Christianity in China

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non-profit organization and "inter-denominational Christian ministry", there were 105 millions Christians in China in 2011. The compiler of these figures, Paul Hattaway, indicates that his figures are his own estimate, based on more than 2,000 published sources such as Internet reports, journals, and books, as well as interviews with house church leaders. The study points out that "owing to the difficulties of conducting such a in China today – not the least of which is the sheer size of the country – there is a margin of error of 20 percent." Citing one of the aforementioned surveys, Gerda Wielander says that the actual number of Christians is around 30 million. Similarly, missionary researcher Tony Lambert has highlighted that an estimate of "one hundred million Chinese Christians" was already being spread by American Christian media in 1983, and has been further exaggerated, through a chain of misquotations, in the 2000s. Christopher Marsh (2011) too has been critical of these overestimations. On 6 January 2015, David Ferguson published on the

7108:. p. 99, quote: «Protestantism expanded rapidly in China within the confines of the TSPM. But that movement accounted for only a portion of Chinese Protestants. Another portion was composed of believers outside the official body, members of sects not acceptable to the government—sects referred to as "house churches", because their covert meetings were usually held in members' homes. The Shouters was one such groups Over the last half of the twentieth century, a variety of Christian evangelical groups sprang up in China, much to the distress of the government. illegal cults, which included not only the Shouters, but also Eastern Lightning, the Society of Disciples, the Full Scope Church, the Spirit Sect, the New Testament Church, the Lord God Sect, the Established King Church and more. The Local Church is the official title of the group that became known as the Shouters because of the members' practice of stamping their feet and repeatedly yelling "O Lord Jesus" during religious services.» 3209: 3082: 1853: 3222: 3133:, only three of which are Chinese congregations, all the Korean churches have a male pastor while all the Chinese churches have a female pastor. Also, Yanbian Korean church buildings are stylistically very similar to South Korean churches, with big spires surmounted by large red crosses. Yanbian Korean churches and house churches in China have been a matter of controversy for the Chinese government because of their links to South Korean churches. Many of the Korean house churches in China receive financial support and pastoral ordinations from South Korean churches, and some of them are effectively branches of South Korean churches. South Korean missionaries have major influence not only on Korean-Chinese churches but also the Han Chinese churches in mainland China. 1979: 4290: 1692: 4835: 2690:

million patients. In 1894, male medical missionaries constituted 14 percent of all missionaries; women doctors were four percent. Modern medical education in China started in the early 20th century at hospitals run by international missionaries. They began establishing nurse training schools in China in the late 1880s, but nursing of sick men by female nurses was rejected by local traditions, so the number of Chinese students was small until the practice became accepted in the 1930s. There was also a level of distrust on the part of traditional evangelical missionaries who thought hospitals were diverting needed resources away from the primary goal of conversions.

2905:, remain theoretically subject to persecution today. In practice, however, the Vatican and the Chinese State have been, at least unofficially, accommodating each other for some time. While some bishops who joined the Catholic Patriotic Church in its early years have been condemned and even excommunicated, the entire organization has never been declared schismatic by the Vatican and, at present, its bishops are even invited to church synods like other Catholic leaders. Also, many underground clergy and laymen are active in the official Patriotic Church as well. Still, there are periods of discomfort between Vatican and the Patriotic Church: 1520: 10463: 10351: 5002: 1684: 3238: 2534: 2721:, the first medical college for women in China, and its affiliated hospital known as David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children (柔濟醫院), located together in Guangzhou, China, were founded by female medical missionary Mary H. Fulton (1854–1927). Fulton was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA), with the support of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, New York, of which David Gregg was pastor. The college was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year medical curriculum. Its graduates include 2805: 3003:. The Catholic underground churches are those congregations who remain fully faithful to the Pope in Rome and refuse to register as part of the Catholic Patriotic Church. Much of the Protestant house church movement dates back to the coerced unification of all Protestant denominations in the Three-Self Church in 1958. There is often significant overlap between the membership of registered and unregistered Christian bodies, as a large number of people attend both registered and unregistered churches. 3234:

figures only count adult baptized members of government sanctioned churches. Thus they generally do not include un-baptized persons attending Christian groups, non-adult children of Christian believers or other persons under age 18 and they generally do not take into account unregistered Christian groups. There is often significant overlap between the membership of registered and unregistered Christian bodies, as a large number of people attend both registered and unregistered churches.

3252: 2203: 3408:, a city of Zhejiang, about one million people (approximately 11%) are Christians, the highest concentration in one city. The Protestant population consists predominantly of illiterate or semi-illiterate people, elderly people and women. These characteristics are confirmed by the findings of the Yu Tao survey of 2008, which also found that Protestantism has the lowest proportion of believers who are at the same time members of the CCP in comparison to other religions, and by the 2931: 2195:

part of Western imperialism. The educated gentry were afraid for their own power. The mandarins claim to power lay in the knowledge of the Chinese classics—all government officials had to pass extremely difficult tests on Confucianism. The elite currently in power feared this might be replaced by the Bible, scientific training and Western education. Indeed, the examination system was abolished in the early 20th century by reformers who admired Western models of modernization.

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there were 8,325 Protestant missionaries in China. In 1927 there were sixteen American universities and colleges, ten professional schools of collegiate rank, four schools of theology, and six schools of medicine. These institutions represented an investment of $ 19 million. By 1920, 265 Christian middle schools existed with an enrollment of 15,213. There were thousands of elementary schools; the Presbyterians alone had 383 primary schools with about 15,000 students.

12245: 11025: 3264: 30: 11035: 2372: 1532: 12234: 4988: 1174: 2215: 4495: 3096:. The first mission was undertaken by Russians in the 17th century. Orthodox Christianity is also practiced by the small Russian minority in China. The Church operates relatively freely in Hong Kong (where the Ecumenical Patriarch has sent a metropolitan, Bishop Nikitas and the Russian Orthodox parish of St Peter and St Paul resumed its operation) and Taiwan (where archimandrite Jonah George Mourtos leads a mission church). 2875:, the United States froze all Chinese assets in the United States and banned the transfer of funds from the United States to within the PRC. Among the effects of these policies was cutting off funding for American-affiliated cultural institutions in China, including Christian colleges and religious institutions. The PRC responded by nationalizing American-affiliated cultural institutions, including religious ones. 1500: 3308:

China. The other survey was conducted by professor Liu Zhongyu of the East China Normal University of Shanghai. The surveys were conducted independently and along different periods of time, but they reached the same results. According to the analyses, there were approximately 54 million Christians in China (≈4% of the total population), of whom 39 million were Protestants and 14 million were Catholics.

2407:, based in London with a strong appeal to fundamentalist and evangelical Anglicans, was the largest mission agency in China and it is estimated that Taylor was responsible for more people being converted to Christianity than at any other time since The days of the apostles. Out of the 8,500 Protestant missionaries that were at one time at work in China, 1000 of them were from the China Inland Mission. 4517:. In 1535, Portuguese traders obtained the rights to anchor ships in Macau's harbours and to carry out trading activities, though not the right to stay onshore. Around 1552–1553, they obtained temporary permission to erect storage sheds onshore, in order to dry out goods drenched by sea water; they soon built rudimentary stone houses around the area now called Nam Van. In 1576, 2158: 1275:

identify as such. These estimations are controversial because the organizations which make them are often accused of deliberately inflating them. Pew Research reported in 2023: "Some media reports and academic papers have suggested the Christian share may be larger, with estimates as high as 7% (100 million) or 9% (130 million) of the total population, including children."

