Napoleon III - Knowledge

2286: 2728: 1268: 2019: 1546: 2353: 2557: 1284: 3119: 1835: 1337: 4596:. MacMahon, Marshal Bazaine, and the count of Palikao, with the Empress in Paris, all had different ideas of what the army should do next, and the Emperor had to act as a referee. The Emperor and MacMahon proposed moving their army closer to Paris to protect the city, but on 17 August Bazaine telegraphed to the Emperor: "I urge you to renounce this idea, which seems to abandon the Army at Metz... Couldn't you make a powerful diversion toward the Prussian corps, which are already exhausted by so many battles? The Empress shares my opinion." Napoleon III wrote back, "I yield to your opinion." The Emperor sent the Prince Imperial back to Paris for his safety and went with the weary army in the direction of Metz. The Emperor, riding in an open carriage, was jeered, sworn at and insulted by demoralized soldiers. 5144: 5740: 1965:

prison, he had studied and written about the sugar industry and policies to reduce poverty. He wanted the government to play an active, not a passive, role in the economy. In 1839, he had written: "Government is not a necessary evil, as some people claim; it is instead the benevolent motor for the whole social organism." He did not advocate the government getting directly involved in industry. Instead, the government took a very active role in building the infrastructure for economic growth; stimulating the stock market and investment banks to provide credit; building railways, ports, canals and roads; and providing training and education. He also opened up French markets to foreign goods, such as railway tracks from England, forcing French industry to become more efficient and more competitive.

984:. The new king agreed to meet secretly with Hortense; Louis Napoleon had a fever and did not join them. The King finally agreed that Hortense and Louis Napoleon could stay in Paris as long as their stay was brief and incognito. Louis-Napoleon was told that he could join the French Army if he would simply change his name, something he indignantly refused to do. Hortense and Louis Napoleon remained in Paris until 5 May, the tenth anniversary of the death of Napoleon. The presence of Hortense and Louis Napoleon in the hotel had become known, and a public demonstration of mourning for the Emperor took place on Place Vendôme in front of their hotel. The same day, Hortense and Louis Napoleon were ordered to leave Paris. During their brief stay in Paris Louis Napoleon had become convinced that 1872: 1296: 4823: 3781:(Parliament). The liberal republicans on the left had always opposed him, believing he had usurped power and suppressed the Republic. The conservative Catholics were increasingly unhappy, because he had abandoned the Pope in his struggle to retain political control of the Papal States and had built up a public education system that was a rival to the Catholic system. Many businessmen, particularly in the metallurgical and textile industries, were unhappy, because he had reduced the tariffs on British products, putting the British products in direct competition with their own. The members of Parliament were particularly unhappy with him for dealing with them only when he needed money. When he had liberalized trade with England, he had not even consulted them. 6283: 3091: 1534: 4779: 4529: 1074: 1218:(1844), a study of the causes of poverty in the French industrial working class, with proposals to eliminate it. His conclusion: "The working class has nothing, it is necessary to give them ownership. They have no other wealth than their own labor, it is necessary to give them work that will benefit all....they are without organization and without connections, without rights and without a future; it is necessary to give them rights and a future and to raise them in their own eyes by association, education, and discipline." He proposed various practical ideas for creating a banking and savings system that would provide credit to the working class, and to establish agricultural colonies similar to the 5555: 2117: 1312: 5575: 38: 5803: 3951: 5817: 6022: 1953: 2700: 3886:, on this text: "The people approve the liberal reforms added to the Constitution since 1860 by the Emperor, with the agreement of the legislative bodies and ratified by the Senate on April 20, 1870." Napoleon III saw this as a referendum on his rule as Emperor: "By voting yes," he wrote, "you will chase away the threat of revolution; you will place the nation on a solid base of order and liberty, and you will make it easier to pass on the Crown to my son." When the votes were counted, Napoleon III had lost Paris and the other big cities but decisively won the rest of the country. The final vote was 7,336,434 votes yes, 1,560,709 votes no, and 1,900,000 abstentions. 2301: 5193:, but by the 1950s were celebrating it as leading example of a modernizing regime. However, historians have generally given Napoleon negative evaluations on his foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of his domestic policies, especially after he liberalized his rule after 1858. His greatest achievements came in material improvements, in the form of a grand railway network that facilitated commerce and tied the nation together and centered it on Paris. He is given high credits for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public buildings, very attractive residential districts for upscale Parisians, and great public parks, including the 918: 4308: 5535: 2321: 5491: 1663:

leader of the Party of Order, Adolphe Thiers, scornfully called "the vile multitude". This new election law was passed in May 1850 by a majority of 433 to 241, putting the National Assembly on a direct collision course with the Prince-President. Louis Napoleon broke with the Assembly and the conservative ministers opposing his projects in favour of the dispossessed. He secured the support of the army, toured the country making populist speeches that condemned the Assembly, and presented himself as the protector of universal male suffrage. He demanded that the law be changed, but his proposal was defeated in the Assembly by a vote of 355 to 348.

6304: 5988: 5860: 3391: 3267: 1349: 6058: 10703: 5666: 5946: 1803: 4570:, the commander of the French forces in Lorraine, as the new military commander. Napoleon III proposed returning to Paris, realizing that he was not doing any good for the army. The Empress, in charge of the government, responded by telegraph, "Don't think of coming back, unless you want to unleash a terrible revolution. They will say you quit the army to flee the danger." The Emperor agreed to remain with the army. With the Empress directing the country, and Bazaine commanding the army, the Emperor no longer had any real role to play. At the front, the Emperor told Marshal Leboeuf, "we've both been dismissed." 5596: 5810: 1867:

cultivate; roads to open; ports to dig; rivers to be made navigable; canals to finish, a railway network to complete. We have, in front of Marseille, a vast kingdom to assimilate into France. We have all the great ports of the west to connect with the American continent by modern communications, which we still lack. We have ruins to repair, false gods to tear down, truths which we need to make triumph. This is how I see the Empire, if the Empire is re-established. These are the conquests I am considering, and you around me, who, like me, want the good of our country, you are my soldiers.

5618: 890: 6267: 6212: 6093: 3897: 5689: 2573: 906: 1937: 2898: 3933: 4690:. He expected to see King William, but instead he was met by Bismarck and the German commander, General von Moltke. They dictated the terms of the surrender to Napoleon. Napoleon asked that his army be disarmed and allowed to pass into Belgium, but Bismarck refused. They also asked Napoleon to sign the preliminary documents of a peace treaty, but Napoleon refused, telling them that the French government headed by the Regent, Empress Eugénie, would need to negotiate any peace agreement. The Emperor was then taken to the Château at Bellevue near 3915: 4906: 4646: 6324: 11557: 11548: 4744: 2800:. They believed that if Napoleon III were killed, a republican revolt would immediately follow in France and the new republican government would help all Italian states win independence from Austria and achieve national unification. Bernard was in London at the time. Since he was a political exile, the Government of the United Kingdom refused to extradite him, but Orsini was tried, convicted and executed on 13 March 1858. The bombing focused the attention of France and particularly of Napoleon III, on the issue of Italian nationalism. 1450: 3697: 2010:, connecting the different independent lines coming into Paris from around the country. The government provided guarantees for loans to build new lines and urged railway companies to consolidate. There were 18 railway companies in 1848 and six at the end of the Empire. By 1870, France had 20,000 kilometers of railway linked to the French ports and to the railway systems of the neighbouring countries that carried over 100 million passengers a year and transported the products of France's new steel mills, mines and factories. 5760: 435: 4630: 3107: 1582: 5838: 5712: 1699: 1682: 5782: 2979: 2493: 1469: 1062:"I believe", wrote Louis Napoleon, "that from time to time, men are created whom I call volunteers of providence, in whose hands are placed the destiny of their countries. I believe I am one of those men. If I am wrong, I can perish uselessly. If I am right, then providence will put me into a position to fulfill my mission." He had seen the popular enthusiasm for Napoleon Bonaparte when he was in Paris, and he was convinced that, if he marched to Paris, as Napoleon Bonaparte had done in 1815 during the 4793: 3969: 4268:, who later became Napoleon's prime minister, declared: "The armies of France, which I always considered too large, are now going to be increased to an exorbitant size. Why? What is the necessity? Where is the danger? Who is threatening us? ...If France were to disarm, the Germans would know how to convince their governments to do the same." Facing almost certain defeat in the parliament, Napoleon III withdrew the proposal. It was replaced in January 1868 by a much more modest project to create a 6234: 1046:("Napoleonic Ideas"), a compendium of his political ideas which was published in three editions and eventually translated into six languages. He based his doctrine upon two ideas: universal suffrage and the primacy of the national interest. He called for a "monarchy which procures the advantages of the Republic without the inconveniences", a regime "strong without despotism, free without anarchy, independent without conquest". He also intended to build a wider European community of nations. 5882: 1055: 5953: 5925: 4319:

largely hostile to France; on 3 November 1867, French and Papal soldiers had fired upon the Italian patriots of Garibaldi, when he tried to capture Rome. Napoleon presented a proposed treaty of alliance on 4 June 1869, the anniversary of the joint French-Italian victory at Magenta. The Italians responded by demanding that France withdraw its troops who were protecting the Pope in Rome. Given the opinion of fervent French Catholics, this was a condition Napoleon III could not accept.

1574: 1659:, declared that Louis Napoleon was no longer President and called for a general uprising. A few barricades appeared in the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. Louis Napoleon acted swiftly, and the uprising was short-lived. Paris was declared in a state of siege, the headquarters of the uprising was surrounded, and the leaders arrested. Ledru-Rollin fled to England, Raspail was arrested and sent to prison, the republican clubs were closed, and their newspapers closed down. 1458: 4000: 4801: 4458: 2279:, refurbished and replanted. He also created some twenty small parks and gardens in the neighbourhoods as miniature versions of his large parks. Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons". The intention of Napoleon's plan was to have one park in each of the eighty "quartiers" (neighbourhoods) of Paris, so that no one was more than a ten-minute walk from such a park. The parks were an immediate success with all classes of Parisians. 3496: 4437:

to Paris and the affair seemed finished. However, Bismarck edited the official dispatch of the meeting to make it appear that both sides had been hostile: "His majesty the King," the dispatch read, "refused to meet again with the French ambassador, and let him know, through an aide-de-camp of service, that His Majesty had nothing more to say to the Ambassador." This version was communicated to governments, and the next day was in the French press.

554: 4409:'s candidacy for the Spanish crown, published 2 July 1870, aroused fury in the French parliament and press. The government was attacked by both the republicans and monarchist opposition, and by the ultra-Bonapartists, for its weakness against Prussia. On 6 July, Napoleon III held a meeting of his ministers at the château of Saint-Cloud and told them that Prussia must withdraw the Hohenzollern candidacy or there would be a war. He asked Marshal 1527:

received 376,834; the extreme left candidate Raspail 37,106, and the poet Lamartine only 17,000 votes. Louis Napoleon won the support of all segments of the population: the peasants unhappy with rising prices and high taxes; unemployed workers; small businessmen who wanted prosperity and order; and intellectuals such as Victor Hugo. He won the votes of 55.6 percent of all registered voters, and won in all but four of France's departments.

6172: 5904: 6340: 6192: 1740:, newspaper offices, and the strategic points in the city. In the morning, Parisians found posters around the city announcing the dissolution of the National Assembly, the restoration of universal suffrage, new elections, and a state of siege in Paris and the surrounding departments. Sixteen members of the National Assembly were arrested in their homes. When about 220 deputies of the moderate right gathered at the city hall of the 2337: 12992: 3561:

as subsidies to companies that built low-cost housing for their workers. He outlawed the practice of employers taking possession of or making comments in the work document that every employee was required to carry; negative comments meant that workers were unable to get other jobs. In 1866, he encouraged the creation of a state insurance fund to help workers or peasants who became disabled and help their widows and families.

3609: 4767:

Bismarck did not see much chance for a restored empire, as the French people would consider Napoleon a mere marionette of the enemy. One last initiative from Eugénie failed in January, because of the late arrival of her envoy from London. Bismarck refused to acknowledge the former empress, as this had caused irritations with Britain and Russia. Shortly afterwards, the Germans signed a truce with the Government of France.

3454:. The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to the Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the 6115: 4147:, expected a long war and an eventual Austrian victory. Napoleon III felt he could extract a price from both Prussia and Austria for French neutrality. On 12 June 1866, France signed a secret treaty with Austria, guaranteeing French neutrality in a Prussian-Austrian war. In exchange, in the event of an Austrian victory, Austria would give Venetia to France and would also create a new independent German state on the 4136:, Austria's remaining province in Italy. Bismarck told Napoleon that Prussia had no secret arrangement to give Venetia to Italy, and Napoleon assured him in turn that France had no secret understanding with Austria. Bismarck hinted vaguely that, in the event of a war between Austria and Prussia, French neutrality would be rewarded with some sort of territory as a compensation. Napoleon III had Luxembourg in mind. 4658:

the east), blocking any escape. The Germans arrived on 31 August, and by 1 September, occupied the heights around Sedan where they placed artillery batteries, and began shelling the French positions below. At five o'clock in the morning on 1 September, a German shell seriously wounded MacMahon in the hip. Sedan quickly came under bombardment from seven hundred German guns. MacMahon's replacement, General

1427:, the leader of the army, first withdrew his soldiers from Paris to allow the insurgents to deploy their barricades, and then returned with overwhelming force to crush the uprising; from 24 to 26 June, there were battles in the streets of the working class districts of Paris. An estimated five thousand insurgents were killed at the barricades, fifteen thousand were arrested, and four thousand deported. 3651: 3647:, the son of a factory worker and a respected historian, his new Minister of Public Education. Duruy accelerated the pace of the reforms, often coming into conflict with the Catholic Church, which wanted to keep control over education. Despite the opposition of the Church, Duruy opened schools for girls in each commune with more than five hundred residents, a total of eight hundred new schools. 1507:. He was accompanied by his companion, Harriet Howard, who gave him a large loan to help finance his campaign. He rarely went to the sessions of the National Assembly and rarely voted. He was not a gifted orator; he spoke slowly, in a monotone, with a slight German accent from his Swiss education. His opponents sometimes ridiculed him, one comparing him to "a turkey who believes he's an eagle". 3794: 1365:, and that different factions of republicans, from conservatives to those on the far left, were competing for power. He wrote to Lamartine announcing his arrival, saying that he "was without any other ambition than that of serving my country". Lamartine wrote back politely but firmly, asking Louis-Napoleon to leave Paris "until the city is more calm, and not before the elections for the 3666:

first time, public schools in France began to teach contemporary history, modern languages, art, gymnastics and music. The results of the school reforms were dramatic: in 1852, over 40 percent of army conscripts in France were unable to read or write, yet by 1869, the number had dropped to 25 percent. The rate of illiteracy among both girls and boys dropped to 32 percent.

1431:

elected in five departments; in Paris, he received 110,000 votes of the 247,000 cast, the highest number of votes of any candidate. He returned to Paris on 24 September, and this time he took his place in the National Assembly. In seven months, he had gone from a political exile in London to a highly visible place in the National Assembly, as the government finished the

4151:, which would become an ally of France. At the same time, Napoleon proposed a secret treaty with Bismarck, promising that France would remain neutral in a war between Austria and Prussia. In the event of a Prussian victory, France would recognize Prussia's annexation of smaller German states, and France, in exchange, would receive a portion of German territory, the 1765:, 1,500 were expelled from France, and another 3,000 were given forced residence away from their homes. Soon afterwards, a commission of revision freed 3,500 of those sentenced. In 1859, the remaining 1,800 prisoners and exiles were amnestied, with the exception of the republican leader Ledru-Rollin, who was released from prison but required to leave the country. 2285: 1175:. The attempted coup turned into an even greater fiasco than the Strasbourg mutiny. The mutineers were stopped by the customs agents, the soldiers of the garrison refused to join, the mutineers were surrounded on the beach, one was killed and the others arrested. Both the British and French press heaped ridicule on Louis-Napoleon and his plot. The newspaper 4449:, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honourably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility "with a light heart". A crowd of 15,000–20,000 persons, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870, a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. 4247:, who was also Grand Duke of Luxembourg, desperately needed money and was prepared to sell the Grand Duchy to France. Bismarck swiftly intervened and showed the British ambassador a copy of Napoleon's demands; as a result, he put pressure on William III to refuse to sell Luxembourg to France. France was forced to renounce any claim to Luxembourg in the 1523:, the newspaper of Victor Hugo, which declared, "We have confidence in him; he carries a great name." His chief opponent, General Cavaignac, expected that Louis Napoleon would come in first, but that he would receive less than fifty percent of the vote, which would mean the election would go to the National Assembly, where Cavaignac was certain to win. 4260:

population of 38 million, had an army of only 385,000 men, of whom 140,000 were in Algeria, Mexico, and Rome. In the autumn of 1867, Napoleon III proposed a form of universal military service similar to the Prussian system to increase the size of the French Army, if needed, to 1 million. His proposal was opposed by many French officers, such as

2963:. This battle was even longer and bloodier than Magenta. In confused and often ill-directed fighting, there were approximately forty thousand casualties, including 11,500 French. Napoleon III was horrified by the thousands of dead and wounded on the battlefield. He proposed an armistice to the Austrians, which was accepted on 8 July. A formal 2937:. The Austrians had seven thousand men killed and five thousand captured, while the French forces had four thousand men killed. The battle was largely remembered because, soon after it was fought, patriotic chemists in France gave the name of the battle to their newly discovered bright purple chemical dye; the dye and the colour took the name 1710: 2248:, the engineer who headed the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid out a plan for four major parks at the cardinal points of the compass around the city. Thousands of workers and gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds and trees, and construct chalets and grottoes. Napoleon III transformed the 4053:, Fauvel and Corvisart, examined him and confirmed the diagnosis. They were reluctant to operate, however, because of the high risk (gallstone operations did not become relatively safe until the 1880s) and because of the Emperor's weakness. Before anything further could be done, however, France was in the middle of a diplomatic crisis. 4716:

capitulate! He is dead!...They are trying to hide it from me. Why didn't he kill himself! Doesn't he know he has dishonored himself?!" Later, when hostile crowds formed near the palace and the staff began to flee, the Empress slipped out with one of her entourage and sought sanctuary with her American dentist, who took her to

1267: 2617:, visited France in January 1853 and was impressed by its military preparedness. He expressed his conviction that "Louis-Napoleon was resolved on a forward foreign policy". Napoleon III was actually determined to increase the country's naval power. The first purpose-built steam-powered battleship (worryingly christened after 5201:, used by all classes of Parisians. He promoted French business and exports. In international policy, he tried to emulate his uncle, with numerous imperial ventures around the world, as well as wars in Europe. He badly mishandled the threat from Prussia and found himself without allies in the face of overwhelming force. 957:, secret revolutionary societies fighting Austria's domination of Northern Italy. In the spring of 1831, when Louis Napoleon was 23, the Austrian and Papal governments launched an offensive against the Carbonari. The two brothers, wanted by the police, were forced to flee. During their flight, Napoléon-Louis contracted 2034:, which connected France by sea to the US, Latin America, North Africa and the Far East. During the Empire, the number of steamships tripled, and by 1870, France possessed the second-largest maritime fleet in the world after England. Napoleon III backed the greatest maritime project of the age, the construction of the 5171:), a mere mediocrity, in contrast with Napoleon I "The Great", presented as a military and administrative genius. In France, such arch-opposition from the age's central literary figure, whose attacks on Napoleon III were obsessive and powerful, made it impossible for a very long time to assess his reign objectively. 4763:

envoy, who spoke to Bismarck at Versailles on 14 October, declared that the army in Metz was still loyal to Napoleon. Bazaine was willing to take over power in France after the Germans had defeated the republic in Paris. Because of the weakening of the French position overall, Bismarck lost interest in this option.

1416:, considered arresting Louis Napoleon as a dangerous revolutionary, but once again he outmaneuvered them. He wrote to the president of the provisional government: "I believe I should wait to return to the heart of my country, so that my presence in France will not serve as a pretext to the enemies of the Republic." 4577:, the biggest battle of the war, took place in Lorraine between the Germans and the army of Marshal Bazaine. The Germans suffered 20,000 casualties and the French 12,000, but the Germans emerged as the victors, as Marshal Bazaine's army, with 175,000 soldiers, six divisions of cavalry and five hundred cannons, was 4369:

war against the neighbouring people who were aggressive against us. I did not doubt that it was necessary to make a French-German war before the general reorganization of Germany could be realized." As the summer of 1870 approached, pressure mounted on Bismarck to have a war with France as quickly as possible. In

5128:, since it precipitated a war that disrupted the post-Napoleonic peace, although the ultimately diplomatic solution to the war demonstrated the continued vitality of the system. The concert was based on stability and balance of powers, whereas Napoleon attempted to rearrange the world map to France's advantage. 4543:; the French lost 19,200 soldiers killed, wounded and captured, and were forced to retreat. The French soldiers fought bravely, and French cavalry and infantry attacked the German lines repeatedly, but the Germans had superior logistics, communications, and leadership. The decisive weapon was the new German 2515:"), reassuring foreign governments that he would not attack other European powers in order to extend the French Empire. He was, however, determined to follow a strong foreign policy to extend France's influence and warned that he would not stand by and allow another European power to threaten its neighbour. 1283: 1233:

prison. His enemies later derisively called him "Badinguet", the name of the laborer whose identity he had assumed. A carriage was waiting to take him to the coast and then by boat to England. A month after his escape, his father Louis died, making Charles Napoleon the clear heir to the Bonaparte dynasty.

1648:"—led by Thiers. The socialists and "red" republicans, led by Ledru-Rollin and Raspail, also did well, winning two hundred seats. The moderate republicans, in the middle, did very badly, taking just 70–80 seats. The Party of Order had a clear majority, enough to block any initiatives of Louis Napoleon. 5104:

Napoleon III also directed the building of the French railway network, which contributed to the development of the coal mining and steel industry in France. This advance radically changed the nature of the French economy, which entered the modern age of large-scale capitalism. The French economy, the

5029:. "What is the road to your heart?" Napoleon demanded to know. "Through the chapel, Sire," she answered. Yet, after marriage, it took not long for him to stray as Eugénie found sex with him "disgusting". It is doubtful that she allowed further approaches by her husband once she had given him an heir. 4476:

that he felt too old for a military campaign. Despite his declining health, Napoleon decided to go with the army to the front as commander in chief, as he had done during the successful Italian campaign. On 28 July, he departed Saint-Cloud by train for the front. He was accompanied by the 14-year-old

4436:

candidacy, but that he could not make promises on behalf of the government for the future. He considered that the matter was closed. As he was instructed by Gramont, Benedetti asked for another meeting with the king to repeat the request, but the king politely, yet firmly, refused. Benedetti returned

3727:

with Britain, calling for the gradual lowering of tariffs in both countries. He signed the treaty, without consulting with the Assembly, on 23 January 1860. Four hundred of the top industrialists in France came to Paris to protest, but he refused to yield. Industrial tariffs on such products as steel

3560:

From the beginning of his reign, Napoleon III launched a series of social reforms aimed at improving the life of the working class. He began with small projects, such as opening up two clinics in Paris for sick and injured workers, a programme of legal assistance to those unable to afford it, as well

2970:

Count Cavour and the Piedmontese were bitterly disappointed by the abrupt end of the war. Lombardy had been freed, but Venetia (the Venice region) was still controlled by the Austrians, and the Pope was still the ruler of Rome and Central Italy. Cavour angrily resigned his post. Napoleon III returned

2599:

had close personal ties with leading French statesmen, notably Napoleon III himself. Palmerston's goal was to arrange peaceful relations with France in order to free Britain's diplomatic hand elsewhere in the world. Napoleon at first had a pro-British foreign policy and was eager not to displease the

2204:

Beginning in 1854, in the center of the city, Haussmann's workers tore down hundreds of old buildings and constructed new avenues to connect the central points of the city. Buildings along these avenues were required to be the same height, constructed in an architecturally similar style, and be faced

1662:

The National Assembly, now without the left republicans and determined to keep them out forever, proposed a new election law that placed restrictions on universal male suffrage, imposing a three-year residency requirement. This new law excluded 3.5 of 9 million French voters, the voters that the

1129:

Louis Napoleon returned to London for a new period of exile in October 1838. He had inherited a large fortune from his mother and took a house with 17 servants and several of his old friends and fellow conspirators. He was received by London society and met the political and scientific leaders of the

4770:

Napoleon continued to write political tracts and letters and dreamed of a return to power. Bonapartist candidates participated in the first elections for the National Assembly on 8 February but won only five seats. On 1 March, the newly elected assembly officially declared the removal of the emperor

4766:

On 27 November, Napoleon composed a memorandum to Bismarck that raised the possibility that the Prussian king might urge the French people to recall him as Emperor after a peace treaty was signed and Paris surrendered. But by this time, Metz had already fallen, leaving Napoleon without a power base.

