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victory, for in the case of no absolute majority the final decision would be taken by the
Assembly, where Cavaignac was backed by the majority. The absence of a third candidate worked for the advantage of Louis-Napoléon, who was the evident favorite of the popular classes. Cavaignac nevertheless was supported by most of the French press, including liberal newspapers such as
355:
552:, a revolt by Parisian workers against the National Assembly, and for this was temporarily given emergency powers. After suppressing the insurrection he renounced his dictatorial powers, and was subsequently confirmed by the National Assembly as the provisional "Chief of the Executive Power" of France, governing for nearly six months until the
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in his government. Thiers however considered
Cavaignac too left-leaning, and the general would not commit himself to the conservatives as much as they wanted him to. He instead preferred Louis-Napoléon, who, according to Thiers, "seems to dissociate himself more from the reds and socialists than does
1100:
After much internal debate, the Party of Order decided, on 5 November, not to give their endorsement to any candidate. In this situation
Cavaignac's supporters had hoped that the party would put forward their own candidate, therefore splitting the popular vote and increasing Cavaignac's chances of
1124:
to remain in power, but he refused. To
Charras' argument that giving power to Louis-Napoléon would compromise the Republic, Cavaignac responded, "it is possible that it will succumb, but it will rise again". Louis-Napoléon won the election with an absolute majority of 74% of the votes cast, with
889:. By 24 June, the insurgents posed such a threat that the National Assembly gave Cavaignac dictatorial powers, and disbanded the Executive Committee. Cavaignac viewed the insurrection as a military issue above all else, and thus relied on the regular army with assistance from the
930:
After defeating the insurrection, Cavaignac presented himself before the
National Assembly and announced his intention to renounce the dictatorial powers delegated to him, which he did on 28 June. The parliament therefore confirmed him in power as Chief of the Executive Power
952:
In his early government, Cavaignac imposed control over political clubs and suppressed the left-wing press, which he deemed responsible for inciting the armed insurrection of June. He temporarily prohibited the publication of eleven newspapers, including
1071:
to popular suffrage. As election day approached, increasing evidence suggested that it would most likely be a contest between
Cavaignac and Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Both leading candidates attempted to gain the support of the conservative
1189:, he chose to continue to represent Lot and took his seat with the Moderate Republicans on the left. Cavaignac mostly voted with the opposition; he voted against the military expedition sent by the president to suppress the revolutionary
754:
remarked that "those who had known general
Cavaignac in the battlefield knew what intelligence and energy he deployed in action". Almost every step of his promotion was gained on the field of battle. He was promoted to
5071:
904:
In the view of
Cavaignac and other Moderate Republicans in government, the young Republic had just been saved. He had suppressed the revolt with strong determination, but took time in preparing to attack. At the time
1040:, Cavaignac organized an army to support Piedmont-Sardinia, but in the absence of a request did not intervene. In contradiction, he also organized, and later cancelled, in November an expeditionary force to rescue
909:
even suspected
Cavaignac of having deliberately chosen to delay the government's response, allowing the early protests on 23 June to grow, so that his ultimate victory over the insurgents would be more decisive.
897:. When his troops advanced in three strong columns every inch of ground was disputed, and government troops were frequently repulsed, requiring reinforcement by fresh regiments, until he forced his way to the
1157:, Cavaignac thanked the parliament for “its confidence and its kindness toward me" and presented the resignation of himself and his cabinet, then proceeded to return to his seat as a member of the Assembly.
777:. As he rose through the ranks in Algeria, Cavaignac's correspondence with the republicans in France became increasingly rare. In the last years of the July Monarchy, Cavaignac was appointed governor of the
1007:
revolutions through much of Europe, Cavaignac essentially maintained the stance previously adopted by the provisional government, of asserting sympathy towards the national movements, specially those in
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1020:, but avoided direct involvement. The worry about internal security and the complex situation abroad prompted a policy of neutrality. The chief concern for his government was the
709:, after he responded negatively to his colonel when questioned if he would obey orders to fight an eventual republican insurrection. He was recalled in 1832 and deployed with the
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Voting took place on 10 and 11 December. As the first results to come in already suggested an imminent victory for Louis-Napoléon, Cavaignac was reportedly urged by his adviser
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604:. His mother was the member of a wealthy family, prominent in the liberal intellectual circles of Paris, being the daughter of Guillaume Olivier de Corancez, founder of the
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733:, who described Cavaignac as "an instructed officer", whose "high capabilities" made him "ready for great things". In April 1837 he was given command of a battalion of
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were undertaken in order to reduce unemployment. Cavaignac's government gave support to producers' and workers' cooperatives, sponsored legislation on maximum
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On 23 June, the
Executive Commission put Cavaignac in charge of suppressing an armed workers' insurrection in eastern Paris, which would become known as the
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Cavaignac coming in second place with 19.5%. The only four departments not to give the winner a majority of votes were won by Cavaignac; these were in
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580:(1762–1829) and Julie-Marie Olivier de Corancez (1780–1849), who were married in 1797. His elder brother was the republican activist and journalist
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Cavaignac continued to serve as a representative in the National Assembly for the remainder of the Second Republic. Reelected for Lot but also for
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banking family, as they were engaged at the time of Cavaignac's arrest. He retired from the army after his marriage, and the couple's son,
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Born in Paris to a prominent family, Cavaignac was educated for a military career. Shortly after returning from service in the
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of France to secure the democratic institutions recently achieved with the February Revolution, and selected the members of
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560:. He continued to serve as a representative in the National Assembly until its dissolution by the president during the
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in July. Direct relief was provided by the government to supplant the national workshops, and large-scale
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835:, on 27 March. About a month later, Cavaignac returned to France to take his seat as a representative of
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517:, where he served with distinction for the next 16 years. He started his political career following the
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of Louis-Napoléon (now emperor Napoleon III) which replaced the Republic, he was elected to the
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As previously decided by the National Assembly before the June Days, Cavaignac closed down the
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1267:. He died at the estate on 28 October 1857, aged 55. His funeral was held in Paris and had as
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and crushed the insurrection at its headquarters. By 26 June the uprising had been put down.