8221:"Billy Graham: an appreciation: wherever one travels around the world, the names of three Baptists are immediately known and appreciated—Jimmy Carter, Billy Graham and Martin Luther King, Jr. One is a politician, one an evangelist, and the other was a civil rights leader. All of them have given Baptists and the Christian faith a good reputation. (Biography)" 2922:

years, however, the Communist Party has looked with distrust on organizations with international ties; it tends to associate Christianity with what it deems to be subversive Western values, and has closed churches and schools. In 2015, outspoken pastors in Hong Kong and their associates on the mainland came under close scrutiny from government officials.

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character to hasten with one accord to accept the same faith. For the deeds can be reckoned up and numbered which have been done in India, among the Seres , Persians, and Medes; in Arabia, Egypt, in Asia, Syria; among the Galatians, Parthians, Phrygians; in Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus; in all islands and provinces on which the rising and setting sun shines.

2262:. Some hoped that the Chinese government would discriminate between Protestantism and the Catholic Church, since the law was directed at Rome, but after Protestant missionaries in 1835– 36 gave Christian books to Chinese, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives in Canton who had supplied them with books". 2898:

Christians were known to have been imprisoned between 1983 and 1993. In 1992 the government began a campaign to shut down all of the unregistered meetings. However, government implementation of restrictions since then has varied widely between regions of China and in many areas there is greater religious liberty.

3163:. They primarily operate in a form similar to the "house churches", small worship groups, outside of the state-sanctioned Three-Self Church, that meet in members' homes. One feature that some Christian sects with this label have in common is particular emphasis on the authority of a single leader, sometimes even 1740:, both of whom made a famous pilgrimage to the West, visiting many Church of the East communities along the way. Marcos was elected as Patriarch of the Church of the East, and Bar Sauma went as far as visiting the courts of Europe in 1287–1288, where he told Western monarchs about Christianity among the Mongols. 4525:. In 1583, the Portuguese in Macau were permitted to form a Senate to handle various issues concerning their social and economic affairs under strict supervision of the Chinese authority, but there was no transfer of sovereignty. Macau prospered as a port but was the target of repeated failed attempts by the 2501:" had the same pronunciation as the word for "pig". The pamphlet also showed Christian clergy engaging in orgies following Sunday services and removing the placentas, breasts, and testicles from kidnapped Chinese. It concluded with repeated calls for their extermination by vigilantes and the government. 2918:, the Patriotic Catholic bishop of Shanghai (whom the Vatican also recognized as the coadjutor bishop), was arrested and imprisoned after publicly resigning from his positions in the Patriotic Church in 2012, an act which was considered a challenge to the state control over the Catholic Church in China. 2198:

The main goal was conversions, but they made relatively few. They were much more successful in setting up schools, as well as hospitals and dispensaries. They avoided Chinese politics, but were committed opponents of opium. Western governments could protect them in the treaty ports, but outside those

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The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. . . . In the empire we have a temple for honoring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honoring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese,

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A Christian spiritual revival has grown in the first decades of the twenty-first century. The Communist Party remains officially atheist, and has remained intolerant of churches outside party control. Christianity has grown rapidly, reaching 67 million people including unofficial churches. In recent

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from mainland China. In this period the Chinese Christian churches and organizations had their first experience with autonomy from the Western structures of the missionary church organizations. Some scholars suggest this helped lay the foundation for the independent denominations and churches of the

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Of the 500 hospitals in China in 1931, 235 were run by Protestant missions and 10 by Catholic missions. The mission hospitals produce 61 percent of Western trained doctors, 32 percent nurses and 50 percent of medical schools. Already by 1923 China had half of the world's missionary hospital beds and

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By the early 1860s, the Taiping movement was almost extinct, Protestant missions at the time were confined to five coastal cities. By the end of the century, however, the picture had vastly changed. Scores of new missionary societies had been organized, and several thousand missionaries were working

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from the primary to the university level. Some prominent Chinese universities began as religious-founded institutions. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding, and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. They

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Although a number of factors—the vast Chinese population and the characteristic Chinese approach to religion among others—contribute to a difficulty to obtain empirical data on the number of Christians in China, a series of surveys have been conducted and published by different agencies. Government

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Miller (2006) explains that a significant amount of the house churches or unregistered congregations and meeting points of the Protestant spectrum, that refuse to join the Three-Self Church—China Christian Council, belong to the Chinese Independent Churches. Congregations of the Little Flock or the

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with “subversion of state power” and sentenced him to nine years imprisonment. Several local governments, including Guangzho city, offered cash bounties for individuals who informed on underground churches. In addition, authorities across the country have removed crosses from churches, banned youth

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maintained its government on Taiwan. The historian Daniel Bays comments that it was "not surprising that this new government, like the emperors of several dynasties of the last millennium, evinced an insistence on monitoring religious life and requiring all religions, for example, to register their

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By 1865 when the China Inland Mission began, there were already thirty different Protestant groups at work in China, however the diversity of denominations represented did not equate to more missionaries on the field. In the seven provinces in which Protestant missionaries had already been working,

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estimates that some 50,000 foreigners served in mission work in China between 1809 and 1949, including both Protestants and Catholics. They encountered significant opposition from local elites, who were committed to Confucianism and resented Western ethical systems. Missionaries were often seen as

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Indigenous Christian evangelism started in China in the late 1800s. Man-Kai Wan (1869–1927) was one of the first Chinese doctors of Western medicine in Hong Kong, the inaugural chairman of the Hong Kong Chinese Medical Association (1920–1922, forerunner of the Hong Kong Medical Association), and a

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The growth of the missionary movement in the first decades of the century wove a tie between the American church-going public and China that did not exist between the United States and any other country. The number of missionaries increased from 513 in 1890 to more than 2,000 in 1914, and by 1920

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French Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches for money. The Holy Childhood Association (L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from infanticide. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian

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The Chinese hostility to the missionary was based first of all on the fact that Western Christianity was utterly strange and incomprehensible to the Chinese. There was also the opposition based on what they did understand, namely the missionary's revolutionary program. The literati sensed from the

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of any Christian permitting Confucian rituals as soon as word reached him in 1707. By that time, however, Tournon and Bishop Maigrot had displayed such extreme ignorance in questioning before the throne that the Kangxi Emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the

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His virtues have been made manifest to you, and that unheard-of power over things, whether that which was openly exercised by Him or that which was used over the whole world by those who proclaimed Him: it has subdued the fires of passion, and caused races, and peoples, and nations most diverse in

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of the late 1970s. In 2018, the Chinese government declared that there are over 44 million Christians (38 million Protestants & 6 million Catholics) in China. On the other hand, some international Christian organizations estimate that there are tens of millions more, who choose not to publicly

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Controversy exists regarding the veracity of estimates published by some sources. For example, Gerda Wielander (2013) has claimed that estimates of the number of Christians in China that have been spread by Western media may have been highly inflated. For instance, according to Asia Harvest, a US

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established the first modern clinics and hospitals, provided the first training for nurses, and opened the first medical schools in China. By 1901, China was the most popular destination for medical missionaries. The 150 foreign physicians operated 128 hospitals and 245 dispensaries, treating 1.7

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worked in a printing company in Guangzhou and came to know Robert Morrison in 1810, who translated the Bible to Chinese and needed printing of the translation. When William Milne arrived at Guangzhou in 1813 and worked with Morrison on translation of the Bible, he also came to know Liang, whom he