4368:

In his memoirs, written long after the war, Bismarck wrote, "I always considered that a war with France would naturally follow a war against Austria... I was convinced that the gulf which was created over time between the north and the south of Germany could not be better overcome than by a national

4322:

While Napoleon III was having no success finding allies, Bismarck signed secret military treaties with the southern German states, who promised to provide troops in the event of a war between Prussia and France. In 1868, Bismarck signed an accord with Russia that gave Russia liberty of action in the

4283:

Following the defeat of Austria, Napoleon resumed his search for allies against Prussia. In April 1867, he proposed an alliance, defensive and offensive, with Austria. If Austria joined France in a victorious war against Prussia, Napoleon promised that Austria could form a new confederation with the

3491:

reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of the laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for

2715:

changed the political equation. In September, after a massive bombardment, the Anglo-French army of fifty thousand men stormed the Russian positions, and the Russians were forced to evacuate Sevastopol. Alexander II sought a political solution, and negotiations were held in Paris in the new building

1666:

According to the Constitution of 1848, Louis Napoleon had to step down at the end of his term. He sought a constitutional amendment to allow him to succeed himself, arguing that four years were not enough to fully implement his political and economic program. He toured the country and gained support

1526:

The elections were held on 10–11 December. Results were announced on 20 December. Louis Napoleon was widely expected to win, but the size of his victory surprised almost everyone. He won 5,572,834 votes, or 74.2 percent of votes cast, compared with 1,469,156 for Cavaignac. The socialist Ledru-Rollin

1360:

had broken out; Louis Philippe, faced with opposition within his government and army, abdicated. Believing that his time had finally come, he set out for Paris on 27 February, departing England on the same day that Louis-Philippe left France for his own exile in England. When he arrived in Paris, he

4865:

Napoleon passed his time writing and designing a stove which would be more energy efficient. In the summer of 1872, his health began to worsen. Doctors recommended surgery to remove his gallstones. After two operations, he became very seriously ill. His final defeat in the war would haunt the dying

4657:

The Battle of Sedan was a total disaster for the French—the army surrendered to the Prussians and Napoleon himself was made a prisoner of war. MacMahon arrived at Sedan with one hundred thousand soldiers, not knowing that two German armies were closing in on the city (one from the west and one from

4264:, who preferred a smaller, more professional army; he said: "This proposal will only give us recruits; it's soldiers we need." It was also strongly opposed by the republican opposition in the French parliament, who denounced the proposal as a militarization of French society. The republican deputy, 4014:

Through the 1860s, the health of the Emperor steadily worsened. It had been damaged by his six years in prison at Ham; he had chronic pains in his legs and feet, particularly when it was cold, and as a result, he always lived and worked in overheated rooms and offices. He smoked heavily, distrusted

3866:

In the legislative elections of 31 May 1863, the pro-government candidates received 5,308,000 votes, while the opposition received 1,954,000 votes, three times more than in the previous elections. The rural departments still voted for Napoleon III's candidates, but in Paris, 63 percent of the votes

3849:

On 24 December 1861, Napoleon III, against the opposition of his own ministers, issued a decree announcing that the legislature would have greater powers. The Senate and the Assembly could, for the first time, give a response to the Emperor's program, ministers were obliged to defend their programs

3024:

Napoleon's support for the Italian patriots and his confrontation with Pope Pius IX over who would govern Rome made him unpopular with fervent French Catholics, and even with Empress Eugénie, who was a fervent Catholic. To win over the French Catholics and his wife, he agreed to guarantee that Rome

2835:

fully under Austrian influence. Napoleon III had fought with the Italian patriots against the Austrians when he was young and his sympathy was with them, but the Empress, most of his government and the Catholic Church in France supported the Pope and the existing governments. The British Government

1964:

One of the first priorities of Napoleon III was the modernisation of the French economy, which had fallen far behind that of the United Kingdom and some of the German states. Political economics had long been a passion of the Emperor. While in Britain, he had visited factories and railway yards; in

1768:

Strict press censorship was enacted by a decree from 17 February 1852. No newspaper dealing with political or social questions could be published without the permission of the government, fines were increased, and the list of press offenses was expanded. After three warnings, a newspaper or journal

1748:

and a few other republicans tried to organize an opposition to the coup. A few barricades appeared, and about 1,000 insurgents came out in the streets, but the army moved in force with 30,000 troops and the uprisings were swiftly crushed, with the killing of an estimated 300 to 400 opponents of the

1565:

at the end of December 1848 and immediately hung a portrait of his mother in the boudoir and a portrait of Napoleon I, in his coronation robes, in the grand salon. Adolphe Thiers recommended that he wear clothing of "democratic simplicity", but following the model of his uncle, he chose instead the

4927:

Mary Louisa Edwards (1814–1894), his mistress in London from 1839 to 1840. Louis Napoleon styled her "Comtesse d'Espel" and set her up at Brasted Place, Kent. She played a role in the organization of his failed coup attempt in Boulogne, in August 1840. She visited him in prison at Ham, in 1840 and

4444:

had exactly the effect that Bismarck had intended. Once again, public opinion in France was inflamed. "This text produced the effect of a red flag to the Gallic bull," Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap." The leader of the

4349:

in July 1870. France took the bait and declared war on Prussia, which proved to be a major miscalculation. This allowed Bismarck and Prussia to present the war to the world as defensive, although Prussia and Bismarck had aggressive plans, and they soon became known in relation to the annexation of

3854:

to amend the programs was enlarged. On 1 February 1861, further reforms were announced: Deputies could speak from the tribune, not just from their seats, and a stenographic record would be made and published of each session. Another even more important reform was announced on 31 December 1861: the

3784:

Napoleon's large-scale program of public works, and his expensive foreign policy, had created rapidly mounting government debts; the annual deficit was about 100 million gold-francs, and the cumulative debt had reached nearly 1,000 million gold-francs (1 billion in US readings). The

3063:

After the successful conclusion of the Italian campaign and the annexation of Savoy and Nice to the territory of France, the Continental foreign policy of Napoleon III entered a calmer period. Expeditions to distant corners of the world and the expansion of the Empire replaced major changes in the

1917:, who never actually ruled, as a true Emperor (he had been briefly recognized as emperor from 22 June to 7 July 1815). The 1852 constitution was retained; it concentrated so much power in Napoleon's hands that the only substantive change was to replace the word "president" with the word "emperor". 4705:

It is impossible for me to say what I have suffered and what I am suffering now...I would have preferred death to a capitulation so disastrous, and yet, under the present circumstances, it was the only way to avoid the butchering of sixty thousand people. If only all my torments were concentrated

4681:

Some people believe that, by burying ourselves under the ruins of Sedan, we would have better served my name and my dynasty. It's possible. Nay, to hold in my hand the lives of thousands of men and not to make a sign to save them was something that was beyond my capacity....my heart refused these

4303:

Napoleon's attempt to install the Archduke Maximilian, the brother of the Austrian Emperor, in Mexico was just coming to its disastrous conclusion; the French troops had just been withdrawn from Mexico in February 1867, and the unfortunate Maximilian would be captured, judged and shot by a firing

3744:

By the 1860s, the huge state investment in railways, infrastructure and fiscal policies of Napoleon III had brought dramatic changes to the French economy and French society. French people travelled in greater numbers, more often and farther than they had ever travelled before. The opening of the

3665:

Between 1863 and 1869, Duruy created scholastic libraries for fifteen thousand schools and required that primary schools offer courses in history and geography. Secondary schools began to teach philosophy, which had been banned by the previous regime at the request of the Catholic Church. For the

2880:

in the spring of 1858. The Austrians demanded the disarmament of Piedmont-Sardinia first and sent thirty thousand soldiers to reinforce their garrisons in Italy. Napoleon III responded on 26 January 1859 by signing a treaty of alliance with Piedmont-Sardinia. Napoleon promised to send two hundred

1849:

Despite now holding all governing power in the nation, Louis Napoleon was not content with being an authoritarian president. The ink had barely dried on the new and severely authoritarian constitution when he set about making himself emperor. Following the election, the Prince-President went on a

1845:

An election was held for a new National Assembly on 29 February 1852, and all the resources of the government were used on behalf of the candidates backing the Prince-President. Of eight million eligible voters, 5,200,000 votes went to the official candidates and 800,000 to opposition candidates.

1814:

in 1852. It was officially prepared by a committee of eighty experts but was actually drafted by a small group of the Prince-President's inner circle. Under the new constitution, Louis Napoleon was automatically reelected as president. Under Article Two, the president could now serve an unlimited

1198:

The register of the fortress Ham for 7 October 1840 contained a concise description of the new prisoner: "Age: thirty-two years. Height: one meter sixty-six. Hair and eyebrows: chestnut. Eyes: Gray and small. Nose: large. Mouth: ordinary. Beard: brown. Moustache: blond. Chin: pointed. Face: oval.

4318:

Napoleon III also made one last attempt to persuade Italy to be his ally against Prussia. Italian King Victor Emmanuel was personally favorable to a better relationship with France, remembering the role that Napoleon III had played in achieving Italian unification, but Italian public opinion was

1545: 1510:

Louis Napoleon's campaign appealed to both the left and right. His election manifesto proclaimed his support for "religion, family, property, the eternal basis of all social order". But it also announced his intent "to give work to those unoccupied; to look out for the old age of the workers; to

1430:

Louis Napoleon's absence from Paris meant that he was not connected either with the uprising, or with the brutal repression that had followed. He was still in London on 17–18 September, when the elections for the National Assembly were held, but he was a candidate in thirteen departments. He was

1232:

were returned with great ceremony to Paris and handed over to King Louis Philippe, while Louis Napoleon could only read about it in prison. On 25 May 1846, with the assistance of his doctor and other friends on the outside, he disguised himself as a laborer carrying lumber, and walked out of the

4762:

General Bazaine, staying in the fortification of Metz with a large part of the remaining French Army while being besieged, had secret talks with Bismarck's envoys on 23 September. The idea was for Bazaine to establish a conservative regime in France, for himself or for Napoleon's son. Bazaine's

4259:

Despite his failing health, Napoleon III could see that the Prussian Army, combined with the armies of Bavaria and the other German states, would be a formidable enemy. In 1866, Prussia, with a population of 22 million, had been able to mobilize an army of 700,000 men, while France, with a

3595:

His most important social reform was the 1864 law that gave French workers the right to strike, which had been forbidden since 1810. In 1866, he added to this an "Edict of Tolerance" which gave factory workers the right to organise. He issued a decree regulating the treatment of apprentices and

2884:

It was the Emperor Franz Joseph, growing impatient, who finally unleashed the war. On 23 April 1859, he sent an ultimatum to the government of Piedmont-Sardinia demanding that they stop their military preparations and disband their army. On 26 April, Count Cavour rejected the demands, and on 27

1822:

Louis Napoleon's government imposed new authoritarian measures to control dissent and reduce the power of the opposition. One of his first acts was to settle scores with his old enemy, King Louis Philippe, who had sent him to prison for life and who had died in 1850. A decree on 23 January 1852

5185:

remarks somewhere that all great world-historical facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce." Napoleon III has often been seen as an authoritarian but ineffectual leader who brought France into dubious, and ultimately

4665:

As the German shells rained down on the French positions, Napoleon III wandered aimlessly in the open around the French positions. One officer of his military escort was killed and two more received wounds. A doctor accompanying him wrote in his notebook, "If this man has not come here to kill

3752:

During the Empire, industrial production increased by 73 percent, growing twice as rapidly as that of the United Kingdom, though its total output remained lower. From 1850 to 1857, the French economy grew at a pace of five percent a year and exports grew by sixty percent between 1855 and 1869.

1866:

Some people say the Empire is war. I say the Empire is peace. Like the Emperor I have many conquests to make… Like him I wish … to draw into the stream of the great popular river those hostile side-currents which lose themselves without profit to anyone. We have immense unplowed territories to

4508:

and advanced no further. Napoleon III, very ill, was unable to ride his horse and had to support himself by leaning against a tree. In the meantime, the Prussians had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. On 4 August 1870, the

1776:

was held asking if voters agreed to the coup. Mayors in many regions threatened to publish the names of any electors who refused to vote. When asked if they agreed to the coup, 7,439,216 voters said yes, 641,737 voted no, and 1.7 million voters abstained. The fairness and legality of the

4857:

He had also paid attention to another English girl, Elizabeth Howard, who later gave birth to a son, whose father (not Louis-Napoleon) settled property on her to support the son, via a trust whose trustee was Nathaniel Strode. Strode bought Camden Place in 1860 and spent large sums of money

4715:

The news of the capitulation reached Paris on 3 September, confirming the rumors that were already circulating in the city. When the Empress heard the news that the Emperor and the army had been taken prisoner, she reacted by shouting at the Emperor's personal aide, "No! An Emperor does not

1033:

suggested, "the programme of the Empire was not the improvisation of a vulgar adventurer" but the result of deep reflection on the Napoleonic political philosophy and on how to adjust it to the changed domestic and international scenes. As early as 1832 he presented a reconciliation between

1106:

King Louis Philippe had demanded that the Swiss government return Louis Napoleon to France, but the Swiss pointed out that he was a Swiss soldier and citizen and refused to hand him over. The King responded by sending an army to the Swiss border. Louis Napoleon thanked his Swiss hosts, and

4497:(Territorial defence), with 340,000 men, and an additional reserve of 400,000 territorial guards. The French army arrived at the frontier equipped with maps of Germany, but without maps of France—where the actual fighting took place—and without a specific plan of what it was going to do. 1491:

were scheduled for 10–11 December 1848. Louis Napoleon promptly announced his candidacy. There were four other candidates for the post: General Cavaignac, who had led the suppression of the June uprisings in Paris; Lamartine, the poet-philosopher and leader of the provisional government;

3718:

had lowered tariffs on imported grains, and he had seen the benefits to British consumers and the British economy. However, he faced bitter opposition from many French industrialists and farmers, who feared British competition. Convinced he was right, he sent his chief economic advisor,

1592:

Louis Napoleon also made his first venture into foreign policy, in Italy, where as a youth he had joined in the patriotic uprising against the Austrians. The previous government had sent an expeditionary force, which had been tasked and funded by the National Assembly to support the

4673:

and ordered a white flag hoisted above the citadel. He then had a message sent to the Prussian king, who was at Sedan with his army: "Monsieur my brother, not being able to die at the head of my troops, nothing remains for me but to place my sword in the hands of Your Majesty."

1261:(1823–1865). They met in 1846, soon after his return to Britain. They began to live together, she took in his two illegitimate children and raised them with her own son, and she provided financing for his political plans so that, when the moment came, he could return to France. 1613:. The French troops came under fire from Garibaldi's soldiers. The Prince-President, without consulting his ministers, ordered his soldiers to fight if needed in support of the Pope. This was very popular with French Catholics, but infuriated the republicans, who supported the 3344:, a large villa overlooking the sea. They would walk on the beach or travel to the mountains, and in the evenings, they would dance and sing and play cards and take part in other games and amateur theatricals and charades with their guests. In November, the court moved to the 2791:

unharmed. A group of conspirators threw three bombs at the imperial carriage as it made its way to the opera. Eight members of the escort and bystanders were killed and over one hundred people injured. The culprits were quickly arrested. The leader was an Italian nationalist,

4902:, his social secretary, to arrange for trysts and to procure women for the Emperor's favours. His affairs were not trivial sideshows: they distracted him from governing, affected his relationship with the empress, and diminished him in the views of the other European courts. 5121:, still in existence today, were founded during that period. The French stock market also expanded prodigiously, with many coal mining and steel companies issuing stocks. Historians credit Napoleon chiefly for supporting the railways, but not otherwise building the economy. 4396: 1388:

were elected; the name Bonaparte still had political power. In the next elections, on 4 June, where candidates could run in multiple departments, he was elected in four different departments; in Paris, he was among the top five candidates, just after the conservative leader

4330:. "Bismarck had bought Tsar Alexander II's complicity by promising to help restore his naval access to the Black Sea and Mediterranean (cut off by the treaties ending the Crimean War), other powers were less biddable". Bismarck also reached out to the liberal government of 3167:

and helped resupply Juárez. Napoleon's military was stretched very thin; he had committed 40,000 troops to Mexico, 20,000 to Rome to guard the Pope against the Italians, as well as another 80,000 in restive Algeria. Furthermore, Prussia, having just defeated Austria in the

1227:

Louis Napoleon was busy in prison, but also unhappy and impatient. He was aware that the popularity of his uncle was steadily increasing in France; Napoleon I was the subject of heroic poems, books and plays. Huge crowds had gathered in Paris on 15 December 1840 when the

1122:. While he was traveling to see more of the United States, he received word that his mother was very ill. He hurried as quickly as he could back to Switzerland. He reached Arenenberg in time to be with his mother on 5 August 1837, when she died. She was finally buried in 788:

As empress, Joséphine had proposed the marriage of Louis and Hortense as a way to produce an heir for the Emperor, who agreed, as Joséphine was by then infertile. Louis and Hortense had a difficult relationship and only lived together for brief periods. Their first son,

3766:

The average salary of French workers grew by 45 percent during the Second Empire, but only kept up with price inflation. On the other hand, more French people than ever were able to save money; the number of bank accounts grew from 742,889 in 1852 to 2,079,141 in 1870.

4484:

The mobilization of the French army was chaotic. Two hundred thousand soldiers converged on the German frontier, along a front of 250 kilometers, choking all the roads and railways for miles. Officers and their respective units were unable to find one another. General

1588:, leader of the left wing of the socialist deputies in the Second Republic, who led an attempt to overthrow Louis Napoleon's government in March 1849. He was imprisoned, but Napoleon III commuted his imprisonment to an exile and he was allowed back into France in 1862. 1904:

on whether to make Napoleon emperor. After an implausible 97 percent voted in favour (7,824,129 votes for and 253,159 against, with two million abstentions), on 2 December 1852—exactly one year after the coup—the Second Republic was officially ended, replaced by the

1533: 4166:, an ally of Austria. On 2 July, Austria asked Napoleon to arrange an armistice between Italy, which had allied itself with Prussia, and Austria, in exchange for which France would receive Venetia. But on 3 July, the Prussian army crushed the Austrian army at the 1005:

movement had existed in France, hoping to return a Bonaparte to the throne. According to the law of succession established by Napoleon I, the claim passed first to his own son, declared "King of Rome" at birth by his father. This heir, known by Bonapartists as

3367:

At the end of the year the Emperor and Court returned to the Tuileries Palace and gave a series of formal receptions and three or four grand balls with six hundred guests early in the new year. Visiting dignitaries and monarchs were frequently invited. During

2131:

Napoleon III began his regime by launching a series of enormous public works projects in Paris, hiring tens of thousands of workers to improve the sanitation, water supply and traffic circulation of the city. To direct this task, he named a new prefect of the

4853:

Louis-Napoleon had a longtime connection with Chislehurst and Camden Place: years earlier, while exiled in England, he had often visited Emily Rowles, whose father had owned Camden Place in the 1830s. She had assisted his escape from a French prison in 1846.

3004:. Napoleon III wrote to the Pope and suggested that he "make the sacrifice of your provinces in revolt and confide them to Victor Emmanuel". The Pope, furious, declared in a public address that Napoleon III was a "liar and a cheat". Rome and the surrounding 2239:

Napoleon also wanted to build new parks and gardens for the recreation and relaxation of the Parisians, particularly those in the new neighbourhoods of the expanding city. Napoleon's new parks were inspired by his memories of the parks in London, especially

1162:

Living in the comfort of London, he had not given up the dream of returning to France to seize power. In the summer of 1840 he bought weapons and uniforms and had proclamations printed, gathered a contingent of about sixty armed men, hired a ship called the

3855:

budget of each ministry would be voted section by section, not in a block, and the government could no longer spend money by special decree when the legislature was not in session. He did retain the right to change the budget estimates section by section.

4493:, having gained experience mobilizing in the war against Austria, were able to efficiently move three armies of 518,000 men to a more concentrated front of just 120 kilometers. In addition, the German soldiers were backed by a substantial reserve of the 1295: 2300: 2127:, one of the new boulevards created by Napoleon III. The new buildings on the boulevards were required to be all of the same height and same basic facade design, and all faced with cream coloured stone, giving the city center its distinctive harmony. 2751:. The war had two important diplomatic consequences: Alexander II became an ally of France, and Britain and France were reconciled. In April 1855, Napoleon III and Eugénie went to England and were received by the Queen; in turn, Victoria and Prince 2881:

thousand soldiers to help one hundred thousand soldiers from Piedmont-Sardinia to force the Austrians out of Northern Italy; in return, France would receive the County of Nice and Savoy provided that their populations would agree in a referendum.

2636:

From the start of his Empire, Napoleon III sought an alliance with Britain. He had lived there while in exile and saw Britain as a natural partner in the projects he wished to accomplish. An opportunity soon presented itself: In early 1853, Tsar

1213:

While in prison, Louis Napoleon wrote poems, political essays, and articles on diverse topics. He contributed articles to regional newspapers and magazines in towns all over France, becoming quite well known as a writer. His most famous book was

1029:, trained to become an officer, and wrote a manual of artillery (his uncle Napoleon had become famous as an artillery officer). Louis Napoleon also began writing about his political philosophy—for as the early twentieth century English historian 5052:, and the chronic effects of smoking. In 1856, Dr. Robert Ferguson, a consultant called from London, diagnosed a "nervous exhaustion" that had a "debilitating impact upon sexual ... performance" which he also reported to the British government. 2320: 1667:

from many of the regional governments and many within the Assembly. The vote in July 1851 was 446 to 278 in favor of changing the law and allowing him to run again, but this was short of the two-thirds majority needed to amend the constitution.

4445:

conservatives in parliament, Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister,

2861:, which had been taken from France after Napoleon's fall in 1815 and returned to Piedmont-Sardinia. Cavour protested that Nice was Italian, but Napoleon responded that "these are secondary questions. There will be time later to discuss them." 2992:

In Italy, even without the French army, the process of Italian unification launched by Cavour and Napoleon III took on a momentum of its own. There were uprisings in central Italy and the Papal States, and Italian patriots, led by Garibaldi,

2836:

was also hostile to the idea of promoting nationalism in Italy. Despite the opposition within his government and in his own palace, Napoleon III did all that he could to support the cause of Piedmont-Sardinia. The King of Piedmont-Sardinia,

3008:

region remained in Papal hands, and therefore did not immediately become the capital of the newly created Kingdom of Italy, and Venetia was still occupied by the Austrians, but the rest of Italy had come under the rule of Victor Emmanuel.

2185:. These two works increased the water supply of Paris from 87,000 to 400,000 cubic meters of water a day. Hundreds of kilometers of pipes distributed the water throughout the city, and a second network, using the less-clean water from the 3033:

to face them, arrested Garibaldi and put him in prison. Napoleon III sought a diplomatic solution that would allow him to withdraw French troops from Rome while guaranteeing that the city would remain under Papal control. In the 1864

2876:) and his government; Britain was against the war, but agreed to remain neutral. Still facing strong opposition within his own government, Napoleon III offered to negotiate a diplomatic solution with the twenty-eight-year-old Emperor 1369:". His close advisors urged him to stay and try to take power, but he wanted to show his prudence and loyalty to the Republic; while his advisors remained in Paris, he returned to London on 2 March 1848 and watched events from there. 4345:(who became President of the French Republic in 1871) accused Napoleon III of erroneous foreign policy: "There is no mistake that can be made". Bismarck thought that French vanity would lead to war; he exploited that vanity in the 3012:

As Cavour had promised, Savoy and the County of Nice were annexed by France in 1860 after referendums, although it is disputed how fair they were. In Nice, 25,734 voted for union with France, just 260 against, but Italians still

1846:

About one third of the eligible voters abstained. The new Assembly included a small number of opponents of Louis Napoleon, including 17 monarchists, 18 conservatives, two liberal democrats, three republicans and 72 independents.

3858:

The Deputies quickly took advantage of their new rights; the Emperor's Italian policy was bitterly condemned in Parliament, and anti-government amendments by the pro-Catholic deputies were defeated by votes of 158 to 91 in the

1756:

by a period of repression of his opponents, aimed mostly at the red republicans. About 26,000 people were arrested, including 4,000 in Paris alone. The 239 inmates who were judged most severely were sent to the penal colony in

1784:

Following the returns, many challenged the validity of such an implausibly lopsided result. One such critic was Victor Hugo, who had originally supported Louis Napoleon but had been infuriated by the coup d'état, departed for

1826:

The National Guard, whose members had sometimes joined anti-government demonstrations, was re-organized and largely used only in parades. Government officials were required to wear uniforms at official formal occasions. The

1311: 1093:

arrested. Unfortunately for Louis-Napoleon, the general commanding the garrison escaped and called in a loyal regiment, which surrounded the mutineers. The mutineers surrendered and Louis-Napoleon fled back to Switzerland.

669:

and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike, the right to organize, and the right for women to be admitted to a French university.

4897:

Louis Napoleon has a historical reputation as a womanizer, yet he said: "It is usually the man who attacks. As for me, I defend myself, and I often capitulate." He had many mistresses. During his reign, it was the task of

1397:. His followers were mostly on the left, from the peasantry and working class. His pamphlet on "The Extinction of Pauperism" was widely circulated in Paris, and his name was cheered with those of the socialist candidates 4662:, launched a series of cavalry attacks to try to break the German encirclement, with no success. During the battle and bombardment, the French lost seventeen thousand killed or wounded and twenty-one thousand captured. 10010:: reminiscences of the Comtesse Louise de Mercy-Argenteau, née Princesse de Caraman-Chimay, describing her association with the Emperor Napoleon III and the social and political part she played at the close of the 5006:(1838–1886), an actress and acrobatic dancer. Bellanger was falsely rumoured to be the illegitimate daughter of a hangman, and she was the most universally loathed of the mistresses, although perhaps his favourite. 4323:

Balkans in exchange for neutrality in the event of a war between France and Prussia. This treaty put additional pressure on Austria-Hungary, which also had interests in the Balkans, not to ally itself with France.

4701:, where the Prussian king visited him. Napoleon told the king that he had not wanted the war, but that public opinion had forced him into it. That evening, from the Château, Napoleon wrote to the Empress Eugénie: 1895:

When Louis Napoleon returned to Paris the city was decorated with large arches, with banners proclaiming, "To Napoleon III, emperor". In response to officially inspired requests for the return of the empire, the

1181:

wrote, "this surpasses comedy. One doesn't kill crazy people, one just locks them up." He was put on trial, where, despite an eloquent defense of his cause, he was sentenced to life in prison in the fortress of

3029:(in 1865), not Rome. However, in 1862, Garibaldi gathered an army to march on Rome, under the slogan, "Rome or death". To avoid a confrontation between Garibaldi and the French soldiers, the Italian government 2696:. During the 332 days of the siege, the French lost 95,000 soldiers, including 75,000 due to disease. The suffering of the army in the Crimea was carefully concealed from the French public by press censorship. 1577:

Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877), leader of the conservative republicans in the National Assembly, reluctantly supported Louis Napoleon in the 1848 elections and became his bitter opponent during the Second Republic.

2600:

British government, whose friendship he saw as important to France. After a brief threat of an invasion of Britain in 1851, France and Britain cooperated in the 1850s with an alliance in the Crimean War and a

640:, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and personally engaged in two wars. Maintaining leadership for 22 years, he was the longest-reigning French head of state since the fall of the 4215:

Napoleon III still hoped to receive some compensation from Prussia for French neutrality during the war. His foreign minister, Drouyn, asked Bismarck for the Palatinate region on the Rhine, which belonged to

2909:

Napoleon III, though he had very little military experience, decided to lead the French army in Italy himself. Part of the French army crossed over the Alps, while the other part, with the Emperor, landed in

2542:. In all of his foreign policy ventures, he put the interests of France first. Napoleon III felt that new states created on the basis of national identity would become natural allies and partners of France. 11388: 4471:

and chanting "To Berlin! To Berlin!" But Napoleon was melancholic. He told General Lepic that he expected the war to be "long and difficult", and wondered, "Who knows if we'll come back?" He told Marshal

2394:. She received much of her education in Paris. Her beauty attracted Napoleon III, who, as was his custom, tried to seduce her, but Eugénie told him to wait for marriage. The civil ceremony took place at 1097:

Louis Napoleon was widely popular in exile and his popularity in France continuously grew after his failed coup in 1836 as it established him as heir to the Bonaparte legend and increased his publicity.

3867:

went to anti-government republican candidates, with similar numbers in all the large cities. The new Assembly contained a large opposition block ranging from Catholics outraged by the Papal policies to

1514:

Louis Napoleon's campaign agents, many of them veterans from Napoleon Bonaparte's army, raised support for him around the country. Louis Napoleon won the grudging endorsement of the conservative leader

3736:, and France's other neighbors. France's industries were forced to modernize and become more efficient to compete with the British, as Napoleon III had intended. Commerce between the countries surged. 2758:

The defeat of Russia and the alliance with Britain gave France increased authority and prestige in Europe. This was the first war between European powers since the close of the Napoleonic Wars and the

11014: 1831:

was given the power to dismiss professors at the universities and review the content of their courses. Students at the universities were forbidden to wear beards, seen as a symbol of republicanism.

