, Max
6989:25 August
6614:154428972
6492:9 October
6416:156553569
6156:159656946
5940:144976778
5901:161744830
5796:146190465
5757:144542200
5722:143384173
5708:: 45–66.
5660:145692910
5579:0020-8833
5009:Compare:
4723:161167051
4662:145766679
4314:159660602
4300:: 25–47.
4161:0020-2754
4120:cite book
3899:907133189
3807:145320143
3791:0043-8871
3654:25 August
3626:244320058
3234:Uncle Sam
3133:. Russia
3005:Bolshevik
2987:Manchuria
2890:Sosloviye
2860:over the
2846:Murid War
2731:dissolved
2726:in 1908.
2655:captured
2619:Indonesia
2549:Manchuria
2531:. During
2323:into the
2270:Boxer War
2247:Cyrenaica
2219:Assab Bay
2028:Pied-Noir
1870:Louisiana
1816:Greenland
1776:Caribbean
1359:Boer Wars
1128:Caribbean
1093:Guevarism
1064:June 2020
1011:temperate
958:Roman law
877:king cake
867:), and a
823:A French
764:mentality
736:worldview
712:vassalage
674:concept.
672:knowledge
144:periphery
113:sovereign
101:The word
45:Cape Town
11569:Feminism
11422:Idealism
11417:Hegemony
11370:Military
11355:Alliance
11348:Concepts
11334:Cold War
11216:Glossary
11116:See also
10993:Putinism
10864:Military
10631:Japanese
10594:Scottish
10574:American
10566:Colonial
10495:Imperial
10463:Moroccan
10399:Japanese
10377:Afsharid
10236:Burmese
10222:Austrian
10177:Later Le
10152:Early Le
10137:Venetian
10063:Tiwanaku
9976:Hellenic
9939:Moroccan
9870:Kamakura
9860:Japanese
9843:Saffarid
9796:Georgian
9710:Chalukya
9688:Rashidun
9678:Calakmul
9646:Bruneian
9525:Haryanka
9503:Sasanian
9498:Parthian
9449:Bactrian
9439:Seleucid
9419:Goguryeo
9397:Egyptian
9331:Assyrian
9321:Akkadian
9312:Colonies
9222:Populism
9212:Pacifism
9207:Nihilism
9197:Localism
9116:See also
9063:Royalism
9033:Islamism
9028:Hindutva
9013:Feminism
8869:Centrism
8854:Far-left
8844:Moderate
8839:Hardline
8716:Ideology
8534:doctrine
8495:Service
8359:Republic
8344:Monarchy
8324:Federacy
8213:Category
8193:Politics
8007:Critique
7866:(2015),
7838:(1992),
7794:(1905).
7564:, 2000,
7408:excerpts
7346:(2008),
7227:Archived
6983:Archived
6979:CBS News
6672:Euronews
6538:57567168
6466:20031013
5831:18254200
5823:40761537
5687:41857017
5426:(1996).
5408:(1970).
5390:13 April
5235:28 April
4918:(1982).
4792:(1987).
4413:(1982).
4394:(1982).
3689:Howe, 13
3631:nations.
3563:20 March
3423:See also
3190:and the
2995:Xinjiang
2972:Mongolia
2886:Cossacks
2880:and the
2874:Itelmens
2749:Portugal
2718:, while
2696:declined
2669:Caucasus
2541:Caroline
2464:Ryūkyūan
2448:Hokkaido
2171:and the
2125:Cameroon
2109:Tanzania
2060:and the
1990:and the
1725:, later
1669:and the
1651:unionism
1647:loyalism
1535:Disraeli
1521:, large
1502:and the
1433:Barbados
1425:Honduras
1387:Scotland
1210:emperors
1081:Cold War
861:Marianne
829:mandarin
716:conquest
710:through
604:(1978),
585:cultural
535:Crusades
518:Lạng Sơn
401:of 1898.