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2007: two surveys were conducted that year to count the number of Christians in China. One of them was conducted by the Protestant missionary Werner Bürklin, founder of "China Partner", an international Christian organisation, and his team of 7,409 surveyors in every province and municipality of

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condemned the Patriotic Catholic leaders as "persons who are not ordained, and sometimes not even baptised", who "control and make decisions concerning important ecclesial questions, including the appointment of bishops". The Chinese state indeed continues to appoint bishops and intervene in the

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Due to the essential non-existence of Chinese doctors of Western medicine in China and Hong Kong, the founding of colleges of Western medicine was an important part of the medical mission. These colleges for the training of male and female doctors were separately founded. The training of female

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in fighting against bandits. The Big Swords practices heterodox practices, however, they were not bandits and were not seen as bandits by Chinese authorities. The Big Swords relentlessly crushed the bandits, but the bandits converted to the Catholic Church, because it made them legally immune to

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It was also reported that competition with the Catholic Church and Islam were also factors in causing Church of the East Christianity to disappear in China; Catholics also considered the Church of the East as heretical, speaking of "controversies with the emissaries of Rome, and the progress of

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of which 97 under the Catholic Patriotic Church, 74 Chinese Patriotic bishops and 40 Catholic unofficial bishops, 2,150 Chinese Patriotic priests and 1,500 Catholic priests, 22 major and minor Chinese Patriotic seminaries and 10 Catholic unofficial seminaries. In the same year, there are 53,000

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Many scholars see the historical period between the Boxer Uprising and the Second Sino-Japanese War as a golden age of Chinese Christianity, as converts grew rapidly and churches were built in many regions of China. Paul Varg argues that American missionaries worked very hard on changing China:

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with Hong's version of Christianity. The Taiping rebellion was eventually put down by the Qing army, which was aided by French and British forces. With an estimated death toll of between 20 and 30 million due to warfare and the resulting starvation, this civil war is considered one of history's

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The Chinese Protestant church entered the communist era having made significant progress toward self-support and self-government. While the Chinese Communist Party was hostile to religion in general, it did not seek to systematically destroy religion as long as the religious organizations were

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In imperial-times Chinese social and religious culture there were charitable organizations for virtually every social service: burial of the dead, care of orphans, provision of food for the hungry. The wealthiest in every community—typically, the merchants—were expected to give food, medicine,

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undertook a century-long effort in translating the Chinese classics into Latin and spreading knowledge of Chinese culture and history in Europe, influencing the developing Enlightenment. The Jesuits also promoted phenomena of artistic hybridization in China, such as Chinese Christian cloisonné

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Chinese scholars of religion have reported that a large portion of the members of the networks of house or unregistered churches, and of their pastors, are Koreans living in China. The pastors of the independent Shouwang and Zion churches in Beijing are noted for having been prosecuted by the

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Since then, persecution of Christians in China has been sporadic. During the Cultural Revolution believers were arrested and imprisoned and sometimes tortured for their faith. Bibles were destroyed, churches and homes were looted, and Christians were subjected to humiliation. Several thousand

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reported in 2018 that "Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982." This has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers

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In large cities with international links such as Beijing, foreign visitors have established Christian communities which meet in public establishments such as hotels and, sometimes, local churches. These fellowships, however, are typically restricted only to holders of non-Chinese passports.

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Many Christians hold meetings outside of the jurisdiction of the government-approved organizations and avoid registration with the government and are often illegal. While there has been continuous persecution of Chinese Christians throughout the twentieth century, particularly during the

1849:, and, according to Rashid al-Din encouraged denunciation of Muslims. Isa Kelemechi also showed to Khubilai the Muslim precept of "Kill the polytheists, all of them", raising the suspicion of the Mongols towards Muslims. According to Rashid al-Din, as a result "most Muslims left Khitai". 3006:

Local authorities continued to harass and detain bishops, including Guo Xijin and Cui Tai, who refused to join the state-affiliated Catholic association. Chinese authorities raided or closed down hundreds of Protestant house churches in 2019, including Rock Church in Henan Province and

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Accurate data on Chinese Christians is difficult to access. There are estimates that say Christianity is the fastest growing religion in China. There were some 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants). In the early 2000s, there were approximately 38 million

2618:, initially expressed admiration for the role that Christianity played in building the strong nations of the West, as well as approving the emphasis on love and social service, Christianity became identified in the eyes of many young Chinese with foreign control of China. The 1923 2424:

clothing, and even cash to those in need. According to Caroline Reeves, a historian at Emmanuel College in Boston, that began to change with the arrival of American missionaries in the late 19th century. One of the reasons they gave for being there was to help the poor Chinese.

4461: 2759: 2468:. The mission schools were viewed with some suspicion by the traditional Chinese teachers, but they differed from the norm by offering a basic education to poor Chinese, both boys and girls, who had no hope of learning at a school before the days of the Republic of China. 6030:

In his indictment of Sunu and other Manchu nobles who had converted to Christianity, the Yongzheng emperor reminded the rest of the Manchu elite that each people had its own way of honoring Heaven and that it was incumbent upon Manchus to observe Manchu practice in this

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and pilgrimage center. According to the Yu Tao survey of 2008, the Catholic population, though much smaller than that of the Protestants, is nevertheless younger, wealthier and better educated. The survey also found that Christianity overall has a higher proportion of

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in Glasgow, Protestant missionaries energetically promoted what they called "indigenization", that is assigning the leadership of churches to local Christian leaders. The Chinese National YMCA was the first to do so. In the 1920s, a group of church leaders formed the

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Library of Universal History: Containing a Record of the Human Race from the Earliest Historical Period to the Present Time; Embracing a General Survey of the Progress of Mankind in National and Social Life, Civil Government, Religion, Literature, Science and Art

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prosecution under the protection of the foreigners. The Big Swords proceeded to attack the bandits' Catholic churches and burn them. Yuxian only executed several Big Sword leaders, but did not punish anyone else. More secret societies started emerging after this.

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In Pingyuan, the site of another insurrection and major religious disputes, the county magistrate noted that Chinese converts to Christianity were taking advantage of their bishop's power to file false lawsuits which, upon investigation, were found groundless.

2677:(1840–1912), representing the Southern Baptist, was the most prominent woman missionary. Although an equality-oriented feminist who rejected male dominance, the Southern Baptists have memorialized her as a southern belle who followed traditional gender roles. 2428:

there were an estimated 204 million people with only 91 workers, while there were eleven other provinces in inland China with a population estimated at 197 million, for whom absolutely nothing had been attempted. Besides the London Missionary Society, and the

1302:. These began to proliferate during the 1950s when many Christians rejected the state-controlled bodies. Members of house churches represent diverse theological traditions, and have been described as representing a "silent majority" of Chinese Christians. 2886:. During the ten-year period the government began to crackdown and persecute all religions. This forced the Christians to be secretive and go underground to avoid getting executed by the communist government. Religions in China began to recover after the 4648:. In the 1930s there were several hundreds of Christians among this people, but because of persecution the churches were destroyed and the believers were scattered. The missionaries were forced to leave because of ethnic and factional battles during the 2189:

By the 1840s China became a major destination for Protestant missionaries from Europe and the United States. Catholic missionaries, who had been banned for a time, returned a few decades later. It is difficult to determine an exact number, but historian