1085:. The colonel of a regiment was brought over to the cause. On 29 October 1836, Louis Napoleon arrived in Strasbourg, in the uniform of an artillery officer; he rallied the regiment to his side. The 917: 1736:

and officers from the French Army in North Africa to provide military backing for the coup. On the night of 1–2 December, Saint Arnaud's soldiers quietly occupied the national printing office, the

4477:

Prince Imperial in the uniform of the army, by his military staff, and by a large contingent of chefs and servants in livery. He was pale and visibly in pain. The Empress remained in Paris as the

889: 4771:

from power and placed all the blame for the French defeat squarely on him. When peace was arranged between France and Germany, Bismarck released Napoleon; the emperor decided to go into exile in

3714:

One of the centerpieces of the economic policy of Napoleon III was the lowering of tariffs and the opening of French markets to imported goods. He had been in Britain in 1846 when Prime Minister

3076:, the ailment that killed him nine years later. He was less engaged in governing and less attentive to detail, but still sought opportunities to increase French commerce and prestige globally. 3760:

by Napoleon III, and new markets opened by the railways. The threat of famine, which for centuries had haunted the French countryside, receded. The last recorded famine in France was in 1855.

3689:

and founded a network of research institutes of higher studies in the sciences, history, and economics. These also were criticized by Catholic ecclesiastics. The Cardinal-Archbishop of Rouen,

10003: 4392:, who was hostile to Bismarck. The Emperor was weak and ill, but the more extreme Bonapartists were prepared to show their strength against the republicans and monarchists in the parliament. 3372:, there was a series of very elaborate costume balls on the themes of different countries and different historical periods, for which guests sometimes spent small fortunes on their costumes. 4566:, better known as the Count of Palikao, seventy-four years old and former commander of the French expeditionary force to China, as her new prime minister. The Count of Palikao named Marshal 3657:, Napoléon III's Minister of Public Education from 1863 to 1869, created schools for girls in every commune of France and women were admitted for the first time to medical school and to the 4603:. Moltke, the German commander, ordered two Prussian armies marching toward Paris to turn towards MacMahon's army. On 30 August, one corps of MacMahon's army was attacked by the Germans at 4201:, who saw him on 28 July, wrote that the Emperor "was pitiful to see. He could barely sit up in his armchair, and his drawn face expressed at the same time moral anguish and physical pain. 3763:

During the Empire, the migration of the rural population to the cities increased. The portion of the population active in agriculture dropped from 61 percent in 1851 to 54 percent in 1870.

801:

starting from 12 August 1807 and Louis Napoleon was born prematurely, (at least) three weeks short of nine months. Hortense was known to have lovers and Louis Napoleon's enemies, including

11062: 2294:

and Napoleon III make official the annexation of eleven communes around Paris to the city. The annexation increased the size of the city from twelve to the present twenty arrondissements.

2140:, and gave him extraordinary powers to rebuild the center of the city. He installed a large map of Paris in a central position in his office, and he and Haussmann planned the new Paris. 11215: 11113: 4030:

The health problems of the Emperor were kept secret by the government, which feared that, if his condition became public, the opposition would demand his abdication. One newspaper, the

2850:(1837–1899). As Cavour had hoped, she caught the Emperor's eye and became his mistress. Between 1855 and 1857, she used the opportunity to pass messages and to plead the Italian cause. 11181: 11164: 4432:, where the Prussian king was staying. Benedetti met with the king on 13 July in the park of the château. The king told him courteously that he agreed fully with the withdrawal of the 4019:

and other spas. It became difficult for him to ride a horse, and he was obliged to walk slowly, often with a cane. From 1869 onwards, the crises of his urinary tract were treated with

2657:. The Ottoman Empire, backed by Britain and France, refused Russia's demands, and a joint British-French fleet was sent to support the Ottoman Empire. When Russia refused to leave the 9948: 5069:, Napoleon III continued to seek the preservation of numerous medieval buildings in France that had been neglected since the French Revolution, a project Mérimée had begun during the 4304:

squad on 19 June. Napoleon III made these offers again in August 1867, on a visit to offer condolences for the death of Maximilian, but the proposal was not received with enthusiasm.

2857:

they agreed to join forces and drive the Austrians from Italy. In exchange, Napoleon III asked for Savoy (the ancestral land of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia) and the then bilingual

3336:(nowadays: Châlons-en-Champagne), where Napoleon could take the waters and review military parades and exercises. Beginning in 1856, the Emperor and Empress spent each September in 1289:

The room in the fortress of Ham where Louis Napoleon studied, wrote, and conducted scientific experiments. He later often referred to what he had learned at "the University of Ham".

3426:, who received major commissions, and whose work was purchased for state museums. At the same time, he followed public opinion, and he made an important contribution to the French 3309:. The Emperor's rooms were overheated and were filled with smoke, as he smoked cigarette after cigarette. The Empress occupied a suite of rooms just above his, highly decorated in 2933:. It was long and bloody, and the French center was exhausted and nearly broken, but the battle was finally won by a timely attack on the Austrian flank by the soldiers of General 11232: 1892:, twice foreign minister, later commented that, "the Emperor has immense desires and limited abilities. He wants to do extraordinary things but is only capable of extravagances." 4072:, Bismarck declared, in a famous speech: "It is not by speeches and votes of the majority that the great questions of our period will be settled, as one believed in 1848, but by 13225: 13170: 3624:

Napoleon III and the Empress Eugénie worked to give girls and women greater access to public education. In 1861, through the direct intervention of the Emperor and the Empress,

1423:

broke out in Paris, led by the far left, against the conservative majority in the National Assembly. Hundreds of barricades appeared in the working-class neighborhoods. General

11147: 11297: 11198: 11045: 11130: 11079: 961:. He died in his brother's arms on 17 March 1831. Hortense joined Louis Napoleon and together they evaded the police and Austrian army and finally reached the French border. 13190: 11266: 8300: 4877:

Napoleon was originally buried at St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Chislehurst. However, after his son, an officer in the British Army, died in 1879 fighting against the

2846:, the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, came to Paris with the King and employed an unusual emissary in his efforts to win the support of Napoleon III: his young cousin, 1815:

number of 10-year terms. He was given the absolute authority to declare war, sign treaties, form alliances and initiate laws. The Constitution re-established universal male

1018:, followed by Louis Bonaparte, but neither Joseph nor Louis had any interest in re-entering public life. When the Duke of Reichstadt died in 1832, Louis Napoleon became the 4686:

At six o'clock in the morning on 2 September, in the uniform of a general and accompanied by four generals from his staff, Napoleon was taken to the German headquarters at

945:, exploring the ancient ruins and learning the arts of seduction and romantic affairs, which he used often in his later life. He became friends with the French Ambassador, 13205: 9969: 4034:, was warned by the censors to stop publishing articles which had "a clear and malicious intent to spread, contrary to the truth, alarms about the health of the Emperor". 2146:

To accommodate the growing population and those who would be forced from the center by the construction of new boulevards and squares, Napoleon issued a decree in 1860 to

1644:, only a few months after Louis Napoleon had become president, and were largely won by a coalition of conservative republicans—which Catholics and monarchists called "The 11314: 4881:

in South Africa, Eugénie decided to build a monastery and a chapel for the remains of Napoleon III and their son. In 1888, the bodies were moved to the Imperial Crypt at

2955:. His army had been reinforced and numbered 130,000 men, roughly the same as the French and Piedmontese, though the Austrians were superior in artillery. On 24 June, the 2413:" with other women. Eugénie faithfully performed the duties of an empress, entertaining guests and accompanying the Emperor to balls, opera, and theatre. She traveled to 13235: 13175: 13140: 11249: 11096: 5161:

The historical reputation of Napoleon III is far below that of his uncle and had been heavily tarnished by the empire's military failures in Mexico and against Prussia.

1717:

from July 1849. Hugo supported Louis Napoleon in the election for president, but after the coup d'état went into exile and became his most relentless and eloquent enemy.

1539:

The 1848 presidential campaign pitted Louis Napoleon against General Cavaignac, the Minister of Defense of the Provisional Government, and the leaders of the socialists.

4023:, which made him seem lethargic and apathetic. His writing became hard to read and his voice weak. In the spring of 1870, he was visited by an old friend from England, 2975:, the symbol of the glory of Napoleon I. Napoleon III celebrated the day by granting a general amnesty to the political prisoners and exiles he had chased from France. 3600:

the infamous article 1781, which said that the declaration of the employer, even without proof, would be given more weight by the court than the word of the employee.

3316:

The court moved with the Emperor and Empress from palace to palace each year following a regular calendar. At the beginning of May, the Emperor and court moved to the

1948:

railway stations in Paris were built under Napoleon III. During his reign, the railway network of France expanded from 3 500 kilometres to 20 000 kilometres.

4280:

Napoleon III was overconfident in his military strength and went into war even after he failed to find any allies who would support a war to stop German unification.

13180: 11493: 7926: 4388:. The Emperor was less popular in Paris and the big cities, but highly popular in the French countryside. Napoleon had named a new foreign minister, Antoine Agenor, 4338:

mobilized the British fleet, to dissuade France against any aggressive moves against Belgium. In any war between France and Prussia, France would be entirely alone.

4068:. In May 1862, Bismarck came to Paris on a diplomatic mission and met Napoleon III for the first time. They had cordial relations. On 30 September 1862, however, in 2727: 1034:

Bonapartism and republicanism through the principle of popular sovereignty. He believed a strong emperor existed to execute the will of the people. He published his

5105:

second largest in the world at the time (behind the British economy), experienced a very strong growth during the reign of Napoleon III. Names such as steel tycoon

2143:

The population of Paris had doubled since 1815, with neither an increase in its area nor a development of its structure of very narrow medieval streets and alleys.

13215: 1976:

increased the European money supply. In the early years of the Empire, the economy also benefited from the coming of age of those born during the baby boom of the

4558:

When news of the French defeats reached Paris on 7 August, it was greeted with disbelief and dismay. Prime Minister Ollivier and the army chief of staff, Marshal

3564:

To help the working class, Napoleon III offered a prize to anyone who could develop an inexpensive substitute for butter; the prize was won by the French chemist

2018: 13210: 4607:, losing five hundred men and forty cannons. MacMahon, believing he was ahead of the Germans, decided to stop and reorganize his forces at the fortified city of 3531:, and in 1862, he declared it a national historical monument. In 1853, he approved and provided funding for Viollet-le-Duc's restoration of the medieval town of 4691: 13230: 3465:, was held in another part of the Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings such as 1749:

coup. There were also small uprisings in the more militant red republican towns in the south and center of France, but these were all put down by 10 December.

1352:

Louis Napoleon as a member of the National Assembly in 1848. He spoke rarely in the Assembly, but, because of his name, had enormous popularity in the country.

1273:

Louis Napoleon's 1840 attempt to lead an uprising against Louis Philippe ended in fiasco and ridicule. He was sentenced to prison for life in the fortress of

11786: 1789:

on 11 December 1851. He became the most bitter critic of Louis Napoleon, rejected the amnesty offered to him, and did not return to France for twenty years.

1551:

Louis Napoleon's essay, "The Extinction of Pauperism", advocating reforms to help the working class, was widely circulated during the 1848 election campaign.

1257:, the most famous French actress of the period, during her tours to Britain. More important for his future career, he had an affair with the wealthy heiress 11572: 4931: 4377:, which favoured a confederacy of (Catholic) Bavaria with (Catholic) Austria. German Protestant public opinion was on the side of unification with Prussia. 3025:

would remain under the Pope and independent from the rest of Italy and agreed to keep French troops there. The capital of Italy became Turin (in 1861) then

1200: 13185: 13095: 13045: 2774:

represented a high-water mark for Napoleon's regime in foreign affairs. It encouraged Napoleon III to make an even bolder foreign policy venture in Italy.

1487:, called for a strong executive and a president elected by popular vote through universal male suffrage, rather than chosen by the National Assembly. The 757:

Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Louis Napoleon and then Napoleon III, was born in Paris on the night of 19–20 April 1808. His father was

4417:

superior to the Prussian rifle, that the French artillery was commanded by an elite corps of officers, and that the army "would not lack a button on its

3896: 1597:

in Italy against the Austrians and against the Pope. Instead the force was secretly ordered to do the opposite, namely to enter Rome to help restore the

10818: 3950: 3693:, wrote, "True science is religious, while false science, on the other hand, is vain and prideful; being unable to explain God, it rebels against him." 3172:

of 1866, was an imminent threat. Napoleon realised his predicament and withdrew his troops from Mexico in 1866. Maximilian was overthrown and executed.

3041:

However, Garibaldi made another attempt to capture Rome in November 1867, but was defeated by a hastily dispatched French force and Papal troops at the

2067:, opened in Paris in 1852 in a modest building and expanded rapidly, its income increasing from 450,000 francs a year to 20 million. Its founder, 636:

Napoleon III was a popular monarch who oversaw the modernization of the French economy and filled Paris with new boulevards and parks. He expanded the

13090: 13080: 11393: 10122:

Guenot, Emmanuelle. "Napoleon III and France's colonial expansion: National grandeur, territorial conquests and colonial embellishment, 1852–70." in

2022:

Enormous public works projects reconstructed the center of Paris. Here, work to extend the Rue de Rivoli continues at night by electric light (1854).

1511:

introduce in industrial laws those improvements which do not ruin the rich, but which bring about the well-being of each and the prosperity of all".

905: 12488: 7583: 5471: 4957: 4599:

The direction of movement of MacMahon's army was supposed to be secret, but it was published in the French press and thus was quickly known to the

4103:), Napoleon III recognized the threat that a unified Germany would pose to France, and he looked for allies to challenge Germany, without success. 2717: 2681: 740:

after pressure from the general public. The French Army was rapidly defeated, and Napoleon was captured at Sedan. He was swiftly dethroned and the

4946: 3021:

met in Turin, and on 23 March, Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed King of Italy. Count Cavour died a few weeks later, declaring that "Italy is made."

673:

In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated

2169:

For the duration of Napoleon III's reign and a decade afterwards, most of Paris was an enormous construction site. His hydraulic chief engineer,

953:, with whom he remained in contact for many years. He was reunited with his older brother Napoléon-Louis; together they became involved with the 805:, spread the gossip that he was the child of a different man, but most historians agree today that he was the legitimate son of Louis Bonaparte. 714: 657:. He expanded and consolidated the railway system throughout the nation and modernized the banking system. Napoleon promoted the building of the 10405: 3756:

French agricultural production increased by sixty percent, spurred by new farming techniques taught at the agricultural schools started in each

2944:

The rest of the Austrian army was able to escape while Napoleon III and King Victor Emmanuel made a triumphal entry on 10 June into the city of

1224:

later founded in Israel. This book was widely reprinted and circulated in France, and played an important part in his future electoral success.

13200: 13195: 11019: 10984: 10479: 2244:, where he had strolled and promenaded in a carriage while in exile; but he wanted to build on a much larger scale. Working with Haussmann and 4413:, the chief of staff of the French army, if the army was prepared for a war against Prussia. Leboeuf responded that the French soldiers had a 2556: 13115: 11486: 6200: 1344:, which forced King Louis Philippe I to abdicate, opened the way for Louis Napoleon to return to France and to run for the National Assembly. 484: 9457: 2330:, transformed by Napoleon III between 1852 and 1858, was designed to give a place for relaxation and recreation to all the classes of Paris. 1656: 13165: 11833: 4500:

On 2 August, Napoleon and the Prince Imperial accompanied the army as it made a tentative crossing of the German border toward the city of

3690: 2352: 1409: 816:

as his godmother. His father stayed away, once again separated from Hortense. At the age of seven, Louis Napoleon visited his uncle at the

4858:

transforming it into a French château. Strode had also received money from the Emperor, possibly to buy Camden Place and maintain it as a

1823:

forbade the late king's family to own property in France and annulled the inheritance he had given to his children before he became king.

1781:

was immediately questioned by Louis Napoleon's critics, but Louis Napoleon was convinced that he had been given a public mandate to rule.

1705:'s cavalry patrolled Paris during Napoleon's 1851 coup. Three to four hundred people were killed in street fighting after the coup d'état. 13220: 13100: 5887: 5502: 4228:

increased the demands, asking that Prussia accept the annexation by France of Belgium and of Luxembourg, sparking the Luxembourg Crisis.

666: 3064:

map of Europe. The Emperor's health declined; he gained weight, he began to dye his hair to cover the gray, he walked slowly because of

2158:(city boroughs) from twelve to twenty. Paris was thus enlarged to its modern boundaries with the exception of the two major city parks ( 988:

sentiment was still strong among the French people and the army. They went to Britain briefly, and then back into exile in Switzerland.

980:. Hortense wrote an appeal to the King, asking to stay in France, and Louis Napoleon offered to volunteer as an ordinary soldier in the 661:

and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made the country an agricultural exporter. He negotiated the 1860

13150: 13135: 13030: 10634: 4818:, when aged around 57. This was Empress Eugénie's favourite portrait, since it represented, in her opinion, his person most faithfully. 4380:

In France, patriotic sentiment was also growing. On 8 May 1870, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a

3728:

rails for railways were lowered first; tariffs on grains were not lowered until June 1861. Similar agreements were negotiated with the

3547:

since the French Revolution, where many important political prisoners had been held, so it could be restored and opened to the public.

2982: 2588: 1519:, who believed he could be the most easily controlled; Thiers called him "of all the candidates, the least bad". He won the backing of 106: 3305:

and a large map of Paris that he used to show his ideas for the reconstruction of Paris to his prefect of the Seine department, Baron

13085: 13060: 12778: 11670: 11410: 10858: 5177: 4982: 2847: 2762:, marking a breakdown of the alliance system that had maintained peace for nearly half a century. The war also effectively ended the 2380: 1980:

period. The steady rise of prices caused by the increase of the money supply encouraged company promotion and investment of capital.

1594: 1373: 11220: 10777: 1336: 13040: 13035: 11479: 11169: 3483: 3118: 2869: 717:. Napoleon doubled the area of the French colonial empire with expansions in Asia, the Pacific, and Africa. On the other hand, the 11758: 11067: 10787: 9123: 4751:

From 5 September 1870 until 19 March 1871, Napoleon III and his entourage of thirteen aides were held in comfortable captivity at

3785:

Emperor needed to restore the confidence of the business world and to involve the legislature and have them share responsibility.

3282:

Following the model of the Kings of France and of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III moved his official residence to the

2424:

Though a fervent Catholic and conservative on many other issues, Eugénie strongly advocated equality for women. She pressured the

1126:, in France, next to her mother, on 11 January 1838, but Louis Napoleon could not attend, because he was not allowed into France. 13105: 11857: 2425: 2363:

Soon after becoming emperor, Napoleon III began searching for a wife to give him an heir. He was still attached to his companion

1995:

in 1864. These banks provided the funding for Napoleon III's major projects, from railway and canals to the rebuilding of Paris.

1828: 11118: 3775:

Despite the economic progress the country had made, domestic opposition to Napoleon III was slowly growing, particularly in the

13125: 11186: 8973: 4335: 4015:

doctors and their advice and attributed any problems simply to "rheumatism", for which he regularly visited the hot springs at

3932: 3275: 2905:, which secured the Austrian withdrawal from Italy. He was horrified by the casualties and ended the war soon after the battle. 2886: 1834: 3914: 11625: 11619: 11556: 10460: 10452: 10365: 10308: 10284: 10256: 10167: 10141: 10081: 10029: 9987: 9877: 9856: 9835: 9782: 9761: 9740: 9721: 9702: 9683: 9664: 9645: 9626: 9607: 9566: 9531: 9505: 9484: 9421: 9248: 8644: 8510: 7958: 7899: 7800: 7790: 7700: 7566: 7418: 7278: 7191: 7164: 7010: 6959: 5869: 4381: 3883: 3048:

The garrison of eight thousand French troops remained in Rome until August 1870, when they were recalled at the start of the

2220:, the great cast iron and glass pavilioned produce market in the center of the city, and built a new municipal hospital, the 1773: 9145: 5143: 4866:

former emperor throughout his last days. His last words were "Isn't it true that we weren't cowards at Sedan?”, directed at

4421:". He assured the Emperor that the French army could have four hundred thousand men on the Rhine in less than fifteen days. 3223: 12481: 11152: 5369: 4024: 3130: 3122: 3038:

the Italian government guaranteed the independence of the rump Papal States and the French garrison in Rome was withdrawn.

2873: 2596: 1901: 1871: 718: 11405: 11368: 11237: 11050: 4924:

Maria Anna Schiess (1812–1880), of Allensbach (Lake Constance, Germany), mother of his son Bonaventure Karrer (1839–1921).

1721:

Louis Napoleon believed that he was supported by the people and he chose to retain power by other means. His half-brother

744:

was proclaimed in Paris. After he was released from German custody, he went into exile in England, where he died in 1873.

12672: 7608: 5768: 5495: 4178:

was open for the Prussians, and Austria asked for an armistice. The armistice was signed on 22 July; Prussia annexed the

2804: 2770:, or "Waterloo Coalition", that the other four powers (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) had established. The 2469: 1931: 1702: 946: 12391: 11782: 11688: 11607: 11588: 11547: 11271: 10951: 9240:

Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia

6102: 1199:

Complexion: pale. Head: sunken in his shoulders, and large shoulders. Back: bent. Lips: thick." He had a mistress named

12548: 10977: 6221: 4882: 4822: 3968: 3890:, the leader of the republican opposition, wrote in despair, "We were crushed. The Emperor is more popular than ever." 3324:

for walks in the forest and boating on the lake. In July, the court moved to thermal baths for a health cure, first to

3085: 3018: 2925:

Napoleon III wisely left the fighting to his professional generals. The first great battle of the war, on 4 June 1859,

2111: 1998:

In 1851, France had only 3,500 kilometers of railway, compared with 10,000 kilometers in England and 800 kilometers in

690: 650: 521: 321: 173: 11752: 11652: 11442: 11302: 11203: 10833: 10398: 9867: 9263:

Roger Price, "Napoleon III and the French Second Empire: A Reassessment of a Controversial Period in French History."

4899: 4125:

in 1863. Bismarck and Prussia, on the other hand, had offered assistance to Russia to help crush the Polish patriots.

3090: 2379:. They declined because of his Catholic religion and the political uncertainty about his future, as did the family of 363: 245: 13145: 11135: 11084: 10237: 9075: 8914: 8586: 7993: 6148: 5391: 4076:." Bismarck saw Austria and France as the main obstacles to his ambitions, and he set out to divide and defeat them. 3882:

Despite the opposition in the legislature, Napoleon III's reforms remained popular in the rest of the country. A new

3836: 3511:

Napoleon III also began or completed the restoration of several important historic landmarks, carried out for him by

2673: 2003: 1488: 1444: 976:. They arrived in Paris on 23 April 1831, and took up residence under the name "Hamilton" in the Hotel du Holland on 875:. As a result, for the rest of his life, his French had a slight but noticeable German accent. His tutor at home was 614: 10772: 9943:

Carroll, Christina. "Defining 'Empire' under Napoleon III: Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol and Paul Leroy-Beaulieu."

4562:, both resigned. The Empress Eugénie took it upon herself as the Regent to name a new government. She chose General 2452:

In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world as a supporter of

621:

when he could not constitutionally be re-elected. He later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French and founded the

12808: 11826: 10536: 8349: 4830:

Napoleon, Eugénie, their son and their entourage, including the American Colonel Zebulon Howell Benton, settled at

4778: 4385: 4373:, the largest of the southern German states, unification with (mostly Protestant) Prussia was being opposed by the 4334:

in London, offering to protect the neutrality of Belgium against a French threat. The British Foreign Office under

2007: 1641: 9105: 1726: 13120: 13050: 12971: 12813: 12474: 12424: 11766: 11600: 11345: 11319: 10853: 5848: 5651: 4406: 4399: 3200: 3179:, Napoleon III was more successful in establishing control with one limited military operation at a time. In the 3164: 2948:, previously ruled by the Austrians. They were greeted by huge, jubilant crowds waving Italian and French flags. 2812: 2063:

The rebuilding of central Paris also encouraged commercial expansion and innovation. The first department store,

1348: 1073: 434: 20: 11254: 11101: 10468: 10267:

Price, Roger (2002). "Napoleon III: 'hero' or 'grotesque mediocrity'?". In Cowling, Mark; Martin, James (eds.).

4139:

In 1866, relations between Austria and Prussia worsened and Bismarck demanded the expulsion of Austria from the

2371:

and traveled around France with him. He quietly sent a diplomatic delegation to approach the family of Princess

2116: 1361:

found that the Second Republic had been declared, led by a Provisional Government headed by a Commission led by

12798: 12693: 11852: 11682: 11658: 11363: 10627: 7244: 6438: 4732: 4244: 3385: 2843: 1652: 1598: 1493: 11384: 6044: 4465:

When France entered the war, there were patriotic demonstrations in the streets of Paris, with crowds singing

4121:

The Russian government was also suspicious of Napoleon, who it believed had encouraged Polish nationalists to

3749:

of the first bookstores in Napoleon's new train stations led to the wider circulation of books around France.

3243: 3133:

to Mexico in an effort to establish an allied monarchy in the Americas, with Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of

13240: 12823: 12581: 11664: 11452: 11432: 10970: 10732: 10191:

Pinkney, David H. (1955). "Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea".

9019: 7513: 6247: 6180: 6138: 5314: 5182: 4528: 4384:, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the 3818: 3492:

the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting.

1977: 1802: 1733: 1453:

Louis Napoleon captured 74.2 percent of votes cast in the first French direct presidential elections in 1848.

840: 10752: 9176: 4659: 3472: 3401: 3229: 2618: 1676: 790: 618: 13065: 11422: 10993: 10838: 9891: 5631: 5521: 4604: 4517:(German: Weissenburg), forcing it to retreat. On 5 August, the Germans defeated another French army at the 4514: 4486: 4224:

staffed by a strong Prussian garrison in accordance with international treaties. Napoleon's senior advisor

3207:

during the 19th century and early 20th century in Southern China, including a naval base at Kuangchow Bay (

3159:

in 1865, the United States made clear that France would have to leave. It sent 50,000 troops under General

2245: 1741: 151: 10747: 6371:– an outline of Napoleon III's opinion of the optimal course for France, written before he became Emperor. 5025:

His wife, Eugénie, resisted his advances prior to marriage. She was coached by her mother and her friend,

3255: 2699: 2403: 1381: 13110: 13070: 13055: 12818: 12762: 11819: 10813: 10808: 5865: 5699: 5228: 5135:

4784: 4307: 3724: 3565: 3414:

of 1863, Napoleon III ordered that the works be displayed, so that the public could judge for themselves.