626:. He and his brother were raised in accordance with the principles established in Rousseau's
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The Retrospect of Radical Republicanism: Le Père Duchêne of 1848 and the Revolutionary Past
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along with three other journals for being "instruments of civil war and not of liberty".
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the Ministry of War he had previously refused. At the National Assembly he sat among the
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In the early hours of 2 December, Cavaignac was arrested by the police at his house in
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of Paris, at the same time as other members of the opposition. First imprisoned in
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Cavaignac arrived in Paris on 17 May 1848, and on the same day accepted from the
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1088:) when chance appeared for a ministerial reform, and even indirectly approached
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In 1831, Cavaignac was removed from active duty in consequence of his declared
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996:. During this period, with the Chief of the Executive's support, a democratic
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1201:, in which he seized dictatorial powers and dissolved the National Assembly.
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accordingly. Many government ministers were also connected to the newspaper
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623:
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92:
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Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
3100:
3012:
3002:
1130:
1103:
949:, the press of the Moderate Republican majority of the National Assembly.
831:, but refused it in a letter addressed to the provisional government from
827:, succeeding the Duke of Aumale. On 20 March he was offered the office of
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866:
655:. Promoted to lieutenant in 1826, he served between 1828 and 1829 in the
411:
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for adult factory workers, and promoted the modernization of the French
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1911:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 561.
1268:
4822:
1877:
1815:
Funerary Arts and Tomb Cult: Living with the Dead in France, 1750-1870
1258:
1067:
On 8 October, the National Assembly voted to submit the election of a
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1819:
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894:
865:, and there, at the 10 June session, he engaged in a debate with the
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1892:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
671:, became one of the first officers to join the revolt against the
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832:
760:
735:
726:
675:. He was then promoted to captain in October 1830, under the new
593:
5082:
Members of the 2nd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
5077:
Members of the 1st Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
1283:, and a worker named Bayard. He was buried next to his brother
1153:
took place in the chamber of the National Assembly. In a brief
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to the Empire and was therefore barred from taking his seat.
1174:
873:, which started a lasting antagonism between the general and
729:(1836), which earned him praise from his commanding officer,
668:
573:
262:
2123:
1249:. On both occasions, however, Cavaignac refused to take the
701:, at the time commonly worn by French troops in North Africa
614:. Through his mother, Cavaignac was a great-grandson of the
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643:. Having finished his military education, he joined the
639:
in 1820, then two years left to continue his studies in
584:. At the time of his birth, his father was the mayor of
1476:
1474:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1193:, and opposed the law of 31 May 1850, which restricted
893:, and did not hesitate to use cannons to break through
513:, and in 1832 was sent to Algeria, at the start of the
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1076:. With that goal, Cavaignac in October introduced two
717:. In the first years of the campaign he saw action at
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1573:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
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1430:
1357:
1471:
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935:). As a committed Republican, Cavaignac strove as
2358:
1036:. After the Austrian victory in late July at the
576:on 15 October 1802, the second and last child of
5028:
3435:
1219:, he was soon released on 29 December to marry
1092:, leader of the party, with a proposal for the
1003:In foreign policy, during a year marked by the
913:
691:"Colonel Cavaignac", portrait published in the
5107:French people of the Greek War of Independence
961:. He would later, in August, indefinitely ban
4755:
4513:
3421:
2344:
2081:
682:
548:, Cavaignac was tasked with putting down the
2286:Raymond-Jean-Baptiste de Verninac Saint-Maur
1836:
1538:
1388:
1351:
1339:
564:, and afterwards retired into private life.
533:, and soon became one of the leaders of the
498:between June and December 1848, during the
486:; 15 October 1802 – 28 October 1857) was a
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2337:
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2074:
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1853:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1492:
31:
788:
211:24 February 1848 – 29 April 1848
16:French general and politician (1802–1857)
5067:Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
1897:
1840:Dictionnaire des parlementaires français
1837:Robert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1889).
1409:
1168:
1055:
1051:
976:reviewing the troops on 3 September 1848
967:
917:
792:
686:
567:
64:28 June 1848 – 20 December 1848
1811:
1788:
1765:
1749:
1683:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1550:
1523:
1511:
1480:
1465:
1448:
1421:
1363:
1231:Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac
1000:was prepared by the National Assembly.
332:Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac
5029:
4182:Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
769:in 1844, the latter on the request of
5047:19th-century heads of state of France
4743:
4529:French Provisional Government of 1848
4501:
3409:
2332:
2069:
2041:President of the Council of Ministers
880:
871:Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès
846:, after being the most voted in that
490:general and politician who served as
481:
161:20 March 1848 – 5 April 1848
1768:The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852
663:. In 1830, upon the outbreak of the
4771:French Executive Commission of 1848
4112:Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon
1791:The French Republic under Cavaignac
118:17 May 1848 – 29 June 1848
13:
5117:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
2099:(28 June 1848 to 20 December 1848)
1233:, was born in May 1852. Under the
667:, Cavaignac, who was stationed in
14:
5128:
3499:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman
1938:24 February 1848 – 29 April 1848
659:, the French intervention in the
582:Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac
4821:
4815:
4561:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
4554:
4548:
4542:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
4531:(24 February 1848 to 9 May 1848)
4122:Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont
2122:
2116:
2046:28 June 1848 – 20 December 1848
1885:
1843:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris.
1812:Lindsey, Suzanne Glover (2017).
394:
382:
371:
353:
219:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
170:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
4688:Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie
4653:Education and Religious Affairs
2031:Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)
1954:Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie
1927:Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale
1717:
1689:
1164:
771:Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale
750:In his biography of Cavaignac,
5102:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
5015:Raymond de Verninac Saint-Maur
4802:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
4573:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
2307:Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle
1789:De Luna, Frederick A. (2015).
1256:In 1855, Cavaignac bought the
1225:Odier, a young woman from the
1199:coup d'état of 2 December 1851
556:, in which he ran but lost to
1:
5112:Military personnel from Paris
5057:Moderate Republicans (France)
4990:Jean-Baptiste-Adolphe Charras
4807:Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges
4634:Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges
4202:François Louis Alfred Durrieu
4137:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
2360:Heads of government of France
2317:Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges
2295:Public Education and Religion
2185:Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges
2164:Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel
2145:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
1998:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
1981:Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Charras
1965:20 March 1848 – 5 April 1848
1759:
1215:and later transferred to the
1046:republican revolution in Rome
825:French provisional government
546:French provisional government
521:and the establishment of the
149:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
137:Jean-Baptiste-Adolphe Charras
5092:Governors general of Algeria
4773:(9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848)
4392:Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier
4192:Edmond-Charles de Martimprey
4187:Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
4157:Nicolas Théodule Changarnier
3436:Historical rulers of Algeria
2097:Cabinet of General Cavaignac
2037:Chief of the Executive Power
1301:Cabinet of General Cavaignac
914:Chief of the Executive Power
815:, Cavaignac was promoted to
588:, and previously during the
52:Chief of the Executive Power
7:
4797:Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès
4604:Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès
4102:Anne Jean Marie René Savary
3534:Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh
2019:Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès
1992:17 May 1848 – 28 June 1848
1862:van Raalte, Jeroen (2015).
1294:
1022:Italian War of Independence
821:Governor General of Algeria
697:in 1843; Cavaignac wears a
492:head of the executive power
10:
5133:
5087:École Polytechnique alumni
5062:Ministers of war of France
4813:
4788:(President of the Council)
4546:
2114:
1795:Princeton University Press
1772:Cambridge University Press
1151:peaceful transfer of power
1024:, being waged against the
683:Military career in Algeria
554:1848 presidential election
455:French conquest of Algeria
5003:
4982:
4961:
4945:
4929:
4913:
4892:
4876:
4855:
4834:
4778:
4706:
4680:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4536:
4410:
4327:Jean-Marie Charles Abrial
4167:Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul
4070:
3954:
3911:Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
3607:
3441:
3380:
3227:
3109:
3074:
3036:
2593:
2573:
2550:
2507:
2419:
2366:
2294:
2273:
2247:
2239:Alexandre-François Vivien
2226:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2139:
2104:
2058:President of the Republic
2048:
2035:
2004:
1994:
1985:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1950:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1766:Agulhon, Maurice (1983).