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revealed its on-going efforts to negotiate with authorities to regularize its activities in the country. The church has had expatriate members worshiping in China for a few decades previous to this, but with restrictions. On March 31, 2020, during its

2241:, arriving in Macau on 4 September, 1807. Morrison produced a Chinese translation of the Bible. He also compiled a Chinese dictionary for the use of Westerners. The Bible translation took 12 years and the compilation of the dictionary, 16 years. 2709:

in 1887 for the training of male doctors. Sun Yat-sen the first graduate of this college and the founder of modern China, graduated in 1892. Hong Kui Wong (黄康衢) (1876–1961) graduated in 1900 and then moved to Singapore, where he supported the

2464:, the Protestant missionary movement in China furthered the dispersion of knowledge with other printed works of history and science. As the missionaries went to work among the Chinese, they established and developed schools and introduced 3303:

2005/2006/2007: three surveys of religions in China conducted in those years by the Horizon Research Consultancy Group on a disproportionately urban and suburban sampling, found that Christians constituted between 2% and 4% of the total

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in China. After the German government took over Shandong, many Chinese feared that the foreign missionaries and possibly all Christian activities were imperialist attempts at "carving the melon", i.e., to colonize China piece by piece.

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The law does not define "proselytization", but the constitution states that nobody can force a citizen to believe or not believe in a religion; new laws in 2022 required anyone preaching online to apply for a permit for proselytizing.

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2014: scholars at a conference for the 60th anniversary of the Three-Self Church showed that China has about 23 million to 40 million Protestants, 1.7% to 2.9% of the total population. Each year, about 500,000 people are baptized as

7773:. «Drawing on empirical data obtained from three consecutive territory-wide household surveys conducted in 2005, 2007, and 2009 respectively, this paper attempts to shed light on the current religious profile of Macao residents.» 3128:

The Christianity of Yanbian Koreans has a patriarchal character; Korean churches are usually led by men, in contrast to Chinese churches which more often have female leadership. For instance, of the 28 registered churches of

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By the 16th century, there is no reliable information about any practising Christians remaining in China. Fairly soon after the establishment of the direct European maritime contact with China in 1513 and the creation of the

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to begin training the missionaries in Chinese language and culture. He requested assistance from the orders' members in Goa in bringing over suitably talented linguists to staff the college and begin the mission in earnest.

7133: 2746:(1847–1914), the secretary of the Hong Kong Department of Chinese Affairs, manager of Kwong Wah Hospital for its 1911 opening, and an elder of To Tsai Church (renamed Hop Yat Church since 1926), which was founded by the 10990: 2673:, who renounced his Christianity for several decades. His journey of faith from Christianity to Taoism and Buddhism, and back to Christianity in his later life was recorded in his book From Pagan to Christian (1959). 6068:

Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honoring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honor heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.

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3404:. In these provinces the Christian population is in the millions, yet small in percentage. For instance, in Zhejiang 2.8% of the population is officially Protestant as of 1999, higher than the national average. In 2257:

prohibiting those who spread Christianity among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not renounce their conversion were to be sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and

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Yellow Hat sect led a Tibetan revolt, with Tibetan men being led by lamas against Chinese officials, western Christian missionaries and native Christian converts. Wine making vineyards were left behind by them.

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The Chinese Independent Churches are a group of Christian institutions that are independent from Western denominations. They were established in China in the late 19th and early 20th century, including both the

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post-war period and the eventual development of the Three-Self Church and the Catholic Patriotic Church. At the same time the intense war period hampered the rebuilding and development of the churches.

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lamas, who refused to give allegiance to the Chinese. The Tibetan lamas were alarmed by Catholic missionaries converting natives to Catholicism. During the 1905 Tibetan Rebellion the Tibetan Buddhist

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government, and are of Korean ethnicity. The Korean-Chinese pastors have a disproportional influence on the underground Christianity in China. Christianity has been an influential religion among the

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attacked missionaries and their followers on the grounds that no religion was scientific and that the Christian church in China was a tool of the foreigners. Such Chinese Protestants as the liberals

2298:, who called himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ, but he was denounced as a heretic by mainstream Christian groups. Hong's revolt against the Qing government lead to the establishment of the 3343:, each representing different geographic and economic regions of China, found that Christians constituted approximately 4% of the population, of whom 3.54% were Protestants and 0.49% were Catholics. 2400:

wrote that Hudson Taylor was "one of the greatest missionaries of all time, and ... one of the four or five most influential foreigners who came to China in the nineteenth century for any purpose."

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Parada López de Corselas, M.; Vela-Rodrigo, A.A. Cultural Hybridization in Christian China: The Art of Cloisonné at The Service of God. Religions 2021, 12, 1103. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12121103

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urged China to be open to Christianity, and said that he hoped the Olympic Games would offer an example of coexistence among people from different countries. Unregistered Catholic clergy has faced

1577:"—an ancient Roman name for northern China. However, to date, there is little to no archaeological evidence or knowledge about the pre-Church of the East classical Chinese and/or Tocharian church. 2910:

church's policy (most notably on abortion and artificial contraception) without consulting the Vatican and punishing outspoken dissenters. In one notable case that drew international attention,

8270: 3363:(CFPS) institute, found Christians forming 2.4% of the population of Han China, or between 30 and 40 million people in absolute numbers. Of these, 1.9% were Protestants and 0.4% were Catholics. 2066:

and Confucius were respectful but non-religious rituals compatible with Christian doctrine; other orders pointed to the beliefs of the common people of China to show that it was impermissible

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2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait.

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in 1842. Christian missionaries and their schools, under the protection of the Western powers, went on to play a major role in the westernization of China during the 19th and 20th centuries.

1603:, and his meeting with Emperor Taizong was the most influential development in Chinese Christian history yet, leading to the spread of the religion to a much greater extent than ever before. 1454:

The significant lack of evidence of Christianity's existence in China between the 3rd century and the 7th century can likely be attributed to the barriers which were placed in Persia by the

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In December 1897, Wilhelm II declared his intent to seize territory in China, which triggered a "scramble for concessions" by which Britain, France, Russia and Japan also secured their own

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friars from Europe initiated mission work in China. For about a century they worked in parallel with the Church of the East Christians. The Franciscan mission disappeared from 1368, as the

4958:

In June 2020, state officials oversaw the demolition of Sunzhuang Church in Henan province. Prior to the Church being demolished, one man was arrested and at least two women were injured.

2860:, could not submit to the Chinese state as their Protestant counterparts did, notwithstanding the willingness of the Vatican to compromise in order to remain on Chinese mainland—the papal 7345: 6916: 2852:

willing to submit to the direction of the Chinese state. Many Protestants were willing to accept such accommodation and were permitted to continue religious life in China under the name "

7068: 5834: 2481:

very beginning that Christianization would deprive them of their power. So intense was their hostility that few missionaries considered it worthwhile to make any effort to win them over.

3067:

True Jesus Church tend to be uncooperative towards the Three-Self Church as to their principle it represents not only a tool of the government but also a different Christian tradition.

1282:

also heavily regulates religion. Chinese people over the age of 18 are only allowed to join Christian groups that are registered with one of three state-controlled bodies, either the

7941: 7327: 2848:

venues and leadership personnel with a government office." Christian missionaries left in what was described by Phyllis Thompson of the China Inland Mission as a "reluctant exodus".

10954: 7503: 7450:

issue 2014: 卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据. p. 13, reporting the results of the Renmin University's Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) for the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011.