3014: 3001: 2601: 2311: 2233: 1811: 1432: 662: 12783: 11778: 10935: 10757: 5098: 4567: 3306: 2291: 2137: 1952: 1585: 794: 654: 12853: 12591: 12564: 11613: 5825: 5791: 5584: 5220: 5124:

Napoleon's military pressure and Russian mistakes, culminating in the Crimean War, dealt a blow to the

5114: 4996: 3212: 2994: 2501: 1992: 1366: 1242: 11762: 10848: 8386: 3439: 3435: 3390: 3247: 2914:

on 18 May 1859. Fortunately for Napoleon and the Piedmontese, the commander of the Austrians, General

2740: 2480:

in 1860. Later, however, to appease fervent French Catholics, he sent soldiers to defend the residual

12888: 12803: 12713: 11694: 10620: 6292: 5323: 5010: 4775:. Having limited funds, Napoleon sold properties and jewels and arrived in England on 20 March 1871. 4167: 3809: 3345: 3266: 2877: 2767: 2376: 1987:, which sold shares to the public and provided loans to both private industry and to the government. 1634: 1357: 1341: 423: 12543: 11772: 10909: 9199: 6098: 5094: 3540: 3317: 2797: 1424: 1413: 185: 13155: 12966: 12843: 12398: 11594: 10904: 10843: 10737: 6069: 5641: 5077:

acting as chief architect, many buildings were saved, including some of the most famous in France:

4327: 4251:. Napoleon III gained nothing for his efforts but the demilitarization of the Luxembourg fortress. 3455: 3423: 3287: 3215:

was also mounted in response to the murder of French missionaries, although this ended in failure.

2771: 2668:. The Anglo-French fleet landed thirty thousand French and twenty thousand British soldiers in the 2357: 2257: 2155: 1876: 1730: 1245:, London, went to the theatre and hunted, renewed his acquaintance with Benjamin Disraeli, and met 778: 774: 499: 167: 42: 6374: 5074: 4728: 4696: 4505: 3625: 3613: 3516: 3512: 3500: 3434:, the famous annual showcase of French painting, headed by the ultra-conservative director of the 1177: 543: 13075: 12909: 12788: 12722: 12664: 11867: 11502: 11092: 10803: 9359: 9331: 9303: 8623:. In 5 volumes. Edited by Ernest Lavisse and Alfred Rambaud. 2nd ed., Vol. 5. Part 1. – M. p. 182 6608: 6366: 6034: 5809: 5744: 5512: 4551:, had a steel barrel, longer range, a higher rate of fire, and was more accurate than the bronze 4331: 4248: 4118:, and did not want any military engagements on the European continent at the side of the French. 4073: 3321: 2658: 2435: 2267:

In addition to building the four large parks, Napoleon had the city's older parks, including the

2002:, a country one-twentieth the size of France. Within days of the coup d'état of 1851, Napoleon's 1567: 809: 770: 710: 598: 413: 12702: 9396: 4752: 3536: 3286:, where he had a suite of rooms on the ground floor of the south wing between the Seine and the 3274:

during the gala soirée of 10 June 1867, hosted by Napoleon III for the sovereigns attending the

3069: 2854: 2684:

joined them, reaching a total of 140,000 soldiers, but they suffered terribly from epidemics of

2124: 2094:

Napoleon's program also included reclaiming farmland and reforestation. One such project in the

825: 574:(Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first 37: 13160: 12858: 12833: 12744: 12497: 12234: 11862: 11284: 11001: 10863: 10742: 10717: 10276: 10105: 8634: 6349: 6079: 5934: 5676: 5559: 5148: 5110: 4886: 4582: 4532: 4389: 4374: 4221: 4191: 3478: 3141: 2971:

to Paris on 17 July, and a huge parade and celebration were held on 14 August, in front of the

2826: 2808: 2752: 2712: 2497: 2098:

drained and reforested 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 square miles) of moorland, creating the

1480: 1449: 702: 637: 610: 11401: 8924: 8596: 7889: 7692: 7686: 7554: 7254: 7045: 7000: 4936: 4666:

himself, I don't know what he has come to do. I have not seen him give an order all morning."

4461:

At the outbreak of the war, crowds gathered on the Place de la Bastille, chanting "To Berlin!"

2840:, was invited to Paris in November 1855 and given the same royal treatment as Queen Victoria. 2518:

At the beginning of his reign, he was also an advocate of a new "principle of nationalities" (

2398:

on 22 January 1853, and a much grander ceremony was held a few days later at the Cathedral of

1956:

Among the commercial innovations encouraged by Napoleon III were the first department stores.

1205: 13015: 12838: 12224: 11506: 11471: 11332: 11032: 10914: 10873: 10702: 10692: 10604: 10592: 10484: 9998:

French Liberalism and Imperialism in the Age of Napoleon III: Empire at Home, Colonies Abroad

9238: 8046: 7950: 7523: 7181: 7154: 6949: 6312: 5999: 5964: 5913: 5802: 5764: 5563: 5543: 5435: 5335: 5330: 4859: 4433: 3757: 3320:

for outdoor activities in the park. In June and July, they moved with selected guests to the

3145: 2645:

government, demanding that they give Russia a protectorate over the Christian peoples of the

2622: 2072: 1910: 1772:

Louis Napoleon wished to demonstrate that his new government had a broad popular mandate, so

1722: 1614: 1484: 1362: 950: 741: 722: 579: 51: 10268: 9186: 6386:

Napoleon III wrote a number of articles on military matters (artillery), scientific issues (

5462: 4326:

But most importantly, Prussia promised to support Russia in lifting the restrictions of the

3527:. In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained-glass windows of the 2951:

The Austrians had been driven from Lombardy, but the army of General Gyulay remained in the

2391: 2336: 1617:. To please the radical republicans, he asked the Pope to introduce liberal reforms and the 334: 13025: 13020: 12961: 12883: 12863: 12848: 12731: 12684: 12569: 12259: 12254: 12219: 12185: 12160: 12150: 11744: 11631: 10868: 10548: 10011: 9444: 6288: 6257: 6027: 5601: 5302: 5066: 5026: 5003: 4913: 4600: 4578: 4574: 4473: 4140: 4088: 4085: 3580: 3180: 3095: 3035: 3030: 2865: 2638: 2572: 2276: 2178: 2147: 2043: 1969: 1906: 1810:

The 1851 referendum gave Louis Napoleon a mandate to amend the constitution. Work began on

1503:

Louis Napoleon established his campaign headquarters and residence at the Hôtel du Rhin on

1147: 813: 622: 454: 12940: 11438: 6379:– a historical work he wrote during his reign. He drew an analogy between the politics of 5167: 5032:

By his late forties, Napoleon started to suffer from numerous medical ailments, including

4589: 4060:

appeared on the horizon as a new rival to French power in Europe. Its Minister President,

4041:, was finally summoned to examine him. Sée reported that the Emperor was suffering from a 3462: 3333: 3297:(a symbol of good luck for the Bonaparte family), while his office featured a portrait of 2664:

It took France and Britain six months to organize a full-scale military expedition to the

2221: 8: 12904: 12828: 12753: 12740: 12385: 12288: 12264: 12244: 12214: 12204: 12165: 12145: 12140: 12120: 12051: 12046: 12002: 11878: 11642: 11582: 11211: 11109: 11058: 10722: 10444: 6602: 6433: 6196: 6128: 5892: 5722: 5623: 5490: 5431: 5256: 5132: 5078: 4992: 4593: 4518: 4183: 3658: 3637: 3520: 3204: 3169: 3149: 3049: 2956: 2934: 2902: 2608: 2465: 2453: 2399: 1973: 1936: 1855: 1385: 965: 782: 737: 682: 575: 538: 531: 466: 284: 120: 12409: 11177: 11160: 10131: 5106: 4292:. But the timing of Napoleon's offer was poorly chosen; Austria was in the process of a 4155:

north of Alsace. Bismarck, rightly confident of success due to the modernization of the

3777: 3418:

Napoleon III had conservative and traditional taste in art: his favourite painters were

3357: 2964: 2511:

shortly after becoming Emperor, Napoleon III proclaimed that "The Empire means peace" ("

2272: 1651:

On 11 June 1849, the socialists and radical republicans made an attempt to seize power.

728:

From 1866, Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia as its minister president

12929: 12616: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12435: 12345: 12308: 12275: 12249: 12180: 12155: 12135: 12130: 12086: 12076: 12071: 10782: 10687: 10643: 10503: 10298: 10216: 10208: 10095: 10071: 10050: 9809: 9572: 9474: 8551: 8543: 8116: 6411: 6239: 6062: 5974: 5748: 5717: 5413: 5404: 5357: 5290: 4638: 4370: 4217: 4179: 4096: 4065: 3381: 3184: 3160: 3156: 3053: 2897: 2837: 2759: 2748: 2704: 2414: 2368: 2151: 2068: 1562: 1420: 1229: 1187: 896: 872: 829: 821: 766: 762: 733: 626: 393: 210: 9495: 8526:

Morrow, James D. (1993). "Arms versus Allies: Trade-offs in the Search for Security".

5118: 4905: 4677:

After the war, when accused of having made a "shameful surrender" at Sedan, he wrote:

4645: 4540: 4046: 3348:

for forest excursions, dancing and more games. Famous scientists and artists, such as

3219: 2170: 2047: 1988: 1984: 964:

Hortense and Louis Napoleon traveled incognito to Paris, where the old regime of King

839:

were forced into exile after the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and the

504: 13130: 12873: 12793: 12636: 12538: 12209: 12170: 12125: 12096: 12091: 12081: 11514: 11341: 10894: 10682: 10439: 10382: 10376: 10361: 10304: 10280: 10269: 10252: 10233: 10220: 10163: 10137: 10111: 10077: 10025: 10019: 9983: 9964: 9925: 9887: 9873: 9852: 9831: 9778: 9772: 9757: 9736: 9717: 9698: 9679: 9660: 9641: 9622: 9603: 9576: 9562: 9527: 9501: 9480: 9417: 9244: 9071: 9064: 8640: 8555: 8506: 7989: 7954: 7927:"Protectorates and Spheres of Influence – Spheres of influence prior to World War II" 7895: 7796: 7696: 7562: 7414: 7274: 7187: 7160: 7039: 7006: 6955: 6403: 6308: 6158: 6008: 5821: 5671: 5381: 5273: 5198: 5125: 5082: 4962: 4808: 4425: 4210: 4198: 4163: 4152: 4100: 4061: 3804: 3544: 3524: 3419: 3138: 3042: 2930: 2926: 2763: 2736: 2592: 2531: 2527: 2253: 2241: 2193:, washed the streets and watered the new park and gardens. He completely rebuilt the 2163: 1139: 1131: 1119: 1054: 836: 797:—they decided to have a third child. They resumed their marriage for a brief time in 729: 526: 358: 10358:

A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War

8981: 7002:

Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871

4951: 4446: 4265: 3696: 3633: 3584: 2225: 1714: 1014:

under the title Duke of Reichstadt. Next in line was Louis Napoleon's eldest uncle,

101: 12654: 12645: 12418: 12371: 12299: 12175: 12041: 11727: 11359: 11228: 10828: 10823: 10667: 10657: 10577: 10200: 9801: 9558: 9554: 9546: 8535: 7152: 6387: 5694: 5453: 5376: 5213: 5194: 4970: 4720:. From there, on 7 September, she took the yacht of a British official to England. 4629: 4563: 4122: 3814:

Dates of 1861 reforms are either in the wrong order or incorrect. Unclear sourcing.

3733: 3720: 3682: 3568:, who in 1869 patented a product he named oleomargarine, later shortened simply to 3447: 3353: 3283: 3271: 3188: 3106: 2986: 2868:

for war against Austria. Napoleon III looked for diplomatic support. He approached

2395: 2327: 2249: 2159: 2133: 2120: 2080: 1581: 1377: 1302: 1254: 1143: 1115: 1090: 1015: 969: 942: 864: 817: 9438: 5090: 4724: 4225: 3887: 3466: 3443: 3395: 3341: 3152: 2972: 2918:, was not very aggressive. His forces greatly outnumbered the Piedmontese army at 1681: 1504: 1398: 977: 709:

against annexation by Italy. He was also favourable towards the 1859 union of the

642: 553: 12956: 12935: 12922: 12516: 12511: 12195: 12061: 12036: 12020: 11733: 11448: 11428: 10919: 10899: 10767: 10677: 10672: 10101: 9846: 9825: 9751: 9597: 9519: 9149: 8500: 6395: 6391: 6271: 6217: 5843: 5264: 5242: 4743: 4650: 4634: 4624: 4608: 4559: 4544: 4467: 4410: 4351: 4297: 4187: 4144: 4050: 3975: 3851: 3612:

In 1861, through the direct intervention of the Emperor and the Empress Eugénie,

3597: 3528: 3310: 3134: 3057: 2721: 2535: 2261: 2182: 1897: 1889: 1839: 1305:(1823–1858), the most famous French actress of the time, during her London tours. 1246: 1168: 1135: 1118:, and then to New York City. He met the elite of New York society and the writer 1042:("Political and military considerations about Switzerland"), followed in 1839 by 1030: 876: 820:

in Paris. Napoleon held him up to the window to see the soldiers parading in the

758: 686: 630: 594: 590: 548: 403: 233: 11143: 10435: 4197:

The Austrian defeat was followed by a new crisis in the health of Napoleon III.

3632:

diploma. In 1862, the first professional school for young women was opened, and

3629: 3617: 2978: 2492: 2429: 1468: 1435:

and prepared for the first election ever of a president of the French Republic.

1138:. He also did considerable research into the economy of Britain. He strolled in 156: 12996: 12951: 12915: 12106: 11967: 11418: 11293: 11194: 11041: 10889: 10557: 10152:

Paris, City of Dreams: Napoleon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Creation of Paris

7942: 6682: 6120: 5993: 5816: 5408: 5249: 5033: 4986: 4976: 4847: 4792: 4555:

French cannons. The Krupp guns caused terrible casualties in the French ranks.

4342: 4261: 4240: 3746: 3451: 3361: 3176: 2922:, but he hesitated, allowing the French and Piedmontese to unite their forces. 2858: 2822: 2807:, was independent, but central Italy was still ruled by the Pope (in this era, 2650: 2642: 2384: 2372: 2364: 2088: 2076: 1762: 1737: 1645: 1516: 1390: 1318: 1258: 1250: 1067: 674: 85: 11126: 11075: 10178:

Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire

8539: 7977: 4501: 4481:, as she had done on other occasions when the Emperor was out of the country. 4038: 3461:

Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the

2013: 1698: 13009: 12947: 12596: 12066: 11992: 11957: 11922: 11262: 10294: 9869:

A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871

9584: 8020: 7985: 7266: 6380: 5957: 5297: 5070: 5014: 4867: 4490: 4156: 3879:

and republicans, armed with new powers given to them by the Emperor himself.

3876: 3678: 3349: 3298: 3239: 2915: 2793: 2788: 2755:

visited Paris. Victoria was the first British monarch to do so in centuries.

2680:. As the siege dragged on, the French and British armies were reinforced and 2174: 2099: 1920: 1685: 1619: 1210:, a young woman from the town of Ham, who gave birth to two of his children. 973: 844: 605:

was Louis Napoleon's paternal uncle, and one of his cousins was the disputed

146: 10489: 8301:"Test The Waters At A 19th Century Chateau In The Spa Town Of Vichy, France" 7891:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

3709: 3488: 3325: 2205:

with cream-coloured stone to create the signature look of Paris boulevards.

2064: 1957: 1819:, and also retained a National Assembly, albeit one with reduced authority. 1573: 12586: 11987: 11977: 11972: 11952: 11947: 11892: 11676: 5605: 5364: 5309: 5285: 5237: 4831: 4552: 4548: 4441: 4363: 4346: 4312: 3654: 3644: 3603: 3251: 3208: 3196: 2630: 2523: 2481: 2268: 2213: 2209: 2194: 2039: 1945: 1941: 1624: 1602: 1151: 1063: 706: 11800: 11310: 7561:. 6th Series. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–175. 6407: 3999: 3872: 2864:

Assured of the support of Napoleon III, Count Cavour began to prepare the

1983:

Beginning in 1852, Napoleon encouraged the creation of new banks, such as

1457: 1066:, France would rise up and join him. He began to plan a coup against King 879:, an ardent republican and the son of a revolutionary and close friend of 12878: 12466: 12380: 12360: 12056: 12030: 11982: 11937: 11927: 11912: 11902: 11721: 11705: 11568: 11536: 11377: 11352: 11245: 10727: 10062:

Golicz, Roman. “Napoleon III, Lord Palmerston and the Entente Cordiale.”

8387:"Napoleon III | Biography, Significance, Death, & Facts | Britannica" 6428: 5930: 5344: 5278: 5162: 5086: 4878: 4835: 4731:

in Paris and proclaimed the return of the Republic and the creation of a

4289: 4236: 4079: 4037:

At the end of June 1870, a specialist in the problems of urinary tracts,

3868: 3770: 3729: 3715: 3532: 3504: 3431: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3294: 2654: 2581: 2551: 2461: 2457: 2441: 2307: 2229: 2198: 1914: 1745: 1629: 1472: 1461: 1402: 1394: 1241:

Louis Napoleon quickly resumed his place in British society. He lived on

1007: 1002: 985: 981: 880: 852: 802: 793:, died in 1807 and—though separated and parents of a healthy second son, 678: 606: 300: 9550: 8120: 6415: 4800: 4509:

Prussians attacked with overwhelming force against a French division in

4106:

The British government was suspicious that Napoleon wanted to take over

2545: 2526:, such as Italy, in place of the old multinational empires, such as the 1025:

In exile with his mother in Switzerland, Louis Napoleon enrolled in the

12575: 12334: 12313: 12115: 12025: 12007: 11932: 11917: 11897: 11530: 10962: 10386: 10212: 10115: 9929: 9821: 9515: 9354: 9326: 9298: 8547: 6176: 4942: 4909: 4871: 4457: 4115: 4111: 3576: 3073: 2853:

In July 1858, Napoleon arranged a secret visit by Count Cavour. In the

2787:

On the evening of 14 January 1858, Napoleon and the Empress escaped an

2677: 2577: 2561: 2538:). In this he was influenced by his uncle's policy as described in the 2460:. In Europe, he allied himself with Britain and defeated Russia in the 2418: 2217: 2035: 1778: 1274: 1183: 1107:

voluntarily left the country. The other mutineers were put on trial in

1086: 1082: 1026: 996: 924: 856: 812:

on 5 November 1810, with Emperor Napoleon serving as his godfather and

781:. He was the first Bonaparte prince born after the proclamation of the 658: 602: 12626: 10338: 10073:

Napoleon III – Man of Destiny: Enlightened Statesman or Proto-Fascist?

9813: 8749: 8725: 8701: 8689: 8665: 8602: 8574: 8562: 4220:, and for the demilitarization of Luxembourg, which was the site of a 3495: 2154:(municipalities) on the outskirts of Paris and increase the number of 1968:

The period was favorable for industrial expansion. The gold rushes in

1321:

in 1846. She became his mistress and helped fund his return to France.

12977: 12328: 12318: 12239: 11962: 11942: 11811: 11524: 9276:

De Moncan, Patrice, "Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann" (2009), pp. 9–10

8778: 8776: 5172: 5041: 4870:, his attendant who fought in the battle alongside him. He was given 4717: 4414: 4293: 4042: 3670: 3569: 3442:, refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by 2960: 2689: 2665: 2613: 2084: 2038:

between 1859 and 1869. The canal project was funded by shares on the

2027: 1851: 1753: 1610: 954: 927:, Switzerland, where Louis Napoleon spent much of his youth and exile 895:

Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland (1778–1846), the younger brother of

4796:

Illustration of Napoleon (in Chislehurst in England) on his deathbed

4669:

Finally, at one o'clock in the afternoon, Napoleon emerged from his

4539:

On 6 August, 140,000 Germans attacked 35,000 French soldiers at the

3332:, and then, after 1856, to the military camp and residence built at 2711:

The death of Tsar Nicholas I on 2 March 1855 and his replacement by

2421:

and officially represented him whenever he traveled outside France.

2197:

and installed miles of pipes to distribute gas for thousands of new

1157: 1038:

or "political dreams" in 1833 at the age of 25, followed in 1834 by

12354: 12323: 12229: 12011: 11887: 11715: 10662: 10612: 10204: 10187:(Heath, 1963), excerpts from historians and from secondary sources. 9848:

The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871

9805: 6390:, pros and cons of beet versus cane sugar), historical topics (the 6328: 5539: 5037: 4687: 4670: 4612: 4522: 4494: 4129: 3686: 3636:

became the first woman to enroll in the Faculty of Medicine at the

3596:

limited working hours on Sundays and holidays. He removed from the

3369: 3337: 3026: 2831: 2744: 2661:

it had occupied, Britain and France declared war on 27 March 1854.

2626: 2508: 2031: 1859: 1816: 1786: 1331: 1172: 868: 798: 8773: 8761: 8737: 8677: 4254: 3608: 705:

as its deferred reward. At the same time, his forces defended the

625:, reigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by 11907: 9412:

Botta-Kouznetzoff, Nicolas; Chabanne, Laure; et al. (2010).

8812: 8350:"History of Medicine: The Galling Gallbladder | Columbia Surgery" 7535:

David Brown, "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865,"

5909: 5787: 5554: 5190: 5049: 4772: 4429: 4418: 4285: 4232: 4171: 4128:

In October 1865, Napoleon had a cordial meeting with Bismarck at

4107: 4092: 4057: 3745:

first public school libraries by Napoleon III and the opening by

3099: 2938: 2817: 2693: 2646: 2625:

was strengthened. This led to the extension of the breakwater of

2607:

War scares were consistently worked up by the press nonetheless.

2390:

The Emperor fell in love with a 23-year-old Spaniard noblewoman,

2095: 1999: 1909:. Prince-President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte became Napoleon III, 1758: 1606: 1497: 1376:, held in April 1848, but three members of the Bonaparte family, 1220: 958: 860: 388: 308: 8502:

The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871

7153:

Edward Berenson; Vincent Duclert; Christophe Prochasson (2011).

5189:

Historians by the 1930s saw the Second Empire as a precursor of

3543:. In 1862, he closed the prison which had occupied the Abbey of 2739:, named for the first French victory on the river of that name; 2356:

Empress Eugénie in 1853, after her marriage to Napoleon III, by

2310:

was the centerpiece of Napoleon III's new Paris. The architect,

968:

had just fallen and been replaced by the more liberal regime of

941:, where the Bonapartes had a villa. He passed his time learning 824:

below. Louis Napoleon last saw his uncle with the family at the

578:

from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second

6604:

Bonapartism, six lectures delivered in the University of London

6345: 5952: 5945: 5731: 4843: 4759:, Germany. Eugénie traveled there incognito to visit Napoleon. 4756: 4510: 4478: 4175: 4133: 4069: 3669:

At the university level, Napoleon III founded new faculties in

3523:, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the 3364:, were invited to participate in the festivities at Compiègne. 3302: 3192: 3111: 3005: 2997: 2952: 2685: 2669: 2565: 1108: 1011: 11501: 10333:

Schnerb, Robert. "Napoleon III and the Second French Empire."

9044:

The Mistresses: Domestic Scandals of the 19th-Century Monarchs

6709: 6331:: Grand Cross of the Order of Santa Rosa and of Civilization, 4357: 4027:. Malmesbury found him to be "terribly changed and very ill". 3650: 2892: 2815:

and much of the north was ruled by Austria. Other states were

2500:, the Algerian military leader who led a struggle against the 2252:

into a park to the west of Paris. To the east, he created the

1077:

Louis Napoleon launching his failed coup in Strasbourg in 1836

843:

of monarchy in France. Hortense and Louis Napoleon moved from

736:

under Prussian leadership. In July 1870, Napoleon reluctantly

646:, although his reign would ultimately end on the battlefield. 10490:

Maps of Europe covering the reign of Napoleon III (omniatlas)

9938:

The Second Empire Revisited: A Study in French Historiography

8207: 8205: 7491: 7489: 6191: 5580: 4148: 4020: 4016: 3674: 3329: 2945: 2919: 2911: 2473: 2190: 2186: 2051: 1123: 1022:

heir of the dynasty and the leader of the Bonapartist cause.

694: 280: 10040:

Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870

9543:

French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire

7588:

Napoleon.org – The History Website of the Fondation Napoleon

4995:(1823–1912), a possible mistress, who was the wife of Count 4395: 3723:, to London to begin discussions, and secretly negotiated a 3590: 3222:

in 1870 the possibility of an intervention in favour of the

1464:: 5 franc, 1852, Under Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as president 9414:Écrins impériaux, splendeurs diplomatiques du Second Empire 7632: 7630: 7555:"The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880" 7148: 7146: 5045: 4839: 3065: 2477: 2056: 2014:

Development of steamships and early reconstruction on Paris

1605:, who had been overthrown by Italian republicans including 1049: 938: 911:

Hortense de Beauharnais (1783–1837), mother of Napoleon III

848: 698: 304: 10271:

Marx's 'Eighteenth Brumaire': (Post)Modern Interpretations

9955:

La Deuxième République et le Second Empire au jour le jour

9399:. Heraldica.org. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013 9148:(in French). Société d'Histoire du Vésinet. Archived from 8988: 8954: 8942: 8405: 8244: 8232: 8202: 8178: 8126: 8026: 8021:"History of the Hotel du Palais, the former Villa Eugenie" 8002: 7845: 7486: 5113:

are symbols of the period. Two of France's largest banks,

4979:(1823–1865), a wealthy actress and major financial backer. 3293:

Napoleon III's bedroom was decorated with a talisman from

2432:

diploma to a woman and tried unsuccessfully to induce the

2409:

With an heir to the throne secured, Napoleon resumed his "

2402:. In 1856, Eugénie gave birth to a son and heir-apparent, 1921:

Modernising the infrastructure and the economy (1853–1869)

9676:

Paris Impérial – La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire

9440:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865

9411: 8930: 8904: 8902: 8887: 8434: 8432: 8268: 8222: 8220: 8069: 7869: 7857: 7462: 7450: 7076: 7037: 6818: 3902:

Napoleon III with his son and heir, the Prince Imperial,

3710:

Lower tariffs and the re-opening of French markets (1860)

3250:. A shipment arms was seized by Argentine authorities at 2071:, commissioned a new glass and iron building designed by 1301:

After his escape from prison, he had a brief affair with

937:

When Louis Napoleon was 15, his mother Hortense moved to

883:. Le Bas taught him French history and radical politics. 609:. Louis Napoleon was the first and only president of the 16:

President of France and Emperor of the French (1808–1873)

10378:

Gaslight and shadow: The World of Napoleon III 1851–1870

9970:

Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849

8829: 8827: 8156: 8154: 7833: 7770: 7746: 7721: 7709: 7654: 7642: 7627: 7584:"'Palmerston's Follies': a reply to the French 'threat'" 7319: 7307: 7295: 7143: 7093: 7091: 6968: 6914: 6854: 6697: 6651: 5021:, her reminiscences of her association with the emperor. 3604:

Education for girls and women, school reform (1861–1869)

3575:

Napoleon III and his administration enacted significant

3535:. He also sponsored Viollet-le-Duc's restoration of the 2079:

that opened in 1869 and became the model for the modern

1709: 10319:

France and the American Civil War: A Diplomatic History

9753:

The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power

8148:, Ligue française pour le droit des femmes, Paris, 1921 8111:

Wechsler, Judith. “Daumier and Censorship, 1866–1872.”