108:imperium
87:hegemony
11589:Realism
11579:Marxism
11442:Liberal
11360:Entente
11306:History
11234:Present
11153:Statism
11073:Fascism
10945:Tyranny
10825:Tsarist
10698:largest
10693:Empires
10673:Swedish
10668:Spanish
10663:Russian
10626:Italian
10601:Chinese
10589:English
10584:British
10579:Belgian
10554:Vietnam
10544:Tay son
10490:Tsarist
10485:Russian
10480:Ottoman
10446:Dzungar
10441:Khoshut
10414:Mexican
10409:Maratha
10392:Pahlavi
10372:Safavid
10367:Iranian
10294:Haitian
10257:Chinese
10217:Ashanti
10189:Wagadou
10115:Eastern
10110:Western
10093:Timurid
10053:Tibetan
10043:Songhai
10033:Serbian
9954:Almohad
9944:Idrisid
9848:Samanid
9838:Tahirid
9833:Iranian
9811:Kannauj
9791:Genoese
9727:Chinese
9720:Eastern
9715:Western
9703:Fatimid
9698:Abbasid
9693:Umayyad
9666:Burmese
9626:Ayyubid
9621:Angevin
9591:Xianbei
9579:Eastern
9574:Western
9520:Magadha
9483:Iranian
9476:Xiongnu
9461:Hittite
9370:Chinese
9358:Kassite
9307:Ancient
9299:Empires
9247:Statism
9107:Zionism
9048:Marxism
8996:Fascism
8891:Radical
8721:Culture
8631:Country
8289:Anarchy
8203:Outline
8121:, 1952.
8111:, 1919.
8096:, 1902.
7990:1823170
7929:, 2011.
7854:excerpt
7701:(2017).
7676:(2009)
7559:Empire,
7477:(ed.).
7233:7 April
7116:13 June
7090:13 June
7015:13 June
6606:2127387
6408:4148594
6284:(2008).
6072:1943638
5355:James,
4948:Bibcode
4695:Bibcode
4537:28 June
4520:Bibcode
4379:2593218
4329:History
4058:(1966).
4041:(2009)
4025:(1997)"
3799:2009130
3105:Ruscism
2882:Chukchi
2870:Koryaks
2838:Georgia
2537:Mariana
2361:Somalia
2303:In its
2274:Albania
2239:Somalia
2235:Eritrea
2223:Red Sea
2221:on the
2165:Qingdao
2121:Namibia
2117:Burundi
2058:British
2038:Germany
1996:Vietnam
1917:Algeria
1913:Algiers
1890:Senegal
1767:Denmark
1752:Denmark
1480:hegemon
1437:Jamaica
1429:Antigua
1370:England
1345:at the
1266:Belgium
908:Tianxia
869:samurai
524:in 1885
189:another
11551:Theory
11509:Treaty
11397:Crisis
11095:Nazism
11032:Maoism
10998:Ziaism
10636:Mongol
10621:German
10616:French
10606:Danish
10549:Dainam
10524:Tongan
10512:Somali
10507:Sokoto
10473:'Alawi
10451:Kalmyk
10431:Mongol
10424:Second
10404:Korean
10355:Mughal
10345:Indian
10328:German
10321:Second
10311:French
10304:Second
10240:Second
10212:Afghan
10204:Modern
10130:Kyrgyz
10125:Uighur
10120:Second
10100:Turkic
10068:Toltec
10004:Epirus
9989:Nicaea
9912:Mongol
9865:Yamato
9801:Huetar
9659:Second
9596:Rouran
9545:Shunga
9540:Maurya
9515:Kushan
9488:Median
9466:Hunnic
9424:Harsha
9085:Modern
9001:Nazism
8681:voting
8623:Polity
8521:Policy
8500:Public
8414:theory
8159:
8065:
8035:
7996:
7988:
7941:
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7870:
7842:
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5829:
5821:
5811:Africa
5794:
5755:
5720:
5685:
5658:
5652:158852
5650:
5620:(2002)
5602:11 May
5577:
5543:(2005)
5523:
5503:(1982)
5487:(1995)
5474:(1996)
5339:
5314:
5287:
5260:
5208:
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5165:Porter
5148:
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4868:
4841:
4802:
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4727:p. 316
4721:
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4433:(2002)
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4220:online
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3541:Rhodes
3412:Sweden
3224:, 1898
2979:
2977:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2872:, the
2868:, the
2844:, the
2826:Poland
2771:Russia
2716:Cyprus
2543:, and
2497:Taiwan
2398:Anqing
2288:. The
2169:Yantai
2113:Rwanda
2062:French
1862:Acadia
1858:Canada
1822:France
1810:, the
1744:, and
1714:, and
1649:" or "
1636:Canada
1588:, the
1533:under
1498:, the
1494:, the
1490:, the
1216:Arabia
1097:Maoism
833:Manchu
777:French
742:Dallas
558:Issues
508:, 1886
351:Canton
329:Mughal
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
240:Africa
221:, and
142:and a
11534:Peace
11489:Power
11484:Peace
11241:BRICS
11038:Juche
10808:Forms
10686:Lists
10641:Omani
10611:Dutch
10517:Isaaq
10468:Saadi
10436:Oirat
10419:First
10387:Qajar
10316:First
10299:First
10272:China
10245:Third
10105:First
10058:Tikal
10009:Morea
9979:Roman
9897:Latin
9892:Khmer
9887:Kanem
9853:Buyid
9779:Zagwe
9774:Aksum
9764:Chola
9671:First
9654:First
9641:Bornu
9636:Benin
9631:Aztec
9569:Roman
9550:Gupta
9535:Nanda
9471:White
9160:Multi
9150:Inter
9023:Green
8704:forms
8627:State
8504:Civil
8208:Index
8151:, by
8092:, by
8033:S2CID
7994:S2CID
7986:JSTOR
7856:also
7604:S2CID
7473:. In
6610:S2CID
6602:JSTOR
6567:JSTOR
6534:S2CID
6512:(PDF)
6486:(PDF)
6462:JSTOR
6412:S2CID
6404:JSTOR
6185:JSTOR
6152:S2CID
6068:JSTOR
6048:(PDF)
5936:S2CID
5897:S2CID
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5819:JSTOR
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5055:4 May
5033:4 May
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3803:S2CID
3795:JSTOR
3366:Taίno
3295:Spain
2512:Korea
2367:Japan
2341:Egypt
2255:Libya
2187:Italy
2161:Samoa
2145:Nauru
2129:Ghana
1894:Gorée
1681:China
1519:India
887:China
882:Chine
879:with
797:Lenin
668:power
576:, by
504:, by
63:power
49:Cairo
11280:Past
11061:Soft
10955:Soft
10795:and
10456:Bogd
10382:Zand
10360:Sikh
10267:Qing
10262:Ming
10194:Wari
10162:Tran
10147:Dinh
9917:Yuan
9907:Mali
9816:Pala
9806:Inca
9757:Yuan
9747:Song
9742:Liao
9737:Tang
9510:Kush
9392:Dʿmt
9155:Mono
9128:Anti
8832:Anti
8157:ISBN
8063:ISBN
7939:ISBN
7907:ISBN
7886:ISBN
7868:ISBN
7840:ISBN
7770:NYRB
7755:ISBN
7739:ISBN
7657:ISBN
7640:ISBN
7623:ISBN
7566:ISBN
7553:and
7535:ISBN
7509:OCLC
7501:LCCN
7491:ISBN
7387:ISBN
7363:ISBN
7348:ISBN
7315:ISBN
7270:ISBN
7235:2015
7139:ISBN
7118:2015
7092:2015
7079:ISBN
7017:2015
6991:2023
6809:Time
6635:ISBN
6557:ISBN
6494:2023
6367:ISBN
6346:2010
6223:ISBN
6175:ISBN
5827:PMID
5604:2022
5575:ISSN
5521:ISBN
5392:2017
5337:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5285:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5237:2013
5206:ISBN
5182:ISBN
5146:ISBN
5099:2015
5057:2023
5035:2023
4991:ISBN
4866:ISBN
4839:ISBN
4800:ISBN
4772:2022
4759:ISBN
4666:p. 2
4539:2020
4489:OCLC
4479:ISBN
4255:ISBN
4196:ISBN
4157:ISSN
4126:link
4106:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3945:ISBN
3895:OCLC
3885:ISBN
3866:help
3787:ISSN
3705:ISBN
3677:2016
3656:2023
3622:OCLC
3612:ISBN
3590:2019
3565:2023
3393:and
3352:and
3167:Tsar
3153:and
3103:and
3087:and
3079:and
3059:and
2937:Tuva
2866:Daur
2808:and
2633:and
2590:and
2375:and
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2319:and
2245:and
2205:The
2159:and
2133:Togo
2131:and
2064:ones
1948:and
1868:and
1814:and
1746:Qing
1742:Yuan
1738:Tang
1592:and
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1439:and
1331:Tipu
1320:and
1224:and
1139:Rome
714:and
670:and
140:core
123:and
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11541:War
11100:Neo
11083:Neo
11078:Eco
10534:Mac
9971:Oyo
9880:Edo
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9732:Sui
9385:Jin
9380:Han
9375:Qin
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