3384:

estimated over 67 million Christians in China, of which 35 million "independent" Protestants, 23 million Three-Self Protestants, 9 million Catholics and 20,000 Orthodox Christians.

9477: 5784: 10964: 7130: 2969:

are centralised and government-sanctioned Christian institutions which regulate all local Christian gatherings, all of which are required to be registered under their auspices.

2525:

protests notably in the Tianjin Massacre of 1870. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.

7501:

The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life: "Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population – Appendix C: Methodology for China"

2545:. It was built by French missionaries in the mid-19th century, but was burnt during the anti-foreigner movement in 1905 and rebuilt in the 1920s. The congregation is mainly 1939:, co-founder of the Jesuits, when he decided to start missionary work in China. However, Xavier was not able to find a way to enter the Chinese mainland and died in 1552 on 7707: 7689: 2476:

Local affairs in China were under the control of local officials and the land-owning gentry. They led the opposition to missionary work. According to historian Paul Varg:

1663:

Christianity is extinct in China; the native Christians have perished in one way or another; the church has been destroyed and there is only one Christian left in the land.

3356:

2011: a survey conducted by the Baylor's Empirical Study of Values in China (ESVC) found 2.5% (≈30 to 40 million) of the population of China self-identifying as Christian.

4472:

Christianity has been practiced in Hong Kong since 1841. As of 2022, there were about 1.3 million Christians in Hong Kong (16% of the total population), most of them are

2493:

Local gentry published hate literature against the foreign missionaries. One tract featured foreign missionaries praying to crucified pigs—the Catholic term for God was

3167:. In the mid-1990s, the Chinese government started to monitor these new religious movements, and officially prohibited them, with their activities moving underground. 11445: 9767: 9744: 9709: 9633: 7858: 4203: 4022: 3698: 4403:

Weighed proportion of Christians on the combined population of the six provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jilin, Hebei and Fujian according to the Yu Tao—CCAP—

9772: 4040: 3680: 3188: 2508:

was in large part a reaction against Christianity in China. Missionaries were harassed and murdered, along with tens of thousands of converts. In 1895, the Manchu

4948:

and informed welfare recipients that their benefits would be stopped unless they removed all crosses and replaced any displays of Jesus with portraits of Mao and

3208: 9686: 9623: 4167: 10243: 8420: 8398: 8143: 7158: 3353:

2010: the "Chinese Spiritual Life Survey" counted 33 million Christians (≈2% of the total population), of whom 30 million Protestants and 3 million Catholics.

3212:"Merry Christmas" signs (usually only in English) are common in China during the winter holiday season, even in areas with little sign of Christian observance 2587:

Extensive fund-raising and publicity campaigns were held across the U.S. The Catholics in the United States also supported large mission operations in China.

3081: 2199:

limited areas they were at the mercy of local government officials and threats were common. They were a prime target of attack and murder by Boxers in 1900.

11480: 2429: 1585: 103: 9101: 7297: 5982: 5045: 4763: 2104:

to maintain allegiance to the papal rulings—finally being expelled after 1721. It was not until 1939 that the Catholic Church revisited its stance, with

10137: 4465: 2868:

that operates without connection to the Vatican, and the Catholics who continued to acknowledge the authority of the Pope were subject to persecution.

2738:) in Hong Kong. Wan and Sun graduated from secondary school around 1886. Doctor Wan was also the chairman of the board of a Christian newspaper called 1040: 8495: 4949: 2415:, at the time he was articulating the goal of the China Inland Mission to establish an indigenous Chinese Church that was free from foreign control. 2071: 1202: 9242: 7833: 2901:

The members of the underground Catholic Church in China, those who do not belong to the official Catholic Patriotic Church and are faithful to the

2742:(大光報) that was distributed in Hong Kong and China. Sun and Wan practiced Western Medicine together in a joint clinic. The father-in-law of Wan was 2306:. Hong attained control of significant parts of southern China, at its height, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ruled around 30 million people. Hong's 1621:

Despite inaccuracies by Tang historians regarding Christian history and doctrine, there was a significant community of scholars who translated the

1311: 990: 5237: 9165: 8444: 9076:." Includes Bibliographies (an unannotated listing); biographies of people who played a role in the history of Christianity in China, web links. 7342: 6924: 3200:

in Shanghai as a "modest multipurpose meetinghouse." When it opens it will operate by appointment only for Chinese members, excluding tourists.

7065: 11948: 11071: 5681: 2603:, who was influential at the Glasgow Conference with his call for a non-denominational church. The way was prepared for the creation of the 1923:

in 1540, at least some Chinese become involved with the Jesuit effort. As early as 1546, two Chinese boys became enrolled into the Jesuits'

248: 5780: 4759: 88: 7500: 10339: 7875: 7865: 8458: 5104:

Data for Gansu, Guangdong, Liaoning, Henan, and Shanghai is updated according to the findings of the China Family Panel Studies of 2012.

11904: 7783: 7620: 7588: 7484: 7452: 7427: 7395: 4775: 4534: 3032:

under the age of 18 from participating in religious services, and replaced images of Jesus Christ or the Virgin Mary with pictures of

2890:

of the 1970s. In 1979 the government officially restored the Three-Self Church after thirteen years of non-existence, and in 1980 the

2384:

which forced the Chinese government to admit Western missionaries into the interior of the country, the excitement caused by the 1859

11455: 9368: 5430:

Ding, Wang (2006). "Remnants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (eds.).

3370:

found that people self-identifying as Christians were, respectively for each year, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.1% and 2.6% of the total population.

2702: 1696: 108: 10317: 7076:. A review of "Redeemed by Fire: The Rise of Popular Christianity in Modern China", a book of Lian Xi. Yale University Press, 2010. 4575:

The Qing government permitted Christian missionaries to enter and proselytize in Tibetan lands, in order to weaken the power of the

11407: 11359: 10914: 9537: 5913: 1270:. The number of Chinese Christians had increased significantly since the easing of restrictions on religious activities during the 609: 8864: 7274: 5208: 2079: 10939: 8271:"President Bush Visited Officially Staged Church Service; House Church Pastor Hua Huiqi Arrested and Escaped from Police Custody" 7682: 7254: 3366:

Surveys on religion in China conducted in the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of the

1852: 1599:

in 635, and were allowed to establish places of worship and to propagate their faith. The leader of the Christian travellers was

8195: 7886: 6426:""The Cause of the Riots in the Yangtse Valley" (1891): Missionary Commentary on an Illustrated Anti-Christian Chinese Pamphlet" 11337: 11327: 11091: 10959: 9084: 3381: 1098: 930: 883: 658: 1802:", "extract-sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called " 11916: 8966: 8923: 8857: 8840: 8808: 8773: 8728: 8697: 8683: 8573: 8538: 7919: 7234: 7105: 7081: 6959: 6893:"Jailing Muslims, burning Bibles, and forcing monks to wave the national flag: How Xi Jinping is attacking religion in China" 6606: 6496: 6463: 6345: 6317: 6223: 6054: 6017: 5990: 5954: 5927: 5876: 5525: 5491: 5439: 5189: 5015: 1338:), which is also used by Chinese Protestants, may also refer to deities or the generative powers of nature in the context of 1195: 980: 7183: 4941:

renouncing their faith," actions taken against "so-called underground or house churches that defy government restrictions."

