Neocolonialism - Knowledge

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claim that this was a neocolonialist attack on their culture. Kristen Cheney argued that this is a misrepresentation of neocolonialism at work and that this conception of gender and anti-homosexuality erased historically diverse gender identities in Africa. To Cheney, neocolonialism was found in accepting conservative gender identity politics, specifically those of U.S.-based Evangelical Christians. Before the introduction of this act, conservative Christian groups in the United States had put African religious leaders and politicians on their payroll, reflecting the talking points of U.S.-based Christian evangelism. Cheney argues that this adoption and bankrolling of U.S. conservative Christian evangelist thought in Uganda is the real neocolonialism and effectively erodes any historical gender diversity in Africa.

1778: 691: 718:, semi-colonial or dependent countries. We are countries whose economies have been distorted by imperialism, which has abnormally developed those branches of industry or agriculture needed to complement its complex economy. "Underdevelopment", or distorted development, brings a dangerous specialisation in raw materials, inherent in which is the threat of hunger for all our peoples. We, the "underdeveloped", are also those with the single crop, the single product, the single market. A single product whose uncertain sale depends on a single market imposing and fixing conditions. That is the great formula for imperialist economic domination. 54: 1438: 1807:", feelings of inferiority that lead post-colonial societies to latch onto physical and cultural differences between the foreigners and themselves. Foreign ways become held in higher esteem than indigenous ways. Given that colonists and colonisers were generally of different races, the colonised may over time hold that the colonisers' race was responsible for their superiority. Rejections of the colonisers culture, such as the 1023: 636:. In his book the President of Ghana exposes the workings of International monopoly capitalism in Africa. For him Neo-colonialism, insidious and complex, is even more dangerous than the old colonialism and shows how meaningless political freedom can be without economic independence. Nkrumah theoretically developed and extended to the post–World War II 20th century the socio-economic and political arguments presented by 1456:(PMC), has provided military support, security and protection for several autocratic regimes in Africa since 2017. In return, Russian and Wagner-linked companies have been given privileged access to those countries' natural resources, such as rights to gold and diamond mines, while the Russian military has been given access to strategic locations such as airbases and ports. This has been described as a neo-colonial and 605: 1637:, using South African workers instead of locals. Local residents were not consulted or informed, despite being dependent on the land for food and income. The controversial deal played a major part in prolonged anti-government protests that resulted in over a hundred deaths. This was a source of popular resentment that contributed to the fall of then-President 1464:, whereby Russia gains sway over countries by helping to keep the ruling regime in power and making them reliant on its protection, while generating economic and political benefits for Russia, without benefitting the local population. Russia has also gained geopolitical influence in Africa through election interference and spreading pro-Russian propaganda and 1275:

U.S.-friendly governments are placed in power. He believes that official accounts of U.S. operations abroad have consistently whitewashed U.S. actions in order to present them as having benevolent motives in spreading democracy. Examples he regularly cites are the actions of the U.S. in Vietnam, the Philippines, Latin America, and the Middle East.

1496:, among other countries. They have been accused of human rights abuses and killing civilians. In 2024, the Wagner Group in Africa was merged into a new 'Africa Corps' under the direct control of Russia's Ministry of Defense. Analysts for the Russian government have privately acknowledged the neo-colonial nature of Russia's policy towards Africa. 587:"Neo-colonialism is a policy that functions on one hand through granting political independence and, when necessary, creating artificial states that have no chance of sovereignty, and on the other hand, through providing 'assistance' accompanied by promises of achieving prosperity, though its bases are in fact outside the African continent." 746:. It contrasts the Marxist perspective of the theory of colonial dependency with capitalist economics. The latter proposes that poverty is a development stage in the poor country's progress towards full integration in the global economic system. Proponents of dependency theory, such as Venezuelan historian 1966:

halted aid to Uganda in opposition to the law; the Ugandan government defended the bill and rejected condemnation of it, with the country's authorities stating President Museveni wanted "to demonstrate Uganda's independence in the face of Western pressure and provocation". The Ugandan response was to

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argues that applying feminism or other theoretical frameworks around gender must look at the relationship between the individual subject, their home country or culture, and the country and culture that exerts neocolonial control over the country. In her piece "Gender Construction and Neocolonialism",

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and perpetual underdevelopment. These countries remain reservoirs of cheap labor and raw materials, while restricting access to advanced production techniques to develop their own economies. In some countries, monopolization of natural resources, while initially leading to an influx of investment, is

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as a means for colonised peoples of the Third World to achieve self-determination, a policy which angered the U.S. and France. Moreover, Chairman Barka headed the Commission on Neocolonialism, which dealt with the work to resolve the neocolonial involvement of colonial powers in decolonised counties;

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introduced in 2009 and passed in 2014. The act expanded upon previously existing laws against sodomy to make gay relationships punishable by life imprisonment. The call for this bill came from Ugandans who claimed traditional African values that did not include homosexuality. This act faced backlash

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province became the first provincial government to benefit from a new central government fund to develop farmland overseas, receiving a loan of $ 1.9 million. The project was expected to produce 10,000 tonnes of feed in the first year. South Korean multinationals and provincial governments purchased

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While the 'China Threat' discourse deployed by Western actors paints China as the 'other' in contrast to the apparently virtuous intervention of Europe and the USA, nevertheless, it would be misguided to maintain the opposite stance It is important, however, to avoid the 'othering' of China as per

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as an example of grappling with what it means to have your identity constructed by neocolonial powers. Her work explores how women in burgeoning nations rebuilt their identities in the postcolonial period. The task of creating new identities was met with challenges from not only an internal view of

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and film deal with the cultural legacy of colonial rule. Post-colonialism studies examine how once-colonised writers articulate their national identity; how knowledge about the colonised was generated and applied in service to the interests of the coloniser; and how colonialist literature justified

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In the West African nations of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and Mauritania, fishing was historically central to the economy. Beginning in 1979, the European Union began negotiating contracts with governments for fishing off the coast of West Africa. Unsustainable commercial over-fishing by foreign fleets

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world from operating in less developed countries. It is also dubious in consideration of the name given being strongly related to the concept of colonialism itself. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed.

5209:. El ocaso de un régimen neocolonial: Estados Unidos y la dictadura de Batista durante 1958,(The twilight of a neocolonial regime: The United States and Batista during 1958), in Temas: Cultura, Ideología y Sociedad, No.16-17, October 1998/March 1999, pp. 29–41 (La Habana: Ministry of Culture). 3328:

The Cairo meeting did leave an important intellectual legacy, however. It attempted the one serious, collectively agreed-upon definition of neo-colonialism, the key concept in the armory of the revolutionary core of the movement for African unity. Neo-colonialism is defined as 'the survival of the

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Belgium's approach to Belgian Congo has been characterized as a quintessential example of neocolonialism, as the Belgians embraced rapid decolonization of the Congo with the expectation that the newly independent state would become dependent on Belgium. This dependence would allow the Belgians to

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is the theoretical description of economic neocolonialism. It proposes that the global economic system comprises wealthy countries at the centre, and poor countries at the periphery. Economic neocolonialism extracts the human and natural resources of a poor country to flow to the economies of the

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Neo-colonialism means that European powers and the United States no longer rule dependent territories, directly through their occupying troops and imperial bureaucracy. Rather, they control the area's resources indirectly, through business corporations and the financial lending institutions they

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The Iranian government has been called an example of Neo-colonialism. The motivation for Iran is not economic, but religious. After its establishment in 1979, Iran sought to export Shia Islam globally and position itself as a force in world political structures. Africa's Muslims present a unique

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is the establishment of "open societies" that are economically and politically controlled by the United States and where U.S.-based businesses can prosper. He argues that the U.S. seeks to suppress any movements within these countries that are not compliant with U.S. interests and to ensure that

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rather than for the development of the less developed parts of the world. Investment, under neo-colonialism, increases, rather than decreases, the gap between the rich and the poor countries of the world. The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed

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has built increasingly strong ties with some African, Asian, European and Latin American nations which has led to accusations of colonialism, As of August 2007, an estimated 750,000 Chinese nationals were working or living for extended periods in Africa. In the 1980s and 90s, China continued to

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This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because international researchers may not ask the right questions or draw connections to local issues. The result of this approach is that local communities are unable to leverage the research to their own advantage. Ultimately,

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do it, yourselves. Africa should say: "Thank you very much, but we need this money to meet the needs of children who are dying, right now, so, we will put the debt-servicing payments into urgent social investment in health, education, drinking water, the control of AIDS, and other

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According to Mark Langan in 2017, China, Western actors, and other emerging powers pursue their own interests at the expense of African interests. Western actors depict China as a threat to Africa, while depicting European and American involvement in Africa as being virtuous.

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the 'China Threat' discourse. China is not alone in the perpetuation of conditions of mal-governance and ill-being. Western actors—as well as other emerging powers—facilitate their own economic and political interests via aid and trade to the detriment of African sovereignty.

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Concepts of neocolonialism can be found in theoretical works investigating gender outside the global north. Often these conceptions can be seen as erasing gender norms within communities in the global south to create conceptions of gender that align with the global north.

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was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to places where the power of developed countries was used to produce a colonial-like exploitation.

1528:), and in some cases eventually calling for their military protection. Grigas writes that the Kremlin uses the existence of these "compatriots" to "gain influence over and challenge the sovereignty of foreign states and at times even take over territories". 1761:" claims that knowledge production is strongly influenced by the context of the person producing the knowledge and that this has further disadvantaged developing countries with limited knowledge production infrastructure. It originated among critics of 680:

The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside.

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accused the U.S. of sponsoring anti-democratic governments whose regimes did not represent the interests of their people and of overthrowing elected governments (African, Asian, Latin American) that did not support U.S. geopolitical interests.

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In Africa, China has loaned $ 95.5 billion to various countries between 2000 and 2015, the majority being spent on power generation and infrastructure. Cases in which this has ended with China acquiring foreign land have led to accusations of

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highlights how ideas like the "Russian world" and "Russian compatriots" have become an "instrument of Russian neo-imperial aims". The Kremlin has sought influence over its "compatriots" by offering them Russian citizenship and passports

581:الاستعمار الجديد عبارة عن سياسة تعمل من جهة على منح الاستقلال السياسي، وعند الاقتضاء إنشاء دول مصطنعة لا حظ لها في وجود ذاتي، ومن جهة أخرى، تعمل على تقديم مساعدات مصحوبة بوعود تحقيق رفاهية تكون قواعدها في الحقيقة خارج القارة الإفريقية. 5157:

Peccia, T., 2014, "The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks: A New Sphere of Influence 2.0", Jura Gentium – Rivista di Filosofia del Diritto Internazionale e della Politica Globale, Sezione "L'Afghanistan Contemporaneo",

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and other key industrial minerals. To power economic growth and support people's livelihoods, we cannot emphasise too much that securing natural resources in foreign countries is a must for our future survival." The head of the

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Iran exerts its influence through humanitarian initiatives, such as those seen in Ghana. Through the building of hospitals, schools, and agricultural projects Iran uses "soft power" to assert its influence in Western Africa.

1138:, usually for the exploitation of mineral resources. It was argued that the African leaders with close ties to France—especially during the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–1992)—acted more as agents of French business and 545:

When first proposed, the neocolonialism was applied to European countries' continued economic and cultural relationships with their former colonies, those African countries that had been liberated in the aftermath of

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analysis of economic inequalities within the world's system of economies, thus, under-development of the periphery is a direct result of development in the centre. It includes the concept of the late 19th century

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are "perpetuating a colonial style 'extractivist' model" across the Global South as the economies of the latter "are locked into exporting primary commodities, from copper to coffee" to these multinationals.

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defined "postcolonialism" as a field of study. While the lasting effects of cultural colonialism are of central interest, the intellectual antecedents in cultural critiques of neocolonialism are economic.

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Minasny, Budiman; Fiantis, Dian; Mulyanto, Budi; Sulaeman, Yiyi; Widyatmanti, Wirastuti (2020-08-15). "Global soil science research collaboration in the 21st century: Time to end helicopter research".

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In place of colonialism, as the main instrument of imperialism, we have today neo-colonialism ... like colonialism, is an attempt to export the social conflicts of the capitalist countries. ...

1782: 975:) and the careers of local scientists. This form of "colonial" science has reverberations of 19th century scientific practices of treating non-Western participants as "others" in order to advance 3404: 5040: 4993:, NY, 2003). See: Ming-yan Lai's "Of Rural Mothers, Urban Whores and Working Daughters: Women and the Critique of Neocolonial Development in Taiwan's Nativist Literature", pp. 209–225. 1339:

and minerals—from Africa to fuel the Chinese economy and to finance international business enterprises. In 2006, trade had increased to $ 50 billion expanding to $ 500 billion by 2016.

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opportunity in Iran's dominance in the Muslim world. Iran is able to use these African communities to circumvent economic sanctions and move arms, man power, and nuclear technology.

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cancelled two China-funded projects. He also talked about fears of Malaysia becoming "indebted" and of a "new version of colonialism". He later clarified that he did not refer to the

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wealthy countries. It claims that the poverty of the peripheral countries is the result of how they are integrated in the global economic system. Dependency theory derives from the

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Whiteman, Kaye (Fall 1997). "The Man Who Ran Françafrique – French Politician Jacques Foccart's Role in France's Colonisation of Africa Under the Leadership of Charles de Gaulle".

1786: 1347:". Other analysts say that China's activities "are goodwill for later investment opportunities or an effort to stockpile international support for contentious political issues". 1811:

movement, have been employed to overcome these associations. Post-colonial importation or continuation of cultural mores or elements may be regarded as a form of neocolonialism.

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resulting from parachute science frequently only contribute to the career of the scientists from rich countries, thus limiting the development of local science capacity (such as

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colonialism by presenting the colonised people as inferior whose society, culture and economy must be managed for them. Post-colonial studies incorporate subaltern studies of "

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argued in 2004 that America's version of the colony is the military base. Johnson wrote numerous books, including three examinations of the consequences of what he called the "

6295: 1069:, denoted positive social, cultural and economic Franco–African relations. It was later applied by neocolonialism critics to describe an imbalanced international relation. 3446: 3341:

Graf, William D. (1981). "Reviewed work: Neocolonialism and African Politics: A Survey of the Impact of Neocolonialism on African Political Behaviour, Yolamu R. Barongo".

856:, which recognises the importance of fishing to local communities and insists that government fishing agreements with foreign companies should target only surplus stocks. 1562:. The country signed a deal with a Massachusetts-based non-profit in 1999 that gave away rights to the domain name. Management of the domain name has since shifted to a 940:, frequently described as helicopter research, parachute science or research, parasitic research, or safari study, is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a 3638: 1256:

as a form of "petroimperialism", believing that the U.S. was motivated to go to war to attain vital oil reserves, rather than to pursue the U.S. government's official

4089: 1610:, stated that the rise in land deals could create a form of "neocolonialism", with poor states producing food for the rich at the expense of their own hungry people. 6372: 5830: 1418:

as "a colonial war, in the sense that Russia meant to conquer, dominate, displace and exploit" the country and its people. Russia has been accused of colonialism in

1912: 5336: 2043: 1469: 1228:, controlled the mineral-resource-rich province. After a failed attempt to nationalise the mining industry in the 1960s, it was reopened to foreign investment. 6447: 5661: 445: 4647: 3497: 5368: 5146:. 'Colonialism and neo-colonialism. Translated by Steve Brewer, Azzedine Haddour, Terry McWilliams Republished in the 2001 edition by Routledge France. 4540: 6325: 6315: 5825: 3591: 4250: 4328: 340: 6502: 6472: 5126:(Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2003). See: Archana J. Bhatt's "Asian Indians and the Model Minority Narrative: A Neocolonial System", pp. 203–221. 4928:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilisations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 3022: 1925: 4270: 853: 1246:

There is an ongoing debate about whether certain actions by the United States should be considered neocolonialism. Nayna J. Jhaveri, writing in

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The term, itself, originated in Africa, probably with Nkrumah, and received collective recognition at the 1961 All-African People's Conference.