1069:President of the Republic
959:1790s radical publication
924:François-Gabriel Lépaulle
852:1848 legislative election
661:Greek War of Independence
600:, where he voted for the
519:French Revolution of 1848
468:
443:Greek War of Independence
435:
425:
417:
407:
366:
361:
349:
338:
312:
302:
292:
272:
256:
251:
247:
235:
223:
215:
204:
197:
187:
175:
165:
154:
142:
130:
122:
111:
104:
86:
68:
57:
50:
46:
30:
23:
5013:(sub-secretary of state
4971:(sub-secretary of state
4930:Agriculture and Commerce
4865:(sub-secretary of state
4844:(sub-secretary of state
4641:Agriculture and Commerce
4537:President of the Council
4317:Jules-Gaston Henri Carde
3921:Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji
3388:Chief minister of France
2312:Alexandre Pierre Freslon
2215:Agriculture and Commerce
2134:President of the Council
2105:President of the Council
2053:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
1539:Robert & Cougny 1889
1389:Robert & Cougny 1889
1352:Robert & Cougny 1889
1340:Robert & Cougny 1889
1311:
933:Chef du pouvoir exécutif
875:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
811:and the creation of the
809:February 1848 Revolution
743:, and in the defence of
558:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
483:[lwiøʒɛnkavɛɲak]
182:Jacques Gervais Subervie
93:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
4342:Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton
3539:Said I bin Abu Tashufin
2220:Charles Gilbert Tourret
1908:Encyclopædia Britannica
1903:Cavaignac, Louis Eugène
1195:universal male suffrage
763:in August 1841, and to
651:of the 2nd regiment of
578:Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac
322:Jacques-Marie Cavaignac
317:Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac
5052:Politicians from Paris
4995:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
4846:Nicolas Henri Carteret
4693:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
4357:Marcel-Edmond Naegelen
4232:Louis Henri de Gueydon
4152:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
3768:Muhammad II the eunuch
2130:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
2110:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
2027:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
1271:his former colleagues
1178:
1064:
1044:, who had fled from a
977:
927:
804:
789:Early political career
702:
635:Cavaignac entered the
629:Emile, or On Education
602:execution of Louis XVI
572:Cavaignac was born in
500:French Second Republic
475:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
402:French Second Republic
25:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
4792:Alphonse de Lamartine
4585:Alphonse de Lamartine
4457:Abdelmalek Benhabyles
4207:Jean Walsin-Esterhazy
4142:Marie Alphonse Bedeau
4132:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
4127:Sylvain Charles Valée
3599:Al Hassan ben Abu Muh
3394:Deputy Prime Minister
2260:Marie Alphonse Bedeau
2023:Alphonse de Lamartine
1172:
1059:
1052:Presidential election
971:
921:
907:Alphonse de Lamartine
796:
773:himself, son of King
690:
612:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
568:Family and early life
479:French pronunciation:
418:Years of service
78:(as President of the
5011:Joseph Grégoire Casy
4487:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
4477:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
4212:Henri-Gabriel Didier
4177:Jacques Louis Randon
4087:Louis-Auguste-Victor
3841:Mahmud Bursali Pacha
3630:Hayreddin Barbarossa
3459:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
2206:Jules Armand Dufaure
2009:Executive Commission
1870:University of Leiden
1149:). On 20 December a
1097:General Cavaignac".
899:Place de la Bastille
863:Moderate Republicans
859:Executive Commission
781:, replacing general
535:Moderate Republicans
509:he took part in the
307:Moderate Republicans
80:Executive Commission
4482:Abdelkader Bensalah
4417:Republic of Algeria
4337:Yves-Charles Chatel
4197:Patrice de MacMahon
4057:Muhammad VI ben Ali
3733:Mami Muhammad Pasha
1944:Nicolas Changarnier
1934:Governor of Algeria
1594:, pp. 373–374.
1289:Montmartre Cemetery
817:general of division
798:Equestrian portrait
715:invasion of Algeria
694:Illustrirte Zeitung
637:École Polytechnique
598:National Convention
430:General of division
297:Montmartre Cemetery
242:Nicolas Changarnier
199:Governor of Algeria
98:President of France
4427:Abderrahmane Farès
4292:Jean-Baptiste Abel
4267:Édouard Laferrière
4222:Romuald Vuillermoz
4042:Mohammed Khaznadji
3783:Köse Mustafa Pacha
3748:Hadji Shaban Pasha
3615:Regency of Algiers
3484:Abu Said Uthman II
3449:Kingdom of Tlemcen
1919:Political offices
1729:Châteaux de France
1251:oath of allegiance
1179:
1110:Journal des débats
1080:into his cabinet (
1065:
982:national workshops
978:
972:Cavaignac and his
957:, named after the
928:
881:June Days uprising
819:and was appointed
805:
757:lieutenant-colonel
752:Hippolyte Castille
713:, to serve in the
703:
653:military engineers
550:June Days uprising
460:June Days uprising
327:Godefroi Cavaignac
5024:
5023:
5004:Navy and Colonies
4946:Religious Affairs
4737:
4736:
4665:Navy and Colonies
4495:
4494:
4442:Houari Boumédiène
4402:Christian Fouchet
4367:Jacques Soustelle
4307:Maurice Viollette
4217:Charles de Bouzet
4172:Aimable Pélissier
4097:Pierre Berthezène
3962:Deylik of Algiers
3813:Mustafa III Pasha
3793:Mustapha IV Pasha
3773:Mustapha II Pasha
3758:Daly Hassan Pasha
3695:Ahmad Pasha Qabia
3670:Mehmed Tekkelerli
3665:Muhammad Kurdogli
3609:Ottoman governors
3554:Abu Abbas Ahmad I
3494:Abu Hammu II Musa
3464:Abu Said Uthman I
3403:
3402:
3252:Couve de Murville
2326:
2325:
2274:Navy and Colonies
2064:
2063:
2049:Succeeded by
1995:Succeeded by
1968:Succeeded by
1941:Succeeded by
1725:"Château d'Ourne"
1618:, pp. 70–71.
1495:, pp. 44–45.
1187:May 1849 election
1038:Battle of Custoza
1030:Piedmont-Sardinia
1005:Spring of Nations
844:National Assembly
759:in June 1840, to
590:French Revolution
531:National Assembly
472:
471:
378:Kingdom of France
342:Commander of the
5124:
4969:Hippolyte Carnot
4962:Public Education
4937:Ferdinand Flocon
4900:Adolphe Crémieux
4825:
4819:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4729:Alexandre Martin
4724:Ferdinand Flocon
4674:Victor Schœlcher
4672:, Sub-secretary
4658:Hippolyte Carnot
4622:Adolphe Crémieux
4606:, Sub-secretary
4599:Michel Goudchaux
4558:
4552:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4452:Chadli Bendjedid
4352:Yves Chataigneau
4117:Bertrand Clauzel
4107:Théophile Voirol
4092:Bertrand Clauzel
3901:Hadj Mohamed Dey
3861:Buzenak-Muhammad
3803:Kassan Kaid Koça
3738:Dali Ahmed Pasha
3723:Hassan Veneziano
3713:Arab Ahmed Pasha
3685:Hasan Khüsro Aga
3564:Abu Tashufin III
3559:Abu Abdallah III
3514:Abul Hadjdjadj I
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3390:(pre-Revolution)
3204:Bourgès-Maunoury
2773:Waldeck-Rousseau
2577:National Defense
2565:Cousin-Montauban
2517:Dupont de l'Eure
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2302:Hippolyte Carnot
2159:Michel Goudchaux
2126:
2120:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2005:Preceded by
1978:Preceded by
1951:Preceded by
1924:Preceded by
1916:
1915:
1912:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1833:
1808:
1785:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1702:Musée Carnavalet
1693:
1687:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1273:Michel Goudchaux
1239:Corps législatif
1143:Bouches-du-Rhône
802:Ange-Louis Janet
779:province of Oran
766:maréchal de camp
673:Bourbon monarchy
657:Morea expedition
610:and a friend of
607:Journal de Paris
562:1851 coup d'état
507:Morea expedition
485:
480:
448:Morea expedition
400:
398:
397:
388:
386:
385:
376:
375:
374:
362:Military service
357:
344:Légion d'honneur
279:
252:Personal details
238:
226:
209:
190:
178:
159:
145:
133:
116:
89:
71:
62:
35:
21:
20:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5097:French generals
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
4999:
4978:
4957:
4953:Eugène Bethmont
4941:
4925:
4909:
4905:Eugène Bethmont
4888:
4884:Charles Duclerc
4872:
4856:Foreign Affairs
4851:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4811:
4774:
4768:
4738:
4733:
4702:
4676:
4660:
4648:
4646:Eugène Bethmont
4636:
4624:
4612:
4608:Charles Duclerc
4587:
4580:Foreign Affairs
4575:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4544:
4532:
4526:
4496:
4491:
4472:Liamine Zéroual
4462:Mohamed Boudiaf
4437:Ahmed Ben Bella
4419:
4415:
4406:
4372:Georges Catroux
4347:Georges Catroux
4322:Georges le Beau
4282:Maurice Varnier
4272:Charles Jonnart
4147:Henri d'Orleans
4079:
4074:
4066:
3987:Mohammed Arslan
3964:
3959:
3950:
3941:Mohamed Bektach
3851:Yusuf III Pasha
3798:Soliman Katanya
3690:Ahmed Bostandji
3625:Aruj Barbarossa
3617:
3612:
3603:
3589:Abu Abdallah VI
3569:Abu Abdallah IV
3549:Abu Abdallah II
3504:Abu Tashufin II
3451:
3446:
3443:Zayyanid rulers
3437:
3434:
3404:
3399:
3376:
3223:
3111:Fourth Republic
3105:
3077:
3070:
3032:
2883:François-Marsal
2589:
2576:
2569:
2546:
2509:Second Republic
2503:
2415:
2362:
2357:
2327:
2322:
2290:
2269:
2248:Foreign Affairs
2243:
2222:
2210:
2189:
2180:Eugène Bethmont
2168:
2147:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2100:
2094:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1991:
1988:Minister of War
1983:
1973:
1964:
1961:Minister of War
1956:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1901:, ed. (1911). "
1886:
1884:
1846:
1845:
1830:
1805:
1782:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1499:
1493:van Raalte 2015
1491:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1395:
1387:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1319:
1314:
1297:
1167:
1155:farewell speech
1120:to carry out a
1118:Colonel Charras
1094:vice-presidency
1054:
1026:Austrian Empire
963:Le Père Duchêne
955:Le Père Duchêne
916:
883:
829:Minister of War
791:
741:Marshal Clauzel
685:
665:July Revolution
570:
542:Minister of War
523:Second Republic
515:French invasion
511:July Revolution
478:
464:
395:
393:
392:
383:
381:
380:
372:
370:
330:
325:
320:
303:Political party
281:
277:
276:28 October 1857
261:
260:15 October 1802
236:
230:Henri d'Orléans
224:
210:
205:
188:
176:
160:
155:
143:
131:
117:
112:
106:Minister of War
95:
87:
77:
69:
63:
58:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5130:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4828:François Arago
4814:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4786:François Arago
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4714:Armand Marrast
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4698:François Arago
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4670:François Arago
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4420:(1962–present)
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Robert Lacoste
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Maxime Weygand
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:Théodore Steeg
4294:
4289:
4287:Charles Lutaud
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Antoine Chanzy
4234:
4229:
4227:Alexis Lambert
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:French Algeria
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:Hadji Mustapha
3928:
3926:Hassan Chaouch
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Ahmed II Pasha
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:Yusuf II Pasha
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Mustapha Pasha
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Khalifa Saffah
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3594:Abu Zayyan III
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Abu Abdallah V
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Abu Abdallah I
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Abu Tashufin I
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3229:Fifth Republic
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Casimir-Perier
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2595:Third Republic
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:Antoine Sénard
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2015:François Arago
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:François Arago
1969:
1966:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1899:Chisholm, Hugh
1882:
1859:
1834:
1828:
1809:
1804:978-1400879809
1803:
1786:
1780:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:, p. 403.
1742:
1716:
1688:
1686:, p. 401.
1671:
1669:, p. 396.
1659:
1647:
1645:, p. 395.
1635:
1633:, p. 388.
1620:
1608:
1606:, p. 377.
1596:
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 373.
1555:
1553:, p. 369.
1543:
1541:, p. 619.
1528:
1526:, p. 294.
1516:
1514:, p. 408.
1497:
1485:
1470:
1453:
1426:
1414:
1393:
1391:, p. 617.
1368:
1366:, p. 178.
1356:
1354:, p. 615.
1344:
1342:, p. 616.
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:French Algeria
1303:
1296:
1293:
1277:Joseph Guinard
1247:1857 elections
1217:Château de Ham
1208:arrondissement
1191:Roman Republic
1166:
1163:
1159:Armand Marrast
1090:Adolphe Thiers
1074:Party of Order
1053:
1050:
1034:northern Italy
974:military staff
915:
912:
891:National Guard
882:
879:
807:Following the
790:
787:
775:Louis Philippe
731:Thomas Bugeaud
711:Army of Africa
684:
681:
649:sub-lieutenant
620:encyclopédiste
596:member of the
569:
566:
529:member of the
470:
469:
466:
465:
463:
462:
457:
452:
451:
450:
439:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
409:
408:Branch/service
405:
404:
368:
364:
363:
359:
358:
351:
347:
346:
340:
336:
335:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
289:
280:(aged 55)
274:
270:
269:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
202:
201:
195:
194:
193:François Arago
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
126:François Arago
124:
120:
119:
109:
108:
102:
101:
90:
84:
83:
75:François Arago
72:
66:
65:
55:
54:
48:
47:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5129:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4921:Ulysse Trélat
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4863:Jules Bastide
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4843:
4842:Adrien Recurt
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:Commissioners
4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:Other members
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Roger Léonard
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Pierre Bordes
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Hussein Kodja
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Ahmed Sharban
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Ibrahim Pasha
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Ahmed I Pasha
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Hassan Khodja
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Khüsrev Pacha
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Soliman Pasha
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Uluç Ali Reis
3703:
3701:
3700:Muhamad Pasha
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Yusuf I Pasha
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Abu Hammu III
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Abu Zayyan II
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Abu Thabid II
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Chaban-Delmas
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Mendès France
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:A. de Broglie
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:A. de Broglie
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2575:Government of
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:Second Empire
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
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2464:V. de Broglie
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2440:
2437:
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2429:V. de Broglie
2427:
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2422:
2421:July Monarchy
2418:
2412:
2409:
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2281:Jules Bastide
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2265:Jules Bastide
2263:
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2258:
2256:
2255:Jules Bastide
2253:
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2237:
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2234:Adrien Recurt
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2016:
2012:
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1999:
1990:
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1963:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1922:
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1910:
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1900:
1895:
1894:public domain
1883:
1879:
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1842:
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1835:
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1829:9781351566179
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1668:
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1657:, p. 71.
1656:
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1483:, p. 62.
1482:
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1467:
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1410:Chisholm 1911
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1281:Jules Bastide
1278:
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1060:Cavaignac by
1058:
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1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
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995:
994:postal system
991:
990:working hours
987:
983:
975:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
950:
948:
947:
942:
938:
937:head of state
934:
925:
920:
911:
908:
902:
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888:
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872:
868:
864:
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753:
748:
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742:
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732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:republicanism
700:
696:
695:
689:
680:
678:
677:July Monarchy
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
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638:
633:
631:
630:
625:
622:
621:
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613:
609:
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587:
586:Saint-Sauveur
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
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532:
528:
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390:July Monarchy
379:
369:
365:
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348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
323:
318:
315:
311:
308:
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293:Resting place
291:
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76:
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61:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4994:
4973:Jean Reynaud
4914:Public Works
4692:
4629:Public Works
4432:Ferhat Abbas
4382:André Mutter
4302:Henri Dubief
4262:Louis Lépine
4257:Auguste Loze
4252:Jules Cambon
4247:Louis Tirman
4242:Albert Grévy
4162:Viala Charon
4151:
3977:Muhammad III
3946:Deli Ibrahim
3876:Ismail Pasha
3778:Rizvan Pasha
3728:Djafar Pasha
3718:Ramdan Pasha
3709:Mehmet Pasha
3680:Yahyia Pasha
3489:Abu Thabid I
3469:Abu Zayyan I
3038:Vichy France
2953:Paul-Boncour
2526:
2227:Public Works
2129:
2128:
2109:
2051:
2039:
2036:
2007:
1986:
1959:
1932:
1906:
1864:
1839:
1814:
1790:
1767:
1750:De Luna 2015
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1684:De Luna 2015
1667:De Luna 2015
1662:
1655:Agulhon 1983
1650:
1643:De Luna 2015
1638:
1631:De Luna 2015
1616:Agulhon 1983
1611:
1604:De Luna 2015
1599:
1592:De Luna 2015
1587:
1580:Agulhon 1983
1575:
1568:De Luna 2015
1551:De Luna 2015
1546:
1524:De Luna 2015
1519:
1512:De Luna 2015
1488:
1481:Agulhon 1983
1466:Agulhon 1983
1449:De Luna 2015
1422:Agulhon 1983
1417:
1364:Lindsey 2017
1359:
1347:
1291:, in Paris.
1265:Flée, Sarthe
1257:
1255:
1222:Mademoiselle
1220:
1213:Mazas Prison
1207:
1203:
1180:
1177:(after 1854)
1173:Portrait by
1165:Later career
1115:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1066:
1062:Ary Scheffer
1042:Pope Pius IX
1002:
998:constitution
986:public works
979:
962:
954:
951:
944:
932:
929:
922:Portrait by
903:
884:
856:
806:
764:
749:
734:
704:
692:
634:
627:
624:Jean Romilly
618:
605:
571:
539:
504:
474:
473:
436:Battles/wars
278:(1857-10-28)
237:Succeeded by
206:
189:Succeeded by
156:
144:Succeeded by
113:
88:Succeeded by
59:
39:Pierre Petit
37:Portrait by
18:
5042:1857 deaths
5037:1802 births
4867:Jules Favre
4719:Louis Blanc
4447:Rabah Bitat
4387:Raoul Salan
4277:Paul Révoil
4080:(1830–1962)
4062:Hussein Dey
4022:Mustapha II
4017:Sidi Hassan
4002:Muhammad IV
3992:Ibrahim III
3965:(1710–1830)
3906:Baba Hassan
3886:Ramadan Aga
3856:Murad Pasha
3836:Ali Bitchin
3822:Murat Pasha
3808:Hizir Pasha
3743:Hızır Pasha
3660:Hasan Corso
3645:Hasan Pasha
3640:Hadji Pasha
3618:(1517–1710)
3544:Abu Malek I
3474:Abu Hammu I
3452:(1235–1556)
3076:Provisional
2368:Restoration
1731:(in French)
1705:(in French)
1269:pallbearers
946:Le National
941:his cabinet
867:Bonapartist
841:constituent
783:Lamoricière
725:(1834) and
592:had been a
225:Preceded by
177:Preceded by
132:Preceded by
70:Preceded by
5031:Categories
4412:Presidents
4397:Jean Morin
4012:Muhammad V
3997:Ibrahim IV
3982:Abdy Pasha
3891:Shaban Aga
3881:Khalil Aga
3655:Salah Rais
3635:Hasan Agha
3584:Abu Muh II
3078:Government
2858:Clemenceau
2793:Clemenceau
2648:Waddington
2638:Rochebouët
2376:Talleyrand
1878:1887/35451
1868:(Thesis).
1781:0521289882
1760:References
1078:Orleanists
895:barricades
848:department
645:Royal Army
367:Allegiance
4072:Governors
4047:Omar Agha
3524:Abu Muh I
3396:(defunct)
3347:Cazeneuve
3302:Bérégovoy
3237:De Gaulle
3219:De Gaulle
3086:De Gaulle
3008:Chautemps
2978:Doumergue
2968:Chautemps
2923:Chautemps
2863:Millerand
2828:Doumergue
2753:Bourgeois
2718:Freycinet
2693:Freycinet
2678:Fallières
2668:Freycinet
2653:Freycinet
2527:Cavaignac
2406:Martignac
2396:Richelieu
2386:Dessolles
2381:Richelieu
1849:cite book
1820:Routledge
1697:"Décrète"
1241:, on the
1131:Finistère
1122:self coup
1104:Le Siècle
887:June Days
747:in 1840.