12041: 10664: 8245: 8220: 7849: 5367: 4684: 3141:

In China there are also a variety of Christian sects based on biblical teachings that are considered by the government as "

3118: 2344: 2050:(the first round of Catholic Church clergy to have come during this era) and other orders of missionaries, however, led to 1035: 9122: 9092: 3221: 2614:

fostered an intellectual atmosphere that promoted Science and Democracy. Although some of the movement's leaders, such as

12079: 10306: 10273: 9158: 7930: 7808: 2596: 2348: 1810:), "temple of purity and truth", the name dated to the thirteenth century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as " 995: 890: 6892: 6621:

Regina D. Sullivan, "Myth, Memory, and the Making of Lottie Moon," in Jonathan Daniel Wells, and Sheila R. Phipps, eds.

3276:

As of 2023, there are approximately 44 million Chinese Christians registered with government-approved Christian groups.

2003: 1841:. Isa Kelemechi was also instrumental in reinforcing anti-Muslim prohibitions in the Mongol realms, such as prohibiting 7897: 4962: 4758:

Foreign Christian media is handled differently than other forms of foreign media, as the China Film Administration and

3347: 3164: 2083: 2018:, establishing Christian settlements throughout the country and becoming close to the imperial court, particularly its 848: 673: 9042: 8835:, (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 4 China), Edited by Nicolas Standaert, Brill: Leiden - Boston 2000, 964 pp., 7221:

Klára, Dubravčíková (2023). "Religions, Traditions, and Values". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).

2685:

Medical missions in China by the late 19th century laid the foundations for modern medicine in China. Western medical

2310:

and militaristic regime instituted social reforms which included the strict separation of the sexes, the abolition of

1978: 11965: 11064: 10749: 10604: 10381: 9865: 9394: 8884: 8658: 8599: 8555: 8323: 8295: 7997: 7328:

A Solo, a Duet, or an Ensemble? Analysing the Recent Development of Religious Communities in Contemporary Rural China

6842: 6707: 6266: 5723: 5070: 4829: 4633: 3142: 3063:. In the 1940s they gathered 200,000 adherents, which was 20% to 25% of the total Christian population of that time. 2718: 2360: 1717:'s descendants were Christian. Contacts with Western Christendom also began in this time period, via envoys from the 1610:

is the proper term for the Christianity that was practised in China, since it did not adhere to what was preached by

1000: 544: 123: 10263: 8611:

Harrison, Henrietta, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951."

6374:

Jean-Guy Daigle, "Challenging the imperial order: The precarious status of local Christians in late-Qing Sichuan."

5943:

Seah, Audrey (2017), "The 1670 Chinese Missal: A Struggle for Indigenization amidst the Chinese Rites Controversy",

5683:

Courtly Encounters along the Silk Roads: Diplomats, Diplomatic Gifts and Symbolic Competitions in the Mongol Eurasia

2642:

responded by developing social programs and theologies that devoted themselves to strengthening the Chinese nation.

2452:. Most missionaries came from England, the United States, Sweden, France, Germany, Switzerland, or the Netherlands. 12209: 10995: 10631: 6517:

Henrietta Harrison, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951."

5806: 5613:

Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1

2794: 2591: 2445: 1188: 1060: 1013: 858: 6173:

Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China

2914:, the auxiliary bishop of Shanghai whom both the Vatican and Chinese state agreed as the successor to the elderly 11476: 11374: 11342: 10859: 10462: 10332: 10202: 9270: 9023: 8336: 6406: 5555: 4498: 3193: 2946: 2619: 2461: 2070:

and that the common Chinese names for God confused the Creator with His creation. Acting on the complaint of the

2063: 1637: 1070: 778: 773: 513: 455: 2864:

in China did not withdraw to Taiwan like other western diplomats. Consequently, the Chinese state organized the

2139:. He warned them that the Manchus must follow only the Manchu way of worshipping Heaven since different peoples 12269: 12168: 11417: 11332: 10386: 10107: 9724: 9404: 9151: 7294: 6793: 6546:

Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and Relations Between the United States and China in the Late Nineteenth Century,"

6121:

Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and Relations Between the United States and China in the Late Nineteenth Century,"

5085: 5060: 4872: 4779: 4559: 3752: 3241: 3085: 1704: 11135: 6559:

Joseph P. Ryan, "American Contributions to the Catholic Missionary Effort in China in the Twentieth Century,"

4871:

Since the 1980s, U.S. officials visiting China have on multiple occasions visited Chinese churches, including

1999: 11975: 11297: 10127: 9250: 8117: 6533:

Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Triumph after Catastrophe: Church, State and Society in Post-Boxer China, 1900–1937",

4839: 4787: 4621: 4606: 4298:

Percentage of Christians (both registered and unregistered) by province according to the CFPS survey of 2012

4289: 2966: 2853: 2735: 2647: 1279: 738: 163: 10477: 8616: 6522: 6425: 2253:, in 1814, added a sixth clause with reference to Christianity, modified in 1821 and printed in 1826 by the 1691: 11980: 11057: 10909: 10874: 10829: 10599: 10507: 10376: 10097: 9719: 9487: 9469: 9459: 5080: 4748: 4538: 4477: 3806: 3052: 3045: 2238: 2232: 1995: 1971: 1924: 1507:

was erected in 781, and documents 150 years of early Christian history in China. It includes texts both in

1339: 1251: 594: 485: 430: 273: 263: 68: 5550: 2753: 12051: 11832: 11694: 10799: 10794: 10689: 10573: 9444: 9345: 9188: 6387:

Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and relations between the United States and China in the late 19th century"

6308: 2011: 1887: 1615: 1553: 1050: 985: 935: 895: 838: 403: 398: 333: 278: 168: 98: 8606: 4513:

self-identifies as Christian, predominantly Catholic. Catholic missionaries were the first to arrive in

12161: 12123: 11610: 10919: 10894: 10809: 10789: 10739: 10709: 10699: 10578: 10435: 10325: 9643: 9419: 9308: 9298: 9208: 9203: 8900:

Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society

8785:

Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society

7967: 7579: 7443: 7386: 5241: 5050: 4834: 4792: 4732: 4711: 4705: 4149: 3429: 3409: 3360: 3024: 2039: 1833:

Kublai Khan doubled down on anti-Muslim anti-Halal slaughter laws under pressured from Christians like

915: 808: 768: 748: 529: 490: 475: 410: 388: 363: 338: 258: 223: 208: 193: 148: 83: 9137: 7634:

China – CHN39868 – Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) – China Christian Council (CCC) – Shijiazhuang

7258:, publishing the results of the 2005, 2006 and 2007 surveys of the Horizon Research Consultancy Group. 12204: 12194: 12156: 11911: 11721: 11689: 11643: 11620: 11005: 10884: 10879: 10759: 10619: 10614: 10347: 10248: 10160: 9777: 9762: 9482: 9449: 9316: 8756:

Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890–1952

7708:"ABTRACT Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground" 7531: 6826: 5398: 5030: 4883: 4842: 4456: 4239: 4058: 4004: 3315:

with a survey scheme led and supervised by the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP) and the

3288: 2962: 2952: 2865: 2747: 2706: 2604: 2465: 2280: 2207: 2051: 1913: 1283: 1160: 1105: 1020: 970: 945: 743: 584: 465: 460: 378: 368: 213: 1254:

attracted small but influential followings, and independent Chinese churches were also established.