7908: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7379: 7367: 7217: 7215: 6931: 6929: 6770: 6663: 6639: 6615: 6582: 6546: 4834:, a large three-storey country house in the village of 4788:

of 25 January 1873, after a photograph by Mssrs. Downey

4723:

On 4 September, a group of republican deputies, led by

4706:

here! I think of you, our son, and our unhappy country.

3994: 3739: 1725:, and a few close advisors quietly began to organize a 13226:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

13171:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

10415:

Zeldin, Theodore (1958b). "The Myth of Napoleon III".

10397:(Princeton University Press, 2015.), medical emphasis 9960:, chronologie érudite détaillée, Paris, CNRS Editions. 9000: 8899: 8800: 8788: 8713: 8653: 8480: 8468: 8456: 8429: 8367: 8330: 8318: 8280: 8217: 8190: 8093: 8081: 8057: 6570: 6486: 4985:(1837–1899), a spy, artist and famous beauty, sent by 4288:, while France took for its part the left bank of the 4080:

Search for allies, and war between Austria and Prussia

3771:

Growing opposition and liberal concessions (1860–1870)

3017:

into the 20th century. On 18 February 1861, the first

2747:, named for a tower in the center of the Russian line 2735:

The Crimean War added three new place names to Paris:

2224:, in the place of crumbling medieval buildings on the 2105: 2026:

New shipping lines were created, and ports rebuilt in

1858:, a new stock exchange, and a chamber of commerce. In 1627:. To gain support from the Catholics, he approved the 863:. He received some of his education in Germany at the 9945:

Proceedings of the Western Society for French History

9407: 9405: 8875: 8863: 8839: 8824: 8417: 8166: 8151: 7821: 7119: 7088: 7019: 6980: 6902: 6890: 6878: 6866: 6842: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6558: 6534: 4194:, with a combined population of four million people. 3086:

French colonial empire § Napoleon III: 1852–1870

2546:

Alliance with Britain and the Crimean War (1853–1856)

2314:, described the style simply as "Napoleon the Third". 2173:, built a new aqueduct to bring clean water from the 1500:, the leader of the far left wing of the socialists. 1412:

leaders of the provisional government, Lamartine and

1142:, which he later used as a model when he created the 1058:

Louis Napoleon at the time of his failed coup in 1836

1040:

Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Suisse

1010:, was living in virtual imprisonment at the court of 932: 19:"Louis Napoleon" redirects here. For other uses, see 13191:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

9416:. Société des amis du musée de la Légion d'honneur. 9382:

Forester, C. S. (8 May 1966). "The Last Encounter".

9279: 8851: 8256: 7809: 7758: 7423: 7355: 7343: 7331: 7283: 7212: 7200: 7131: 7064: 7052: 6926: 6830: 6758: 6734: 6627: 6510: 6474: 5430:

His full title as emperor was: "Napoleon the Third,

5389:

Napoleon III also plays a small but crucial role in

4452: 3261: 997:

Bonapartist succession and philosophy of Bonapartism

582:

from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

13206:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

10185:

Napoleon III – Buffoon, Modern Dictator, or Sphinx?

7474: 7041:

The history of Napoleon III., emperor of the French

6522: 5420: 4618: 4010:, visibly weakened by his rapidly declining health. 3313:with a pink salon, a green salon and a blue salon. 3148:faced resistance from the republican government of 2091:in 1870. They were soon imitated around the world. 1862:, on 9 October 1852, he gave his principal speech: 1806:

The Prince-President in 1852, after the coup d'état

13236:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class 13176:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy 13141:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico 10485:Place de la Revolution, Béziers & Napoleon 111 9792:Spitzer, Alan B. (1962). "The Good Napoleon III". 9402: 9063: 6498: 6394:kings of Scotland), and on the feasibility of the 2166:) that became part of the French capital in 1920. 1356:In February 1848, Louis Napoleon learned that the 9236: 7391: 4973:(1821–1858), the "most famous actress in Europe." 3258:, the so-called King of Araucanía and Patagonia. 2621:) was launched in 1850, and the fortification of 1960:opened in 1852, followed by Au Printemps in 1865. 1744:, they were also arrested. On 3 December, writer 1158:Second coup, prison, escape and exile (1840–1848) 1114:Louis Napoleon traveled first to London, then to 725:under French protection, ended in total failure. 13181:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX 13007: 10819:Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano 10446:Napoleonic ideas. Des idées napoléniennes (1859) 10126:(Manchester University Press, 2016) pp. 211–226. 9733:The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire 1852–1871 7501: 7179: 5878: 5472:Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign 4782:Napoleon III after his death, wood-engraving in 3628:became the first woman in France to receive the 3072:, he suffered the first medical crisis from his 2232:, the largest theater in the world, designed by 2208:The Emperor built two new railway stations: the 1438: 1332:1848 Revolution and birth of the Second Republic 13216:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 9827:The Shadow Emperor: A Biography of Napoleon III 9225:Economic Growth in France and Britain 1851–1950 9106:"Napoleon III – seine Nachkommen (Descendants)" 9089: 9087: 9057: 9055: 9053: 6998: 4920:Among his numerous lovers and mistresses were: 4255:Failure to increase the size of the French Army 3550: 2576:The French capture of Russian positions around 2228:. The signature architectural landmark was the 1769:could be suspended or even permanently closed. 1633:in 1851, which restored a greater role for the 1556: 715:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 13211:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class 10738:Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 9436: 8498: 7792:Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870 7233:Speech of 9 October in Bordeaux, published in 2102:, the largest maritime pine forest in Europe. 1670: 585:Prior to his reign, Napoleon III was known as 13231:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword 12482: 11827: 11487: 10978: 10804:Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 10628: 9820: 9599:Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III 9430: 9146:"Les enfants de Napoléon et Eléonore Vergeot" 9124:"Napoléon III et les femmes – H. Fleischmann" 9037: 9035: 9033: 8818: 8632: 8144:René Viviani, Henri Robert and Albert Meurgé 7156:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates 6715: 4738: 3254:in 1871, reportedly this had been ordered by 2487: 2447: 2236:to crown the center of Napoleon's new Paris. 1570:, and chose the title of "Prince-President". 713:, which resulted in the establishment of the 485:Commander-in-Chief of the French Armed Forces 10900:Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark 9514: 9476:Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza 9084: 9061: 9050: 8505:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30, 38–39. 7982:Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX 7887: 7851: 7559:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5403:Napoleon III is a principal character (with 5138: 3555: 3470: 3399: 3227: 2522:) that supported the creation of new states 2433: 2083:. Other department stores quickly appeared: 1146:in Paris. He spent the winter of 1838-39 in 13186:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 13096:French prisoners of war in the 19th century 13046:Bonapartist pretenders to the French throne 9041: 8636:Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror and Revival 7005:. Princeton University Press. p. 299. 6947: 6383:and his own, as well as those of his uncle. 6360: 4358:Hohenzollern candidacy and the Ems telegram 4284:southern states of Germany and could annex 4275: 4084:In the winter and spring of 1864, when the 3246:of some sort of French interference in the 2967:ending the war was signed on 11 July 1859. 2901:Napoleon III with the French forces at the 2893:War in Italy – Magenta and Solferino (1859) 2181:, and a new huge reservoir near the future 1792: 1475:: 5 franc, 1870, Under Emperor Napoleon III 1236: 1001:Ever since the fall of Napoleon in 1815, a 828:, shortly before Napoleon departed for the 653:carried out by prefect of the Seine, Baron 133:20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852 12496: 12489: 12475: 11834: 11820: 11494: 11480: 10985: 10971: 10829:Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon 10635: 10621: 10004:de Riquet, Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth Louise 9595: 9591:. Vol. 2: 1799–1871. London: Penguin. 9030: 7972: 7970: 7914: 7413:. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. 5614: 5181:, famously mocked Napoleon III by saying " 4747:The last photograph of Napoleon III (1872) 4045:. On 2 July, four eminent French doctors, 3226:against Chile was discussed in Napoleon's 3000:, which would lead to the collapse of the 1902:another referendum for 21–22 November 1852 1561:Louis Napoleon moved his residence to the 1167:, and on 6 August 1840, sailed across the 36: 11464:Acting presidents are denoted by italics. 10753:Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland 10718:Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano 9980:Democratic Despot: A Life of Napoleon III 9673: 9616: 8075: 8063: 8051: 7385: 7373: 6230: 5834: 5708: 5186:disastrous, foreign military adventures. 5178:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon 4983:Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione 4272:, or reserve force, to support the army. 3837:Learn how and when to remove this message 3591:Rights to strike and organise (1864–1866) 2848:Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione 2381:Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1374:first elections for the National Assembly 1326: 13091:French people of the Franco-Prussian War 13081:French people of the Revolutions of 1848 11560:Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte 10992: 10859:Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta 10374: 10324: 10230:Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris 10157: 10100: 9654: 9458:Sovereign Ordonnance of 16 November 1869 9381: 8105: 7941: 7609:"Fort Clonque Alderney, Channel Islands" 7444: 7432: 7159:. Cornell University Press. p. 34. 6465: 6111: 5685: 5662: 5142: 4904: 4821: 4799: 4791: 4777: 4742: 4735:. The Second Empire had come to an end. 4644: 4628: 4527: 4456: 4424:The French Ambassador to Prussia, Count 4394: 4306: 3998: 3695: 3649: 3607: 3494: 3484:Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl 3389: 3265: 3117: 3105: 3089: 2977: 2896: 2726: 2698: 2571: 2555: 2491: 2351: 2115: 2017: 1951: 1935: 1870: 1833: 1801: 1708: 1697: 1680: 1580: 1572: 1467: 1456: 1448: 1347: 1335: 1081:He planned for his uprising to begin in 1072: 1053: 1050:Failed coup, exile in London (1836–1840) 10480:Editorial cartoons of the Second Empire 10414: 10403: 10227: 10190: 10129: 9791: 9730: 9692: 9493: 9472: 9170: 9093: 8450: 8262: 7967: 7788: 7672: 7495: 7313: 6755:, p. 89. Translated by D. Siefkin. 6601:Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens (1908). 6552: 6516: 6480: 5165:portrayed him as "Napoleon the Small" ( 4850:, who also visited him at Chislehurst. 4428:, was sent to the German spa resort of 4159:, summarily rejected Napoleon's offer. 3700:Eugénie and the Prince Imperial in 1862 3068:, and in 1864, at the military camp of 1838:Photograph of Louis Napoleon (1852) by 1774:on 20–21 December a national plebiscite 1566:uniform of the General-in-Chief of the 1317:Louis Napoleon met the wealthy heiress 947:François-René, Vicomte de Chateaubriand 773:, the only daughter of Napoleon's wife 747: 347: 13008: 11841: 10905:Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt 10824:Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano 10809:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 10668:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 10355: 10293: 10047:Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe 9977: 9865: 9770: 9635: 9583: 9046:. New York: Random House. p. 102. 9006: 8994: 8960: 8948: 8908: 8806: 8794: 8719: 8659: 8621:History of the XIX Century (1848–1871) 8525: 8486: 8474: 8462: 8438: 8411: 8373: 8336: 8324: 8286: 8250: 8238: 8226: 8211: 8196: 8184: 8132: 8099: 8087: 8032: 8008: 7976: 7875: 7863: 7827: 7684: 7468: 7456: 7125: 7109: 7097: 7082: 7025: 6986: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6848: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6669: 6633: 6621: 6600: 6588: 6528: 6492: 5036:, bladder stones, chronic bladder and 5002:Justine Marie Le Boeuf, also known as 4162:On 15 June, the Prussian Army invaded 4064:, had ambitions for Prussia to lead a 3850:before the Assembly, and the right of 3276:Paris International Exhibition of 1867 13201:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 13196:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 12470: 11815: 11475: 10966: 10616: 10266: 10246: 10069: 10066:50#12 (December 2000): 10–17, online. 9963: 9911:Napoléon III, un Saint-Simon à cheval 9844: 9749: 9711: 9697:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9200:"France – The Second Empire, 1852–70" 9182: 9070:. New York City: St. Martin's Press. 8936: 8920: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8845: 8833: 8782: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8731: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8608: 8592: 8580: 8568: 8423: 8274: 8172: 8160: 8146:Cinquante-ans de féminisme: 1870–1920 7839: 7815: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7727: 7715: 7691:. Oxford: Oxford University. p. 7660: 7648: 7636: 7581: 7552: 7519: 7397: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7325: 7301: 7289: 7250: 7238: 7221: 7206: 7137: 7113: 7070: 7058: 6974: 6935: 6920: 6860: 6836: 6703: 6657: 6645: 6576: 6564: 6540: 6504: 5870:Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit 4143:. Napoleon and his foreign minister, 4091:the German-speaking duchies ruled by 3290:(Clock pavilion), facing the garden. 3195:) in 1862. In 1863, he established a 2042:and led by a former French diplomat, 1925: 1249:. He went back to his studies at the 855:, and finally to a lakeside house at 769:from 1806 until 1810. His mother was 663:Cobden–Chevalier Free Trade Agreement 589:. He was born in Paris as the son of 13116:Infectious disease deaths in England 12455:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 10642: 10407:The Political System of Napoleon III 10381:. New York: Macmillan & Co Ltd. 10327:Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire 10017: 9919: 9886: 9545:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9540: 9479:. Louisiana State University Press. 9285: 9066:Napoleon III and His Carnival Empire 7507: 7480: 7271:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 5425: 5370:The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer 4999:, his relative and foreign minister. 4989:to influence the Emperor's politics. 4649:Surrender of Napoleon III after the 4311:Portrait of Napoleon III in 1868 by 4296:, creating the new Dual Monarchy of 4204: 3995:Declining health and rise of Prussia 3787: 3740:Economic expansion and social change 3616:became the first woman to receive a 3123:Second French intervention in Mexico 2874:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2796:, who was aided by a French surgeon 2724:, from 25 February to 8 April 1856. 2464:(1854–1856). French troops assisted 2375:, the granddaughter of deposed King 2347: 1657:Conservatory of Arts and Professions 1496:, the leader of the socialists; and 1483:, drafted by a commission including 1253:. He had an affair with the actress 991: 13166:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 11803:from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II 10834:Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France 10814:Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli 10733:Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli 10597:2 December 1852 – 4 September 1870 10541:20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852 10057:Memoirs of the Second French Empire 6607:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 6418:) helped his political advancement. 5769:Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle 3956:Napoleon III with Empress Eugénie, 3248:ongoing occupation of Mapuche lands 3189:southernmost part of modern Vietnam 3110:French capture of Gia Dinh (modern 2777: 2682:troops from the Kingdom of Sardinia 2106:Reconstruction of Paris (1854–1870) 1932:History of rail transport in France 1642:National Assembly on 13–14 May 1849 808:Louis Napoleon was baptized at the 13: 13221:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 13101:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 12549:States of the German Confederation 11555: 11551:Coat of arms of the House of Capet 11546: 10470:Histoire de Jules César (Volume 1) 10249:Napoleon III and the Second Empire 10133:Napoleon III A Great Life In Brief 10014:(Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926). 9922:Napoleon III and the Second Empire 9902: 9110:Nachkomme, Descendant Napoleon III 9020:"St. Michael's Abbey, Farnborough" 7688:The Struggle for Mastery of Europe 7260: 7038:John Stevens Cabot Abbott (1873). 6951:Napoléon III and the Second Empire 6222:Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau 3704: 3224:Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia 3218:According to information given to 3079: 3060:and made it the capital of Italy. 1637:in the French educational system. 1372:Louis Napoleon did not run in the 933:Romantic revolutionary (1823–1835) 691:Second Italian War of Independence 522:Second Italian War of Independence 174:Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe 14: 13252: 13151:People associated with the Louvre 13136:French people of Corsican descent 13031:19th-century presidents of France 10429: 10375:Williams, Roger Lawrence (1957). 10360:. University of Wisconsin Press. 10154:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2020). 9872:. University of Wisconsin Press. 8298: 7984:(in Spanish) (Seventh ed.). 7949:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: 6470:. London: Longman. pp. 8–33. 6450: 5392:April and the Extraordinary World 4453:Defeat in the Franco-Prussian War 3262:Life at the court of Napoleon III 2985:leading French forces during the 2367:, who attended receptions at the 1445:1848 French presidential election 681:(1853–1856). His regime assisted 189:(as Chief of the Executive Power) 13086:French people of the Crimean War 13061:French people of Italian descent 12990: 10952:Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon 10890:Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti 10783:Mathilde, Princess of San Donato 10701: 10537:President of the French Republic 10162:. Profiles In Power. Routledge. 9451: 9390: 9375: 9347: 9319: 9291: 9270: 9257: 9230: 9217: 9192: 9164: 9138: 9116: 9098: 9012: 8966: 8626: 8614: 8519: 8492: 8444: 8379: 8342: 8292: 8138: 8038: 8014: 7935: 7920: 7881: 6954:. Psychology Press. p. 16. 6338: 6322: 6302: 6281: 6265: 6232: 6210: 6190: 6170: 6113: 6091: 6056: 6020: 5986: 5951: 5944: 5923: 5902: 5880: 5858: 5836: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5780: 5758: 5738: 5710: 5687: 5664: 5616: 5594: 5573: 5553: 5533: 5489: 5421:Titles, styles, honours and arms 5209:Napoleon has been portrayed by: 4892: 4619:Battle of Sedan and capitulation 3967: 3949: 3931: 3913: 3895: 3792: 3519:, or spire, of the Cathedral of 3503:to restore the medieval town of 3234:. In 1870 the French battleship 3155:, however. After victory in the 2987:Anglo-French expedition to China 2803:Part of Italy, particularly the 2335: 2319: 2299: 2284: 1544: 1532: 1310: 1294: 1282: 1266: 951:romanticism in French literature 916: 904: 888: 552: 433: 379:Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 13041:19th-century princes of Andorra 13036:19th-century monarchs of France 11503:Pretenders to the French throne 10895:Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa 10673:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 9657:Grammaire des jardins parisiens 8023:. Grand Hotels of the World.com 7782: 7733: 7678: 7666: 7601: 7575: 7553:Parry, Jonathan Philip (2003). 7546: 7529: 7403: 7227: 7173: 7103: 7031: 6992: 6941: 6746: 6721: 6675: 6594: 5652:Order of St. James of the Sword 5060: 4407:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern 4400:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern 3938:Napoleon III in normal attire, 3410:paintings were rejected by the 2468:by fighting on the side of the 2112:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 1854:, he laid the cornerstone of a 1797: 1761:. 9,530 followers were sent to 1713:A caricature of Victor Hugo by 1655:, from his headquarters in the 1190:department of Northern France. 364:Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial 343: 322:St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough 246:Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial 21:Louis Napoleon (disambiguation) 13106:Leaders who took power by coup 10683:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla 10232:. Princeton University Press. 10076:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 10070:Gooch, Brison D., ed. (1966). 9851:. Cambridge University Press. 9735:. Cambridge University Press. 9619:Les jardins du Baron Haussmann 9465: 6439:Paris during the Second Empire 6103:Order of the Württemberg Crown 4733:Government of National Defence 4245:William III of the Netherlands 3989: 3920:Napoleon III with his family, 3386:Paris during the Second Empire 3375: 2782: 2772:Paris Peace Conference of 1856 2426:Ministry of National Education 2006:launched a project to build a 1494:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin 211:Head of the House of Bonaparte 1: 13126:Princes of France (Bonaparte) 12824:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust 10347:Dictionnaire du Second Empire 10345:Tulard, Jean (dir.), (1995), 6444: 6181:Order of the Lion and the Sun 6139:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky 5398: 5152: 4941:, laundress in the prison at 4812: 4615:close to the Belgian border. 4386:legislative elections in 1869 4004: 3979: 3957: 3939: 3921: 3903: 3203:. Additionally, France had a 2676:to the major Russian port of 2672:on 14 September and began to 2484:against annexation by Italy. 2472:. In return, France received 1880: 1875:Portrait of Napoleon III, by 1734:Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud 1689: 1439:Presidential election of 1848 1193: 752: 651:grand reconstruction of Paris 619:seized power by force in 1851 223:25 July 1846 – 9 January 1873 11783:Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe 10263:; brief scholarly biography. 9655:Jarrassé, Dominique (2007). 9596:Cunningham, Michele (2001). 9243:. Cambridge UP. p. 90. 8115:, no. 122, 2012, pp. 53–78. 7894:. Basic Books. p. 303. 5632:Order of the Tower and Sword 5522:Gold Medal of Military Valor 5434:and the will of the Nation, 4874:and died on 9 January 1873. 4842:, a half-hour by train from 4710: 4231:Luxembourg had regained its 3863:and 79 to 61 in the Senate. 3551:Social and economic policies 2444:as its first female member. 2246:Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand 1850:triumphal national tour. In 1752:Louis Napoleon followed the 1640:Elections were held for the 1557:Prince-President (1848–1851) 1479:The new constitution of the 649:Napoleon III commissioned a 7: 12972:Schleswig–Holstein question 12819:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann 11643:Blancs d'Espagne succession 10788:Napoléon, Prince of Monfort 10158:McMillan, James F. (1991). 10008:The Last Love of an Emperor 9893:France: 1815 to the Present 9830:. St. Martin's Publishing. 9617:De Moncan, Patrice (2009). 9526:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 9524:Modern Europe, 1789–Present 8639:. Oxford UP. p. 1870. 8050:on 24 April 1863. Cited in 7685:Taylor, Alan J. P. (1954). 7269:& Philip Stöver (2010) 6466:McMillan, James F. (1991). 6422: 6400:The Extinction of Pauperism 6045:Order of the Zähringer Lion 5973:Knights Grand Cross of the 5700:Order of the Southern Cross 5204: 5019:The Last Love of an Emperor 4785:The Illustrated London News 4341:In 1867, French politician 4243:with the Netherlands. King 3884:plebiscite was held in 1870 3812:. The specific problem is: 3430:. In 1863, the jury of the 3165:Mexico–United States border 3002:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2392:Eugénie du Derje de Montijo 1671:Coup d'état (December 1851) 1342:Revolution of February 1848 10: 13257: 12854:Karl August von Hardenberg 12592:North German Confederation 12565:Confederation of the Rhine 10404:Zeldin, Theodore (1958a). 10393:Williams, Roger Lawrence. 10228:Pinkney, David H. (1958). 10136:. Carroll & Graf Pub. 9777:. Paris: Bernard Grasset. 9589:A History of Modern France 9237:Stephen E. Hanson (2010). 8528:International Organization 7947:Historia secreta mapuche 2 7930:American Foreign Relations 7795:. Routledge. p. 226. 7537:Diplomacy & Statecraft 7183:A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia 6685:. Leamington History Group 6011:, 1st Class, in Diamonds, 5826:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 5585:Order of the Golden Fleece 5441: 5221:The Story of Louis Pasteur 4997:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 4739:Captivity, exile and death 4622: 4361: 4235:independence in 1839 as a 4208: 4123:rebel against Russian rule 3499:Napoleon III commissioned 3379: 3213:French expedition to Korea 3083: 2957:second and decisive battle 2549: 2502:French invasion of Algeria 2488:Principle of Nationalities 2448:Foreign policy (1852–1860) 2264:was created to the south. 2109: 1929: 1674: 1442: 1216:L'extinction du pauperisme 1111:, and were all acquitted. 972:, the sole monarch of the 899:and father of Napoleon III 791:Napoléon Charles Bonaparte 721:, which aimed to create a 204:(as Emperor of the French) 18: 12987: 12897: 12771: 12605: 12582:German Empire (1848–1849) 12557: 12504: 12453: 12434: 12408: 12370: 12344: 12298: 12273: 12194: 12105: 12001: 11877: 11847: 11796: 11704: 11641: 11567: 11544: 11513: 11462: 11331: 11283: 11031: 11000: 10944: 10928: 10882: 10839:Prince Jerome Napoleon II 10796: 10710: 10699: 10688:Caroline, Queen of Naples 10650: 10599: 10590: 10569: 10564: 10543: 10534: 10524: 10497: 10352:, Paris, Fayard, 1348 p. 10335:Journal of Modern History 10193:Journal of Modern History 10092:The reign of Napoleon III 9978:Corley, T. A. B. (1961). 9953:Choisel, Francis (2015), 9794:French Historical Studies 9771:Séguin, Philippe (1990). 9756:. Cambridge Univ. Press. 9674:Maneglier, Hervé (1990). 9227:(1964) pp. 6, 42, 186–188 9223:Charles P. Kindleberger, 9126:. Mediterranee-antique.fr 8540:10.1017/S0020818300027922 7988:. pp. 187, 227–230. 7411:The Architecture of Paris 7186:. Greenwood. p. 20. 7180:John Andrew Frey (1999). 6293:Order of the White Falcon 6274:: Husainid Family Order, 5503:Order of the Annunciation 5467:(1852; in diamonds 1870,) 5458:(1848; in diamonds 1870,) 5324:The Sword of Monte Cristo 5147:Bust of Napoleon III, by 5139:Assessment and reputation 5055: 5011:Louise de Mercy-Argenteau 4945:, and mother of his sons 4592:with the army of Marshal 4545:Krupp six pound field gun 3556:Social policy and reforms 3256:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens 3228: 3052:. In September 1870, the 2878:Franz Joseph I of Austria 2821:independent (notably the 2641:put pressure on the weak 2540:Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène 2520:principe des nationalités 2434: 2404:Napoléon, Prince Imperial 2377:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 2201:along the Paris streets. 2008:railway line around Paris 1913:. His regnal name treats 1382:Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte 1378:Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte 1358:French Revolution of 1848 1101: 777:by her first marriage to 761:, the younger brother of 565: 514: 492: 480: 472: 460: 450: 445: 441: 429: 419: 409: 399: 387: 378: 373: 369: 357: 328: 314: 290: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 239: 234:Louis, Count of Saint-Leu 227: 216: 209: 194: 179: 165: 152:Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul 137: 126: 119: 115: 94: 81: 68: 57: 50: 35: 30: 13146:Self-proclaimed monarchy 12967:Greater Austria proposal 11385:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 11011:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 10936:Charles, Prince Napoléon 10462:History of Julius Caesar 10454:History of Julius Caesar 10337:8#3 (1936), pp. 338–55. 10325:Thompson, J. M. (1955). 10300:Napoleon III and Eugenie 10275:. Pluto Press. pp. 10130:Guerard, Albert (1947). 10038:Echard, William E., ed. 10021:Eugénie and Napoleon III 10000:(Springer Nature, 2022). 9845:Wawro, Geoffrey (2005). 9494:Bresler, Fenton (1999). 9267:( 1996) #52 : 4–10. 7852:Briggs & Clavin 2003 7044:. B.B. Russell. p. 6999:Ronald Aminzade (1993). 6376:History of Julius Caesar 6368:Des Idées Napoleoniennes 6361:Writings by Napoleon III 6201:Order of the Golden Lion 6149:Order of the White Eagle 6070:Order of the Black Eagle 5642:Sash of the Three Orders 5229:A Dispatch from Reuter's 5017:relationship, author of 4568:François Achille Bazaine 4350:the French provinces of 4276:A last search for allies 3725:new commercial agreement 3579:of the media, targeting 3424:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 3307:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 3242:drawing suspicions from 2649:as well as control over 2629:and the construction of 2560:The French landing near 2358:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 2292:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 2271:, formerly owned by the 2258:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont 2256:, and to the north, the 2138:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 2004:Minister of Public Works 1991:was founded in 1863 and 1877:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1793:The Second French Empire 1586:François-Vincent Raspail 1237:Return and early affairs 1044:Les Idées napoléoniennes 779:Alexandre de Beauharnais 655:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 587:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 500:Army of the Rhine (1870) 107:Charles Cousin-Montauban 89:(as President of France) 76:(as President of France) 43:Portrait of Napoleon III 12910:Austro-Prussian rivalry 12723:"Blood and Iron" speech 12694:Greater Poland uprising 12665:Frankfurter Wachensturm 11868:List of French monarchs 10849:Victor, Prince Napoléon 10476:at the Internet Archive 10449:at the Internet Archive 10395:The Mortal Napoleon III 10183:Osgood, Samuel M., ed. 9973:. Penguin Random House. 9920:Bury, J. P. T. (1964). 9774:Louis Napoléon Le Grand 9731:Plessis, Alain (1988). 9693:Markham, Felix (1975). 9559:2027/mdp.39015051389693 9473:Baguley, David (2000). 9437:Staat Hannover (1865). 9360:Internet Movie Database 9332:Internet Movie Database 9304:Internet Movie Database 9299:"Maximilian von Mexiko" 9204:Encyclopedia Britannica 8758:, pp. 80–81 (2009 ed.). 8734:, pp. 69–70 (2009 ed.). 8710:, pp. 57–59 (2009 ed.). 8698:, pp. 55–56 (2009 ed.). 8674:, pp. 47–50 (2009 ed.). 8611:, pp. 47–48 (2009 ed.). 8583:, pp. 46–47 (2009 ed.). 8571:, pp. 45–46 (2009 ed.). 8499:Michael Howard (1981). 8123:. Accessed 4 June 2024. 7789:Hearder, Harry (2014). 6035:House Order of Fidelity 5513:Military Order of Savoy 4573:On 18 August 1870, the 4249:Treaty of London (1867) 4114:, felt secure with its 3473:Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe 3440:Émilien de Nieuwerkerke 3436:Académie des Beaux-Arts 3402:Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe 3322:Palace of Fontainebleau 2659:Danubian Principalities 2580:brought the end of the 2513:L'Empire, c'est la paix 1677:1851 French coup d'état 1243:King Street, St James's 859:in the Swiss canton of 810:Palace of Fontainebleau 771:Hortense de Beauharnais 738:declared war on Prussia 711:Danubian Principalities 599:Hortense de Beauharnais 414:Hortense de Beauharnais 13121:French Roman Catholics 13051:Emperors of the French 12923:Das Lied der Deutschen 12859:Klemens von Metternich 12834:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 12544:Kingdom of Württemberg 12498:Unification of Germany 12374:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 11863:List of Frankish kings 11858:Simplified family tree 11706:Bonapartist pretenders 11561: 11552: 10910:Louis, Prince Napoléon 10864:William Bonaparte-Wyse 10854:Prince Louis Bonaparte 10773:Prince Jérôme Napoléon 10748:Prince Pierre Napoléon 10585:as King of the French 10410:. New York: Macmillan. 10356:Wetzel, David (2001). 9866:Wetzel, David (2012). 9712:Milza, Pierre (2006). 9636:Girard, Louis (1986). 9541:Case, Lynn M. (1954). 8633:Alison Kitson (2001). 7409:Ayers, Andrew (2004). 6080:Order of the Red Eagle 5935:Military William Order 5790:: Grand Cordon of the 5677:Order of the Rue Crown 5315:The Song of Bernadette 5158: 5149:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux 5013:(1837–1890), likely a 4917: 4887:Farnborough, Hampshire 4827: 4819: 4797: 4789: 4748: 4708: 4684: 4654: 4642: 4583:fortifications of Metz 4536: 4533:Battle of Mars-la-Tour 4462: 4402: 4315: 4192:Free City of Frankfurt 4011: 3701: 3691:Monseigneur Bonnechose 3662: 3621: 3566:Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès 3541:Château de Pierrefonds 3508: 3479:James McNeill Whistler 3471: 3415: 3400: 3318:Château de Saint-Cloud 3279: 3129:In 1862, Napoleon III 3126: 3115: 3103: 2989: 2906: 2827:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2798:Simon François Bernard 2749:captured by the French 2732: 2708: 2585: 2569: 2534:, known since 1867 as 2504: 2498:Abdelkader El Djezairi 2360: 2128: 2050:with a performance of 2023: 1961: 1949: 1886: 1869: 1842: 1807: 1718: 1706: 1695: 1589: 1578: 1476: 1465: 1454: 1425:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac 1353: 1345: 1327:Early political career 1078: 1059: 923:The lakeside house at 719:intervention in Mexico 638:French colonial empire 629:and its allies at the 611:French Second Republic 186:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac 12839:Johann Gustav Droysen 12809:Frederick William III 11559: 11550: 10915:Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse 10874:Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse 10693:Jérôme I of Westfalia 10593:Emperor of the French 10436:Works by Napoleon III 10247:Price, Roger (1997). 9924:. Perennial Library. 9909:Anceau, Eric (2008), 9750:Price, Roger (2001). 9443:. Berenberg. p. 9062:John Bierman (1988). 8047:Le Moniteur Universel 7888:Don H. Doyle (2014). 7582:Hicks, Peter (2016). 6348:: Grand Cross of the 6313:Order of the Redeemer 6311:: Grand Cross of the 6291:: Grand Cross of the 6179:: Grand Cross of the 6101:: Grand Cross of the 6000:Order of the Medjidie 5965:Order of the Seraphim 5933:: Grand Cross of the 5914:Order of the Elephant 5868:: Grand Cross of the 5847:: Grand Cross of the 5824:: Grand Cross of the 5767:: Grand Cross of the 5747:: Grand Cross of the 5698:: Grand Cross of the 5604:: Grand Cross of the 5562:: Grand Cross of the 5544:Order of Pope Pius IX 5542:: Grand Cross of the 5436:Emperor of the French 5336:Maximilian von Mexiko 5331:Siegfried Wischnewski 5146: 5075:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 4908: 4900:Count Felix Bacciochi 4846:. He was received by 4825: 4803: 4795: 4781: 4746: 4703: 4679: 4648: 4632: 4623:Further information: 4531: 4515:Battle of Wissembourg 4460: 4398: 4310: 4294:major internal reform 4239:. However, it was in 4032:Courrier de la Vienne 4002: 3699: 3653: 3626:Julie-Victoire Daubié 3614:Julie-Victoire Daubié 3611: 3581:political caricatures 3513:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 3501:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 3498: 3393: 3288:Pavillon de l'Horloge 3269: 3146:Second Mexican Empire 3121: 3109: 3093: 3031:sent its own soldiers 3015:called for its return 2995:invaded and took over 2981: 2900: 2789:assassination attempt 2730: 2702: 2575: 2559: 2495: 2355: 2216:(1865). He completed 2119: 2073:Louis-Charles Boileau 2021: 1955: 1939: 1930:Further information: 1911:Emperor of the French 1874: 1864: 1837: 1829:Minister of Education 1805: 1723:Charles, duc de Morny 1712: 1701: 1684: 1675:Further information: 1584: 1576: 1485:Alexis de Tocqueville 1471: 1460: 1452: 1443:Further information: 1363:Alphonse de Lamartine 1351: 1339: 1178:Le Journal des Débats 1076: 1057: 765:, who made Louis the 723:Second Mexican Empire 580:Emperor of the French 544:Battle of Saarbrücken 473:Years of service 52:Emperor of the French 13241:Burials in Hampshire 12962:German reunification 12884:Wilhelm von Humboldt 12849:John, King of Saxony 12814:Frederick William IV 12763:Treaty of Versailles 12732:Second Schleswig War 12703:Punctation of Olmütz 12685:Frankfurt Parliament 12570:German Confederation 11853:Detailed family tree 11779:Napoléon VII Charles 10994:Presidents of France 10869:Marie Bonaparte-Wyse 10329:. The Noonday Press. 10018:Duff, David (1978). 9996:De la Rosa, Miquel. 9936:Campbell, Stuart L. 9916:, Paris, Tallandier. 9497:Napoleon III: a life 9042:Betty Kelen (1966). 6948:Roger Price (1997). 6350:Order of St. Charles 6289:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 6258:Royal Guelphic Order 5849:Order of St. Stephen 5602:Grand Duchy of Hesse 5079:Notre Dame Cathedral 5004:Marguerite Bellanger 4916:toying with Napoleon 4914:Marguerite Bellanger 4826:Tomb of Napoleon III 4753:Schloss Wilhelmshöhe 4633:Napoleon III at the 4601:German General Staff 4575:Battle of Gravelotte 4168:Battle of Königgrätz 4141:German Confederation 4089:invaded and occupied 4086:German Confederation 3819:improve this section 3808:to meet Knowledge's 3537:Château de Vincennes 3346:Château de Compiègne 3181:Cochinchina Campaign 3070:Châlons-en-Champagne 3045:on 3 November 1867. 3036:September Convention 2866:Royal Sardinian Army 2855:Plombières Agreement 2731:Napoleon III in 1855 2639:Nicholas I of Russia 2524:based on nationality 2440:to elect the writer 2411:petites distractions 2342:Photo of the Emperor 2277:Jardin du Luxembourg 2044:Ferdinand de Lesseps 1907:Second French Empire 1148:Royal Leamington Spa 1089:was seized, and the 826:Château de Malmaison 814:Empress Marie-Louise 748:Childhood and family 597:(r. 1806–1810), and 455:Second French Empire 13066:Nobility from Paris 12829:Heinrich von Gagern 12754:Franco-Prussian War 12741:Austro-Prussian War 12289:Henry VI of England 11801:Orléanist pretender 11573:Unionist pretenders 11402:François Mitterrand 11212:Alexandre Millerand 11110:Jean Casimir-Perier 11059:Patrice de MacMahon 10758:Louis II of Holland 10743:Prince Louis Lucien 10531:Office established 10124:Crowns and colonies 10045:Echard, William E. 9982:. Greenwood Press. 9822:Strauss-Schom, Alan 9551:10.2307/j.ctv5qdk0h 9397:"Napoléon's Titles" 8997:, pp. 497–498. 8984:on 8 February 2016. 8963:, pp. 177–179. 8951:, pp. 174–175. 8939:, pp. 245–246. 8896:, pp. 711–712. 8821:, pp. 404–418. 8785:, p. 92 (2009 ed.). 8770:, p. 81 (2009 ed.). 8746:, p. 61 (2009 ed.). 8686:, p. 52 (2009 ed.). 8414:, pp. 376–377. 8393:. 19 September 2023 8354:columbiasurgery.org 8277:, pp. 568–569. 8253:, pp. 346–347. 8241:, pp. 345–346. 8214:, pp. 306–307. 8187:, pp. 241–243. 8135:, pp. 314–317. 8113:Yale French Studies 8035:, pp. 202–204. 8011:, pp. 200–201. 7878:, pp. 309–310. 7866:, pp. 325–328. 7842:, pp. 434–441. 7779:, pp. 427–428. 7755:, pp. 415–420. 7730:, pp. 357–362. 7718:, pp. 407–412. 7663:, pp. 392–395. 7651:, pp. 388–389. 7639:, pp. 382–386. 7498:, pp. 308–329. 7471:, pp. 204–210. 7459:, pp. 199–204. 7328:, pp. 471–474. 7304:, pp. 467–469. 7085:, pp. 157–158. 6977:, pp. 208–209. 6923:, pp. 189–190. 6863:, pp. 182–190. 6827:, pp. 108–109. 6706:, pp. 122–133. 6660:, pp. 107–108. 6434:Second Empire style 6256:Grand Cross of the 6248:Order of St. George 6129:Order of St. Andrew 6078:Grand Cross of the 6043:Grand Cross of the 5893:Order of the Garter 5723:Order of St. Hubert 5650:Grand Cross of the 5640:Grand Cross of the 5630:Grand Cross of the 5564:Order of St. Joseph 5511:Grand Cross of the 5476:(in diamonds 1870,) 5452:Grand Cross of the 5432:by the Grace of God 5355:Julian Sherrier in 5111:James de Rothschild 4993:Marie-Anne Walewska 4682:sinister grandeurs. 4594:Patrice de MacMahon 4519:Battle of Spicheren 4504:. The French won a 4390:the Duke de Gramont 4382:national plebiscite 4222:formidable fortress 4184:Electorate of Hesse 3638:University of Paris 3521:Notre-Dame de Paris 3487:. ' The journalist 3205:sphere of influence 3170:Austro-Prussian War 3114:), 17 February 1859 3094:Arrival of Marshal 3050:Franco-Prussian War 2935:Patrice de MacMahon 2903:Battle of Solferino 2805:Kingdom of Sardinia 2470:Kingdom of Sardinia 2466:Italian unification 2454:popular sovereignty 2400:Notre-Dame de Paris 2046:. It was opened by 1742:10th arrondissement 1410:Moderate Republican 1277:in Northern France. 1230:remains of Napoleon 1036:Rêveries politiques 841:Bourbon Restoration 835:All members of the 683:Italian unification 576:president of France 539:Franco-Prussian War 532:Battle of Solferino 467:French Armed Forces 285:First French Empire 121:President of France 13111:Deaths from sepsis 13071:Dethroned monarchs 13056:House of Bonaparte 12997:Germany portal 12930:Die Wacht am Rhein 12714:Dresden Conference 12617:Congress of Vienna 12534:Kingdom of Prussia 12529:Kingdom of Hanover 12524:Kingdom of Bavaria 12436:House of Bonaparte 12346:House of Bonaparte 12276:House of Lancaster 11842:Monarchs of France 11562: 11553: 10723:Princess Charlotte 10678:Louis I of Holland 10574:Title last held by 10554:Title next held by 10525:Political offices 10504:House of Bonaparte 10317:Sainlaude, Stève. 10059:, (New York, 1905) 10042:(Greenwood, 1985). 9965:Clark, Christopher 9363:. 16 December 2009 8819:Strauss-Schom 2018 8391:www.britannica.com 7613:The Landmark Trust 6716:Strauss-Schom 2018 6648:, pp. 97–100. 5975:Order of the Sword 5749:Order of Guadalupe 5463:Médaille militaire 5414:The Last Encounter 5405:Horatio Hornblower 5358:Edward the Seventh 5159: 5109:and banking mogul 4971:Elisa-Rachel Felix 4918: 4883:St Michael's Abbey 4828: 4820: 4798: 4790: 4749: 4727:, gathered at the 4692:Frénois (Ardennes) 4655: 4653:, 1 September 1870 4643: 4639:Wilhelm Camphausen 4585:, unable to move. 4537: 4463: 4403: 4316: 4180:Kingdom of Hanover 4012: 3702: 3663: 3622: 3515:. He restored the 3509: 3456:Palace of Industry 3416: 3382:Napoleon III style 3280: 3161:Philip H. Sheridan 3157:American Civil War 3127: 3116: 3104: 3054:Royal Italian Army 3019:Italian parliament 2990: 2907: 2889:invaded Piedmont. 2838:Victor Emmanuel II 2768:Quadruple Alliance 2760:Congress of Vienna 2733: 2709: 2707:, 8 September 1855 2705:Battle of Malakoff 2602:major trade treaty 2586: 2570: 2505: 2476:and the county of 2436:Académie française 2428:to give the first 2361: 2129: 2096:Gironde department 2069:Aristide Boucicaut 2040:Paris stock market 2024: 1962: 1950: 1926:Early construction 1887: 1843: 1808: 1719: 1707: 1696: 1599:temporal authority 1590: 1579: 1477: 1466: 1455: 1421:June Days Uprising 1419:In June 1848, the 1354: 1346: 1079: 1060: 897:Napoleon Bonaparte 830:Battle of Waterloo 822:Place du Carrousel 763:Napoleon Bonaparte 734:German unification 693:and later annexed 335:Eugénie de Montijo 61:2 December 1852 – 13003: 13002: 12941:Lützow Free Corps 12874:Otto von Bismarck 12794:Eduard von Simson 12637:Wartburg Festival 12539:Kingdom of Saxony 12464: 12463: 12425:Louis Philippe II 12348:(1804–1814; 1815) 11809: 11808: 11804: 11763:Napoléon V Victor 11759:Napoléon V Jérôme 11748: 11745:Emperor 1852–1870 11515:Monarchy in exile 11469: 11468: 11439:François Hollande 11342:Charles de Gaulle 10960: 10959: 10658:Joseph I of Spain 10611: 10610: 10605:Republic declared 10588: 10440:Project Gutenberg 10367:978-0-2991-7494-1 10310:978-0-6705-0428-2 10286:978-0-7453-1830-1 10258:978-0-4151-5433-8 10169:978-0-5824-9483-1 10150:McAuliffe, Mary. 10143:978-0-7867-0660-0 10107:The Second Empire 10090:Gooch, Brison D. 10083:978-0-2320-7011-8 10031:978-0-6880-3338-5 9989:978-0-8371-7587-4 9879:978-0-2992-9134-1 9858:978-0-5215-8436-4 9837:978-1-4668-6168-8 9784:978-2-2464-2951-7 9763:978-1-1394-3097-5 9742:978-0-5213-5856-9 9723:978-2-2620-2607-3 9716:. Paris: Tempus. 9704:978-0-2977-6928-6 9685:978-2-2003-7226-2 9666:978-2-8409-6476-6 9647:978-2-0127-9098-8 9640:. Paris: Fayard. 9628:978-2-9079-7091-4 9609:978-0-3337-9302-2 9568:978-0-3749-1302-1 9533:978-0-5827-7260-1 9507:978-0-0025-5787-0 9500:. HarperCollins. 9486:978-0-8071-2624-0 9423:978-2-9016-4417-0 9250:978-1-1394-9149-5 9112:. 13 August 2008. 8978:chislehurst.co.uk 8646:978-0-1991-3417-5 8512:978-0-2039-9305-7 7960:978-9-5632-4783-1 7901:978-0-4650-8092-2 7802:978-1-3178-7206-1 7702:978-0-1988-1270-8 7568:978-0-5218-1560-4 7419:978-3-9306-9896-7 7316:, pp. 60–61. 7279:978-3-8329-5609-7 7193:978-0-3132-9896-7 7166:978-0-8014-6112-5 7012:978-0-6910-2871-2 6961:978-0-2031-3424-5 6779:, pp. 96–97. 6718:, pp. 65–70. 6672:, pp. 74–75. 6624:, pp. 61–62. 6591:, pp. 55–56. 6579:, pp. 72–77. 6567:, pp. 58–72. 6555:, pp. 94–95. 6543:, pp. 39–42. 6495:, pp. 21–24. 6276:17 September 1860 6159:Order of St. Anna 6009:Order of Osmanieh 5939:13 September 1855 5822:Ernestine duchies 5727:22 September 1853 5589:17 September 1850 5517:28 September 1855 5426:Titles and styles 5342:Robert Dumont in 5199:Bois de Vincennes 5168:Napoléon le Petit 5126:Concert of Europe 5083:Mont Saint-Michel 4912:'s caricature of 4809:Alexandre Cabanel 4590:Châlons-sur-Marne 4535:on 16 August 1870 4426:Vincent Benedetti 4332:William Gladstone 4328:Congress of Paris 4211:Luxembourg Crisis 4205:Luxembourg Crisis 4199:Marshal Canrobert 4153:Palatinate region 4132:. They discussed 4062:Otto von Bismarck 3974:Napoleon III, by 3847: 3846: 3839: 3810:quality standards 3801:This section may 3643:In 1863, he made 3545:Mont-Saint-Michel 3525:French Revolution 3463:Salon des Refusés 3420:Alexandre Cabanel 3334:Châlons-sur-Marne 3244:Cornelio Saavedra 3043:Battle of Mentana 2764:Concert of Europe 2593:Foreign Secretary 2532:Empire of Austria 2528:Habsburg monarchy 2496:Napoleon III and 2348:Search for a wife 2254:Bois de Vincennes 2164:Bois de Vincennes 2125:Avenue de l'Opéra 1595:republican forces 1367:National Assembly 1132:Benjamin Disraeli 1120:Washington Irving 992:Early adult years 837:Bonaparte dynasty 730:Otto von Bismarck 685:by defeating the 569: 568: 527:Battle of Magenta 383: 382: 13248: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12944: 12760: 12751: 12738: 12729: 12720: 12711: 12700: 12691: 12682: 12675: 12661: 12655:Hambach Festival 12652: 12646:Carlsbad Decrees 12643: 12634: 12623: 12614: 12520: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12468: 12467: 12419:Louis Philippe I 12410:House of Orléans 12372:House of Bourbon 12300:House of Bourbon 11836: 11829: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11798: 11742: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11473: 11472: 11414: 11397: 11372: 11360:Georges Pompidou 11323: 11306: 11275: 11258: 11241: 11229:Gaston Doumergue 11224: 11207: 11190: 11178:Raymond Poincaré 11173: 11161:Armand Fallières 11156: 11139: 11122: 11105: 11088: 11071: 11054: 11023: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10964: 10963: 10705: 10644:Bonaparte family 10637: 10630: 10623: 10614: 10613: 10582: 10578:Louis Philippe I 10520: 10513: 10495: 10494: 10475: 10424: 10411: 10390: 10371: 10351: 10330: 10314: 10290: 10274: 10262: 10243: 10224: 10173: 10147: 10119: 10102:Guedalla, Philip 10087: 10035: 9993: 9974: 9959: 9933: 9915: 9897: 9896:. Prentice–Hall. 9883: 9862: 9841: 9817: 9788: 9767: 9746: 9727: 9708: 9689: 9678:. Armand Colin. 9670: 9651: 9632: 9613: 9592: 9580: 9537: 9520:Clavin, Patricia 9511: 9490: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9409: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9386:. pp. 8–10. 9379: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9234: 9228: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9196: 9190: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9102: 9096: 9091: 9082: 9081: 9069: 9059: 9048: 9047: 9039: 9028: 9027: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8980:. Archived from 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8215: 8209: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8149: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7939: 7933: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7550: 7544: 7533: 7527: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7421: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7264: 7258: 7248: 7242: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7150: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6463: 6388:electromagnetism 6354:16 November 1869 6344: 6342: 6341: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6297:14 November 1860 6287: 6285: 6284: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6220:: Knight of the 6216: 6214: 6213: 6199:: Knight of the 6195: 6194: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6026: 6024: 6023: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5912:: Knight of the 5908: 5906: 5905: 5891:: Knight of the 5890: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5796:15 February 1854 5792:Order of Leopold 5786: 5784: 5783: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5745:Mexican Republic 5743: 5742: 5741: 5721:: Knight of the 5720: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5681:29 December 1852 5675:: Knight of the 5674: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5583:: Knight of the 5579: 5577: 5576: 5558: 5557: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5494: 5493: 5454:Legion of Honour 5377:Erwin Steinhauer 5214:Walter Kingsford 5195:Bois de Boulogne 5157: 5154: 5115:Société Générale 5107:Eugène Schneider 4966: 4956:(1843–1910) and 4955: 4940: 4932:Eléonore Vergeot 4817: 4814: 4700: 4588:Napoleon was at 4564:Cousin-Montauban 4009: 4008: 1870-1873 4006: 3984: 3981: 3971: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3861:Corps législatif 3842: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3778:Corps législatif 3721:Michel Chevalier 3683:Clermont-Ferrand 3476: 3448:Camille Pissarro 3405: 3358:Eugène Delacroix 3354:Gustave Flaubert 3284:Tuileries Palace 3272:Tuileries Palace 3233: 3232: 2983:Cousin-Montauban 2813:Lombardy, Venice 2778:Italian Campaign 2718:Foreign Ministry 2439: 2438: 2396:Tuileries Palace 2339: 2328:Bois de Boulogne 2323: 2303: 2288: 2250:Bois de Boulogne 2179:Champagne region 2160:Bois de Boulogne 2134:Seine department 2121:Camille Pissarro 2081:department store 1993:Société Générale 1885: 1882: 1812:the new document 1729:. They included 1694: 1693: 1850–1855 1691: 1688:of Napoleon III 1548: 1536: 1433:new constitution 1314: 1298: 1286: 1270: 1209: 1201:Eléonore Vergeot 1165:Edinburgh-Castle 1144:Bois de Boulogne 1016:Joseph Bonaparte 970:Louis Philippe I 949:, the father of 920: 908: 892: 865:gymnasium school 818:Tuileries Palace 556: 462: 437: 371: 370: 351: 349: 345: 297: 277: 275: 242: 230: 221: 205: 197: 190: 182: 170: 140: 131: 90: 77: 64: 63:4 September 1870 40: 28: 27: 13256: 13255: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13156:Royal reburials 13006: 13005: 13004: 12999: 12991: 12989: 12983: 12957:German question 12938: 12936:Flag of Germany 12905:Alsace–Lorraine 12893: 12779:Baron von Stein 12767: 12758: 12749: 12745:Peace of Prague 12736: 12727: 12718: 12709: 12698: 12689: 12680: 12673: 12659: 12650: 12641: 12632: 12621: 12612: 12601: 12553: 12517:Austria-Hungary 12514: 12512:Austrian Empire 12500: 12495: 12465: 12460: 12449: 12430: 12404: 12366: 12340: 12294: 12269: 12196:House of Valois 12190: 12101: 12062:Charles the Fat 12021:Pepin the Short 12006: 11997: 11873: 11872: 11843: 11840: 11810: 11805: 11792: 11700: 11637: 11563: 11554: 11542: 11509: 11500: 11470: 11465: 11458: 11449:Emmanuel Macron 11429:Nicolas Sarkozy 11408: 11391: 11366: 11327: 11317: 11300: 11285:Fourth Republic 11279: 11269: 11252: 11235: 11218: 11201: 11184: 11167: 11150: 11133: 11116: 11099: 11082: 11065: 11048: 11027: 11017: 11002:Second Republic 10996: 10991: 10961: 10956: 10940: 10924: 10920:Eugenia Rasponi 10878: 10792: 10768:Dermide Leclerc 10706: 10697: 10646: 10641: 10607: 10596: 10581: 10575: 10555: 10552: 10540: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10500: 10473: 10432: 10427: 10368: 10349: 10311: 10287: 10259: 10240: 10170: 10144: 10084: 10032: 9990: 9957: 9913: 9905: 9903:Further reading 9900: 9880: 9859: 9838: 9785: 9764: 9743: 9724: 9705: 9686: 9667: 9648: 9629: 9610: 9569: 9534: 9508: 9487: 9468: 9463: 9456: 9452: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9338: 9336: 9335:. 21 March 1974 9327:"Aquellos años" 9325: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9307:. 20 March 1970 9297: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9235: 9231: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9060: 9051: 9040: 9031: 9018: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8781: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8631: 8627: 8619: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8299:Beale, Lauren. 8297: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8171: 8167: 8159: 8152: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8110: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7996: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7943:Cayuqueo, Pedro 7940: 7936: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7886: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7551: 7547: 7534: 7530: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7265: 7261: 7249: 7245: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7151: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6464: 6451: 6447: 6425: 6398:. His pamphlet 6396:Nicaragua canal 6363: 6358: 6339: 6337: 6323: 6321: 6303: 6301: 6282: 6280: 6266: 6264: 6233: 6231: 6211: 6209: 6205:10 January 1858 6189: 6171: 6169: 6114: 6112: 6092: 6090: 6057: 6055: 6021: 6019: 5987: 5985: 5969:10 October 1855 5950: 5943: 5924: 5922: 5903: 5901: 5881: 5879: 5859: 5857: 5837: 5835: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5781: 5779: 5771:, with Collar, 5759: 5757: 5753:12 January 1854 5739: 5737: 5711: 5709: 5688: 5686: 5665: 5663: 5617: 5615: 5595: 5593: 5574: 5572: 5552: 5534: 5532: 5488: 5444: 5428: 5423: 5411:'s final story 5401: 5265:The Mad Empress 5243:Spy of Napoleon 5207: 5155: 5141: 5133:12-pound cannon 5119:Crédit Lyonnais 5067:Prosper Mérimée 5063: 5058: 5027:Prosper Mérimée 4960: 4949: 4934: 4895: 4815: 4741: 4713: 4694: 4651:Battle of Sedan 4635:Battle of Sedan 4627: 4625:Battle of Sedan 4621: 4560:Edmond Le Boeuf 4541:Battle of Wörth 4468:La Marseillaise 4455: 4375:Patriotic Party 4366: 4360: 4352:Alsace-Lorraine 4298:Austria-Hungary 4278: 4257: 4213: 4207: 4188:Duchy of Nassau 4145:Drouyn de Lhuys 4082: 4066:unified Germany 4051:Philippe Ricord 4047:Auguste Nélaton 4025:Lord Malmesbury 4007: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3976:Gustave Le Gray 3972: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3843: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3816: 3797: 3793: 3773: 3742: 3712: 3707: 3705:Economic policy 3606: 3598:Napoleonic Code 3593: 3558: 3553: 3529:Sainte-Chapelle 3388: 3380:Main articles: 3378: 3311:Louis XVI style 3264: 3236:D'Entrecasteaux 3220:Abdón Cifuentes 3183:, he took over 3088: 3082: 3080:Overseas empire 2929:at the town of 2895: 2785: 2780: 2589:Lord Palmerston 2554: 2548: 2536:Austria-Hungary 2507:In a speech at 2490: 2450: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2331: 2324: 2315: 2312:Charles Garnier 2304: 2295: 2289: 2262:Parc Montsouris 2234:Charles Garnier 2212:(1855) and the 2183:Parc Montsouris 2171:Eugène Belgrand 2156:arrondissements 2114: 2108: 2048:Empress Eugénie 2016: 1989:Crédit Lyonnais 1985:Crédit Mobilier 1934: 1928: 1923: 1890:Drouyn de Lhuys 1883: 1840:Gustave Le Gray 1800: 1795: 1731:minister of war 1692: 1679: 1673: 1635:Catholic Church 1559: 1552: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1481:Second Republic 1447: 1441: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1306: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1271: 1247:Charles Dickens 1239: 1203: 1196: 1171:to the port of 1160: 1136:Michael Faraday 1130:day, including 1104: 1052: 1031:H. A. L. Fisher 999: 994: 935: 928: 921: 912: 909: 900: 893: 877:Philippe Le Bas 767:king of Holland 759:Louis Bonaparte 755: 750: 703:Treaty of Turin 687:Austrian Empire 631:Battle of Sedan 615:elected in 1848 595:King of Holland 591:Louis Bonaparte 561: 549:Battle of Sedan 510: 505:Army of Châlons 487: 446:Military career 404:Louis Bonaparte 353: 341: 337: 324: 319: 299: 295: 279: 273: 271: 240: 228: 222: 217: 203: 195: 188: 180: 166: 161: 138: 132: 127: 111: 88: 75: 62: 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13254: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076:Exiled royalty 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13001: 13000: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12952:Lesser Germany 12945: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12916:Burschenschaft 12912: 12907: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12804:Franz Joseph I 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12765: 12756: 12747: 12734: 12725: 12716: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12696: 12687: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12657: 12648: 12639: 12619: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12572: 12567: 12561: 12559: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12494: 12493: 12486: 12479: 12471: 12462: 12461: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12421: 12415: 12413: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12395: 12388: 12383: 12377: 12375: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12357: 12351: 12349: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12305: 12303: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12284: 12282: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12112: 12110: 12107:House of Capet 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12023: 12017: 12015: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11968:Childebert III 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11884: 11882: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11807: 11806: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11775: 11769: 11755: 11749: 11736: 11730: 11724: 11718: 11711: 11709: 11708:(1814–present) 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11691: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11648: 11646: 11645:(1883–present) 11639: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11628: 11622: 11616: 11610: 11604: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11578: 11576: 11575:(1830–present) 11565: 11564: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11533: 11527: 11520: 11518: 11511: 11510: 11499: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11476: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11446: 11436: 11426: 11419:Jacques Chirac 11416: 11399: 11382: 11374: 11357: 11349: 11338: 11336: 11335:(1958–present) 11333:Fifth Republic 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11308: 11294:Vincent Auriol 11290: 11288: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11277: 11260: 11243: 11226: 11209: 11195:Paul Deschanel 11192: 11175: 11158: 11141: 11124: 11107: 11090: 11073: 11056: 11042:Adolphe Thiers 11038: 11036: 11033:Third Republic 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11007: 11005: 10998: 10997: 10990: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10967: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10948: 10946: 10945:6th generation 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10932: 10930: 10929:5th generation 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10886: 10884: 10883:4th generation 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10844:Prince Charles 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10797:3rd generation 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10712: 10711:2nd generation 10708: 10707: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10651:1st generation 10648: 10647: 10640: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10589: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10565:Regnal titles 10562: 10561: 10558:Adolphe Thiers 10553: 10547: 10542: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10519:9 January 1873 10501: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10466: 10458: 10450: 10442: 10431: 10430:External links 10428: 10426: 10425: 10412: 10401: 10391: 10372: 10366: 10353: 10342: 10341: 10331: 10322: 10315: 10309: 10295:Ridley, Jasper 10291: 10285: 10264: 10257: 10244: 10238: 10225: 10205:10.1086/237781 10199:(2): 125–134. 10188: 10181: 10174: 10168: 10155: 10148: 10142: 10127: 10120: 10098: 10088: 10082: 10067: 10060: 10055:Evans, T. W., 10053: 10043: 10036: 10030: 10015: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9975: 9961: 9951: 9947:Vol. 41 2013. 9941: 9934: 9917: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9884: 9878: 9863: 9857: 9842: 9836: 9818: 9806:10.2307/285884 9800:(3): 308–329. 9789: 9783: 9768: 9762: 9747: 9741: 9728: 9722: 9709: 9703: 9695:The Bonapartes 9690: 9684: 9671: 9665: 9659:. Parigramme. 9652: 9646: 9633: 9627: 9614: 9608: 9593: 9585:Cobban, Alfred 9581: 9567: 9538: 9532: 9512: 9506: 9491: 9485: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9450: 9429: 9422: 9401: 9389: 9374: 9346: 9318: 9290: 9288:, p. 275. 9278: 9269: 9256: 9249: 9229: 9216: 9191: 9175: 9163: 9152:on 9 June 2011 9137: 9115: 9097: 9083: 9076: 9049: 9029: 9011: 9009:, p. 500. 8999: 8987: 8974:"Camden Place" 8965: 8953: 8941: 8929: 8913: 8911:, p. 488. 8898: 8886: 8884:, p. 711. 8874: 8872:, p. 710. 8862: 8850: 8848:, p. 709. 8838: 8836:, p. 708. 8823: 8811: 8809:, p. 482. 8799: 8797:, p. 480. 8787: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8722:, p. 473. 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8662:, p. 394. 8652: 8645: 8625: 8613: 8601: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8534:(2): 207–233. 8518: 8511: 8491: 8489:, p. 392. 8479: 8477:, p. 389. 8467: 8465:, p. 387. 8455: 8443: 8441:, p. 380. 8428: 8426:, p. 649. 8416: 8404: 8378: 8376:, p. 450. 8366: 8341: 8339:, p. 338. 8329: 8327:, p. 449. 8317: 8291: 8289:, p. 370. 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8229:, p. 309. 8216: 8201: 8199:, p. 304. 8189: 8177: 8175:, p. 598. 8165: 8163:, p. 592. 8150: 8137: 8125: 8104: 8102:, p. 313. 8092: 8090:, p. 314. 8080: 8078:, p. 173. 8076:Maneglier 1990 8068: 8064:Maneglier 1990 8056: 8054:, p. 173. 8052:Maneglier 1990 8037: 8025: 8013: 8001: 7994: 7966: 7959: 7953:. p. 59. 7934: 7919: 7915:Cunningham2001 7907: 7900: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7844: 7832: 7830:, p. 260. 7820: 7818:, p. 431. 7808: 7801: 7781: 7769: 7767:, p. 425. 7757: 7745: 7743:, p. 414. 7732: 7720: 7708: 7701: 7677: 7665: 7653: 7641: 7626: 7600: 7574: 7567: 7545: 7528: 7512: 7500: 7485: 7483:, p. 253. 7473: 7461: 7449: 7447:, p. 134. 7437: 7422: 7402: 7390: 7386:De Moncan 2009 7378: 7374:De Moncan 2009 7366: 7364:, p. 486. 7354: 7352:, p. 474. 7342: 7340:, p. 475. 7330: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7292:, p. 468. 7282: 7273:, pp. 673–683 7259: 7243: 7241:, p. 283. 7226: 7224:, p. 279. 7211: 7209:, p. 277. 7199: 7192: 7172: 7165: 7142: 7140:, p. 271. 7130: 7128:, p. 159. 7118: 7102: 7100:, p. 158. 7087: 7075: 7073:, p. 261. 7063: 7061:, p. 255. 7051: 7030: 7028:, p. 156. 7018: 7011: 6991: 6989:, p. 155. 6979: 6967: 6960: 6940: 6938:, p. 194. 6925: 6913: 6911:, p. 124. 6901: 6899:, p. 123. 6889: 6887:, p. 125. 6877: 6875:, p. 115. 6865: 6853: 6851:, p. 111. 6841: 6839:, p. 182. 6829: 6817: 6815:, p. 106. 6805: 6803:, p. 105. 6793: 6791:, p. 102. 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6683:"Napoleon III" 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6384: 6372: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6335: 6319: 6299: 6278: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6254: 6246:Knight of the 6228: 6207: 6187: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6157:Knight of the 6155: 6147:Knight of the 6145: 6137:Knight of the 6135: 6127:Knight of the 6109: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6076: 6068:Knight of the 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6033:Knight of the 6017: 6016: 6015: 6006: 5994:Ottoman Empire 5983: 5982: 5981: 5979:26 August 1861 5971: 5963:Knight of the 5941: 5920: 5899: 5888:United Kingdom 5876: 5855: 5832: 5798: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5773:1 January 1865 5765:Mexican Empire 5755: 5729: 5706: 5683: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5648: 5646:7 October 1854 5638: 5612: 5591: 5570: 5550: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5519: 5509: 5501:Knight of the 5485: 5479: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5443: 5440: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5409:C. S. Forester 5400: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5353: 5340: 5328: 5321:David Bond in 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5250:Guy Bates Post 5247: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5206: 5203: 5140: 5137: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5034:kidney disease 5023: 5022: 5007: 5000: 4990: 4987:Camillo Cavour 4980: 4977:Harriet Howard 4974: 4968: 4958:Alexandre Bure 4929: 4925: 4894: 4891: 4848:Queen Victoria 4740: 4737: 4729:Hôtel de Ville 4712: 4709: 4620: 4617: 4553:muzzle-loading 4549:breech-loading 4506:minor skirmish 4454: 4451: 4447:Émile Ollivier 4362:Main article: 4359: 4356: 4343:Adolphe Thiers 4336:Lord Clarendon 4277: 4274: 4266:Émile Ollivier 4262:Marshal Randon 4256: 4253: 4241:personal union 4209:Main article: 4206: 4203: 4081: 4078: 4074:iron and blood 4056:In the 1860s, 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3894: 3877:protectionists 3845: 3844: 3800: 3798: 3791: 3772: 3769: 3747:Louis Hachette 3741: 3738: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3634:Madeleine Brès 3605: 3602: 3592: 3589: 3585:Honoré Daumier 3583:like those of 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3452:Johan Jongkind 3377: 3374: 3362:Giuseppe Verdi 3263: 3260: 3230:Conseil d'État 3177:Southeast Asia 3084:Main article: 3081: 3078: 2973:Vendôme column 2959:was fought at 2894: 2891: 2859:County of Nice 2823:Duchy of Parma 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2716:of the French 2651:Constantinople 2597:Prime Minister 2550:Main article: 2547: 2544: 2489: 2486: 2449: 2446: 2385:Queen Victoria 2373:Carola of Vasa 2365:Harriet Howard 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2305: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2273:Orléans family 2226:Ile de la Cité 2110:Main article: 2107: 2104: 2089:La Samaritaine 2077:Gustave Eiffel 2015: 2012: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1763:French Algeria 1738:Palais Bourbon 1715:Honoré Daumier 1672: 1669: 1646:Party of Order 1615:Roman Republic 1568:National Guard 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1531: 1517:Adolphe Thiers 1440: 1437: 1391:Adolphe Thiers 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1319:Harriet Howard 1316: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1259:Harriet Howard 1251:British Museum 1238: 1235: 1195: 1192: 1159: 1156: 1103: 1100: 1068:Louis-Philippe 1051: 1048: 998: 995: 993: 990: 934: 931: 930: 929: 922: 915: 913: 910: 903: 901: 894: 887: 795:Napoléon Louis 754: 751: 749: 746: 742:Third Republic 567: 566: 563: 562: 560: 559: 558: 557: 546: 536: 535: 534: 529: 518: 516: 512: 511: 509: 508: 502: 496: 494: 490: 489: 482: 478: 477: 474: 470: 469: 464: 458: 457: 452: 448: 447: 443: 442: 439: 438: 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397: 396: 391: 385: 384: 381: 380: 376: 375: 367: 366: 361: 355: 354: 339: 333: 332: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 312: 311: 298:(aged 64) 294:9 January 1873 292: 288: 287: 269: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 231: 225: 224: 214: 213: 207: 206: 198: 192: 191: 183: 177: 176: 171: 168:Vice President 163: 162: 160: 159: 154: 149: 143: 141: 139:Prime Minister 135: 134: 124: 123: 117: 116: 113: 112: 110: 109: 104: 102:Émile Ollivier 98: 96: 92: 91: 86:Adolphe Thiers 83: 79: 78: 70: 66: 65: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13253: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13161:Sons of kings 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13011: 12998: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12948:Pan-Germanism 12946: 12942: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12918: 12917: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12844:Archduke John 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12757: 12755: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12735: 12733: 12726: 12724: 12717: 12715: 12708: 12704: 12697: 12695: 12688: 12686: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12658: 12656: 12649: 12647: 12640: 12638: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12620: 12618: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12597:German Empire 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12492: 12487: 12485: 12480: 12478: 12473: 12472: 12469: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12004: 12000: 11994: 11993:Childeric III 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11958:Theuderic III 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11923:Childebert II 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11837: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11802: 11795: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11741: 11737: 11735: 11731: 11729: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11692: 11690: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11666: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11640: 11633: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11609: 11608:Philippe VIII 11605: 11602: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11584: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11558: 11549: 11538: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11497: 11492: 11490: 11485: 11483: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11461: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11420: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11330: 11321: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11263:Albert Lebrun 11261: 11256: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11021: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10988: 10983: 10981: 10976: 10974: 10969: 10968: 10965: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10927: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10778:Prince Jérôme 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10633: 10631: 10626: 10624: 10619: 10618: 10615: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10594: 10587: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10538: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10512:20 April 1808 10511: 10506: 10505: 10499:Napoleon III 10496: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10467: 10465: 10464:vol. 2 at MOA 10463: 10459: 10457: 10456:vol. 1 at MOA 10455: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10423:(2): 103–109. 10422: 10418: 10417:History Today 10413: 10409: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10251:. Routledge. 10250: 10245: 10241: 10239:0-6910-0768-3 10235: 10231: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10180:(2 vol 1987). 10179: 10176:Newman, E.L. 10175: 10171: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10134: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10064:History Today 10061: 10058: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10012:Second Empire 10009: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9907: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9888:Wolf, John B. 9885: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9696: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9498: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9459: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9441: 9433: 9425: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9406: 9398: 9393: 9385: 9384:Sunday Mirror 9378: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9287: 9282: 9273: 9266: 9260: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9233: 9226: 9220: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9173:, p. 201 9172: 9167: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9125: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9090: 9088: 9079: 9077:0-3120-1827-4 9073: 9068: 9067: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8962: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8910: 8905: 8903: 8895: 8890: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8866: 8860:, p. 79. 8859: 8854: 8847: 8842: 8835: 8830: 8828: 8820: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8784: 8779: 8777: 8769: 8764: 8757: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8648: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8610: 8605: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8453:, p. 203 8452: 8447: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8326: 8321: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8247: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8208: 8206: 8198: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8147: 8141: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8101: 8096: 8089: 8084: 8077: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8044:Published in 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8010: 8005: 7997: 7995:9-5628-2232-X 7991: 7987: 7986:LOM Ediciones 7983: 7979: 7973: 7971: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7931: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7854:, p. 97. 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7717: 7712: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7681: 7675:, p. 199 7674: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7638: 7633: 7631: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7543:(4): 675–692. 7542: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7445:Jarrassé 2007 7441: 7434: 7433:Jarrassé 2007 7429: 7427: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7388:, p. 21. 7387: 7382: 7376:, p. 15. 7375: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7351: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7267:Dieter Nohlen 7263: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7147: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6930: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6773: 6767:, p. 93. 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6743:, p. 83. 6742: 6737: 6731:, p. 81. 6730: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6684: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6636:, p. 68. 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6531:, p. 26. 6530: 6525: 6519:, p. 37. 6518: 6513: 6507:, p. 15. 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6483:, p. 20. 6482: 6477: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6449: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381:Julius Caesar 6378: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6164: 6161:, 1st Class, 6160: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6054: 6050: 6049:17 April 1856 6046: 6042: 6040: 6039:17 April 1856 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002:, 1st Class, 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5984: 5980: 5977:, 1st Class, 5976: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958:Sweden-Norway 5954: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5921: 5919: 5918:2 August 1855 5915: 5911: 5900: 5898: 5897:18 April 1855 5894: 5889: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5707: 5705: 5704:23 March 1853 5701: 5696: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5636:3 August 1852 5633: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5350:Aquellos años 5347: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298:Walter Franck 5296: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5150: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5099:Roquetaillade 5096: 5092: 5091:Vézelay Abbey 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071:July Monarchy 5068: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4893:Personal life 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868:Henri Conneau 4863: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725:Léon Gambetta 4721: 4719: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491:Prussian Army 4488: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4226:Eugène Rouher 4223: 4219: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174:. The way to 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4157:Prussian Army 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4116:powerful navy 4113: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4003:Napoleon III 4001: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3952: 3947: 3934: 3929: 3916: 3911: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888:Léon Gambetta 3885: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3841: 3838: 3830: 3827:November 2021 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3467:Édouard Manet 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444:Édouard Manet 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3396:Édouard Manet 3392: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350:Louis Pasteur 3347: 3343: 3342:Villa Eugénie 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:Julius Caesar 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Benito Juárez 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137:enthroned as 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3058:captured Rome 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2916:Ferenc Gyulay 2913: 2904: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2887:Austrian army 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2794:Felice Orsini 2790: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2591:as Britain's 2590: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2430:baccalaureate 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2383:, a niece of 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:Élysée Palace 2366: 2359: 2354: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2100:Landes forest 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856:new cathedral 1853: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1804: 1790: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1687: 1686:Daguerreotype 1683: 1678: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1620:Code Napoleon 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1563:Élysée Palace 1547: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1505:Place Vendôme 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 989: 987: 983: 979: 978:Place Vendôme 975: 974:July Monarchy 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 926: 919: 914: 907: 902: 898: 891: 886: 885: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 644: 643:Ancien Régime 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 623:Second Empire 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 564: 555: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 520: 519: 517: 513: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 495: 491: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 465: 459: 456: 453: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 415: 412: 408: 405: 402: 398: 395: 392: 390: 386: 377: 372: 368: 365: 362: 360: 356: 336: 331: 327: 323: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278:20 April 1808 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 220: 215: 212: 208: 202: 199: 193: 187: 184: 178: 175: 172: 169: 164: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 147:Odilon Barrot 145: 144: 142: 136: 130: 125: 122: 118: 114: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 97: 95:Cabinet Chief 93: 87: 84: 80: 74: 71: 67: 60: 56: 53: 49: 44: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 13016:Napoleon III 12976: 12928: 12921: 12914: 12869:Napoleon III 12868: 12789:Christian IX 12743: / 12663: 12625: 12587:Erfurt Union 12574: 12456: 12445:Napoleon III 12444: 12423: 12397: 12390: 12359: 12333: 12287: 12279: 12274: 12235:Charles VIII 12003:Carolingians 11988:Theuderic IV 11978:Chilperic II 11973:Dagobert III 11953:Childeric II 11948:Chlothar III 11893:Childebert I 11879:Merovingians 11740:Napoléon III 11739: 11601:Philippe VII 11453:2017–present 11376: 11351: 11144:Émile Loubet 11010: 10763:Napoléon III 10762: 10600: 10591: 10584: 10583: 10576: 10570: 10556: 10544: 10535: 10530: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10469: 10461: 10453: 10445: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10394: 10377: 10357: 10346: 10334: 10326: 10318: 10299: 10270: 10248: 10229: 10196: 10192: 10184: 10177: 10160:Napoleon III 10159: 10151: 10132: 10123: 10106: 10091: 10072: 10063: 10056: 10046: 10039: 10020: 10007: 9997: 9979: 9968: 9954: 9944: 9937: 9921: 9910: 9892: 9868: 9847: 9826: 9797: 9793: 9773: 9752: 9732: 9714:Napoléon III 9713: 9694: 9675: 9656: 9638:Napoléon III 9637: 9618: 9602:. Palgrave. 9598: 9588: 9542: 9523: 9496: 9475: 9453: 9439: 9432: 9413: 9392: 9383: 9377: 9365:. Retrieved 9358: 9349: 9337:. Retrieved 9330: 9321: 9309:. Retrieved 9302: 9293: 9281: 9272: 9264: 9259: 9239: 9232: 9224: 9219: 9207:. Retrieved 9203: 9194: 9178: 9171:Markham 1975 9166: 9154:. Retrieved 9150:the original 9140: 9128:. Retrieved 9118: 9109: 9100: 9094:Baguley 2000 9065: 9043: 9024:napoleon.org 9023: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8982:the original 8977: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8916: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8853: 8841: 8814: 8802: 8790: 8763: 8751: 8739: 8727: 8715: 8703: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8655: 8635: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8604: 8588: 8576: 8564: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8501: 8494: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8451:Markham 1975 8446: 8419: 8407: 8395:. Retrieved 8390: 8381: 8369: 8357:. Retrieved 8353: 8344: 8332: 8320: 8308:. Retrieved 8304: 8294: 8282: 8270: 8263:Plessis 1988 8258: 8246: 8234: 8192: 8180: 8168: 8145: 8140: 8128: 8112: 8107: 8095: 8083: 8071: 8059: 8045: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7981: 7978:Bengoa, José 7946: 7937: 7929: 7922: 7910: 7890: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7791: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7687: 7680: 7673:Markham 1975 7668: 7656: 7644: 7617:. Retrieved 7612: 7603: 7591:. Retrieved 7587: 7577: 7558: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7515: 7503: 7496:Spitzer 1962 7476: 7464: 7452: 7440: 7410: 7405: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7314:Plessis 1988 7309: 7297: 7285: 7270: 7262: 7246: 7234: 7229: 7202: 7182: 7175: 7155: 7133: 7121: 7105: 7078: 7066: 7054: 7040: 7033: 7021: 7001: 6994: 6982: 6970: 6950: 6943: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687:. Retrieved 6677: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6603: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6553:Bresler 1999 6548: 6536: 6524: 6517:Bresler 1999 6512: 6500: 6488: 6481:Bresler 1999 6476: 6468:Napoleon III 6467: 6399: 6375: 6367: 6353: 6332: 6316: 6296: 6275: 6251: 6225: 6204: 6197:Hesse-Kassel 6184: 6163:11 June 1856 6162: 6153:11 June 1856 6152: 6143:11 June 1856 6142: 6133:11 June 1856 6132: 6106: 6083: 6073: 6048: 6038: 6012: 6003: 5978: 5968: 5938: 5917: 5896: 5873: 5866:Two Sicilies 5852: 5830:1 March 1854 5829: 5795: 5772: 5752: 5726: 5703: 5680: 5656:3 April 1865 5655: 5645: 5635: 5610:18 July 1852 5609: 5606:Ludwig Order 5588: 5567: 5547: 5525: 5516: 5507:13 July 1849 5506: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5446: 5445: 5429: 5412: 5402: 5390: 5388: 5380: 5368: 5365:Nick Jameson 5356: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5322: 5313: 5310:Jerome Cowan 5301: 5289: 5286:Claude Rains 5277: 5263: 5255: 5241: 5238:Frank Vosper 5227: 5219: 5208: 5188: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5130: 5123: 5103: 5064: 5061:Construction 5040:infections, 5031: 5024: 5018: 4967:(1845–1882). 4919: 4896: 4876: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4832:Camden Place 4829: 4805:Napoleon III 4804: 4783: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4750: 4722: 4714: 4704: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4598: 4587: 4572: 4557: 4547:, which was 4538: 4499: 4483: 4466: 4464: 4442:Ems telegram 4439: 4434:Hohenzollern 4423: 4405:The news of 4404: 4379: 4367: 4364:Ems Dispatch 4347:Ems Dispatch 4340: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313:Adolphe Yvon 4302: 4282: 4279: 4270:garde mobile 4269: 4258: 4230: 4214: 4196: 4161: 4138: 4127: 4120: 4105: 4083: 4055: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4013: 3925: 1860s 3881: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3848: 3833: 3824: 3817:Please help 3813: 3802: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3713: 3668: 3664: 3655:Victor Duruy 3645:Victor Duruy 3642: 3630:baccalauréat 3623: 3618:baccalauréat 3594: 3574: 3563: 3559: 3510: 3482: 3460: 3417: 3366: 3315: 3292: 3281: 3252:Buenos Aires 3238:anchored at 3235: 3217: 3209:Guangzhouwan 3197:protectorate 3191:, including 3174: 3142:Maximilian I 3128: 3062: 3047: 3040: 3023: 3011: 2991: 2969: 2950: 2943: 2924: 2908: 2883: 2863: 2852: 2844:Count Cavour 2842: 2830: 2816: 2809:Pope Pius IX 2802: 2786: 2757: 2734: 2722:Quai d'Orsay 2713:Alexander II 2710: 2663: 2635: 2631:Fort Clonque 2612: 2611:, editor of 2606: 2587: 2539: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2482:Papal States 2451: 2423: 2417:to open the 2410: 2408: 2389: 2362: 2269:Parc Monceau 2266: 2238: 2214:Gare du Nord 2210:Gare de Lyon 2207: 2203: 2199:streetlights 2195:Paris sewers 2168: 2145: 2142: 2130: 2093: 2087:in 1865 and 2085:Au Printemps 2062: 2055: 2025: 1997: 1982: 1967: 1963: 1946:Gare du Nord 1942:Gare de Lyon 1894: 1888: 1884: 1850s 1865: 1848: 1844: 1825: 1821: 1809: 1798:Middle years 1783: 1771: 1767: 1751: 1720: 1703:D'Allonville 1665: 1661: 1653:Ledru-Rollin 1650: 1639: 1628: 1625:Papal States 1618: 1603:Pope Pius IX 1591: 1560: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1478: 1429: 1418: 1407: 1386:Lucien Murat 1371: 1355: 1240: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1197: 1176: 1164: 1161: 1152:Warwickshire 1128: 1113: 1105: 1096: 1080: 1064:Hundred Days 1061: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1019: 1000: 963: 936: 834: 807: 787: 756: 727: 707:Papal States 701:through the 672: 648: 641: 635: 586: 584: 572:Napoleon III 571: 570: 515:Battles/wars 296:(1873-01-09) 241:Succeeded by 218: 200: 196:Succeeded by 157:Léon Faucher 128: 72: 31:Napoleon III 25: 13026:1873 deaths 13021:1808 births 12879:Robert Blum 12676:Revolutions 12438:(1852–1870) 12412:(1830–1848) 12381:Louis XVIII 12361:Napoleon II 12302:(1589–1792) 12280:(1422–1453) 12225:Charles VII 12198:(1328–1589) 12072:Charles III 12057:Carloman II 12033:(Charles I) 12031:Charlemagne 11983:Chlothar IV 11938:Sigebert II 11928:Chlothar II 11913:Chilperic I 11903:Charibert I 11773:Napoléon VI 11753:Napoléon IV 11722:Napoléon II 11689:Alphonse II 11671:Charles XII 11537:Louis XVIII 11517:(1792–1815) 11409: [ 11392: [ 11378:Alain Poher 11367: [ 11353:Alain Poher 11318: [ 11301: [ 11287:(1947–1958) 11270: [ 11253: [ 11246:Paul Doumer 11236: [ 11219: [ 11202: [ 11185: [ 11168: [ 11151: [ 11134: [ 11127:Félix Faure 11117: [ 11100: [ 11093:Sadi Carnot 11083: [ 11076:Jules Grévy 11066: [ 11049: [ 11035:(1870–1940) 11018: [ 11004:(1848–1852) 10728:Napoléon II 10474:(in French) 10350:(in French) 10024:. Collins. 9958:(in French) 9914:(in French) 9516:Briggs, Asa 9466:Works cited 9367:19 November 9339:19 November 9311:19 November 9209:14 February 9007:Girard 1986 8995:Girard 1986 8961:Wetzel 2012 8949:Wetzel 2012 8925:pp. 244–245 8909:Girard 1986 8807:Girard 1986 8795:Girard 1986 8720:Girard 1986 8660:Séguin 1990 8597:pp. 238–239 8487:Séguin 1990 8475:Séguin 1990 8463:Séguin 1990 8439:Girard 1986 8412:Girard 1986 8374:Girard 1986 8337:Séguin 1990 8325:Girard 1986 8287:Séguin 1990 8251:Séguin 1990 8239:Séguin 1990 8227:Séguin 1990 8212:Séguin 1990 8197:Séguin 1990 8185:Séguin 1990 8133:Séguin 1990 8100:Séguin 1990 8088:Séguin 1990 8033:Girard 1986 8009:Girard 1986 7876:Girard 1986 7864:Girard 1986 7828:Séguin 1990 7469:Séguin 1990 7457:Séguin 1990 7237:. Cited in 7235:Le Moniteur 7126:Cobban 1965 7110:Cobban 1965 7098:Cobban 1965 7083:Cobban 1965 7026:Cobban 1965 6987:Cobban 1965 6909:Séguin 1990 6897:Séguin 1990 6885:Séguin 1990 6873:Séguin 1990 6849:Séguin 1990 6825:Séguin 1990 6813:Séguin 1990 6801:Séguin 1990 6789:Séguin 1990 6777:Séguin 1990 6765:Séguin 1990 6753:Séguin 1990 6741:Séguin 1990 6729:Séguin 1990 6670:Séguin 1990 6634:Séguin 1990 6622:Séguin 1990 6589:Séguin 1990 6529:Séguin 1990 6493:Séguin 1990 6429:Bonapartism 6099:Württemberg 6084:8 June 1856 6074:8 June 1856 5931:Netherlands 5345:Those Years 5163:Victor Hugo 5156: 1873 5095:Pierrefonds 5087:Carcassonne 4961: [ 4950: [ 4947:Eugène Bure 4935: [ 4889:, England. 4836:Chislehurst 4816: 1865 4695: [ 4581:inside the 4502:Saarbrücken 4290:Rhine River 4237:grand duchy 4039:Germain Sée 3990:Later years 3983: 1857 3961: 1865 3943: 1868 3907: 1860 3869:Legitimists 3821:if you can. 3730:Netherlands 3716:Robert Peel 3533:Carcassonne 3505:Carcassonne 3432:Paris Salon 3428:avant-garde 3412:Paris Salon 3408:avant-garde 3376:Visual arts 3295:Charlemagne 3185:Cochinchina 3131:sent troops 3125:, 1861–1867 2885:April, the 2783:Early years 2655:Dardanelles 2609:John Delane 2582:Crimean War 2552:Crimean War 2462:Crimean War 2458:nationalism 2442:George Sand 2308:Paris Opera 2230:Paris Opera 2175:Vanne River 1978:Restoration 1915:Napoleon II 1746:Victor Hugo 1727:coup d'état 1630:Loi Falloux 1521:L'Evenement 1473:Silver coin 1462:Silver coin 1403:Louis Blanc 1395:Victor Hugo 1204: [ 1008:Napoleon II 1003:Bonapartist 986:Bonapartist 982:French Army 881:Robespierre 803:Victor Hugo 679:Crimean War 607:Napoleon II 488:(1848–1870) 424:Catholicism 301:Chislehurst 229:Preceded by 181:Preceded by 69:Predecessor 13010:Categories 12576:Zollverein 12355:Napoleon I 12335:Louis XVII 12314:Louis XIII 12260:Charles IX 12255:Francis II 12220:Charles VI 12186:Charles IV 12161:Philip III 12151:Louis VIII 12116:Hugh Capet 12109:(987–1328) 12042:Charles II 12026:Carloman I 12008:Robertians 11933:Dagobert I 11918:Sigebert I 11898:Chlothar I 11716:Napoléon I 11714:1814 1815 11683:Jacques II 11677:Alphonse I 11659:Charles XI 11569:Legitimist 11531:Louis XVII 10663:Napoléon I 10387:B001NHPZ72 10303:. Viking. 10116:B00085CK6Y 9930:B0032OSXA0 9621:. Mecene. 9183:Wawro 2005 9156:6 February 8937:Wawro 2005 8921:Wawro 2005 8894:Milza 2006 8882:Milza 2006 8870:Milza 2006 8858:Milza 2006 8846:Milza 2006 8834:Milza 2006 8783:Milza 2006 8768:Milza 2006 8756:Milza 2006 8744:Milza 2006 8732:Milza 2006 8708:Milza 2006 8696:Milza 2006 8684:Milza 2006 8672:Milza 2006 8609:Milza 2006 8593:Wawro 2005 8581:Milza 2006 8569:Milza 2006 8424:Milza 2006 8397:10 October 8359:10 October 8310:10 October 8275:Milza 2006 8173:Milza 2006 8161:Milza 2006 7840:Milza 2006 7816:Milza 2006 7777:Milza 2006 7765:Milza 2006 7753:Milza 2006 7741:Milza 2006 7728:Milza 2006 7716:Milza 2006 7661:Milza 2006 7649:Milza 2006 7637:Milza 2006 7520:Price 2001 7398:Milza 2006 7362:Milza 2006 7350:Milza 2006 7338:Milza 2006 7326:Milza 2006 7302:Milza 2006 7290:Milza 2006 7251:Price 2001 7239:Milza 2006 7222:Milza 2006 7207:Milza 2006 7138:Milza 2006 7114:Milza 2006 7071:Milza 2006 7059:Milza 2006 6975:Milza 2006 6936:Milza 2006 6921:Milza 2006 6861:Milza 2006 6837:Milza 2006 6727:Quoted in 6704:Milza 2006 6658:Milza 2006 6646:Milza 2006 6577:Milza 2006 6565:Milza 2006 6541:Milza 2006 6505:Milza 2006 6445:References 6226:2 May 1858 5399:In fiction 5348:(Spanish: 4910:Paul Hadol 4872:last rites 4112:Luxembourg 3873:Orléanists 3758:Department 3577:censorship 3489:Émile Zola 3406:and other 3328:, then to 3326:Plombières 3074:gallstones 2927:was fought 2870:Lord Derby 2741:Sevastopol 2678:Sevastopol 2619:Napoleon I 2595:and later 2578:Sevastopol 2562:Yevpatoria 2419:Suez Canal 2275:, and the 2222:Hôtel-Dieu 2218:Les Halles 2065:Bon Marché 2036:Suez Canal 1970:California 1958:Bon Marché 1900:scheduled 1779:referendum 1194:Activities 1087:prefecture 1083:Strasbourg 1027:Swiss Army 925:Arenenberg 857:Arenenberg 753:Early life 659:Suez Canal 603:Napoleon I 451:Allegiance 274:1808-04-20 12978:Sonderweg 12889:Wilhelm I 12864:Ludwig II 12784:Charles I 12750:1870–1871 12710:1850-1851 12681:1848–1849 12622:1815–1848 12613:1814–1815 12392:Louis XIX 12386:Charles X 12329:Louis XVI 12319:Louis XIV 12265:Henry III 12245:Francis I 12240:Louis XII 12215:Charles V 12205:Philip VI 12166:Philip IV 12146:Philip II 12141:Louis VII 12121:Robert II 12052:Louis III 12014:(751–987) 11963:Clovis IV 11943:Clovis II 11881:(509–751) 11785:present ( 11665:Jacques I 11626:Henri VII 11589:Louis XIX 11583:Charles X 11539:1814 1815 11525:Louis XVI 11443:2012–2017 11433:2007–2012 11423:1995–2007 11406:1981–1995 11389:1974–1981 11381:(interim) 11364:1969–1974 11356:(interim) 11346:1959–1969 11315:1954–1959 11311:René Coty 11298:1947–1954 11267:1932–1940 11250:1931–1932 11233:1924–1931 11216:1920–1924 11182:1913–1920 11165:1906–1913 11148:1899–1906 11131:1895–1899 11114:1894–1895 11097:1887–1894 11080:1879–1887 11063:1873–1879 11046:1871–1873 11015:1848–1851 10221:144533244 9890:(1963) . 9577:160451220 9286:Wolf 1963 9265:Historian 9130:12 August 8556:154407327 7951:Catalonia 7739:cited in 7619:29 August 7593:29 August 7508:Case 1954 7481:Wolf 1963 6408:318651712 5274:Leon Ames 5173:Karl Marx 5042:arthritis 5009:Countess 4860:bolt hole 4718:Deauville 4711:Aftermath 4611:, in the 4097:Schleswig 4043:gallstone 3671:Marseille 3570:margarine 3150:President 2961:Solferino 2811:), while 2690:dysentery 2674:lay siege 2666:Black Sea 2623:Cherbourg 2614:The Times 2604:in 1860. 2242:Hyde Park 2054:'s opera 2028:Marseille 1974:Australia 1852:Marseille 1754:self-coup 1611:Garibaldi 1489:elections 1414:Cavaignac 1221:kibbutzim 1140:Hyde Park 966:Charles X 955:Carbonari 775:Joséphine 633:in 1870. 476:1859–1870 430:Signature 394:Bonaparte 129:In office 82:Successor 13131:Napoleon 12324:Louis XV 12309:Henry IV 12250:Henry II 12230:Louis XI 12181:Philip V 12156:Louis IX 12136:Louis VI 12131:Philip I 12087:Louis IV 12077:Robert I 12047:Louis II 12012:Bosonids 11888:Clovis I 11787:disputed 11695:Louis XX 11653:Jean III 11620:Henri VI 11614:Jean III 10551:declared 10297:(1980). 10104:(1923). 10094:(1969). 9967:(2023). 9824:(2018). 9587:(1965). 9522:(2003). 8121:23646026 7980:(2000). 7945:(2020). 6423:See also 6416:60201169 6329:Honduras 5624:Portugal 5540:Holy See 5496:Sardinia 5447:National 5395:(2015). 5352:, 1973). 5303:Bismarck 5205:In films 5101:castle. 5038:prostate 5015:platonic 4688:Donchery 4660:Wimpffen 4613:Ardennes 4605:Beaumont 4579:besieged 4523:Lorraine 4495:Landwehr 4489:and the 4190:and the 4130:Biarritz 4101:Holstein 3852:Deputies 3803:require 3687:Poitiers 3659:Sorbonne 3620:diploma. 3539:and the 3507:in 1853. 3438:, Count 3370:Carnival 3338:Biarritz 3201:Cambodia 3056:finally 3027:Florence 2832:de facto 2825:and the 2766:and the 2745:Malakoff 2653:and the 2627:Alderney 2509:Bordeaux 2189:and the 2152:communes 2032:Le Havre 1860:Bordeaux 1817:suffrage 1787:Brussels 1173:Boulogne 1020:de facto 869:Augsburg 799:Toulouse 461:Service/ 420:Religion 12898:Related 12799:Franz I 12627:Vormärz 12515:(later 12457:italics 12399:Henry V 12210:John II 12171:Louis X 12126:Henry I 12097:Louis V 12092:Lothair 12082:Rudolph 12037:Louis I 11908:Guntram 11761:/ 1891 11697:present 11634:present 11632:Jean IV 11595:Henri V 10277:145–162 10213:1874987 10049:(1983) 8548:2706889 7539:(2006) 6272:Tunisia 6240:Hanover 6063:Prussia 5910:Denmark 5844:Austria 5788:Belgium 5718:Bavaria 5560:Tuscany 5482:Foreign 5442:Honours 5385:(2009). 5339:(1970). 5257:Maytime 5191:fascism 5073:. With 5050:obesity 4773:England 4671:reverie 4513:at the 4430:Bad Ems 4419:puttees 4411:Leboeuf 4371:Bavaria 4286:Silesia 4233:de jure 4218:Bavaria 4172:Bohemia 4134:Venetia 4108:Belgium 4093:Denmark 4058:Prussia 3805:cleanup 3340:in the 3163:to the 3139:Emperor 3135:Austria 3102:in 1857 3100:Algiers 2939:magenta 2931:Magenta 2818:de jure 2720:on the 2694:cholera 2647:Balkans 2643:Ottoman 2177:in the 2150:eleven 2000:Belgium 1759:Cayenne 1623:to the 1607:Mazzini 1498:Raspail 1186:in the 1169:Channel 1091:prefect 959:measles 943:Italian 873:Bavaria 861:Thurgau 732:sought 689:in the 677:in the 667:Britain 627:Prussia 352: 340: 309:England 201:Himself 73:Himself 12772:People 12761: 12752: 12739: 12730: 12721: 12712: 12701: 12692: 12683: 12662: 12653: 12644: 12635: 12624: 12615: 12606:Events 12558:Unions 12505:States 12176:John I 11728:Joseph 11505:since 10601:Vacant 10571:Vacant 10549:Empire 10545:Vacant 10515: 10399:online 10385: 10364: 10339:online 10321:(2018) 10307: 10283: 10255: 10236: 10219: 10211: 10166: 10140: 10114: 10096:online 10080: 10051:online 10028: 9986: 9949:online 9940:(1978) 9928: 9876: 9855: 9834: 9814:285884 9812: 9781: 9760: 9739: 9720: 9701: 9682: 9663: 9644: 9625: 9606: 9575: 9565: 9530: 9504: 9483: 9420: 9355:"Sisi" 9247: 9074: 8643: 8554: 8546: 8509: 8305:Forbes 8119: 7992: 7957: 7898: 7799: 7699: 7615:. 2018 7565: 7417: 7277: 7255:p. 407 7190: 7163: 7009: 6958: 6689:1 June 6414: 6406: 6392:Stuart 6346:Monaco 6343: 6309:Greece 6286: 6237: 6218:Nassau 6215: 6177:Persia 6121:Russia 6118: 6096: 6025: 5991: 5928: 5907: 5885: 5863: 5841: 5785: 5732:Mexico 5715: 5695:Brazil 5692: 5672:Saxony 5669: 5621: 5599: 5578: 5373:(1998) 5361:(1975) 5327:(1951) 5318:(1943) 5306:(1940) 5294:(1939) 5291:Juarez 5282:(1938) 5268:(1939) 5260:(1937) 5246:(1936) 5232:(1940) 5224:(1936) 5097:, and 5056:Legacy 4844:London 4757:Kassel 4511:Alsace 4487:Moltke 4479:Regent 4474:Randon 4186:, the 4182:, the 4176:Vienna 4164:Saxony 4070:Munich 3517:flèche 3303:Ingres 3240:Corral 3193:Saigon 3144:. The 3112:Saigon 3096:Randon 3006:Latium 2998:Sicily 2965:treaty 2953:Veneto 2829:) but 2753:Albert 2743:; and 2692:, and 2686:typhus 2670:Crimea 2568:, 1854 2566:Crimea 2260:. The 1898:Senate 1399:Barbès 1384:, and 1303:Rachel 1255:Rachel 1116:Brazil 1109:Alsace 1102:Travel 1012:Vienna 783:empire 675:Russia 551: 507:(1870) 463:branch 410:Mother 400:Father 346: 329:Spouse 315:Burial 219:Tenure 45:, 1861 11777:1997 11771:1926 11767:Louis 11757:1879 11751:1873 11738:1846 11734:Louis 11732:1844 11726:1832 11720:1821 11693:1989 11687:1975 11681:1941 11675:1936 11669:1931 11663:1909 11657:1887 11651:1883 11630:2019 11624:1999 11618:1940 11612:1926 11606:1894 11599:1883 11593:1844 11587:1836 11581:1830 11535:1795 11529:1793 11523:1792 11413:] 11396:] 11371:] 11322:] 11305:] 11274:] 11257:] 11240:] 11223:] 11206:] 11189:] 11172:] 11155:] 11138:] 11121:] 11104:] 11087:] 11070:] 11053:] 11022:] 10517:Died: 10510:Born: 10217:S2CID 10209:JSTOR 9810:JSTOR 9573:S2CID 8552:S2CID 8544:JSTOR 8117:JSTOR 7524:p. 43 6412:JSTOR 6028:Baden 5581:Spain 5407:) in 5183:Hegel 5175:, in 5065:With 4965:] 4954:] 4939:] 4928:1841. 4879:Zulus 4755:near 4699:] 4609:Sedan 4415:rifle 4149:Rhine 4021:opium 4017:Vichy 3734:Italy 3679:Nancy 3675:Douai 3394:When 3330:Vichy 3211:). A 3199:over 3187:(the 2946:Milan 2920:Turin 2912:Genoa 2872:(the 2474:Savoy 2415:Egypt 2191:Seine 2187:Ourcq 2148:annex 2052:Verdi 1208:] 1188:Somme 1124:Rueil 853:Baden 695:Savoy 665:with 617:. He 389:House 374:Names 359:Issue 350:) 342:( 338: 281:Paris 58:Reign 12759:1871 12737:1866 12728:1864 12719:1862 12699:1850 12690:1848 12674:1848 12660:1833 12651:1832 12642:1819 12633:1817 12010:and 11507:1792 11199:1920 10383:ASIN 10362:ISBN 10305:ISBN 10281:ISBN 10253:ISBN 10234:ISBN 10164:ISBN 10138:ISBN 10112:ASIN 10078:ISBN 10026:ISBN 9984:ISBN 9926:ASIN 9874:ISBN 9853:ISBN 9832:ISBN 9779:ISBN 9758:ISBN 9737:ISBN 9718:ISBN 9699:ISBN 9680:ISBN 9661:ISBN 9642:ISBN 9623:ISBN 9604:ISBN 9563:ISBN 9528:ISBN 9502:ISBN 9481:ISBN 9418:ISBN 9369:2019 9341:2019 9313:2019 9245:ISBN 9211:2021 9187:p. 8 9158:2008 9132:2022 9072:ISBN 8641:ISBN 8507:ISBN 8399:2023 8361:2023 8312:2023 7990:ISBN 7955:ISBN 7896:ISBN 7797:ISBN 7697:ISBN 7621:2019 7595:2019 7563:ISBN 7415:ISBN 7275:ISBN 7188:ISBN 7161:ISBN 7007:ISBN 6956:ISBN 6691:2023 6404:OCLC 6333:1869 6317:1863 6252:1860 6185:1856 6107:1856 6013:1862 6004:1855 5874:1854 5853:1854 5568:1850 5548:1849 5526:1859 5382:Sisi 5279:Suez 5197:and 5117:and 5046:gout 4840:Kent 4637:(by 4440:The 4110:and 4099:and 3685:and 3477:and 3450:and 3422:and 3384:and 3360:and 3270:The 3066:gout 2737:Alma 2703:The 2530:(or 2478:Nice 2456:and 2326:The 2306:The 2162:and 2075:and 2057:Aida 2030:and 1972:and 1944:and 1940:The 1609:and 1408:The 1401:and 1393:and 1340:The 1134:and 939:Rome 849:Bern 699:Nice 697:and 493:Unit 481:Rank 348:1853 318:1888 305:Kent 291:Died 268:Born 12067:Odo 10438:at 10201:doi 9802:doi 9555:hdl 9547:doi 8536:doi 7693:412 7046:418 5438:". 5379:in 5367:in 5333:in 5312:in 5300:in 5288:in 5276:in 5252:in 5240:in 5216:in 4943:Ham 4838:in 4807:by 4521:in 4170:in 3481:'s 3469:'s 3458:." 3398:'s 3301:by 3175:In 3098:in 1601:of 1275:Ham 1184:Ham 1150:in 867:at 851:to 847:to 845:Aix 13012:: 12950:/ 11781:/ 11765:/ 11411:fr 11394:fr 11369:fr 11320:fr 11303:fr 11272:fr 11255:fr 11238:fr 11221:fr 11204:fr 11187:fr 11170:fr 11153:fr 11136:fr 11119:fr 11102:fr 11085:fr 11068:fr 11051:fr 11020:fr 10419:. 10279:. 10215:. 10207:. 10197:27 10195:. 10110:. 10006:, 9808:. 9796:. 9571:. 9561:. 9553:. 9518:; 9445:73 9404:^ 9357:. 9329:. 9301:. 9202:. 9185:, 9108:. 9086:^ 9052:^ 9032:^ 9022:. 8976:. 8923:, 8901:^ 8826:^ 8775:^ 8595:, 8550:. 8542:. 8532:47 8530:. 8431:^ 8389:. 8352:. 8303:. 8219:^ 8204:^ 8153:^ 7969:^ 7695:. 7629:^ 7611:. 7586:. 7557:. 7541:17 7522:, 7488:^ 7425:^ 7253:, 7214:^ 7145:^ 7112:; 7090:^ 6928:^ 6609:87 6452:^ 6410:, 6352:, 6315:, 6295:, 6250:, 6243:: 6224:, 6203:, 6183:, 6151:, 6141:, 6131:, 6124:: 6105:, 6082:, 6072:, 6065:: 6047:, 6037:, 6030:: 5996:: 5967:, 5960:: 5937:, 5916:, 5895:, 5872:, 5851:, 5828:, 5794:, 5751:, 5734:: 5725:, 5702:, 5679:, 5654:, 5644:, 5634:, 5627:: 5608:, 5587:, 5566:, 5546:, 5524:, 5515:, 5505:, 5498:: 5474:, 5465:, 5456:, 5417:. 5153:c. 5151:, 5131:A 5093:, 5089:, 5085:, 5081:, 5048:, 5044:, 4963:fr 4952:fr 4937:fr 4885:, 4862:. 4813:c. 4811:, 4697:fr 4525:. 4354:. 4300:. 4049:, 4005:c. 3980:c. 3978:, 3958:c. 3940:c. 3922:c. 3904:c. 3875:, 3871:, 3732:, 3681:, 3677:, 3673:, 3640:. 3587:. 3572:. 3446:, 3356:, 3352:, 2941:. 2688:, 2633:. 2564:, 2406:. 2387:. 2136:, 2123:, 1881:c. 1879:, 1690:c. 1405:. 1380:, 1206:fr 1154:. 1070:. 871:, 832:. 785:. 613:, 601:. 593:, 344:m. 307:, 303:, 283:, 12943:) 12939:( 12519:) 12490:e 12483:t 12476:v 12459:. 12005:, 11835:e 11828:t 11821:v 11799:* 11789:) 11747:) 11743:( 11603:* 11571:/ 11495:e 11488:t 11481:v 11455:) 11451:( 11445:) 11441:( 11435:) 11431:( 11425:) 11421:( 11415:) 11404:( 11398:) 11387:( 11373:) 11362:( 11348:) 11344:( 11324:) 11313:( 11307:) 11296:( 11276:) 11265:( 11259:) 11248:( 11242:) 11231:( 11225:) 11214:( 11208:) 11197:( 11191:) 11180:( 11174:) 11163:( 11157:) 11146:( 11140:) 11129:( 11123:) 11112:( 11106:) 11095:( 11089:) 11078:( 11072:) 11061:( 11055:) 11044:( 11024:) 11013:( 10986:e 10979:t 10972:v 10636:e 10629:t 10622:v 10421:8 10389:. 10370:. 10313:. 10289:. 10261:. 10242:. 10223:. 10203:: 10172:. 10146:. 10118:. 10086:. 10034:. 9992:. 9932:. 9882:. 9861:. 9840:. 9816:. 9804:: 9798:2 9787:. 9766:. 9745:. 9726:. 9707:. 9688:. 9669:. 9650:. 9631:. 9612:. 9579:. 9557:: 9549:: 9536:. 9510:. 9489:. 9447:. 9426:. 9371:. 9343:. 9315:. 9253:. 9213:. 9189:. 9160:. 9134:. 9080:. 9026:. 8927:. 8649:. 8599:. 8558:. 8538:: 8515:. 8401:. 8363:. 8314:. 8265:. 8066:. 7998:. 7963:. 7932:. 7917:. 7904:. 7805:. 7705:. 7623:. 7597:. 7571:. 7526:. 7510:. 7435:. 7400:. 7257:. 7196:. 7169:. 7116:. 7048:. 7015:. 6964:. 6693:. 6611:. 6402:( 4641:) 4095:( 3840:) 3834:( 3829:) 3825:( 3661:. 3278:. 2584:. 2059:. 276:) 272:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index