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and Beti reported a forty-year, post-independence relationship with France's former colonial peoples, which featured colonial garrisons

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and said that the U.S., as the leading capitalist country of the world, was, in practise, the principal neocolonialist political actor.

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During the mid-to-late 20th century, in the course of the ideological conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., each country and its

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in that it typically results in a relationship of dependence, subservience, or financial obligation towards the neocolonialist nation.

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recommended that the entire African debt (c. US$ 200 billion) be dismissed, and recommended that African nations not repay either the

808:(Organisation of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America) recognised and supported the validity of revolutionary 6497: 6412: 5970: 1241: 438: 3237:

Stefanoudis, Paris V.; Licuanan, Wilfredo Y.; Morrison, Tiffany H.; Talma, Sheena; Veitayaki, Joeli; Woodall, Lucy C. (2021-02-22).

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Bennett, Edward M. (2002). "Colonialism and Neo-colonialism". In DeConde, Alexander; Burns, Richard Dean; Logevall, Fredrik (eds.).

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later announced that South Korea was in talks to develop 100,000 hectares for food production and processing for 700 to 800 billion

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Provides the history of the word "neo-colonialism" as an anti-capitalist term (p. 339); also applicable to the U.S.S.R. (p. 322).

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South Korea's RG Energy Resources Asset Management CEO Park Yong-soo stressed that "the nation does not produce a single drop of

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The time has come to end this charade. The debts are unaffordable. If they won't cancel the debts, I would suggest obstruction;

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Clarifies that neo-colonialism is a practice of the colonial powers, that "the Soviets practiced imperialism, not colonialism".

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for territories and communities with a historical, cultural, or spiritual tie to Russia. The Kremlin meanwhile refers to the

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Ardant, Philippe (1965). "Le néo-colonialisme: thème, mythe et réalité" [Neo-colonialism: theme, myth and reality].

6320: 6218: 6128: 5880: 4916: 4770: 431: 5490: 5306: 4314: 3929: 3343: 1271: 3756: 3658: 6118: 4657: 1085: 695: 5333: 4194:"Russia's Wagner Group in Africa: Influence, commercial concessions, rights violations, and counterinsurgency failure" 2243: 5908: 5733: 5628: 5151: 4933: 4310: 3321: 2706: 1892: 1633:, producing food for export from a country where a third of the population and 50 percent of children under five are 1603: 1566:. The Niue government is currently fighting on two fronts to get back control on its domain name, including with the 1563: 401: 4110: 1304:(2015), said the US had bases in 45 "less-than-democratic" countries and territories. He quotes political scientist 6305: 6285: 5728: 3566: 2431: 1938: 1477: 852:

played a significant role in large-scale unemployment and migration of people across the region. This violates the

551: 312: 5345: 1217: 6602: 6123: 6018: 6008: 5261: 4356: 3738: 1399: 146: 2924:"Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing" 1799:, the desire of wealthy nations to control other nations' values and perceptions through cultural means such as 6507: 6300: 5933: 5530: 5443: 5094: 3803: 3487: 1867: 559: 518: 396: 4619: 3188: 6523: 5991: 5963: 5763: 5137: 4958:

Neo-colonialism and African politics: A survey of the impact of neo-colonialism on African political behavior

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An example of the construction of gender norms and conceptions by neocolonial interests is made clear in the

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Frequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as

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and samples, and publish the results with no or little involvement of local researchers. A 2003 study by the

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what the culture was in these places but also from the external expectations of ex-colonial powers.

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Traditional healing, new science or new colonialism": (essays in critique of medical anthropology)

4164:"How Russia's Wagner Group funds its role in Putin's Ukraine war by plundering Africa's resources" 2595:

Provides the standard definition of "Neo-colonialism" specific to the US and European colonialism.

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Neocolonialism was used to describe a type of foreign intervention in countries belonging to the

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from 1960 to 1966, is credited with coining the term, which appeared in the 1963 preamble of the

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colonial system in spite of formal recognition of political independence in emerging countries'.

1308:: "The United States tends to support dictators in nations where it enjoys basing facilities". 516:

in the 1960s. Neocolonialism is also discussed in the works of Western thinkers such as Sartre (

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Trojan horse of neo-colonialism: U.S. policy of training specialists for developing countries

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A responsible complicity: Neo/colonial power-knowledge and the work of Foucault, Said, Spivak

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of the findings in local communities in order to address issues being studied by scientists.

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Nations and States: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism

2462: 862:'s 2024 report "Inequality, Inc" concludes that multinational corporations located in the 8: 6275: 6188: 5923: 5666: 5648: 5372: 5062: 5048:

Thresholds of difference: feminist critique, native women's writings, postcolonial theory

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often followed by increases in unemployment, poverty and a decline in per-capita income.

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and conditional aid to influence or control a developing country instead of the previous

199: 98: 4771:"Locating Neocolonialism, 'Tradition', and Human Rights in Uganda's 'Gay Death Penalty'" 4090:"'Russia's war in Ukraine will be seen as colonial war' – interview with Timothy Snyder" 2889: 574:"the new colonialism") to describe the political trends in Africa in the early sixties. 6457: 6228: 6044: 6000: 5918: 5358: 5159: 5021: 4835: 4798: 4726: 4451: 4115: 3957: 3857: 3836: 3427: 3360: 3142: 3085: 2951: 2854: 2753: 2063: 1943: 1804: 1746: 1555: 1248: 1077: 972: 963:

but are not engaged for their expertise or given credit for their participation in the

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acquired a majority stake in a company cultivating 10,000 hectares of farmland in the

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which rely on local communities to implement solutions, neo-colonial science prevents

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is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally

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Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid; Ahimbisibwe, J.; Van Moll, Rita; Koedam, Nico (2003-03-01).

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Globalisation and the postcolonial world: The new political economy of development

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from western countries, citing human rights violations. The United States imposed

919:, inadvertently developed a neocolonial relationship with underdeveloped nations. 6432: 6355: 6172: 6034: 5870: 5852: 5786: 5676: 5643: 5638: 5340: 5243: 5116: 5026:

Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness: Essays on cultural decolonisation

4652: 4271:"Russia 'destabilising the West' with mercenaries in Africa, defence chiefs warn" 4227:"Proxy Neo-colonialism? The Case of Wagner Group in the Central African Republic" 3286: 2372: 2269: 2122: 2083: 2078: 2073: 1982: 1884: 1863: 1835: 1820: 1698: 1642: 1575: 1525: 1427: 1294: 1108: 809: 801: 769: 646:(1917). The pamphlet frames 19th-century imperialism as the logical extension of 592: 567: 555: 498: 366: 4913:

Nkrumah's Ghana and East Africa: Pan-Africanism and African interstate relations

4065: 3900: 3659:"Asia Times Online :: China News – Military backs China's Africa adventure" 2541:

Christianity and Social Systems: Historical Constructions and Ethical Challenges

2017: 1950:

indefinitely postponed a $ 90 million aid loan to Uganda and the governments of

1930: 1050: 702:

In 1961, regarding the economic mechanism of neocolonial control, in the speech

6103: 5983: 5811: 5796: 5720: 5710: 5690: 5413: 5226: 5129: 4475:

Iran Foreign Policy: Humanitarian Soft Power and the Search for Status in Ghana

4295: 3596: 2612: 2396: 1876: 1851: 1431: 1411: 1305: 1142:

interests than as the national leaders of sovereign states. Cited examples are

1073: 1054:, the "French Africa" constituted by the continued close relationships between 960: 637: 406: 259: 244: 229: 4722: 4329:"More control, less deniability: what next for Russia in Africa after Wagner?" 3760: 3255: 3238: 2939: 1167: 751: 6586: 6534: 6452: 6397: 6335: 6145: 5902: 4961: 4794: 4492:[The 20-year long battle for the .nu domain also affects the Dutch]. 4473: 4447: 4439: 3953:"Mahathir fears new colonialism, cancels 2 Chinese projects on Beijing visit" 3423: 3399: 3264: 3130: 3073: 2947: 2905: 2762: 2489: 2427: 2348: 2225: 2068: 1908: 1880: 1766: 1665: 1607: 1500: 1461: 1437: 1423: 1391: 1195: 882: 619: 608: 509: 478: 264: 254: 249: 209: 174: 6467: 6343: 6077: 6067: 5860: 5695: 5653: 5596: 5472: 5409: 5082:. Her Majesty's Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neocolonial Age ( 5079: 4624: 4333: 3779: 3492: 3272: 3138: 3081: 2299: 1900: 1843: 1839: 1681: 1634: 1520: 1485: 1449: 1379: 1325: 1263: 1175: 1139: 980: 863: 832: 547: 523: 462: 274: 224: 19:

This article is about the geopolitical concept. For the computer game, see

4786: 3230: 2923: 6422: 6407: 6402: 6091: 6072: 6062: 5623: 5608: 5568: 4684: 4596: 4576: 4350:"The Threat from Russia's Unconventional Warfare Beyond Ukraine, 2022–24" 3639:"How U.S. Military Bases Back Dictators, Autocrats, And Military Regimes" 2458: 2194:

Neocolonialism | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica

2048: 1987: 1955: 1741:

Although the concept of neocolonialism was originally developed within a

1673: 1630: 1571: 1407: 1066: 976: 785: 773: 743: 707: 647: 486: 391: 269: 219: 141: 4839: 3925:"Malaysia's Mahathir warns against 'new colonialism' during China visit" 3592:"Chalmers Johnson, 1931–2010, on the Last Days of the American Republic" 3400:"Walberg, Eric. Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games" 2492:. "Semicolonial Countries and Semi-Industrialised Dependent Countries". 1590:

and powerful Korean multinationals bought farming rights to millions of

1302:

Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Overseas Harm America and the World

6561: 6549: 6348: 6138: 5681: 5212:

Uzoigw, Godfrey N. "Neocolonialism Is Dead: Long Live Neocolonialism."

4968: 4746:"Exploring the Intellectual Foundations of Egyptian National Education" 4348:

Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (20 February 2024).

3742: 2921: 2507:

Kanet, Roger E.; Miner, Deborah N.; Resler, Tamara J. (April 2, 1992).

2362: 1947: 1896: 1800: 1618: 1493: 1286: 1143: 886: 840: 655: 164: 5334:

Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs video (ram) – hosted by Columbia Univ.

3832:"'We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision" 3721:"Chinese imperialism in Africa | International Communist Current" 3414: 3364: 2962: 1749:, the term "neocolonialism" is found in other theoretical frameworks. 1191:

exert control over Congo, even though Congo was formally independent.

672:

The result of neo-colonialism is that foreign capital is used for the

4990: 4980:

De Gaulle, Pompidou et l'Afrique (1958–1974): décoloniser et coopérer

4948: 4831: 1808: 1690: 1598: 1336: 1061:

In 1955, the initial usage of the term "French Africa", by President

1017: 781: 704:

Cuba: Historical Exception or Vanguard in the Anti-colonial Struggle?

5408: 5177:

Cities, capital and development: African cities in the world economy

4707:

Grosfoguel, Ramon (April 3, 2007). "The Epistemic Decolonial Turn".

2464:

Cuba: Historical exception or vanguard in the anticolonial struggle?

952:

found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about

6108: 3691: 3356: 3291: 2824: 2038: 1904: 1888: 1714: 1702: 1694: 1686: 1646: 1626: 1387: 1351: 964: 777: 763: 494: 239: 5301: 5194:

Essays on African history: From the slave trade to neo-colonialism

5113:

Legal pluralism; an introduction to colonial and neo-colonial laws

4816:

Herndon, Gerise (1993). "Gender Construction and Neocolonialism".

4490:"De 20 jaar lange strijd om het domein .nu raakt ook Nederlanders" 1441:

Russian mercenaries standing guard near an armored vehicle in the

784:, fought by client states in the decolonised countries. Cuba, the 5913: 1951: 1745:

theoretical framework and is generally employed by the political

1742: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1622: 1591: 1403: 1383: 1199: 1111:, the principal adviser for African matters to French presidents 944:, collect information, travel back to their country, analyze the 738: 4620:"Rich countries launch great land grab to safeguard food supply" 3236: 1022: 604: 5201:

Barrel of a pen: Resistance to repression in neo-colonial Kenya

5124:

The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the "model minority"

2871: 2869: 2867: 1963: 1959: 1614: 1419: 1055: 26:"Neocolonial" redirects here. For the architectural style, see 5978: 4592:"Coherent State Support Key to Overseas Resources Development" 3757:"Green Left – CHINA: Is China Africa's new imperialist power?" 2875: 2749:"Europe Takes Africa's Fish, and Boatloads of Migrants Follow" 6462: 6168: 6160: 4987:

Feminist futures: Re-imagining women, culture and development

4311:"Tracking Russian Interference to Derail Democracy in Africa" 1677: 1668:

provincial government secured 95,000 hectares of farmland in

1567: 1489: 1473: 1179: 1147: 1097: 1093: 859: 843:

damage to their populations. They argue that this results in

623: 612: 4424:"Neo-colonialism in Africa and the Cases of Turkey and Iran" 3981:"Is China's belt and road colonialism? Mahathir: not at all" 2864: 1875:

references neocolonialism from Marxist positions as well as

1825:

Post-colonialism theories in philosophy, political science,

1104:

of independent states, organised by France, as neocolonial.

714:

We, politely referred to as "underdeveloped", in truth, are

465:(usually, a former colony) through indirect means. The term 6180: 5070:

Slaves of the white myth: The psychology of neo-colonialism

1862:

Critiques of postcolonialism/neocolonialism are evident in

1722: 1481: 1290: 1171: 1155: 945: 5134:

The fall of great powers: Peace, stability, and legitimacy

4033:

Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of 'Development' in Africa

3874:"Why China remains greatest threat to Kenya's sovereignty" 3804:"Opinion | U.S. politicians get China in Africa all wrong" 3548: 3546: 3182: 3180: 3153: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2917: 2915: 1911:

approach tends to depict modern forms of colonialism as a

915:, as practiced by international organisations such as the 558:, the Moroccan political organizer and later chair of the 497:). Neocolonialism differs from standard globalisation and 6437: 4973:

Main basse sur le Cameroun. Autopsie d'une décolonisation

4131:"Wagner mutiny: Group fully funded by Russia, says Putin" 1918: 1559: 1048:

The representative example of European neocolonialism is

911:

Wallerstein, and separately Frank, claim that the modern

772:

accused each other of practising neocolonialism in their

3531: 3447:"Petroimperialism: US Oil Interests and the War in Iraq" 2701:(2nd ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 285–291. 1946:

against Uganda in June 2014 in response to the law, the

827:

Critics of neocolonialism also argue that investment by

5359:

Sovereignty in the Postcolonial African State, Syllabus

4347: 4059: 4057: 3543: 3177: 3039: 2986: 2912: 2044:

Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation

1558:

has been trying to get back access to its domain name,

4066:"The War in Ukraine and Eurasia's New Imperial Moment" 3512: 3023:"Scientists Say It's Time To End 'Parachute Research'" 2368:

The A to Z of the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World

2124:

European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History

1617:

Logistics secured 1.3 million hectares of farmland in

1578:

who died in 2020, called it a form of neocolonialism.

2627:

Defines "neo-colonialism" as a capitalist phenomenon.

1289:

argued similarly in 2006 that enduring U.S. bases in

1100:

conference (1961), AAPC described the actions of the

650:

power, to meet the financial investment needs of the

5160:

The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks

4054: 1586:

To ensure a reliable, long-term supply of food, the

1006: 831:

enriches few in underdeveloped countries and causes

5203:(Africa Research & Publications Project, 1983). 4926:

Global communication without universal civilisation

3287:"African protests over the CFA 'colonial currency'" 3105:"Parasitic and parachute research in global health" 2970:"Q&A: Parachute Science in Coral Reef Research" 1842:); and the cinema of film makers such as the Cuban 1769:, are less concerned with the source of knowledge. 1594:of agricultural land in under-developed countries. 1084:(1961). Neocolonialism was formally defined by the 611:(pictured on a Soviet postage stamp), president of 6326:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 6316:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 5369:Studying African development history: Study guides 4680:"S. Korea Leases Philippine Farmland to Grow Corn" 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 3488:"'US foreign policy is straight out of the mafia'" 906: 4854:"US imposes sanctions on Uganda for anti-gay law" 2794:Riddell, Rebecca; et al. (15 January 2024). 2305:The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism 2191:Halperin, Sandra (2023-12-02). "Neocolonialism". 1581: 685: 529:The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism 6584: 6503:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 6473:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 5346:"IMF: Market Reform and Corporate Globalization" 4251:"How Russia is pursuing state capture in Africa" 2662: 2506: 2292: 6189:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) 5371:, Lauri Siitonen, Päivi Hasu, Wolfgang Zeller. 4557: 2608:An Introduction to the World-system Perspective 2576:Anxieties of Empire and the Fiction of Intrigue 1793:One variant of neocolonialism theory critiques 1531: 1503:" is a term used by the Russian government and 1270:"; he believes that the basic principle of the 854:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 800:In the 1960s, under the leadership of Chairman 6169:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) 5316:Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism 4975:(1972), new edition La Découverte, Paris 2003 3661:. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. 3309:Africa: The Politics of Independence and Unity 3048:"Closing the door on parachutes and parasites" 2724:"World Bank, IMF Threw Colombia Into Tailspin" 2500: 2433:Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism 2246:[The Neo-colonialist mystification)]. 663:Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism 633:Neo-Colonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism 615:(1960–1966), coined the term "neocolonialism". 6311:New World Information and Communication Order 5964: 5394: 5318:, by Kwame Nkrumah, originally published 1965 4158: 4156: 2630: 2298: 2151: 1781:Map of the European Union in the world, with 1709:announced its intention to invest 30 billion 816: 630:Charter, and was the title of his 1965 book, 439: 5352: 5296:"neocolonialism" in Encyclopedia of Marxism. 3853:"How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port" 3775:"Is China the new colonial power in Africa?" 3707:"Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" 2668: 2402:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 1223: 1215: 1203: 1119:(1969–1974), was the principal proponent of 956:did not include a local research co-author. 877:Criticism of the International Monetary Fund 643:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 579: 327:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 5102:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation 4224: 4111:"The silent Russian colonisation of Crimea" 3523:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSperlich2006 ( 3305: 2598: 2566: 2531: 1536: 514:African countries undergoing decolonisation 5971: 5957: 5401: 5387: 4706: 4291:"Fact check: Russia's influence on Africa" 4225:Doboš, Bohumil; Purton, Alexander (2024). 4153: 4023: 3398:Gratale, Joseph Michael (March 26, 2012). 2746: 2028:Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present 870: 446: 432: 16:Dominance of states through indirect means 6498:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 4882: 4392:"How the Islamic Republic colonised Iran" 4379:. Yale University Press. pp. 2–3, 9. 4370: 4368: 4366: 4108: 3978: 3850: 3801: 3552: 3537: 3413: 3254: 3120: 3063: 2636: 2355: 2258: 1834:"; post-colonial cultural evolution; the 1242:Criticism of United States foreign policy 1150:), Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Ivory Coast), 5223:Reports of International Arbitral Awards 4942: 4572:"Korea's Overseas Development Backfires" 4471: 4095:Lithuanian National Radio and Television 3844: 3518: 3380: 3046:Health, The Lancet Global (2018-06-01). 2640:Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000 2190: 1776: 1436: 1422:, which it annexed in 2014, by enforced 1021: 689: 603: 6254:OPEC Fund for International Development 5018:(English Association, Cambridge, 2000). 4955: 4910: 4815: 4063: 3564: 3444: 3397: 3239:"Turning the tide of parachute science" 2793: 2747:LaFraniere, Sharon (January 14, 2008). 2699:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 2696: 2604: 2572: 2537: 2457: 2120: 1873:Critical international relations theory 979:—and critics call for the end of these 6585: 6463:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 5014:Laura Chrisman and Benita Parry (ed.) 4923: 4887:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Polity. 4768: 4764: 4762: 4743: 4421: 4389: 4374: 4363: 4029: 3565:Johnson, Chalmers (January 15, 2004). 3500:from the original on December 16, 2021 3306:Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (2005). 3213:"The Traces of Colonialism in Science" 3045: 2999:"The Problem With 'Parachute Science'" 2361: 2264: 2238: 2211: 2152:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009), 2054:List of coups d'état and coup attempts 1919:Neocolonialism and gender construction 1736: 1515:as "Russian compatriots". In her book 696:Australia's claim on East Timorese oil 5952: 5382: 4467: 4465: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4377:Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire 4141:from the original on 4 September 2023 3979:Jaipragas, Bhavan (October 2, 2018). 3829: 3802:Bräutigam, Deborah (April 12, 2018). 3614: 3485: 3217:Observatory of Educational Innovation 3102: 2395: 1517:Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire 6448:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group 6321:United Nations Development Programme 6219:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 5881:Postcolonial international relations 4917:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 4648:"Madagascar scraps Daewoo farm deal" 3558: 3405:European Journal of American Studies 3340: 2659:Defines "neo-colonialism" on page 7. 2214:Revue française de science politique 2186: 2184: 2166:10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001 2116: 2114: 1613:In 2008, South Korean multinational 1376:occupies parts of neighboring states 722: 5822:— Predecessors of sovereign states 5307:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5041:University of Western Ontario Press 4759: 4656:. December 17, 2015. Archived from 4549:. December 16, 2020. Archived from 4315:Africa Center for Strategic Studies 4206:from the original on 26 August 2024 4001:"Dr M: I didn't accuse the Chinese" 3731: 3600:. November 22, 2010. Archived from 3344:Canadian Journal of African Studies 3189:"The Problem of 'Colonial Science'" 2821:"Africa 'should not pay its debts'" 2510:Soviet Foreign Policy in Transition 2426: 2341:The revolutionary choice in Morocco 2244:"La Mystification néo-colonialiste" 1891:approaches. These differ from both 1513:Russian-speakers in other countries 1468:. Russian PMCs have been active in 1272:foreign policy of the United States 1078:Asian–African Conference of Bandung 990:especially for fields dealing with 597:The Revolutionary Option in Morocco 580: 571: 13: 6296:Global System of Trade Preferences 4982:(Les Indes savantes, Paris, 2010. 4903: 4769:Cheney, Kristen (September 2012). 4508: 4462: 4408: 3917: 3851:Abi-Habib, Maria (June 25, 2018). 3687:"Mbeki warns on China-Africa ties" 3486:Milne, Seumas (November 7, 2009). 3445:Jhaveri, Nayna J. (January 2004). 2538:Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2008). 2488: 1857: 1814: 1783:Overseas Countries and Territories 1772: 1202:continued to control, through the 14: 6619: 5324:"Africa 'should not pay its debts 5255: 5248:Postcolonial identities in Africa 5016:Postcolonial theory and criticism 4885:Chomsky: Language, Mind, Politics 4472:Mohammed, Salisu (January 2023). 4174:from the original on 22 June 2023 4030:Langan, Mark (October 11, 2017). 4007:. October 3, 2018. Archived from 3871: 3830:Beech, Hannah (August 20, 2018). 2343:] (in Arabic). دار الطليعة،. 2334:alaikhtiar althawriu fi almaghrib 2181: 2111: 1929:Herndon presents the writings of 1604:Food and Agriculture Organization 1378:. These occupied territories are 1058:and its former African colonies. 1007:Former colonial powers and Africa 504:Coined by the French philosopher 473:Neocolonialism takes the form of 402:Primitive accumulation of capital 6306:New International Economic Order 6286:Infrastructure-based development 5843:Sovereign states formation dates 5291:Mbeki warns on China-Africa ties 5229:Publication. 2007. p. 188. 5076:, Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1980). 5057:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Ermolov. 4985:Kum-Kum Bhavnani. (ed., et al.) 4945:The post-colonial studies reader 4109:Yermakova, Olena (August 2021). 3759:. March 12, 2007. Archived from 3615:Pitts, Chip (November 8, 2006). 3466:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2004.00378.x 1266:has been a prominent critic of " 1231: 1185: 928:This section is an excerpt from 780:pursuits. The struggle included 552:National Union of Popular Forces 313:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 52: 6598:European colonisation of Africa 6428:G33 developing countries (G-33) 6124:World Conference against Racism 6019:Heavily indebted poor countries 6009:Landlocked developing countries 5320:, at Marxists Internet Archive. 5215:Journal of Global South Studies 5186:(Conch Magazine, Owerri, 1977). 4875: 4846: 4809: 4737: 4700: 4672: 4640: 4612: 4584: 4533: 4482: 4478:(PhD thesis). Qatar University. 4383: 4357:Royal United Services Institute 4341: 4321: 4303: 4283: 4263: 4243: 4218: 4186: 4123: 4102: 4082: 3993: 3972: 3945: 3893: 3865: 3823: 3795: 3767: 3749: 3713: 3699: 3679: 3651: 3631: 3608: 3584: 3479: 3438: 3391: 3374: 3334: 3299: 3279: 3205: 3186: 3096: 3015: 2839: 2813: 2787: 2776: 2740: 2732:. April 4, 2002. Archived from 2716: 2690: 2482: 2451: 2420: 2389: 1086:All-African Peoples' Conference 1011: 907:Conservation and neocolonialism 493:or indirect political control ( 147:Uneven and combined development 6508:Small Island Developing States 6301:Protocol on Trade Negotiations 5934:Decolonization of public space 5166:U.S. neo-colonialism in Africa 5095:Johns Hopkins University Press 5009:The world of Ngugi wa Thiong'o 2898:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114299 2637:Blanchard, William H. (1996). 2326: 2271:Colonialism and Neocolonialism 2232: 2205: 2145: 1939:Ugandan Anti-Homosexuality Act 1868:International relations theory 1752: 1721:. As of 2009 discussions with 1582:South Korean land acquisitions 694:People in Brisbane protesting 686:Neocolonial economic dominance 560:Tricontinental Conference 1966 519:Colonialism and Neocolonialism 508:in 1956, it was first used by 1: 6418:G20 developing nations (G-20) 5749:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 5138:Scandinavian University Press 4390:Aslany, Maryam (2023-09-25). 4036:. Springer. pp. 94–101. 3122:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30315-2 3065:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30239-0 2105: 1218:Union Minière du Haut Katanga 1090:Resolution on Neo-colonialism 950:Hungarian Academy of Sciences 628:Organisation of African Unity 382:Global North and Global South 127:Ecologically unequal exchange 28:Colonial Revival architecture 6478:International Solar Alliance 6040:Newly industrialized country 5929:Christianity and colonialism 5281:Resources in other libraries 4998:The decolonisation of Africa 4943:Ashcroft, Bill, ed. (1995). 3905:Council on Foreign Relations 3314:University of Nebraska Press 2845:In a manner consistent with 2302:; Herman, Edward S. (1979). 2121:Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). 1621:to grow maize and crops for 1532:Other countries and entities 1470:the Central African Republic 1416:Russia's war against Ukraine 1206:Société Générale de Belgique 1194:After the decolonisation of 1088:(AAPC) and published in the 7: 6545:International Monetary Fund 6244:Common Fund for Commodities 5897:Decolonization of knowledge 5820:Wars of national liberation 5221: 5052:University of Toronto Press 5011:(Africa World Press, 1995). 4956:Barongo, Yolamu R. (1980). 3567:"America's Empire of Bases" 3103:Smith, James (2018-08-01). 2782: 2669:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1977). 2605:Shannon, Thomas R. (1996). 2160:, Oxford University Press, 1970: 1765:, which, although strongly 1466:anti-Western disinformation 1335:purchase natural resources— 891:International Monetary Fund 757: 299:The Accumulation of Capital 21:Neocolonialism (video game) 10: 6624: 6483:Melanesian Spearhead Group 6239:Caribbean Development Bank 6183:(BRICS minus South Africa) 5106:Cambridge University Press 4256:London School of Economics 2645:Greenwood Publishing Group 2515:Cambridge University Press 1818: 1332:People's Republic of China 1315: 1258:rationale for the Iraq War 1235: 1136:multinational corporations 1096:conference (1960) and the 1015: 927: 922: 917:World Wide Fund for Nature 874: 829:multinational corporations 820: 817:Multinational corporations 761: 726: 706:, Argentine revolutionary 540: 397:Prebisch–Singer hypothesis 25: 18: 6521: 6386: 6378:World Health Organization 6334: 6262: 6201: 6159: 6099: 6090: 6053: 6027: 6014:Least developed countries 5999: 5990: 5889: 5851: 5810: 5675: 5595: 5567: 5558: 5523: 5471: 5431: 5424: 5353:Academic course materials 5276:Resources in your library 4883:McGilvray, James (2014). 4744:Sabrin, Mohammed (2013). 4723:10.1080/09502380601162514 4064:Mankoff, Jeffrey (2022). 3671:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3256:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.029 2581:Columbia University Press 2476:Marxists Internet Archive 2445:Marxists Internet Archive 2414:Marxists Internet Archive 2337:الاختيار الثوري في المغرب 2158:A Dictionary of Sociology 2094:Trans-Pacific Partnership 2013:François-Xavier Verschave 1452:, a Russian state-funded 1400:five provinces of Ukraine 1369: 1224: 1216: 1204: 1134:and monopolies by French 1080:(1955), which led to the 1076:movement, as well as the 1042:Central African CFA franc 954:least-developed countries 936:Neo-colonial research or 845:unsustainable development 823:Multinational corporation 806:Tricontinental Conference 6555:World Trade Organization 6493:Polynesian Leaders Group 5170:International Publishers 5084:Rowman & Littlefield 5007:Charles Cantalupo(ed.). 4440:10.1177/0975087819845197 4071:The Washington Quarterly 3986:South China Morning Post 3617:"The Election on Empire" 3109:The Lancet Global Health 3052:The Lancet Global Health 2853:(Wallerstein, 1974) and 2675:. Methuen. p. 339. 2546:Rowman & Littlefield 2336: 2226:10.3406/rfsp.1965.392883 1658:Hyundai Heavy Industries 1537:Islamic Republic of Iran 1454:private military company 1443:Central African Republic 1360:Belt and Road Initiative 1322:Belt and Road Initiative 1311: 6540:Global financial system 6291:Sustainable development 5980:South–South cooperation 5838:Independence referendum 5363:University of Rochester 4911:Agyeman, Opoku (1992). 3725:en.internationalism.org 3619:. The National Interest 2974:The Scientist Magazine® 2940:10.1023/A:1022374703178 2573:Siddiqi, Yumna (2008). 2496:(5). New York: 149–175. 1707:South Korean government 1588:South Korean government 1549: 1293:suggested a vision of " 973:funded research centers 969:Scientific publications 871:International borrowing 748:Federico Brito Figueroa 665:, Kwame Nkrumah wrote: 535: 491:direct military control 377:Illicit financial flows 6603:History of colonialism 6356:Pharmaceutical patents 6224:Asian Development Bank 5348:, by Gloria Emeagwali. 5250:(Zed Books, NJ, 1996). 5207:Carlos Alzugaray Treto 5089:Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt. 4819:World Literature Today 4775:African Studies Review 4753:www.getd.libs.uga.edu/ 4375:Grigas, Agnia (2016). 2736:on September 29, 2012. 2089:Sino-African relations 2008:Ecological imperialism 1913:benevolent imperialism 1790: 1645:, cancelled the deal. 1445: 1318:Sino-African relations 1300:David Vine, author of 1063:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 1045: 1033:West African CFA franc 981:extractivist practices 904: 720: 699: 683: 616: 589: 6572:Global digital divide 6458:Afro–Asian Conference 6368:Test data exclusivity 6281:Flying geese paradigm 5361: : Joseph Hill, 5196:(Hurst, London 1988). 5179:(Halstead, NY, 1992). 5035:George A. W. Conway. 5002:Ohio University Press 4787:10.1353/arw.2012.0031 4553:on December 16, 2020. 4422:Segell, Glen (2019). 4199:Brookings Institution 3384:The National Interest 3165:TheFreeDictionary.com 3161:"Helicopter Research" 2129:John Wiley & Sons 1879:positions, including 1780: 1641:. The new president, 1440: 1254:2003 invasion of Iraq 1164:Republic of the Congo 1025: 913:conservation movement 895: 712: 693: 667: 607: 577: 235:Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev 6567:Financial regulation 6443:Non-Aligned Movement 6249:New Development Bank 6214:Asian Clearing Union 6175:(BRICS minus Russia) 5866:Internal colonialism 5182:Phillip Singer(ed.) 4924:Ankerl, Guy (2000). 4660:on December 17, 2015 4011:on November 24, 2018 3745:on February 8, 2009. 3695:. 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Vol. XXVII. 5218:36.1 (2019): 59–87. 5199:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. 5164:Stuart J. Seborer. 5063:Progress Publishers 5046:Julia V. Emberley. 4628:. November 22, 2008 4580:. December 4, 2009. 4276:The Daily Telegraph 4202:. 8 February 2022. 4098:. 21 November 2023. 3809:The Washington Post 3644:The Huffington Post 3193:Scientific American 2890:2020Geode.373k4299M 2800:Oxfam International 2783:United Nations 2007 1785:(OCT) in green and 1737:Cultural approaches 1574:, the long-serving 1345:debt-trap diplomacy 881:American economist 200:John Bellamy Foster 99:Three Worlds Theory 46:Imperialism studies 6488:North–South Summit 6229:Arab Monetary Fund 6045:Transition economy 5919:Indigenous peoples 5662:Non-self-governing 5339:2010-06-23 at the 5122:E.M. Kramer (ed.) 5022:Renato Constantino 4996:David Birmingham. 4116:New Eastern Europe 3958:The Times of India 3858:The New York Times 3837:The New York Times 3783:. November 1, 2006 3763:on March 12, 2007. 3295:. August 30, 2017. 2855:Andre Gunder Frank 2754:The New York Times 2615:. pp. 94–95. 2248:Les Temps Modernes 2064:Neocolonial racism 1944:economic sanctions 1832:history from below 1805:colonial mentality 1791: 1763:subaltern theories 1556:government of Niue 1446: 1152:Gnassingbé Eyadéma 1046: 942:developing country 790:Gamal Abdel Nasser 700: 617: 512:in the context of 205:Andre Gunder Frank 180:Charles Bettelheim 89:Social imperialism 6580: 6579: 6197: 6196: 6086: 6085: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5727:Overseas, minor: 5689:Overseas, major: 5554: 5553: 5491:European colonies 5262:Library resources 5236:978-92-1-033098-5 5190:Jean Suret-Canale 4978:Frédéric Turpin. 4947:. et al. London: 4894:978-0-7456-4989-4 4428:Insight on Africa 4359:. pp. 14–23. 4232:Insight on Africa 4043:978-3-319-58571-0 3933:. August 21, 2018 3901:"China in Africa" 3739:"China in Africa" 3415:10.4000/ejas.9709 2859:dependency theory 2729:The Baltimore Sun 2682:978-0-416-76810-7 2654:978-0-313-30013-4 2647:. pp. 3–12. 2622:978-0-8133-2452-4 2590:978-0-231-13808-6 2561:dominate ... 2555:978-0-7425-4643-1 2524:978-0-521-41365-7 2494:New International 2461:(April 9, 1961). 2382:978-1-4616-7231-9 2365:(April 6, 2010). 2319:978-0-919618-88-6 2285:978-0-415-19146-3 2266:Sartre, Jean-Paul 2240:Sartre, Jean-Paul 2175:978-0-19-953300-8 2154:"neo-colonialism" 2138:978-1-119-13013-0 2003:Dependency theory 1993:Cultural hegemony 1787:Outermost Regions 1639:Marc Ravalomanana 1374:Russia currently 1113:Charles de Gaulle 734:Dependency theory 729:Dependency theory 723:Dependency theory 652:political economy 463:independent state 456: 455: 387:Lumpenbourgeoisie 348:Naked Imperialism 215:Rudolf Hilferding 132:North–South model 104:Ultra-imperialism 94:Super-imperialism 69:Dependency theory 6615: 6373:Doha Declaration 6184: 6176: 6151:Post-Western era 6097: 6096: 6035:Emerging markets 5997: 5996: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5890:Related concepts 5831:in South America 5739:Austro-Hungarian 5677:Colonial empires 5587:Age of Discovery 5577:Maritime history 5565: 5564: 5429: 5428: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5327: 5311: 5302:"Neocolonialism" 5240: 5144:Jean-Paul Sartre 5119:, Oxford, 1975). 5074:Humanities Press 5068:Thomas Gladwin. 5065:, Moscow, 1966). 5032:, London, 1978). 4965: 4952: 4939: 4920: 4898: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4832:10.2307/40149571 4813: 4807: 4806: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4717:(2–3): 211–223. 4710:Cultural Studies 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4546:Business Insider 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4419: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4279:. 10 March 2022. 4267: 4261: 4260: 4259:. 21 March 2022. 4247: 4241: 4240: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4137:. 27 June 2023. 4127: 4121: 4120: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4005:The Edge Markets 3997: 3991: 3990: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3741:. 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At both the 1074:Pan-Africanist 1036: 1027: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 934: 926: 924: 921: 908: 905: 872: 869: 821:Main article: 818: 815: 788:, Egypt under 762:Main article: 759: 756: 727:Main article: 724: 721: 687: 684: 576: 550:. At the 1962 542: 539: 537: 534: 467:neocolonialism 459:Neocolonialism 454: 453: 451: 450: 443: 436: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 414: 413: 410: 409: 407:Third worldism 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260:Huey P. Newton 257: 252: 247: 245:Rosa Luxemburg 242: 237: 232: 230:Vladimir Lenin 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 123: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 84:Neocolonialism 81: 76: 71: 65: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6620: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535:Brandt Report 6533: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453:African Union 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6388:Organizations 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344:Generic drugs 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6336:Public health 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146:Globalization 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:Multipolarity 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6055:Worlds theory 6052: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5903:Terra nullius 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5802:South African 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5557: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5152:0-415-19145-9 5149: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4962:Vantage Press 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4935:2-88155-004-5 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4397: 4396:New Statesman 4393: 4386: 4378: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4078:(2): 127–128. 4077: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3555:, p. 13. 3554: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3534: 3526: 3521:, p. 92. 3520: 3519:Sperlich 2006 3515: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3323:0-8032-9856-0 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2708:0-684-80657-6 2704: 2700: 2693: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2415: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300:Chomsky, Noam 2295: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2253: 2250:(in French). 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216:(in French). 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2185: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2134: 2131:. p. 5. 2130: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2069:Neoliberalism 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1909:neoliberalist 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881:postmodernist 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1789:(OMR) in blue 1788: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1608:Jacques Diouf 1605: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1543: 1529: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:Russian world 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:state capture 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Russification 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:South Ossetia 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1239: 1232:United States 1229: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1196:Belgian Congo 1192: 1186:Belgian Congo 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1126:The works of 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1043: 1034: 1024: 1019: 1001: 997: 993: 992:global issues 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 920: 918: 914: 903: 900: 894: 892: 888: 884: 883:Jeffrey Sachs 878: 868: 865: 861: 857: 855: 849: 846: 842: 838: 837:environmental 834: 830: 824: 814: 811: 807: 803: 798: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 755: 753: 749: 745: 740: 735: 730: 719: 717: 711: 709: 705: 698:, in May 2017 697: 692: 682: 678: 675: 670: 666: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644: 639: 635: 634: 629: 625: 621: 620:Kwame Nkrumah 614: 610: 609:Kwame Nkrumah 606: 601: 598: 594: 588: 585: 575: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 533: 531: 530: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510:Kwame Nkrumah 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:globalization 476: 471: 468: 464: 460: 449: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 429: 427: 426: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 358: 357: 350: 349: 345: 343: 342: 338: 336: 335: 331: 329: 328: 324: 322: 321: 317: 315: 314: 310: 308: 307: 303: 301: 300: 296: 295: 289: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 265:Walter Rodney 263: 261: 258: 256: 255:Kwame Nkrumah 253: 251: 250:Antonio Negri 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 210:Michael Hardt 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 175:Paul A. Baran 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 118: 117: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 29: 22: 6513:South Centre 6468:Colombo Plan 6113: 6078:Fourth World 6068:Second World 5992:Global South 5901: 5875: 5861:Independence 5597:Colonization 5473:Colonization 5463:World oceans 5417: 5410:Colonization 5315: 5305: 5266: 5247: 5222: 5213: 5200: 5193: 5183: 5176: 5172:, NY, 1974). 5165: 5133: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5080:Lewis Gordon 5069: 5058: 5047: 5036: 5030:Merlin Press 5025: 5015: 5008: 4997: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4960:. New York: 4957: 4944: 4925: 4912: 4884: 4876:Bibliography 4862:. Retrieved 4857: 4848: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4781:(2): 77–95. 4778: 4774: 4752: 4739: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4683: 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4658:the original 4651: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4625:The Guardian 4623: 4614: 4602:. 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Retrieved 3493:The Guardian 3491: 3481: 3471:November 25, 3469:. Retrieved 3457: 3453: 3440: 3403: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3308: 3301: 3290: 3281: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3221:. Retrieved 3216: 3207: 3196:. Retrieved 3192: 3168:. Retrieved 3164: 3155: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3030:. Retrieved 3026: 3017: 3006:. Retrieved 3002: 2977:. Retrieved 2973: 2964: 2931: 2927: 2881: 2877: 2841: 2831:November 23, 2829:. Retrieved 2815: 2803:. Retrieved 2799: 2789: 2778: 2766:. Retrieved 2752: 2742: 2734:the original 2727: 2718: 2698: 2692: 2671: 2664: 2639: 2632: 2607: 2600: 2575: 2568: 2559: 2540: 2533: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2474:– via 2468:. Retrieved 2463: 2459:Guevara, Che 2453: 2443:– via 2437:. Retrieved 2432: 2422: 2412:– via 2406:. Retrieved 2401: 2391: 2367: 2357: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2304: 2294: 2270: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2234: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2157: 2147: 2123: 2027: 2018:Françafrique 2016: 1936: 1931:Maryse Condé 1922: 1885:postcolonial 1861: 1844:Third Cinema 1840:Frantz Fanon 1824: 1794: 1792: 1756: 1740: 1682:South Jeolla 1666:South Korean 1655: 1635:malnourished 1631:monocultures 1612: 1596: 1585: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1521:Agnia Grigas 1516: 1498: 1486:Burkina Faso 1450:Wagner Group 1447: 1410:. Historian 1380:Transnistria 1373: 1364: 1349: 1341: 1329: 1326:Sinicization 1301: 1299: 1277: 1264:Noam Chomsky 1262: 1252:, views the 1247: 1245: 1193: 1189: 1176:Hamani Diori 1140:geopolitical 1131: 1125: 1121:Françafrique 1120: 1106: 1089: 1071: 1060: 1051:Françafrique 1049: 1047: 1012:Françafrique 983:in order to 958: 935: 910: 898: 896: 880: 864:Global North 858: 850: 833:humanitarian 826: 804:, the Cuban 799: 793: 792:(1956–1970) 767: 732: 713: 703: 701: 679: 674:exploitation 671: 668: 662: 660: 648:geopolitical 641: 631: 618: 596: 590: 586: 578: 563: 554:conference, 544: 527: 524:Noam Chomsky 522:, 1964) and 517: 503: 472: 466: 458: 457: 346: 339: 332: 325: 319: 311: 305: 297: 275:Leon Trotsky 225:J. A. Hobson 83: 6524:North–South 6267:development 6092:Geopolitics 6073:Third World 6063:First World 6001:Development 5759:New Zealand 5624:Colonialism 5609:Imperialism 5569:Exploration 5432:Exploration 4864:30 November 4685:Korea Times 4597:Korea Times 4577:Korea Times 3576:January 23, 3571:TomDispatch 3460:(1): 2–11. 3387:(obituary). 3115:(8): e838. 3058:(6): e593. 2363:Arnold, Guy 2049:Imperialism 2015:'s book on 1988:Colonialism 1956:Netherlands 1905:ontological 1767:de-colonial 1759:Coloniality 1753:Coloniality 1713:in land in 1674:Philippines 1572:Toke Talagi 1408:Union State 1306:Kent Calder 1168:Idriss Déby 1067:Ivory Coast 977:colonialism 752:Hugo Chávez 744:semi-colony 708:Che Guevara 392:Neo-Marxism 320:Imperialism 270:Paul Sweezy 220:Peter Gowan 185:Ľuboš Blaha 142:Superprofit 6587:Categories 6562:Fair trade 6550:World Bank 6390:and groups 6349:biosimilar 6139:Durban III 5909:Plantation 5734:Australian 5716:Portuguese 5682:modern era 5629:chronology 5515:Antarctica 5459:Antarctica 5175:D. 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