12184: 12089: 12084: 11899: 11864: 11790: 11746: 11741: 11538: 11364: 11209: 11106: 11101: 10949: 10899: 10854: 10834: 10824: 10724: 10681: 10657: 10217: 10207: 10122: 9734: 9658: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9363: 9288: 9225: 9213: 9198: 8629: 5835:"François Noël and His Latin Translations of Confucian Classical Books Published in Prague in 1711" 5020: 4728: 4593: 4221: 3932: 3860: 3824: 3770: 3256: 2956: 2934: 2773: 2397: 2299: 1895: 1524: 1328:; 'Highest Emperor'), commonly used by both Protestants and non-Christians, and "Tianzhu" ( 1263: 1247: 1235: 1150: 1140: 1125: 1030: 955: 925: 900: 863: 823: 818: 793: 663: 480: 450: 435: 425: 353: 313: 288: 138: 133: 113: 78: 63: 9782: 9653: 8582:(East Bridge, 2008), scholarly biography of Daniel Crofts, minister in China Inland Mission (CIM). 8482: 7809:

Great Britain. Foreign Office, India. Foreign and Political Dept, India. Governor-General (1904).

6177: 2249:

The Qing government code included a prohibition of "Wizards, Witches, and all Superstitions". The

1481:, realized "their propriety and truth and specifically ordered their preaching and transmission." 1278:

For most of Chinese imperial history, religious practice was tightly controlled by the state. The

11869: 11603: 11508: 11397: 11347: 11204: 11121: 11096: 10924: 10839: 10819: 10704: 10694: 10625: 10532: 10440: 10301: 10283: 10132: 10117: 10043: 9648: 9638: 9628: 9618: 9585: 9580: 9255: 9232: 9037: 8365: 7810: 7131:

2012 Statistical Update on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China and in Taiwan

6679:

Theron Kue-Hing Young, "A conflict of professions: the medical missionary in China, 1835–1890."

5142: 5035: 5025: 4783: 4767: 4185: 4119: 4094: 4076: 3914: 3842: 3734: 3076: 2891: 2887: 2836: 2286:

During the 1840s, Western missionaries promulgated Christianity in officially designated coastal

1754:

The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians starting in the Yuan dynasty by the same name, "

1713:, as several Mongol tribes were primarily Church of the East Christian, and many of the wives of 1470: 1390: 1287: 1271: 1267: 1155: 1130: 1110: 1085: 960: 940: 853: 843: 798: 758: 718: 713: 708: 698: 688: 683: 678: 668: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 574: 534: 524: 495: 440: 298: 268: 253: 238: 228: 218: 183: 178: 128: 73: 48: 21: 7787: 7770: 7724: 7358: 7146: 5456: 5313: 2734:

secondary school classmate of Sun Yat-sen in the Government Central College (currently known as

2698:

doctors was particularly necessary, due to the reluctance of Chinese women to see male doctors.

2279:

baptized in 1816. In 1827, Liang was ordained by Morrison, thus, he became a missionary for the

1970:, the new regional manager ("Visitor") of the order, came to Macao in 1578–1579 and established 12189: 11780: 11638: 11580: 11471: 11450: 11215: 10969: 10904: 10869: 10804: 10784: 10774: 10734: 10719: 10714: 10430: 10258: 10165: 9739: 9663: 9575: 9497: 9454: 9220: 7519: 5413: 5055: 4961:

In reports of countries with the strongest anti-Christian persecution, China was ranked by the

4798: 4112: 3896: 3092:

There are a small number of adherents of Russian Orthodoxy in northern China, predominantly in

2109: 1838: 1641: 1259: 1135: 1115: 1080: 975: 965: 910: 905: 833: 813: 803: 788: 783: 763: 733: 728: 703: 693: 626: 604: 569: 564: 559: 539: 470: 348: 343: 308: 303: 243: 198: 158: 53: 41: 9058: 8421:"China tells Christians to renounce faith in Jesus & worship President Xi Jinping instead" 7989: 6697: 6594: 6486: 6256: 6044: 6007: 5868: 5854: 5706: 2947:

Official organizations—the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Church and the Chinese Protestant Church

1994:

In 1582, Jesuits once again initiated mission work inside China, introducing Western science,

1675:

dynasties (ca. 900s to 1200s), implying that some Christians remained in China in these eras.

1519: 1465:

Both events prevented Christians from staying in contact with their mother church, the Syriac

12248: 11847: 11573: 11382: 11285: 11240: 11169: 11010: 10929: 10889: 10864: 10844: 10779: 10754: 10744: 10563: 10371: 10028: 9729: 9714: 9691: 9681: 9570: 9399: 9283: 9278: 9064: 6455: 5896: 5517: 5040: 4809: 4724: 4720: 4257: 4130: 3986: 3968: 3950: 3878: 3788: 3716: 2509: 2323: 1907: 1683: 1656: 1581: 1222:

since the early medieval period, and became a significant presence in the country during the

1120: 1075: 1065: 1055: 1045: 950: 868: 828: 753: 723: 614: 599: 589: 445: 420: 393: 383: 373: 283: 233: 188: 173: 153: 143: 118: 58: 9113: 8638: 8386: 7595: 7459: 7402: 4882:'s five officially recognized Protestant churches during a November 2005 Asia tour, and the 2937:

during Christmas 2007, Beijing. Haidian Church is operated by Three-Self Patriotic Movement.

2411:, the successor to Hudson Taylor, originally expressed the self-governing principles of the 1473:(627–649). Taizong, who had studied the Christian Scriptures which were given to him by the 12069: 12019: 12004: 11881: 11590: 11490: 11440: 11435: 11392: 11352: 11280: 10849: 10814: 10769: 10764: 10673: 10144: 9958: 9409: 9131: 4937: 4923: 4905: 4771: 4695: 4669: 4625: 3312: 3000: 2982: 2611: 2162: 1967: 1732:

Church of the East Christianity was well established in China, as is attested by the monks

1299: 1145: 1025: 920: 579: 554: 549: 415: 326: 293: 203: 93: 8144:"'The Chosen' Expands to 90 Languages: 'We Won't Stop' Until 'Jesus Comes,' Producer Says" 7725:"China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) 2012 International Religious Freedom Report" 6758: 4687:

can be found throughout China and are protected by the government as Chinese antiquities.

4501:

in Macau is one of the oldest (AD 1587) existing churches in China built by three Spanish

1982:

A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China at the time of

8: 12238: 12214: 12199: 12118: 12108: 12094: 12074: 12064: 12034: 12014: 11943: 11674: 11503: 11430: 11260: 11189: 11116: 10979: 10650: 10609: 10537: 10517: 10222: 10023: 9923: 9414: 9293: 7249: 5788: 4993: 4934:, which the Chinese government has claimed interferes in the country's internal affairs. 4716: 3197: 3027:

congregants who had been arrested in December 2018, but in December 2019 a court charged

3012: 2989: 2915: 2879: 2686: 2653:

Several political leaders of the Republican period were Protestant Christians, including

2486: 2363:

were converts to Christianity and were influenced by its teachings, such as Sun Yat-sen.

2335:

viewed the Taiping as heroic revolutionaries who fought against a corrupt feudal system.

2055: 1178: 8168: 6171: 6079:

Paul A. Cohen, "Christian missions and their impact to 1900" in John King Fairbank, ed.

4683:

is an important part of expressing faith for Christians, archeological sites containing

3237: 2818:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1699:", in a 7th- or 8th-century wall painting from a Church of the East church in Tang China 1687:

Painting of Chinese Martyrs of 1307, Chapel of the Martyrs of Nepi in Katowice Panewniki

12113: 12059: 11970: 11960: 11751: 11666: 11615: 11225: 10522: 10418: 10278: 10112: 9358: 9321: 8759: 8742: 8716: 7980:

Clarke, Jeremy (August 1, 2013). "Chinese Christian art during the pre-modern period".