745:Cherchell
421:1822–1852
350:Signature
329:(brother)
313:Relations
216:President
207:In office
166:President
157:In office
123:President
114:In office
60:In office
4835:Interior
4568:Interior
4467:Ali Kafi
4027:Ahmed II
3788:Hasan IV
3352:Philippe
3327:Villepin
3322:Raffarin
3307:Balladur
3247:Pompidou
3214:Pflimlin
3209:Gaillard
3159:Queuille
3149:Queuille
3139:Queuille
3119:Ramadier
3018:Daladier
2988:Bouisson
2973:Daladier
2958:Daladier
2908:Poincaré
2893:Painlevé
2878:Poincaré
2853:Painlevé
2813:Poincaré
2808:Caillaux
2663:Gambetta
2560:Ollivier
2537:Hautpoul
2434:Laffitte
2411:Polignac
2319:(acting)
2194:Interior
1295:See also
1285:Godefroi
1139:Provence
1135:Morbihan
1127:Brittany
1107:and the
813:Republic
721:(1833),
525:, being
319:(father)
4893:Justice
4877:Finance
4617:Justice
4592:Finance
4414:of the
4032:Ali III
3896:Ali Aga
3381:Related
3372:Barnier
3337:Ayrault
3297:Cresson
3262:Messmer
3144:Bidault
3134:Schuman
3124:Schuman
3096:Bidault
3056:Flandin
3023:Reynaud
2998:Sarraut
2983:Flandin
2963:Sarraut
2948:Herriot
2943:Tardieu
2928:Tardieu
2918:Tardieu
2903:Herriot
2888:Herriot
2868:Leygues
2838:Viviani
2823:Barthou
2788:Sarrien
2783:Rouvier
2763:Brisson
2708:Floquet
2703:Rouvier
2688:Brisson
2673:Duclerc
2643:Dufaure
2623:Dufaure
2603:Dufaure
2542:Faucher
2459:Mortier
2401:Villèle
2391:Decazes
2173:Justice
2152:Finance
1896::
1735:13 July
1709:13 July
1287:in the
1261:d'Ourne
1259:Château
1185:in the
1086:Dufaure
1014:Germany
869:deputy
850:on the
839:to the
833:Algiers
823:by the
761:colonel
736:zouaves
727:Tlemcen
723:Mascara
616:Genevan
594:Jacobin
544:in the
527:elected
324:(uncle)
41:, 1850s
4037:Ali IV
4007:Ali II
3357:Castex
3332:Fillon
3317:Jospin
3292:Rocard
3287:Chirac
3282:Fabius
3277:Mauroy
3267:Chirac
3199:Mollet
3184:Laniel
3164:Pleven
3154:Pleven
3061:Darlan
3046:Pétain
3028:Pétain
2913:Briand
2898:Briand
2873:Briand
2843:Briand
2818:Briand
2798:Briand
2778:Combes
2758:Méline
2723:Loubet
2713:Tirard
2698:Goblet
2618:Buffet
2613:Cissey
2585:Trochu
2532:Barrot
2494:Guizot
2484:Thiers
2469:Thiers
2449:Gérard
2439:Perier
1890:
1826:
1801:
1778:
1137:) and
1082:Vivien
1018:Poland
926:, 1848
496:France
488:French
399:
387:
339:Awards
287:France
267:France
4052:Ali V
3972:Ali I
3367:Attal
3362:Borne
3342:Valls
3312:Juppé
3272:Barre
3242:Debré
3194:Faure
3179:Mayer
3174:Pinay
3169:Faure
3129:Marie
3091:Gouin
3066:Laval
3051:Laval
2993:Laval
2938:Laval
2933:Steeg
2848:Ribot
2833:Ribot
2803:Monis
2768:Dupuy
2748:Ribot
2743:Dupuy
2733:Dupuy
2728:Ribot
2683:Ferry
2658:Ferry
2628:Simon
2522:Arago
2489:Soult
2479:Soult
2454:Maret
2444:Soult
1312:Notes
1227:Odier
1183:Seine
1175:Nadar
1010:Italy
669:Arras
647:as a
574:Paris
334:(son)
263:Paris
3960:the
3956:Deys
3613:the
3447:the
3101:Blum
3013:Blum
3003:Blum
2499:Molé
2474:Molé
1855:link
1824:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1737:2021
1711:2021
1245:and
1243:1852
1206:9th
1145:and
1133:and
1084:and
1016:and
719:Oran
641:Metz
426:Rank
412:Army
283:Flée
273:Died
257:Born
96:(as
4983:War
4681:War
4075:of
2140:War
1905:".
1874:hdl
1263:in
1147:Var
1032:in
1028:by
837:Lot
800:by
699:fez
540:As
494:of
5033::
3958:of
3611:of
3445:of
1872:.
1851:}}
1847:{{
1822:.
1818:.
1797:.
1793:.
1774:.
1770:.
1727:.
1699:.
1674:^
1623:^
1558:^
1531:^
1500:^
1473:^
1456:^
1429:^
1396:^
1371:^
1320:^
1279:,
1275:,
1048:.
1012:,
877:.
854:.
785:.
679:.
632:.
537:.
502:.
285:,
265:,
5017:)
4975:)
4869:)
4848:)
4763:e
4756:t
4749:v
4521:e
4514:t
4507:v
3429:e
3422:t
3415:v
2352:e
2345:t
2338:v
2089:e
2082:t
2075:v
2011::
1880:.
1876::
1857:)
1832:.
1807:.
1784:.
1739:.
1713:.
1451:.
1412:.
1141:(
1129:(
931:(
477:(
100:)
82:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