7827: 7271: 6848: 6783: 6333: 6303: 5715: 5461: 4887: 4743: 2996: 2978: 2882:, the expression of religious life in China was effectively banned, including even the 2754:

National and social change: the war against Japan and the Chinese Civil War (1925–1949)

2533: 2513: 2408: 1875: 1861: 1295: 1227: 7663: 7660: 5291: 1591:

The first documentation of Christianity entering China was written on the 8th-century

12150: 12029: 11935: 11859: 11758: 11731: 11650: 11598: 11548: 11307: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11255: 11245: 11194: 11034: 10583: 10568: 10547: 10502: 10403: 10363: 10355: 10212: 10175: 9948: 9336: 9107: 8972: 8962: 8929: 8919: 8880: 8876: 8853: 8836: 8814: 8804: 8769: 8724: 8693: 8679: 8654: 8595: 8588: 8569: 8551: 8534: 8438: 7993: 7908: 7766: 7669: 7614: 7478: 7421: 7354: 7230: 7142: 7101: 7077: 6838: 6789: 6703: 6602: 6492: 6459: 6448: 6361:

George E. Paulsen, "The Szechwan Riots of 1895 and American 'Missionary Diplomacy'."

6341: 6313: 6262: 6219: 6050: 6013: 5986: 5970: 5950: 5923: 5872: 5719: 5531: 5521: 5487: 5435: 5299: 5185: 5075: 4919: 4864:; it was a homecoming for her since she had been born in China to missionary parents 4664:

in the early 1990s. Though still predominantly Buddhist and animistic, the region of

4570: 4518: 4489: 4404: 3438: 3424: 3367: 3316: 3281: 3156: 3114: 3060: 2992:, there has been increasing tolerance of unregistered churches since the late 1970s. 2911: 2906: 2883: 2777: 2711: 2412: 2404: 2393: 2291: 2132: 2125: 2100:

led to the swift collapse of all of the missions across China, with the last Jesuits—

2027: 2023: 2019: 1951: 1940: 1857: 1408: 1291: 8894:

Ming Ng, Peter Tze (2015). "Chinese Christianity: A 'Global-Local' Perspective". In

8779:

Yin, Peng (2015). "Chinese Protestantism and the Prospect of a Public Religion". In

2091:

terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism. Tournon's policies, confirmed by Clement's 1715

11894: 11736: 11711: 11290: 11250: 10542: 10512: 10413: 10408: 10253: 10192: 10068: 9517: 8954: 8950: 8911: 8907: 8872: 8796: 8792: 8644: 7985: 7331:. ECRAN – Europe-China Research and Advice Network. University of Nottingham, 2012. 7141:. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. III, 2013, No. 3, pp. 18–43, 6897: 6830: 5482:

Hofrichter, Peter L. (2006). "Preface". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (eds.).

4913: 4890: 4861: 4701: 4576: 4522: 3028: 2381: 2254: 2191: 2087: 2047: 2035: 2031: 1983: 1955: 1932: 1920: 1866: 1733: 1630: 1508: 1343: 1317: 1223: 10268: 9492: 7741: 7565:

Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power and Place in the City of Wenzhou

7353:. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, 12103: 12009: 11800: 11498: 10227: 10197: 10185: 9993: 9973: 9878: 9522: 9512: 9126: 9120:

Preservation for the Documentation of Chinese Christianity 香港浸會大學圖書館華人基督宗教文獻保存計劃

9096: 9090:

Preservation for the Documentation of Chinese Christianity 香港浸會大學圖書館華人基督宗教文獻保存計劃

8895: 8849: 8780: 8648: 8623:

The gospel of gentility: American women missionaries in turn-of-the-century China

8545: 7693: 7507: 7349: 7301: 7278: 7137: 7072: 6852: 6626: 5944: 5917: 5858: 5657: 5634: 5611: 5179: 4691: 4649: 4502: 3008: 2658: 2643: 2623: 2505: 2437: 2385: 2271: 2250: 2075: 1512: 1474: 8224: 8091: 8065: 8039: 8013: 5860:

The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era

5743: 1790:) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called " 12099: 11999: 11795: 11684: 11630: 11563: 11543: 11302: 11143: 10447: 9532: 9439: 9434: 9424: 9353: 9119: 9089: 9010: 8526: 6655: 6576: 5381:

Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches

5175: 5126: 4875: 4865: 4641: 3741: 2666: 2546: 2314:, land socialization, the suppression of private trade, and the replacement of 2140: 2059: 1936: 1928: 1871: 1649: 1592: 1504: 8915: 8800: 8676:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival

8361: 7633: 7211:. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 2003, vol. 27, no 1, p. 6-10. 6094:

Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: volume 3: the 19th century outside Europe

5892: 5393: 12263: 12024: 11955: 11805: 11513: 11153: 11148: 11028: 10527: 10180: 9943: 9908: 9673: 9610: 9502: 9053: 9001: 8976: 8933: 8818: 7965:

p.167; For more on the Swedish mission in Xinjiang see John Hultvall (1981),

6699:'Heal the Sick' was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China 5535: 5213: 4909: 4680: 4661: 4610: 3106: 2639: 2538: 2389: 2136: 2105: 1879: 1834: 1737: 1710: 1626: 1622: 1618:", a term which encompasses the various forms of early Christianity in Asia. 7343:

People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011

7272:

China Survey Reveals Fewer Christians than Some Evangelicals Want to Believe

6639:

Heal the Sick" was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China

6046:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

6009:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

5767: 4808:

are widely available in China, and are oftentimes even dubbed into Chinese.

3350:(CASS) counted 23 million Protestants (independent and registered) in China. 3251: 2460:

In addition to the publication and distribution of Christian literature and

2202: 11837: 11785: 11716: 11706: 11387: 11319: 11184: 11080: 10393: 10038: 9978: 9918: 9893: 9883: 9845: 9837: 9827: 9809: 9527: 9429: 9326: 9193: 8566:

Christianity in Chinese Public Life: Religion, Society, and the Rule of Law

8496:"Christmas in China brings glittering decor and foreign influence concerns" 6666:

Kaiyi Chen, "Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China."

5739: 5066:

List of Protestant theological seminaries in the People's Republic of China

5007: 4973: 4857: 4804: 4737: 4598: 3795: 3160: 3016: 2930: 2769: 2722: 2662: 2600: 2554: 2550: 2347:, and provided training for nurses. Both Catholics and Protestants founded 2315: 2311: 2295: 2287: 2222:

printed by the China Inland Mission, With a strong fundamentalist approach.

2219: 2121: 2007: 1958:'s Macao Peninsula, Jesuits established a base nearby on Green Island (now 1891: 1846: 1748: 1722: 1714: 1672: 1668: 1607: 1540: 1243: 1231: 1215: 9057: 8958: 8671:. Christian Study Centre on Chinese Religion and Culture, Hong Kong, 1971. 8303: 5511: 1421:). Christians in China are referred to as 'Christ followers' ( 1332:; 'Lord of Heaven'), commonly used by Catholics. The word "Shen" ( 12139: 11889: 11852: 11701: 11553: 11528: 11425: 11038: 10063: 10053: 10033: 9988: 9963: 9938: 9933: 9898: 9754: 9701: 9507: 9378: 9140: