History of Chinese Buddhism

3612:(Huayan Lianshe 華嚴蓮社), which was founded in 1952 by the monk Zhiguang and his disciple Nanting, who were both part of the network fostered by the Huayan University. Since its founding, the Huayan Lotus Society has been centered on the study and practice of the Huayan Sutra. It hosts a full recitation of the sutra twice each year, during the third and tenth months of the lunar calendar. Each year during the eleventh lunar month, the society also hosts a seven-day Huayan Buddha retreat (Huayan foqi 華嚴佛七), during which participants chant the names of the buddhas and bodhisattvas in the text. The society emphasizes the study of the Huayan Sutra by hosting regular lectures on it. In recent decades, these lectures have occurred on a weekly basis. Like other Taiwanese Buddhist organization's, the Society has also diversified its propagation and educational activities over the years. It produces its own periodical and runs its own press. It also now runs a variety of educational programs, including a kindergarten, a vocational college, and short-term courses in Buddhism for college and primary-school students, and offers scholarships. One example is their founding of the 3885: 2971: 3430:. Hsu Yun is generally regarded as one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Other Buddhist traditions were similarly revitalized as well. In 1914, Huayan University, the first modern Buddhist monastic school, was founded in Shanghai to further systemize Huayan teachings to monastics and helped to expand the Huayan tradition. The university managed to foster a network of educated monks who focused on Huayan Buddhism during the twentieth century. Through this network, the lineage of the Huayan tradition was transmitted to many monks, which helped to preserve the lineage down to the modern day via new Huayan-centred organizations that these monks would later found. For Tiantai Buddhism, the tradition's lineage (specifically the Lingfeng lineage) was carried from the late Qing into the twentieth century by the monk Dixian. His student, the monk 3849:, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism began to take place in 1982. Some of the ancient Buddhist temples that were damaged during the Cultural Revolution were allowed to be restored, mainly with the monetary support from oversea Chinese Buddhist groups. Monastic ordination were finally approved but with certain requirements from the government and new Buddhist temples are being built. Monastics who had been imprisoned or driven underground during the revolution were freed and allowed to return to their temples to propagate Buddhist teachings. For example, the monks Zhenchan (真禪) and Mengcan (夢參), who were trained in the Chan and Huayan traditions, travelled widely throughout China as well as other countries such as the United States and lectured on both Chan and Huayan teachings. Haiyun, the monk who founded the Huayan Studies Association in Taiwan, was a tonsured disciple of Mengcan. 3035:, China was without effective central control during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. China was divided into several autonomous regions. Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas. The Huayan and Tiantai schools survived, but they still suffered from the changing circumstances, since they had depended on imperial support. The collapse of Tang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence, which meant a further drawback for Buddhism. Shenxiu's Northern Chan School and Henshui's Southern Chan School didn't survive the changing circumstances. Nevertheless, Chan emerged as the most popular tradition within Chinese Buddhism, but with various schools developing various emphasises in their teachings, due to the regional orientation of the period. The 3263:

a nunnery did so because they wanted to escape a marriage, or they felt isolated as her husband has died. Such women also had to overcome many difficulties that arose socially from this decision. For most of these women, a convent was seen as a haven to escape their family or an unwanted marriage. Such difficulties were due to the social expectation of the women as it was considered unfilial to leave their duty as a wife, daughter, mother, or daughter in law. There were also cases where individuals were sold by their family to earn money in a convent by reciting sutras and performing Buddhist services because they weren't able to financially support them. Jixing entered a religious life as a young girl because her family had no money to raise her.

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religious life they would be able to relieve their sufferings. Women who had been widowed due to the death of her husband or betrothed sometimes chose to join a convent. Many women who were left widowed were affected financially as they often had to support their in-laws and parents. Remarriage was frowned upon in Ming society, where women were expected to remain faithful to their husband. By devoting themselves to religion, they received less social criticism. An example of this is Xia Shuji. Xia's husband, Hou Xun, (1591–1645), had led a resistance in Jiading which arrested the Qing troops who later on beheaded him. Xia Shuji chose to seclude herself from outside life to devote herself to religion, and took on the religious name of Shengyin.

2404: 3723: 3243:("Mindfulness of the Buddha") technique to purify the mind for the attainment of self-realization. He also directed practitioners in the use of mantras as well as scripture reading. He was also renowned as a lecturer and commentator and admired for his strict adherence to the precepts. According to Jiang Wu, for Chan masters in this period such as Hanshan Deqing, training through self-cultivation was encouraged, and clichéd or formulaic instructions were despised. Eminent monks who practiced meditation and asceticism without proper Dharma transmission were acclaimed for having acquiring "wisdom without a teacher". 7014: 6902: 3776: 3183: 3250:(1554–1628), who spearheaded the revival of the Tiantai teachings and lineage. While revitalizing Tiantai, he made an effort to harmonize rather than criticize other Buddhist schools. For instance, he incorporated the important intellectual themes of the late Ming, especially those found in the Śūraṃgama Sūtra, with traditional Tiantai thought; by drawing upon the notions of pure mind and the seven elements found in the Śūraṃgama Sūtra, he reinterpreted nature-inclusion and the Dharma-gate of inherent evil emphasizing inherent evil as pure rather than defiled. 2115:, who gave him an honorific title and treated him like a god. Kumārajīva revolutionized Chinese Buddhism with his high-quality translations (from AD 402–413), which are still praised for their flowing smoothness, clarity of meaning, subtlety, and literary skill. Due to the efforts of Kumārajīva, Buddhism in China became not only recognized for its practice methods, but also as high philosophy and religion. The arrival of Kumārajīva also set a standard for Chinese translations of Buddhist texts, effectively doing away with previous concept-matching systems. 2063: 39: 2039: 530: 1921: 2388: 2891: 3317: 10247: 7576: 1495: 2559: 10258: 7586: 7656: 2759: 7643: 1720: 3387: 2286: 1805: 7633: 3060: 1624:

first-century Buddhist manuscripts recently found in Afghanistan, the commentator believes that the most plausible theory is that Buddhism reached China from the Greater Yuezhi of northwest India and took the land route to reach Han China. After entering China, Buddhism blended with early Daoism and Chinese traditional esoteric arts, and its iconography received blind worship.

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Buddhism was a medium of introduction for the beginning of Buddhism in China, it gained imperial and courtly support. By the early fifth century, Buddhism was established in south China. During this time, Indian monks continued to travel along the Silk Road to teach Buddhism, and translation work was primarily done by foreign monks rather than Chinese.

3876:, the world's tallest pagoda was built and opened. Currently, there are about 1.3 billion Chinese living in the People's Republic. Surveys have found that around 18.2% to 20% of this population adheres to Buddhism. Furthermore, PEW found that another 21% of the Chinese population followed Chinese folk religions that incorporated elements of Buddhism. 2808:. Daxing Shansi was established in the ancient capital Chang'an, today's Xi'an, and became one of the four great centers of scripture translation supported by the imperial court. They had translated many Buddhist scriptures, sutra and tantra, from Sanskrit to Chinese. They had also assimilated the prevailing teachings of China: 2828:(r. 762–779) its influence among the upper classes outstripped that of Daoism. However, relations between Amoghavajra and Daizong were especially good. In life the emperor favored Amoghavajra with titles and gifts, and when the master died in 774, he honored his memory with a stupa, or funeral monument. Master 3285:

fulfillment in the convent that they could not seek in the outside world. Despite the many reasons for entering the religious life, most women had to obtain permission from a male in their life (father, husband, or son). Most nuns secluded themselves from the outside life away from their family and relatives.

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and Baojing. They helped establish the Tiantai tradition in Hong Kong, where it remains a strong living tradition today, being preserved by their dharma heirs. After the reforms in mainland China, Baojing's dharma heir, Jueguang, helped to transmit the lineage back to mainland China, as well as other

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started his own Japanese sect of Esoteric Buddhism after learning it from Chinese teachers. One pertinent example is Master Wuguang (悟光上師), who was initiated as a Shingon acharya in Japan in 1971. He established the Mantra School Bright Lineage the following year in Taiwan, which recognizes itself as

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They brought to the Chinese a mysterious, dynamic, and magical teaching, which included mantra formula and detailed rituals to protect a person or an empire, to affect a person's fate after death, and, particularly popular, to bring rain in times of drought. It is not surprising, then, that all three

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journeyed to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms, and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings, which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period. During his travels he visited holy sites, learned the lore of his faith, and studied with many famous

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The view that Buddhism was transmitted to China by the sea route comparatively lacks convincing and supporting materials, and some arguments are not sufficiently rigorous. Based on the existing historical texts and the archaeological iconographic materials discovered since the 1980s, particularly the

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During the late Ming, a period of social upheaval, the monastery or convent provided shelter for these women who no longer had protection from a male in their family (a husband, son, or father) due to death, financial constraint, and other situations. However, in most circumstances, women who joined

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Some daily activities of nuns include reading, memorizing, and reciting of Buddhist scriptures and religious texts. Another was meditation, as it is seen as the "heart of Buddhist monastic life". There are biographers explaining when nuns meditate they enter a state where their body of becomes hard,

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they followed the "silk route", the east-west axis of Asia, eastwards across Central Asia and on into China, where they effectively established Buddhism in the second and third centuries A.D. The Mahīśāsakas and Kāśyapīyas appear to have followed them across Asia into China. ... For the earlier

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Paul Harrison has worked on some of the texts that are arguably the earliest versions we have of the Mahāyāna sūtras, those translated into Chinese in the last half of the second century CE by the Indo-Scythian translator Lokakṣema. Harrison points to the enthusiasm in the Lokakṣema sūtra corpus for

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region. On the other hand, it must have entered from the northwest via the Gansu corridor to the Yellow River basin and the North China Plain in the course of the first century CE. The scene becomes clearer from the middle of the second century onward, when the first known missionaries started their

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visited Shanghai in 1893, intending "to make a tour of China, to arouse the Chinese Buddhists to send missionaries to India to restore Buddhism there, and then to start a propaganda throughout the whole world", but eventually limiting his stay to Shanghai. Japanese Buddhist missionaries were active

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traditions, as well as ordination ceremonies. While there were sometimes disagreements between certain lineage holders of the various Buddhist schools on doctrines, mixed practice of rituals and traditions from all the different schools remained the norm among monastics and lay people as opposed to

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wrote, "Buddha was a man of the barbarians who did not speak the language of China and wore clothes of a different fashion. His sayings did not concern the ways of our ancient kings, nor did his manner of dress conform to their laws. He understood neither the duties that bind sovereign and subject,

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Due to the wide proliferation of Buddhist texts available in Chinese and the large number of foreign monks who came to teach Buddhism in China, much like new branches growing from the main tree trunk, various specific focus traditions emerged. Among the most influential of these was the practice of

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In the third pattern, religious globalization features the use of information technology such as websites, blogs, Emails and social media to ensure direct interaction between members in different places and between members and their leader. The Buddhist organization led by Jun Hong Lu is a typical

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in the Tang dynasty. Wuzong was said to hate the sight of Buddhist monks, who he thought were tax-evaders. In 845, he ordered the destruction of 4,600 Buddhist monasteries and 40,000 temples. More than 400,000 Buddhist monks and nuns then became peasants liable to the Two Taxes (grain and cloth).

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An important aspect of a nun was the practice of vegetarianism as it was heavily emphasized in the Buddhist religion to not harm any living creature for the purpose of them to consume. There were also some nuns who did not eat regularly, in an attempt to fast. Another dietary practice of nuns was

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Unlike Catholicism and other branches of Christianity, there was no organization in China that embraced all monastics in China, nor even all monastics within the same sect. Traditionally each monastery was autonomous, with authority resting on each respective abbot. In 1953, the Chinese Buddhist

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During the Ming dynasty, women of different ages were able to enter the monastic life from as young as five or six years old to as old as seventy. There were various reasons why a Ming woman entered the religious life of becoming a nun. Some women had fallen ill and believed that by entering the

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and the aversion to social affairs seemed to contradict the long-established norms and standards established in Chinese society. Some even declared that Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the state, that Buddhist monasteries contributed nothing to the economic prosperity of China, and that

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and minister as Chinese branches of Japanese Shingon, many other acharyas have chosen to distinguish themselves from Shingon by establishing their own Chinese lineages after their return from Japan. Members from the latter group, while deriving their orthodoxy and legitimacy from Shingon, view

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Buddhism appealed to Chinese intellectuals and elites, and the development of gentry Buddhism was sought as an alternative to Confucianism and Daoism, since Buddhism's emphasis on morality and ritual appealed to Confucianists and the desire to cultivate inner wisdom appealed to Daoists. Gentry

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With the rapid increase of immigrants from mainland China to Western countries in the 1980s, the landscape of the Chinese Buddhism in local societies has also changed over time. Based on fieldwork research conducted in France, some scholars categorize three patterns in the collective Buddhism

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In olden days Emperor Ming saw in a dream a god whose body had the brilliance of the sun and who flew before his palace; and he rejoiced exceedingly at this. The next day he asked his officials: "What god is this?" the scholar Fu Yi said: "Your subject has heard it said that in India there is

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Association was established at a meeting with 121 delegates in Beijing. The meeting also elected a chairman, 4 honorary chairmen, 7 vice-chairmen, a secretary general, 3 deputy secretaries-general, 18 members of a standing committee, and 93 directors. The 4 elected honorary chairmen were the

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Through her poetry, Miaohui (Zhang Ruyu) conveyed the emotions of fully understanding and concluding the difference in the life outside without devotion to religion and the life in a monastery, known as the Buddhist terms between "form and emptiness". Women like Miaohui found happiness and

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Monks who had fled the mainland to Taiwan, Hong Kong or other overseas Chinese communities after the establishment of the People's Republic of China also began to be welcomed back onto the mainland. Buddhist organizations which had been founded by these monks thus began to gain influence,

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During the early Song dynasty, Chan and Pure Land practices became especially popular. Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism and Daoism, due in part to the use of existing Chinese philosophical terms in the translation of Buddhist scriptures. Various Confucian scholars of the

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In the first pattern, religious globalization is a product of immigrants' transplantation of local cultural traditions. For example, people of similar immigration experiences establish a Buddha hall (佛堂) within the framework of their associations for collective religious activities.

3170:, the emperors made Esoteric Buddhism an official religion of their empire, and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court. A common perception was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread. When the Yuan dynasty was overthrown and the 3676:

to be initiated and receive dharma transmission as acharyas in the Shingon tradition and who bring the esoteric teachings and practices back to Taiwan after their training has ended. While some of these Chinese acharyas have chosen to officially remain under the oversight of

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After the communist takeover of mainland China, many monastics followed the ROC's exodus to Taiwan. In the latter half of the twentieth century, many new Buddhist temples and organizations were set up by these monastics, which would later come to become influential back in

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terrace. For discussing the mind, a goblet of wine. A pure frost laces the tips of the trees, Bronze leaves flirt with the river village. Following the wave, I float with the oars; Glory and decay, why sigh over them? This day, I've happily returned to the source.

3624:(Meiguo Huayan Lianshe 美國華嚴蓮社). Like the parent organization in Taiwan, this branch holds weekly lectures on the Huayan Sutra and several annual Huayan Dharma Assemblies where it is chanted. It also holds monthly memorial services for the society's spiritual forebears. 3266:

Lastly, there were some who joined the Buddhist convent because of a spiritual calling where they found comfort in the religious life, such as Zhang Ruyu. Zhang took the religious name Miaohui, and just before she entered the religious life she wrote the poem below:

3008:. During this period, five dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the north, and more than 12 independent states were established, mainly in the south. However, only ten are traditionally listed, hence the era's name, "Ten Kingdoms". Some historians, such as 2859:

Unlike in Japan, Esoteric Buddhism in China was not seen as a separate and distinct "school" of Buddhism but rather understood as a set of associated practices and teachings that could be integrated together with the other Chinese Buddhist traditions such as

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Other components included the Buddhists' withdrawal from society, since the Chinese believed that Chinese people should be involved with family life. Wealth, tax-exemption status and power of the Buddhist temples and monasteries also annoyed many critics.

2836:, one of the many Japanese monks who came to Tang China to study Buddhism, including the Mandala of the Two Realms, the Womb Realm and the Diamond Realm. Master Kukai went back to Japan to establish the Japanese Esoteric school of Buddhism, later known as 1985:, in some ways in those East Asian countries, the Dharmaguptaka sect can be considered to have survived to the present. Warder further writes that the Dharmaguptakas can be credited with effectively establishing Chinese Buddhism during the early period: 3131:) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country, and Chan grew to become the largest sect in Chinese Buddhism. An ideal picture of the Chan of the Tang period was produced, which served the legacy of this newly acquired status. 1902:. These translations from Lokakṣema continue to give insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This corpus of texts often includes emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration: 2327:. In the early years, the teachings of Chan were therefore referred to as the "One Vehicle School". The earliest masters of the Chan school were called "Laṅkāvatāra Masters", for their mastery of practice according to the principles of the 1675:

Early Chinese Buddhism was conflated and mixed with Daoism, and it was within Daoist circles that it found its first adepts. Traces are evident in Han period Chinese translations of Buddhist scriptures, which hardly differentiated between

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says it is a "very curious fact" that, throughout the entire Han dynasty, Daoism and Buddhism were "constantly confused and appeared as single religion". A century after prince Liu Ying's court supported both Daoists and Buddhists, in 166

6200: 3646:(Caotangshan Da Huayansi 草堂山大華嚴寺). This temple hosts many Huayan-related activities, including a weekly Huayan Assembly. Since 2000, the association has grown internationally, with branches in Australia, Canada, and the United States. 1837:

and organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, testifying to the beginning of a wave of Central Asian Buddhist proselytism that was to last several centuries. An Shigao translated Buddhist texts on basic doctrines,

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became and remains the standard in all East Asian Buddhist sects. The proliferation of these texts expanded the Chinese Buddhist canon significantly with high-quality translations of some of the most important Indian Buddhist texts.

1578:" and had both Buddhist monks and laypeople at his court who presided over Buddhist ceremonies. The overland route hypothesis, favored by Tang Yongtong, proposed that Buddhism disseminated through Central Asia – in particular, the 3157:

During the Song dynasty, in 1021 CE, it is recorded that there were 458,855 Buddhist monks and nuns actively living in monasteries. The total number of monks was 397,615, while the total number of nuns was recorded as 61,240.

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were attacked, disrobed, arrested and sent to camps. Buddhist writings were burned. Buddhist temples, monasteries and art were systematically destroyed and Buddhist lay believers ceased any public displays of their religion.

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masters were well received by the emperor Tang Xuanzong, and their teachings were quickly taken up at the Tang court and among the elite. Mantrayana altars were installed in temples in the capital, and by the time of emperor

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Several new Huayan-centred Buddhist organizations have been established since the latter half of the twentieth century. In contemporary times, the largest and oldest of the Huayan-centered organizations in Taiwan is the

1911:). Meditation and meditative states seem to have occupied a central place in early Mahāyāna, certainly because of their spiritual efficacy but also because they may have given access to fresh revelations and inspiration. 4099:

Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend. There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography: Yáng Xuànzhī's (Yang Hsüan-chih)

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practice among Chinese Buddhists in France: An ethnolinguistic immigrant group, a transnational organizational system, and information technology. These distinctions are made according to the linkages of globalization.

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The Zen teaching was a separate transmission outside the scriptural teachings that did not posit any written texts as sacred. Zen pointed directly to the human mind to enable people to see their real nature and become

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who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school. Xuanzang's logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lack the necessary background in

2107:, he was imprisoned for many years. When he was released in AD 401, he immediately took a high place in Chinese Buddhism and was appraised as a great master from the West. He was especially valued by Emperor 5621:

Beata Grant., and Wilt Idema, "Empresses, Nuns, and Actresses. In The Red Brush: Writing Women of Imperial China. (Cambridge (Massachusetts); London: Harvard University Asia Center), p. 157. Retrieved from

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A number of popular accounts in historical Chinese literature have led to the popularity of certain legends regarding the introduction of Buddhism into China. According to the most popular one,

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in its ascetic meditative tradition, and for this reason a concept-matching system was used by some early Indian translators, to adapt native Buddhist ideas onto Daoist ideas and terminology.

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Various legends tell of the presence of Buddhism on Chinese soil in very ancient times. While the scholarly consensus is that Buddhism first came to China in the first century CE during the

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announced a crackdown on religious profiteering in October 2012. Many sites have done enough repairs and have already cancelled ticket fares and are receiving voluntary donation instead.

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It was the Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia. They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from

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was one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism. Like many of his contemporaries, he advocated the dual practice of the Chan and Pure Land methods, and advocated the use of the

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texts. Xuanzang also returned with relics, statues, and Buddhist paraphernalia loaded onto twenty-two horses. With the emperor's support, he set up a large translation bureau in

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Buddhism. During his time in Taiwan, Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western-influenced world.

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a resurrection of the Chinese Esoteric Buddhist transmission rather than a branch of Shingon. Some Tangmi organizations in Taiwan that have resulted from the revival are:

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Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds.)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism

2666:. As the first self-seated woman emperor, these sculptures served multiple purposes, including the projection of Buddhist ideas that would validate her mandate of power. 1890: 7515: 2744:

written by Huineng is the only Chinese produced Buddhist work that is given the status of a sutra normally only given to those expounded by the Buddha himself in India.

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were also translated into Chinese. Each of the āgamas was translated independently by a different Indian monk. These āgamas comprise the only other complete surviving

5162:"Exemption Not Granted: The Confrontation between Buddhism and the Chinese State in Late Antiquity and the 'First Great Divergence' Between China and Western Eurasia" 3931:

Chinese Esoteric Buddhism was also revived on the mainland, similar to the situation in Taiwan. Organizations and temples propagating this tradition in China include

3631: 1753:(Southern India) to inquire about the teachings of the Buddha. Buddhist scriptures were said to have been returned to China on the backs of white horses, after which 3122:, the Song economy was not in ruins, as the Southern Song Empire contained 60 percent of China's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land. 1784:(r. 141–87 BCE) worshiping statues of a golden man; "golden men brought in 121 BCE by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads". However, neither the 6178: 3682:

themselves as re-establishing a distinctly Chinese tradition of Esoteric Buddhism rather than merely acting as emissaries of Japanese Shingon, in the same way that

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countries including Korea, Indonesia, Singapore and Taiwan. The monk Yixing (益行), a dharma heir of Dixian who was the forty-seventh generation lineage holder of

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I too, when I had not yet understood the Great Way (Buddhism), had studied Taoist practises. Hundreds and thousands of recipes are there for longevity through

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in 1992. These are among the largest monastic and lay Buddhist organizations in Taiwan from the late twentieth to early twenty-first centuries. He advocates

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Wilt Idema. Personal Salvation And Filial Piety: Two Precious Scroll Narratives of Guanyin and her Acolytes. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), p. 6.

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in China. David Graeber argues that Buddhist institutions had accumulated so much precious metals which the government needed to secure the money supply.

2452:. He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese. His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of 7561: 7480: 7440: 7295: 6324: 6306: 3700:

Malaysian Mahā Praṇidhāna Parvata Mantrayāna (马来西亚佛教真言宗大願山), an offshoot organization of the Mantra School Bright Lineage which is located in Malaysia.

3442:) and for preserving the Tiantai lineage into the PRC era. Other influential teachers in the early twentieth century included Pure land Buddhist master 2696:

from individually carved wooden blocks and from clay or metal movable type proved much more efficient than hand copying and eventually eclipsed it. The

2662:(r. 690–705) –– a notable proponent of Buddhism during the Tang dynasty (reigned as Zhou)–– directed mammoth stone sculptures of Vaircōcana Buddha with 9312: 7787: 7320: 3403:

The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire, and the installation of the Republic of China, which lasted on the mainland until the

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The translations of Kumārajīva have often remained more popular than those of other translators. Among the most well-known are his translations of the

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Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117

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in 1966. The organization later became one of the largest humanitarian organizations in the world, and the largest Buddhist organization in Taiwan.

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Monks and pious laymen spread Buddhist concepts through story-telling and preaching from sutra texts. These oral presentations were written down as

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Over the years, more and more Buddhist organizations have been approved to operate in the mainland. One example is the Taiwan-based organizations

9316: 5069: 4133:"ho came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king" c.q. "the third son of a Brahman king of South India" ( 2231: 1969:, and China, and they had great success in doing so. Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka 4312:

Land Route or Sea Route? Commentary on the Study of the Paths of Transmission and Areas in which Buddhism Was Disseminated during the Han Period

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somebody who has attained the Dao and who is called Buddha; he flies in the air, his body had the brilliance of the sun; this must be that god."

863: 9540: 5806: 6799: 6686: 5846: 4525: 3872:, an event now held every two years, and in March 2007 the government banned mining on Buddhist sacred mountains. In May of the same year, in 3595:

Buddhist order. The order has established more than 90 meditation centers and branches in Taiwan and abroad, including branches in Australia,

1524:. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism". 3609: 4067:

The second pattern features the transnational expansion of a large institutionalized organization centered on a charismatic leader, such as

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The first documented translation of Buddhist scriptures from various Indian languages into Chinese occurs in 148 CE with the arrival of the

7757: 3338:(December 1850 – August 1864), the Taiping rebels targeted Buddhism destroying temples, and burning Buddhist images and scriptures. In the 2733: 2599:

The popularization of Buddhism in this period is evident in the many scripture-filled caves and structures surviving from this period. The

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Buddhism. The teachings of the Sūtra Piṭaka are usually considered to be one of the earliest teachings on Buddhism and a core text of the

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revitalizing the various Buddhist traditions on the mainland. Recently, some Buddhist temples, administered by local governments, became

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Most nuns participated in religious practices with devotions to many different bodhisattva and Buddha. Some examples of bodhisattvas are

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was established, the Tibetan lamas were expelled from the court, and this form of Buddhism was denounced as not being an orthodox path.

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wrote several works that became important and widely read meditation manuals in China such as the "Concise samatha-vipasyana", and the "

1615:, reexamined the overland and maritime hypotheses through a multi-disciplinary review of recent discoveries and research, including the 7865: 5325: 5065:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, 3862: 494: 7600: 4483: 1535:

Generations of scholars have debated whether Buddhist missionaries first reached Han China via the maritime or overland routes of the

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in China. It is noteworthy that before the modern period, these āgama were seldom if ever used by Buddhist communities, due to their

6868: 3707: 3587:, mainland China, and ordained in Taiwan. In 1982, he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on 2539: 6634: 2716:

in the either 4th or 5th century in China, he founded the Chan Buddhism school becoming the first Patriarch (which is now known as

4192: 1418:, establish institutions and translate Buddhist texts into Chinese. The effort was led by non-Chinese missionaries from India and 10132: 9584: 7490: 5948: 5110: 5094: 4856: 6820: 6122: 2010:

period of Chinese Buddhism it was the Dharmaguptakas who constituted the main and most influential school, and even later their

9787: 7767: 5055:

Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan

2997: 385: 6616: 6599: 6579: 6545: 6516: 5782: 5343: 5245: 5188: 5147: 4993: 4946: 4899: 4815: 4279: 1698: 872: 644: 3616:(Huayan Zhuanzong Xueyuan 華嚴專宗學院) in 1975. They have also established branch temples overseas, most notably in California's 2479:, etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools. Xuanzang's closest and most eminent student was 10293: 7950: 7792: 7465: 7215: 3628: 2704:) of 868 CE, a Buddhist scripture discovered in 1907 inside the Mogao Caves, is the first dated example of block printing. 1379: 6104:

Yu, Dan Smyer. "Delayed contention with the Chinese Marxist scapegoat complex: re-membering Tibetan Buddhism in the PRC".

10127: 6186: 2459:

The force of his own study, translation and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the

1965:

The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India, to areas such as Afghanistan,

78: 5095:

A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin

3407:

and the installation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 which also led to the ROC government's exodus to Taiwan.

2933:

There were several components that led to opposition of Buddhism. One factor is the foreign origins of Buddhism, unlike

2403: 10024: 9574: 7669: 4116:(seventh century CE). These sources, given in various translations, vary on their account of Bodhidharma being either: 3410:

Under influence of the western culture, attempts were being made to revitalize Chinese Buddhism. Most notable were the

3308:, known as Goddess of Compassion, Mercy, and Love, and a protector and savior for those who worship and needs her aid. 1588:("Great Yuezhi"), after the founding tribe. According to this hypothesis, Buddhism was first practiced in China in the 1498: 1489: 68: 1476:), it also experienced periods of reform and revival. Buddhism is currently the largest institutionalized religion in 909: 7870: 7155: 6932: 6754: 5480: 5445: 5090: 5026: 4840: 4756: 4364: 4237: 3468:

and Indonesia. Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left mainland China during the Communist Revolution, and settled in

3371: 10117: 6332: 3642:

in 1996 by the monk Jimeng (繼夢), also known as Haiyun (海雲). This was followed in 1999 by the founding of the larger

1734:(28–75 CE) precipitated the introduction of Buddhist teachings into China. The (early third to early fifth century) 9802: 9547: 7182: 1414:

networks (via overland and maritime routes). The early period of Chinese Buddhist history saw efforts to propagate

1228: 38: 5897: 2083:

Buddhism was barbaric and undeserving of Chinese cultural traditions. However, Buddhism was often associated with

688: 10194: 10184: 8013: 7013: 6883: 5820: 2986: 2923: 2885: 2028: 1671:. I practised them, but without success; I saw them put to use, but without result. That is why I abandoned them. 1372: 4720: 3217:, the Chan school became especially popular such that, at one point, most monks were affiliated with either the 792: 10139: 9792: 9594: 9485: 9430: 8003: 6937: 6609:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE

2670: 1786: 487: 3118:). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the 1513: 10109: 9807: 9490: 7782: 7615: 6310: 3960: 451: 7028: 6160: 1907:

the extra ascetic practices, for dwelling in the forest, and above all for states of meditative absorption (

1856:), a Parthian layman who worked alongside An Shigao, also translated an early Mahāyāna Buddhist text on the 817: 604: 10288: 9692: 9564: 9535: 9237: 7150: 7058: 6927: 6822:

Buddhism in China Today: The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery. Perspectives, Volume 4, No.2, June 2003

5671:

Karma Lekshe Tsomo, Buddhist Women Across Cultures. (New York: State University of New York Press), p. 100.

4035: 3754: 3657:

is also subject to a revitalization in both Taiwan and China, largely through connections and support from

3494: 3375: 2655:

and looking down on the confluence of three rivers, is still the largest stone Buddha statue in the world.

5923: 5774:

The Huayan University Network: The Teaching and Practice of Avataṃsaka Buddhism in Twentieth-Century China

5653:

Karma Lekshe Tsomo, Buddhist Women Across Cultures. (New York: State University of New York Press), p. 98.

3907:

during the early twentieth century. During the Chinese Civil War, various dharma heirs of Dixian moved to

2144: 923: 9383: 9292: 8762: 8407: 7920: 7815: 7410: 7124: 3995: 3591:

practices by conducting many lectures and seven-day Chan meditation retreats, and eventually founded the

3107: 3103: 902: 849: 738: 8927: 5644:

Beata Grant, Daughters of Emptiness Poems of Chinese Buddhist Nuns. (Boston: Wisdom Publication), p. 56.

4311: 1616: 10283: 10232: 9712: 9188: 8674: 7797: 7630: 7129: 6986: 6876: 6571: 4923: 4399: 3940: 3722: 2463:

school in East Asia. Although the school itself did not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding

22: 9122: 6373: 6092:

Holmes, Welch (1961). "Buddhism Under the Communists", China Quarterly, No.6, Apr–June 1961, pp. 1–14.

5066: 2673:(transformation stories) which influenced the writing of fiction by their new ways of telling stories 2495:

Xuanzang's translations were especially important for the transmission of Indian texts related to the

1273: 10122: 9935: 9925: 9797: 8780: 8360: 8121: 8096: 7170: 7165: 6898: 4748: 3654: 3620:. In 1989, they expanded their outreach to the United States of America by formally establishing the 3086:

is divided into two distinct periods: the Northern Song and Southern Song. During the Northern Song (

2817: 2753: 2678: 1931: 1871: 1038: 480: 339: 96: 8146: 6350: 5983: 5635:

Yunu Chen, "Buddhism and the Medical Treatment of Women in the Ming Dynasty". Na Nu (2008):, p. 295.

5562:

Yunu Chen, "Buddhism and the Medical Treatment of Women in the Ming Dynasty". Na Nu (2008):, p. 290.

3572:

in Taiwan. She founded the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, ordinarily referred to as

2740:. Shenxiu and Huineng seemingly divided style created the Northern and Southern School of Chan. The 2267:

their practice of consuming fragrant oil or incense as a "preparation for self-immolation by fire".

2078:

Initially, Buddhism in China faced a number of difficulties in becoming established. The concept of

589: 10227: 9579: 9393: 9371: 9364: 9267: 8800: 8420: 8236: 8181: 7802: 7608: 7460: 7425: 7380: 7232: 7208: 6808: 6692: 6667: 5854: 5726: 4531: 3678: 3662: 3339: 2895: 2791: 2682: 2513: 329: 58: 6624: 6464: 5335: 579: 334: 10164: 10144: 9475: 9455: 9212: 8942: 8186: 7350: 7345: 7240: 7176: 7083: 6991: 4219: 3357:

Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism.

2825: 2412: 1457:. These traditions would also be exported to Korea, Japan and Vietnam and they influenced all of 1223: 6262: 6201:"Commercialization of temples in China prompts ban on stock listings, crackdown on profiteering" 5106: 3464:, to spread Chinese Buddhism. Presently, Guanghua Monastery has seven branch monasteries in the 2724:). The school of teaching became a major force during the Tang dynasty with the Fifth Patriarch 367: 10174: 10014: 9682: 9652: 9425: 9376: 9217: 9165: 9160: 8922: 8743: 8640: 8392: 8387: 8136: 7470: 7445: 7360: 7340: 7260: 6981: 6465:"Buddhist Groups among Chinese Immigrants in France: Three Patterns of Religious Globalization" 6244: 5365:

The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554-1628)

5123: 3617: 2954: 2927: 2182: 2071: 1939: 1668: 362: 8504: 5237: 5231: 5053: 4193:

The Battle for China's Spirit: Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping.

1198: 824: 10179: 10149: 9730: 9662: 9495: 9410: 9405: 9329: 9324: 9242: 7772: 7556: 7435: 7430: 7310: 7114: 6976: 6922: 4500:

Radhakrishnan: Comparative Studies in Philosophy Presented in Honour of His Sixtieth Birthday

4498:

Further discussion of can be found in T'ang, Yung-t'ung, "On 'Ko-I'", in Inge et al. (eds.):

4228: 4119:" monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a Persian Central Asian" c.q. "from Persia" ( 3991: 3987: 3899:

One example of the revitalization of Buddhist traditions on the mainland is the expansion of

3825: 3460:

Until 1949, monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries, for example by monks of

3072: 3024:, viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han. This era also led to the founding of the 2958:

Wuzong cited that Buddhism was an alien religion, which is the reason he also persecuted the

2501: 1959: 1558: 1353: 1138: 888: 839: 8795: 6676: 3784: 3434:(1875–1963), is known for having rebuilt various temples during the Republican era (such as 1895: 1188: 181: 10202: 10169: 10154: 9672: 9569: 9515: 9400: 9339: 9307: 9302: 9287: 9272: 9262: 9227: 9140: 8832: 8755: 8058: 7998: 7747: 7714: 7664: 7450: 7405: 7385: 7375: 7275: 6226: 4480: 4316: 4076: 4043: 4021: 3999: 3983: 3888: 3869: 3535: 3358: 3076: 2507: 1505: 1358: 1348: 1343: 1000: 614: 73: 10042: 8657: 8526: 8452: 8328: 8066: 3775: 3182: 1532:, through missionaries from India, it is not known precisely when Buddhism entered China. 8: 10009: 9888: 9722: 9697: 9687: 9647: 9624: 9507: 9480: 9440: 9359: 9349: 9277: 9204: 8635: 8492: 8273: 8251: 8203: 8023: 7823: 7679: 7659: 7530: 7475: 7390: 7370: 7255: 7245: 7201: 7160: 7088: 7068: 6688:

Buddhist Revival under State Watch, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40, 2,107–134

5503:

Stanley Weinstein, "The Schools of Chinese Buddhism", in Kitagawa & Cummings (eds.),

4477:

The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Sinicization of Buddhism in China

3805: 3569: 3524: 3411: 3017: 2922:

Opposition to Buddhism accumulated over time during the Tang dynasty, culminating in the

2648: 1839: 1731: 1634: 1601: 1473: 1458: 1318: 808: 799: 584: 344: 7983: 7910: 6643: 5179: 2790:, established Esoteric Buddhism in China from AD 716 to 720 during the reign of emperor 2167: 2163: 2005:, which became one of their main centres). After establishing themselves as far west as 1994: 733: 624: 10072: 9977: 9819: 9782: 9777: 9707: 9657: 9604: 9599: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9450: 9435: 9420: 9415: 9354: 9334: 9297: 9222: 9027: 8728: 8652: 8530: 8472: 8313: 8213: 8141: 8116: 7762: 7692: 7520: 7455: 7420: 7355: 7325: 7270: 7265: 7073: 6969: 6857: 6589: 5800: 5580: 5416: 5161: 4964: 4917: 3967: 3956: 3804:

Chinese Buddhism suffered extensive repression, persecution and destruction during the

3788: 3543: 3461: 3381: 3013: 2763: 2476: 2377: 2358:) as the principle texts of the Chan school, and summarizes the principles succinctly: 2207: 2203: 1754: 1723: 1677: 1605: 1442: 1338: 1303: 965: 895: 433: 324: 141: 9871: 6280: 4864: 2840:. The Esoteric Buddhist lineages transmitted to Japan under the auspices of the monks 2250:, respectively, along with supplementary sūtras and commentaries. The Tiantai founder 1947: 10250: 10212: 9908: 9893: 9856: 9841: 9614: 9530: 9445: 9282: 9247: 9232: 8959: 8949: 8630: 8477: 8462: 8333: 8256: 8176: 8111: 8043: 7930: 7687: 7585: 7415: 7395: 7330: 7305: 7280: 7134: 7119: 7098: 7053: 6954: 6914: 6906: 6829: 6750: 6661: 6612: 6595: 6575: 6562: 6541: 6512: 6484: 6075: 6054:"Buddhist Master Wuguang's (1918–2000) Taiwanese Web of the Colonial, Exilic and Han" 6019: 5958: 5788: 5778: 5486: 5476: 5451: 5441: 5437:

Coming to terms with Chinese Buddhism : a reading of the treasure store treatise

5420: 5408: 5339: 5241: 5194: 5184: 5143: 5102: 5049: 5032: 5022: 4999: 4989: 4952: 4942: 4905: 4895: 4894:. Charles D. Orzech, Henrik Hjort Sorensen, Richard Karl Payne. Leiden: Brill. 2011. 4836: 4811: 4752: 4275: 4233: 4126:" South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king." ( 4039: 3932: 3854: 3765: 3527:, which the broad modern Chinese Buddhist progressive attitude towards the religion. 3512: 3404: 3347: 3335: 2307: 2138: 2067: 2062: 1812: 1781: 1612: 1563: 1502: 1469: 1328: 1313: 1308: 1291: 970: 881: 831: 511: 9194: 7988: 7888: 3727: 1951: 708: 9898: 9851: 9846: 9702: 9667: 9642: 9637: 9388: 9344: 9257: 8932: 8588: 8581: 8365: 8355: 8241: 7905: 7777: 7400: 7365: 7315: 7224: 7093: 7063: 6964: 6959: 6849: 6476: 6065: 6053: 5400: 5369: 5331: 5174: 5135: 4223: 4005: 3904: 3151: 2849: 2837: 2624: 2612: 2588: 2525: 2242: 1402: 1323: 1296: 1163: 980: 960: 784: 748: 456: 428: 216: 176: 30: 8977: 5680:

Kathryn Ann Tsai, Lives Of The Nuns. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), p. 7.

5553:

Kathryn Ann Tsai, Lives Of The Nuns. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), p. 6.

3350:, Taiping leaders took a more moderate approach, demanding that monks should have 2038: 1028: 10262: 10207: 10159: 10087: 9957: 9755: 9735: 9677: 9589: 9252: 9150: 8997: 8733: 8716: 8701: 8679: 8231: 8101: 7935: 7915: 6725: 5953: 5073: 5062: 4487: 4158: 4038:, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237-acre (959,000 m) property near 3925: 3842: 3635: 3465: 3435: 2387: 2316: 2100: 2043: 1920: 1885: 1820: 1796:

histories of Emperor Wu mention a golden Buddhist statue (compare Emperor Ming).

1762: 1750: 1589: 1423: 1268: 1203: 1043: 761: 743: 728: 619: 599: 461: 101: 9007: 8161: 8151: 6718: 3423: 2890: 2392: 2334:

The principal teachings of Chan were later often known for the use of so-called

2280: 1063: 10217: 9920: 9770: 9552: 9132: 9112: 9032: 8721: 8711: 8645: 8482: 7968: 7831: 6998: 6480: 4782:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

4513:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

4464:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

4047: 4009: 3921: 3592: 3482: 3234: 3186: 2990: 2779: 2741: 2150: 2126: 1736: 1650: 1638: 1509: 1477: 1333: 1248: 1005: 769: 668: 569: 236: 231: 6070: 5792: 5389:"Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China" 5003: 4986:

Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise

2305:, a legendary figure. The school heavily utilized the principles found in the 2301:(Zen) teachings began in China, traditionally attributed to the Buddhist monk 1690:, the Daoist concept of non-interference, was the normal term for translating 10277: 9987: 9836: 9145: 9047: 8905: 8706: 8684: 8620: 8291: 8086: 8081: 7973: 7642: 7579: 7078: 6488: 6374:"Life in Purgatory: Buddhism Is Growing in China, But Remains in Legal Limbo" 6079: 5962: 5727:"Buddhism and Buddhists in China – IX. Present-Day Buddhism (by Lewis Hodus)" 5608:

Beata Grant, "Setting the Stage: Seventeenth-Century Texts and Contexts". In

5595:

Beata Grant, "Setting the Stage: Seventeenth-Century Texts and Contexts". In

5584: 5412: 5198: 4956: 4909: 4068: 4031: 3971: 3846: 3761: 3539: 3516: 3511:

lay organization. Born in Jiangsu Province in mainland China, he entered the

3504: 2865: 2861: 2805: 2725: 2519: 2468: 2453: 2343: 2227: 2190: 2186: 2120: 2024: 1998: 1943: 1867: 1681: 1629: 1579: 1548: 1521: 1446: 1233: 1218: 1158: 990: 950: 693: 634: 574: 559: 319: 309: 286: 221: 206: 63: 8445: 8435: 7807: 6717:

Asiatische Studien: Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft, 1952

5623: 5572: 5490: 5455: 5036: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3043:(885–958), became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nan-Tang ( 10077: 10062: 10032: 9982: 9972: 9814: 9609: 9102: 8937: 8815: 8603: 8598: 8425: 8296: 8171: 7632: 6944: 5772: 5472:

The will to orthodoxy : a critical genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism

5131: 5019:

The will to orthodoxy : a critical genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism

4155: 4154:

Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a

3821: 3561: 3443: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3293: 3218: 3214: 3197: 3190: 3171: 3167: 3136: 3119: 3095: 3083: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2938: 2813: 2721: 2652: 2644: 2636: 2577: 2563: 2485: 2424: 2255: 2174: 2018: 1966: 1955: 1544: 1540: 1438: 1419: 1258: 1243: 1083: 413: 251: 226: 8860: 8845: 8805: 8502: 8166: 7742: 6678:

The Religious Revival in China. In: Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18

4889: 4502:(London: Allen and Unwin, 1951) pp. 276–286 (cited in K. Ch'en, pp. 68 f.) 3948: 3697:

Zhenyan Samantabhadra Lineage (真言宗普賢流), which is mainly located in Taiwan.

2832:, a disciple of Amoghavajra, imparted some esoteric Buddhist teachings to 2688:

Making duplications of Buddhist texts was considered to bring meritorious

2432:

Buddhist masters, especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at

1073: 869: 837: 805: 782: 10047: 9876: 9017: 9002: 8785: 8593: 8521: 8301: 8131: 8033: 7880: 7752: 7589: 6020:"Replanting the Bodhi Tree: Buddhist Sectarianism and Zhenyan Revivalism" 5470: 5435: 4793:

See Eli Franco, "Xuanzang's proof of idealism". Horin 11 (2004): 199–212.

4162: 3955:(修明堂), which is located primarily in Hong Kong, but also has branches in 3891:, the largest Buddha statue in the world (128 m, 420 ft), Lushan County, 3730: 3672:

The revival is mainly propagated by Chinese Buddhist monks who travel to

3064: 3040: 2982: 2974: 2907: 2787: 2713: 2674: 2663: 2640: 2600: 2567: 2545: 2441: 2373: 2302: 2236: 2132: 2079: 2051: 2047: 1982: 1857: 1808: 1792: 1769: 1758: 1567: 1547:, proposed that Buddhism was originally practiced in southern China, the 1529: 1407: 1118: 1093: 1078: 775: 718: 661: 544: 423: 418: 403: 276: 196: 191: 10037: 8497: 3974:, which were approved to open a branch in mainland China in March 2008. 3090:, 960–1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now 2211: 2002: 1881: 1653:, said it was through Daoism that he was led to Buddhism—which he calls 673: 9992: 9950: 9826: 9632: 9557: 9171: 9155: 9117: 9097: 8992: 8967: 8875: 8810: 8790: 8536: 8467: 8338: 8221: 8191: 8126: 8076: 7734: 7724: 7697: 7003: 6760:

Saunders, Kenneth J. (1923). "Buddhism in China: A Historical Sketch",

5901: 5168: 3809: 3454: 3144: 2965: 2959: 2911: 2783: 2771: 2584: 2534: 2464: 2324: 1880:, active c. 164–186 CE), who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of 1843: 1552: 1465: 1427: 1238: 1148: 1133: 1058: 1053: 930: 678: 657: 554: 549: 408: 246: 211: 186: 116: 9012: 8008: 6861: 5824: 2558: 2523:(Medicine Buddha Sūtra). He is credited with writing or compiling the 2320: 1068: 609: 9967: 9940: 9107: 8982: 8694: 8610: 8487: 8377: 8350: 8343: 8306: 8263: 8226: 7993: 7958: 7925: 7900: 7855: 7048: 7033: 5373: 4165:, while the Japanese tradition regards Bodhidharma to be from Persia. 4053: 4027: 3908: 3873: 3817: 3792: 3703: 3596: 3580: 3557: 3538:, a Buddhist organization based in Taiwan which mainly advocates for 3531: 3500: 3469: 3391: 3222: 3209: 2659: 2581: 2449: 2290: 2219: 2215: 2178: 2112: 1978: 1899: 1824: 1646: 1575: 1536: 1517: 1494: 1411: 1263: 1023: 975: 713: 703: 698: 683: 629: 271: 9740: 8576: 8430: 8196: 7978: 7847: 7839: 5984:"The Origin of Tzu Chi: Work for Buddhism and for All Living Beings" 5388: 5173:. Medieval Worlds. Vol. 6 (Online ed.). pp. 118–155. 3691: 2758: 2103:

was captured during the Chinese conquest of the Buddhist kingdom of

1437:

After the Han era, there was a period in which Buddhism became more

1193: 1123: 10257: 10097: 10052: 9997: 9962: 9866: 9525: 9092: 9087: 9037: 8972: 8890: 8855: 8850: 8511: 8382: 8370: 8281: 7940: 7637: 7193: 6853: 5404: 5363: 3944: 3936: 3928:, both of which remain major centres of Tiantai Buddhism in China. 3861:, or other religious items; soliciting donations. In response, the 3813: 3588: 3565: 3550: 3419: 3386: 3297: 3115: 3000:

was an era of political upheaval in China, between the fall of the

2978: 2899: 2848:, later formulated the teachings transmitted to them to create the 2693: 2604: 2496: 2489: 2445: 2437: 2428: 2416: 2408: 2396: 2312: 2285: 2108: 2055: 1990: 1924: 1863: 1773: 1719: 1691: 1431: 1415: 1183: 1108: 1033: 985: 935: 723: 519: 281: 241: 146: 131: 121: 106: 9082: 9072: 9057: 8880: 8750: 8018: 5266: 5101:, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134–163. 4026:

The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was

3836: 3683: 2872:

began to adopt esoteric practices such as deity visualization and

2841: 2833: 1637:

made offerings to the Buddha and sacrifices to the Huang-Lao gods

1213: 1178: 1168: 1128: 10002: 9945: 9930: 9077: 9067: 9042: 8917: 8912: 8870: 8840: 8772: 8738: 8625: 8566: 8561: 8415: 8318: 8156: 8106: 7893: 7719: 7038: 6726:"The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism" 4144: 4072: 3917: 3900: 3858: 3780: 3769: 3737: 3734: 3613: 3584: 3573: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3427: 3351: 3343: 3305: 3301: 3289: 3201: 3147: 3111: 3102:, 1127–1279) refers to the period after the Song lost control of 3091: 3068: 3044: 3009: 2873: 2869: 2737: 2729: 2616: 2570: 2460: 2433: 2271:

rigid, and stone-like where they are often mistaken as lifeless.

2223: 2006: 1974: 1927: 1847: 1834: 1804: 1593: 1571: 1450: 1173: 1103: 1098: 995: 940: 639: 594: 314: 291: 266: 201: 166: 156: 151: 136: 8689: 8457: 6405:

Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions

6392:

Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions

5709:

Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, University of Hawaii Press

3304:. One of the most prominent bodhisattvas in Chinese Buddhism is 2804:), which was the predecessor of Temple of the Great Enlightener 1942:

recognized as important, and whose texts were studied, were the

10082: 10067: 9903: 9765: 9745: 9520: 9182: 9062: 9052: 8987: 8615: 8571: 8556: 8546: 8516: 8440: 8323: 8091: 7963: 7707: 7702: 6949: 5127: 5086: 4215: 3829: 3639: 3239: 3205: 3140: 2942: 2934: 2915: 2903: 2853: 2845: 2829: 2809: 2767: 2632: 2628: 2084: 1970: 1686: 1583: 1454: 1208: 1143: 1113: 1048: 945: 171: 111: 4030:, who taught Chan and other traditions of Chinese Buddhism in 3952: 3643: 10222: 10057: 9915: 9881: 9861: 9831: 9760: 9177: 9022: 8900: 8895: 8865: 8820: 8667: 8662: 8541: 8246: 8071: 8038: 8028: 6901: 5610:

Eminent Nuns: Women Chan Masters of Seventeenth-Century China

5597:

Eminent Nuns: Women Chan Masters of Seventeenth-Century China

5577:

Eminent Nuns: Women Chan Masters of Seventeenth-Century China

5517: 5515: 5513: 4108:(sixth century CE), which is also preserved in Ching-chüeh's 3912: 3892: 3799: 3741: 3621: 3431: 3415: 3059: 3048: 2816:, with Buddhism, and had further evolved the practice of the 2689: 2620: 2608: 2592: 2574: 2480: 2472: 2251: 2104: 1777: 1726:, traditionally held to be at the origin of Chinese Buddhism. 1642: 1597: 1253: 1153: 1088: 564: 261: 256: 161: 126: 6636:

Bodhidharma. A collection of stories from Chinese literature

5898:"Tricycle » Diane Wolkstein on Dharma Master Cheng Yen" 5093:(No. 9). See the following source: Gasparini, Mariachiara. " 3717: 2651:, carved out of a hillside in the eighth century during the 10092: 8885: 8551: 8048: 6785:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1972. 6778:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968. 6771:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967. 6747:

The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnations

5662:

Karma Lekshe Tsomo, Buddhist Women Across Cultures., p. 99.

5573:"Setting the Stage: Seventeenth-Century Texts and Contexts" 4835:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117. 4690: 3713:

Mount Qinglong Acala Monastery (青龍山不動寺), located in Taiwan.

2953:

As mentioned earlier, persecution came during the reign of

2339: 2171: 1894:, as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as 1757:

was named. Two Indian monks also returned with them, named

466: 5510: 5306: 5304: 5302: 4611: 3110:. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the 1934:, decorated with a row of Buddhas seated on lotus thrones. 1468:(such as the widespread destruction of temples during the 1441:

and new unique Chinese traditions of Buddhism arose, like

9750: 8286: 7043: 6764:, Vol. 3.2, pp. 157–169; Vol. 3.3, pp. 256–275. 5170:

Religious Exemption in Pre-Modern Eurasia, C. 300-1300 CE

4810:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 138. 4601: 4599: 4584: 3768:, the Grand Lama of Inner Mongolia, and Venerable Master 3553: 3515:

at the age of 12, and came to Taiwan in 1949. He founded

3213:

strict sectarian divides. According to Weinstein, by the

2910:, China, ninth century; the monk on the left is possibly 2717: 2499:

school. He translated central Yogācāra texts such as the

2298: 2094: 955: 6840:

Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1987), "The Sound of the One Hand",

5549: 5547: 5278: 5138:(ninth–thirteenth century), see Hansen, Valerie (2012), 5079: 3394:, the first to widely teach Chinese Buddhism in the West 2074:

carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks

2019:

Six Dynasties and Southern and Northern period (220–589)

1938:

During the early period of Chinese Buddhism, the Indian

6611:. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. 6588:

Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2006),

5924:"Founder of Tzu Chi Receives Rotary International Hono" 5533: 5531: 5299: 5254: 3365: 3331:

court endorsed the Gelukpa School of Tibetan Buddhism.

2864:. Hence, the other schools of Chinese Buddhism such as 2293:, Taiwanese Chan Buddhist master, sitting in meditation 2162:

Around the time of Kumārajīva, the four major Sanskrit

1430:

well as by great Chinese pilgrims and translators like

6509:

The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen

4747:, translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolsky, 1967, 4666: 4654: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4596: 4559: 4479:. Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 13, (2000). Source: 4337: 4335: 2274: 2189:

attribution, as Chinese Buddhism was already avowedly

1582:, which was often known in ancient Chinese sources as 1464:

Though Buddhism suffered numerous setbacks during the

6129: 5544: 5130:

as an ethnic minority community during the phases of

3977: 3694:(真言宗光明流), which has branches in Taiwan and Hong Kong. 1866:

Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the

6801:

THE BAILIN BUDDHIST TEMPLE: THRIVING UNDER COMMUNISM

6591:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

6528:. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1964. 5528: 3362:

in China in the beginning of the twentieth century.

2966:

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960/979)

2448:), drawing students and collaborators from all over 2367: 2196: 1556:

translation activities in the capital, Luoyang. The

6710:

Hong Kong, China, Hong Kong University Press, 1968.

6587: 5272: 4623: 4332: 3549:Master Cheng Yen (born 14 May 1937) is a Taiwanese 3342:, the Taiping army butchered thousands of monks in 6307:"Photo in the News: Tallest Pagoda Opens in China" 3246:Another eminent monastic in this era was the monk 2732:who became the national teacher under the rule of 2681:, in which a monk descends into hell in a show of 2407:Statue of seventh-century Chinese Buddhist master 2234:. Such schools were based upon the primacy of the 6100: 6098: 6058:The e-Journal of East and Central Asian Religions 4678: 4572: 4102:The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang 3879: 2488:. Another important disciple was the Korean monk 2436:. When he returned, he brought with him some 657 2382: 1649:for Buddhism, a late second-century layman named 10275: 6511:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 6263:"China bans mining on sacred Buddhist mountains" 5097:", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), 4569:. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), p. 11. 4556:. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), p. 10. 4034:during the early 1960s. He went on to found the 6403:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020). 6390:Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, André Laliberté (2020). 6141: 5579:(Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.), p. 4 5475:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 4196:Freedom House Report. Rowman & Littlefield. 4015: 3837:Reform and opening up – Second Buddhist Revival 3748: 2879: 2778:The Kaiyuan's Three Great Enlightened Masters, 2747: 1993:north-west into Iran and at the same time into 1611:In 2004, Rong Xinjiang, a history professor at 1483: 6095: 5091:Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple 4939:Esoteric buddhism and the tantras in East Asia 4891:Esoteric Buddhism and the tantras in East Asia 4771:, Nan Huai-Chin, 1997, Samuel Weiser, page 92. 3812:'s death in 1976). Maoist propaganda depicted 2720:around the world due to the popularization of 1833:). He worked to establish Buddhist temples in 1410:, when Buddhism first began to arrive via the 7616: 7209: 6884: 5866: 5864: 4983: 4286: 4269: 3568:, a major figure in the early development of 3126: 3114:and established their capital at Lin'an (now 2795: 2553: 1875: 1851: 1828: 1811:eighth-century mural depicting the legend of 1706: 1658: 1380: 488: 8398:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 6730:The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism 6728:, in Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale S. (eds.), 6207:. Beijing. Associated Press. 26 October 2012 5507:(New York: Macmillan 1987) pp. 257–265, 264. 4969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4387:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 3475: 2533:) as composed from multiple commentaries on 2033: 1539:. The maritime route hypothesis, favored by 6161:"RELIGION-CHINA: Buddhism Enjoys A Revival" 5976: 5770: 4784:(New York: Oxford University Press), p. 81. 4515:(New York: Oxford University Press), p. 78. 3627:Another Huayan-focused organization is the 3398: 3311: 3177: 3161: 2157: 2014:remained the basis of the discipline there. 7623: 7609: 7216: 7202: 6891: 6877: 6793:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press 6564:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 6407:, pp. 139–140. University of Hawaii Press. 6394:, pp. 136–138. University of Hawaii Press. 5861: 5805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5749:Basic Buddhism. Exploring Buddhism and Zen 5721: 5719: 5717: 5312:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen 4833:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 4769:Basic Buddhism: exploring Buddhism and Zen 4466:(New York: Oxford University Press), p. 82 3903:. The monk Dixian was a lineage holder in 3863:State Administration for Religious Affairs 3800:Persecution during the Cultural Revolution 3638:(Huayan Xuehui 華嚴學會) which was founded in 3485:after the end of the Cultural Revolution. 3274:I Compose a Description the Falling Leaves 3054: 2319:, and which teaches the One Vehicle (Skt. 1387: 1373: 495: 481: 6684: 6506: 6135: 6069: 5746: 5692: 5624:https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1tg5kw2 5440:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 5336:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333572.003.0003 5314:. York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99. 5236:. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. pp. 5212: 5210: 5208: 5178: 4745:The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch 4648: 4617: 4227: 3718:People's Republic of China (1949—present) 3706:(大毘盧寺), which has branches in Taiwan and 3622:Huayan Lotus Society of the United States 2677:. Popular legends in this style included 2511:, as well as important texts such as the 2342:, and the teaching methods used in them. 1915: 1799: 6842:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6839: 6594:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 6531: 5016: 4884: 4882: 4805: 4696: 4672: 4660: 4605: 4590: 4212:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 4004:Chinese Buddhism is mainly practiced by 3883: 3774: 3721: 3521:Buddha's Light International Association 3509:Buddha's Light International Association 3385: 3315: 3181: 3058: 2969: 2889: 2757: 2635:are the most renowned examples from the 2557: 2402: 2386: 2284: 2061: 2037: 1919: 1803: 1718: 1493: 9585:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5742: 5740: 5714: 5357: 5355: 5229: 5216:Gernet, Jacques. Verellen, Franciscus. 5159: 4143:"f South Indian Brahman stock" c.q. "a 4056:also founded dharma centers in the US. 3920:, was appointed as the acting abbot of 2946:nor the affections of father and son." 2170:, which is generally comparable to the 1714: 10276: 9788:List of Buddhist architecture in China 6788: 6526:Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey 6469:Review of Religion and Chinese Society 6347:"Buddhists | Pew Research Center" 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5873:"Biography of Dharma Master Cheng Yen" 5870: 5386: 5260: 5205: 4398:Label for item no. 1992.165.21 in the 4229:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 3824:instrument of the ruling class and as 3488: 3271:Drinking at Rain and Flowers Terrace, 3150:), sought to redefine Confucianism as 2998:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2095:The arrival of Kumārajīva (334–413 CE) 7604: 7197: 6872: 6736: 6723: 6708:Chao Lun – The Treatises of Seng-Chao 6632: 6622: 6560: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6017: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5468: 5433: 5284: 4879: 4863:. The British Library. Archived from 4830: 4801: 4799: 4684: 4636: 4578: 4246:from the original on 19 February 2019 4112:(713–716), and Dàoxuān's (Tao-hsuan) 3564:. She was a direct student of Master 3457:had worked very hard on the revival. 3200:, there was a significant revival of 3094:) and the dynasty controlled most of 2520:Bhaiṣajyaguruvaidūryaprabharāja Sūtra 2311:, a sūtra utilizing the teachings of 2261: 7223: 6371: 5949:"Cheng Yen – The 2011 Time 100 Poll" 5737: 5387:Orzech, Charles D. (November 1989). 5352: 5122:For information on the Sogdians, an 4205: 4114:Further Biographies of Eminent Monks 3599:, Japan, Philippines, and Thailand. 3366:Republic of China (established 1912) 1768:An eighth-century Chinese fresco at 6818: 6797: 6674: 6281:"China temple opens tallest pagoda" 6147: 5998: 5180:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s118 4110:Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters 3665:(the school of Shingon Buddhism of 3534:(1930–2009) was the founder of the 2818:Chinese Esoteric Buddhist tradition 2275:Chan: pointing directly to the mind 79:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 13: 9575:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 6462: 6349:. 18 December 2012. Archived from 6034: 5900:. 6 September 2010. Archived from 5755: 5361: 5323: 5142:, Oxford University Press, p. 98, 4984:Sharf, Robert (30 November 2005). 4936: 4796: 4482:(accessed: 28 January 2008) p.286 3978:Chinese Buddhism in Southeast Asia 3868:In April 2006 China organized the 2702:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 2356:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 2222:. Other early traditions were the 2151:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 1891:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 1749:The emperor then sent an envoy to 1562:records that in 65 CE, the prince 1490:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 37: 14: 10305: 7156:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law) 6741:, The University Press Group Ltd. 6540:, Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom, 5273:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 4365:University of Massachusetts Press 4206:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). 4184: 3503:(1927–present) is the founder of 3189:, a leading Buddhist monk of the 2802:Great Propagating Goodness Temple 2707: 2368:Sui and Tang dynasty (589–907 CE) 2197:Early Chinese Buddhist traditions 1884:. Lokakṣema translated important 1574:) "delighted in the practices of 10256: 10246: 10245: 9803:Thai temple art and architecture 9548:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 7788:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 7654: 7641: 7631: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7183:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 7012: 6900: 6769:The Practice of Chinese Buddhism 6561:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), 6456: 6428: 6410: 6397: 6384: 6365: 6339: 6317: 6299: 6273: 6255: 6237: 6219: 6193: 6052:Bahir, Cody (31 December 2013). 5751:, Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House 4712:Zen Buddhism and Persian Culture 3951:(圓融佛學院) in Hong Kong as well as 3228: 2427:, between 629 and 645, the monk 528: 7655: 6749:(2001) Clear Light Publishers. 6719:Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus 6715:Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus 6626:Buddhism and Buddhists in China 6245:"净慧法师呼吁全国佛教名山大寺一律免费开放_佛教频道_凤凰网" 6171: 6153: 6111: 6086: 5941: 5916: 5890: 5839: 5813: 5701: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5615: 5602: 5589: 5565: 5556: 5497: 5462: 5427: 5380: 5368:(Thesis). Columbia University. 5317: 5290: 5223: 5153: 5116: 5043: 5010: 4977: 4930: 4849: 4824: 4787: 4774: 4762: 4738: 4702: 4546: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4469: 4456: 4443: 4430: 4417: 4404: 4392: 4379: 4370: 4363:, tr. by Frank A. Kierman Jr., 4104:(547), Tánlín's preface to the 4093: 4083:example of this kind of group. 3644:Caotangshan Great Huayan Temple 3253: 3125:During the Song dynasty, Chan ( 2924:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 2886:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 2029:Northern and Southern dynasties 1898:, and meditation on the buddha 9793:Japanese Buddhist architecture 9595:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 8675:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 7866:Places where the Buddha stayed 7542:British Indian Ocean Territory 6938:Chinese salvationist religions 6507:Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), 6018:Bahir, Cody (1 January 2018). 5113:. (Accessed 3 September 2016.) 5076:. (Accessed 3 September 2016). 4988:. University of Hawaii Press. 4353: 4344: 4323: 4304: 4295: 4274:Sinolingua. 2010. p. 64. 4258: 4199: 3880:Revival of Buddhist traditions 3320:Chinese Buddhist monks of the 3276:For viewing the vista, a 1000- 3087: 2794:. They came to Daxing Shansi ( 2383:Xuanzang's journey to the west 386:Buddhist architecture in China 1: 9808:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 6798:Yang, Fenggang; Wei, Dedong, 6776:The Buddhist Revival in China 5771:Hammerstrom, Erik J. (2020). 5134:(seventh–eighth century) and 5021:. Stanford University Press. 4288:公元1世纪———传入中国内地，与汉文化交融，形成汉传佛教。 4172: 3669:) and its affiliate temples. 3372:Republic of China (1912–1949) 3346:. But from the middle of the 3071:), eleventh century, Chinese 2658:At the Longmen cave complex, 452:Buddhist Association of China 9565:Buddhism and the Roman world 9541:Decline of Buddhism in India 9536:History of Buddhism in India 7636: Topics in 7151:Freedom of religion in China 6555:Sources of Chinese Tradition 6372:Siqi, Yang (16 March 2016). 5140:The Silk Road: A New History 5126:, and their inhabitation of 5089:have been identified as the 4937:D., Orzech, Charles (2011). 4359:Tr. by Henri Maspero, 1981, 4177: 4135:Lankavatara Masters, 713–716 4036:City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas 4016:Chinese Buddhism in the West 3841:Since the implementation of 3755:Chinese Buddhist Association 3749:Chinese Buddhist Association 3692:Mantra School Bright Lineage 3495:Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan) 3376:History of Taiwan since 1945 2880:Tang state repression of 845 2748:Arrival of Esoteric Buddhism 2531:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi Śāstra 1484:Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) 7: 10294:History of Buddhism in Asia 8763:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 8503: 6532:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 6463:Ji, Zhe (14 January 2014). 5330:. Oxford University Press. 5218:Buddhism in Chinese Society 5160:Palumbo, Antonello (2017). 4361:Taoism and Chinese Religion 4301:Maspero 1981, pp. 401, 405. 4106:Two Entrances and Four Acts 3996:Buddhism in the Philippines 3519:monastery in 1967, and the 2456:, or "Consciousness-only". 1973:and ordination lineage for 1740:first records this legend: 1711:) in modern Chinese usage. 870: 838: 806: 783: 10: 10310: 9713:The unanswerable questions 6675:Lai, Hongyi Harry (2003), 6572:Cambridge University Press 6524:Chen, Kenneth Kuan Sheng. 6499: 6481:10.1163/22143955-04102006b 6179:"Erica B. Mitchell (201), 5505:Buddhism and Asian History 5324:Wu, Jiang (1 April 2008). 5233:Debt: The First 5000 Years 4806:Sullivan, Michael (2008). 4400:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4019: 3981: 3752: 3629:Huayan Studies Association 3492: 3379: 3369: 3012:, count eleven, including 2985:, Cave 17, tenth century, 2977:riding across the waters, 2898:teaching East-Asian monk, 2883: 2751: 2675:combining prose and poetry 2554:Caves, art, and technology 2371: 2297:In the fifth century, the 2278: 2022: 1815:worshipping buddha statues 1499:Buddhist expansion in Asia 1487: 10241: 10193: 10108: 10023: 9798:Buddhist temples in Korea 9721: 9623: 9506: 9203: 9131: 8958: 8831: 8771: 8406: 8361:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 8272: 8264:Three planes of existence 8212: 8057: 7949: 7879: 7871:Buddha in world religions 7733: 7678: 7650: 7570: 7529: 7489: 7231: 7171:Ghosts in Chinese culture 7166:Regional Religious System 7143: 7107: 7021: 7010: 6913: 6732:, Oxford University Press 6685:Laliberte, Andre (2011), 6071:10.2218/ejecar.2013.1.737 5434:Sharf, Robert H. (2002). 5072:15 September 2016 at the 5061:15 September 2016 at the 4749:Columbia University Press 4287: 4270: 4121:Buddhist monasteries, 547 3949:Yuanrong Buddhist Academy 3661:, the head temple of the 3655:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3649: 3634:30 September 2019 at the 3602: 3476:Post-Communist Revolution 3233:During the Ming dynasty, 3127: 3099: 2796: 2754:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 2736:, and the Sixth Patriach 2679:Mulian Rescues His Mother 2543:. His translation of the 2139:Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra 2034:Early translation methods 1876: 1852: 1829: 1707: 1659: 9580:Persecution of Buddhists 8801:Four stages of awakening 8182:Three marks of existence 7768:Physical characteristics 7291:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6915:Major religions in China 6436: 5539:Enlightenment in Dispute 5523:A Dictionary of Buddhism 5327:Enlightenment in Dispute 5017:Bernard., Faure (1997). 4831:Ebrey, Patricia (2003). 4526: 4265: 4149:Further Biographies, 645 4147:monk from South India" ( 4128:Tanlin, sixth century CE 4086: 4050:are also large centers. 3399:Pre-Communist Revolution 3340:Battle of Nanjing (1853) 3312:Qing dynasty (1644–1911) 3178:Ming dynasty (1368–1644) 3162:Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) 3004:and the founding of the 2540:Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā 2514:Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra 2158:A completed Sūtra Piṭaka 2058:Autonomous region, China 1617:Gandhāran Buddhist Texts 59:Buddhism in Central Asia 8943:Ten principal disciples 7826:(aunt, adoptive mother) 7552:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7177:Three Persian religions 7084:Mongolian folk religion 6789:Welter, Albert (2000), 6762:The Journal of Religion 6724:McRae, John R. (2000), 6633:Kambe, Tstuomu (n.d.), 6534:Zen Buddhism: A History 5747:Huai-Chin, Nan (1999), 5469:Faure, Bernard (1997). 5230:Graeber, David (2011). 4220:Oxford University Press 3614:Huayan Buddhist College 3507:monastic order and the 3334:During the devastating 3055:Song dynasty (960–1279) 2914:, although more likely 2413:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda 2256:Great samatha-vipasyana 2214:Buddha and his western 1669:abstention from cereals 873:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra 9653:Buddhism and democracy 9166:Tibetan Buddhist canon 9161:Chinese Buddhist canon 8393:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 8388:Early Buddhist schools 6933:Folk ritual ministries 6570:, Cambridge, England: 6181:A Revival of Buddhism? 5124:Eastern Iranian people 4922:: CS1 maint: others ( 4780:Bentley, Jerry (1993) 4511:Bentley, Jerry (1993) 4462:Bentley, Jerry (1993) 4314:, tr. by Xiuqin Zhou, 3924:and helped to restore 3896: 3796: 3745: 3618:San Francisco Bay Area 3395: 3324: 3193: 3079: 3031:After the fall of the 2993: 2919: 2775: 2596: 2420: 2400: 2365: 2294: 2183:Early Buddhist Schools 2075: 2072:Chinese Buddhist canon 2059: 2016: 1940:early Buddhist schools 1935: 1916:Early Buddhist schools 1913: 1816: 1800:The first translations 1747: 1727: 1673: 1628:The French sinologist 1626: 1525: 903:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra 850:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 363:Chinese Buddhist canon 69:Silk Road transmission 43: 9663:Eight Consciousnesses 7773:Life of Buddha in art 6923:Chinese folk religion 6819:Zhu, Caifang (2003), 6623:Hodus, Lewis (1923), 6607:Hill, John E. (2009) 6227:"湖南29家寺院取消门票免费开放-中新网" 5871:Foundation, Tzu Chi. 5362:Ma, Yung-fen (2011). 5099:Transcultural Studies 4861:Landmarks in Printing 4486:23 March 2010 at the 4475:Oh, Kang-nam (2000). 4341:Maspero 1981, p. 406. 4329:Maspero 1981, p. 405. 4310:Rong Xinjiang, 2004, 3992:Buddhism in Indonesia 3988:Buddhism in Singapore 3887: 3857:by sales of tickets, 3826:counter-revolutionary 3778: 3725: 3422:, and the revival of 3389: 3319: 3185: 3098:. The Southern Song ( 3073:Northern Song dynasty 3062: 2973: 2893: 2761: 2712:After the arrival of 2561: 2502:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 2406: 2390: 2360: 2288: 2099:When the famous monk 2065: 2041: 1987: 1923: 1904: 1807: 1742: 1722: 1665: 1621: 1559:Book of the Later Han 1497: 1488:Further information: 864:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 841:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 785:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra 770:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 41: 10140:East Asian religions 9570:Buddhism in the West 9141:Early Buddhist texts 8756:Four Right Exertions 8222:Ten spiritual realms 7715:Noble Eightfold Path 7466:United Arab Emirates 6835:on 29 September 2010 6737:McRae, John (2003), 6713:Liebenthal, Walter. 6706:Liebenthal, Walter. 6666:: CS1 maint: year ( 6231:www.chinanews.com.cn 6125:on 25 December 2005. 5857:on 18 December 2012. 5847:"Voice of Longquan, 5571:Beata Grant (2008). 5393:History of Religions 4350:Maspero 1981, p. 409 4317:Sino-Platonic Papers 4190:Cook, Sarah (2017). 4077:Dharma Drum Mountain 4044:Chuang Yen Monastery 4022:Buddhism in the West 4000:Buddhism in Thailand 3984:Buddhism in Malaysia 3889:Spring Temple Buddha 3870:World Buddhist Forum 3704:Mahavairocana Temple 3610:Huayan Lotus Society 3583:was born in 1928 in 3536:Dharma Drum Mountain 3405:Communist Revolution 3359:Anagarika Dharmapala 3077:St. Louis Art Museum 2508:Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra 2248:Dharmaguptaka Vinaya 2145:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 2070:, an edition of the 1715:Traditional accounts 1645:. The first Chinese 1592:and the Han capital 615:Bodhisattva Precepts 575:Transcendent Virtues 74:Dunhuang manuscripts 10289:Buddhism by country 10263:Religion portal 10010:Temple of the Tooth 9889:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 8928:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 8421:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 8204:Two truths doctrine 8024:Mahapajapati Gotamī 7824:Mahapajapati Gotamī 7493:limited recognition 7161:Irreligion in China 7089:Qiang folk religion 6928:Ancestor veneration 6695:on 25 December 2019 6167:. 30 November 2010. 6165:Inter Press Service 5904:on 6 September 2010 5698:Mullin 2001, p. 358 5220:. 1998. pp. 318–319 4726:on 12 November 2020 4453:. 2000. pp. 280–281 4208:"Maritime Buddhism" 3806:Cultural Revolution 3679:Kōyasan Shingon-shū 3663:Kōyasan Shingon-shū 3570:Humanistic Buddhism 3525:Humanistic Buddhism 3489:Four Heavenly Kings 3412:Humanistic Buddhism 2762:Chinese use of the 2649:Leshan Giant Buddha 2210:, which focused on 1823:prince-turned-monk 1732:Emperor Ming of Han 1663:, the "Great Dao"). 1635:Emperor Huan of Han 1602:Emperor Ming of Han 1474:Cultural Revolution 1459:East Asian Buddhism 1286:Regional traditions 825:Lalitavistara Sūtra 800:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra 793:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 689:Prajñāpāramitā Devī 605:Non-abiding Nirvana 570:Transcendent Wisdom 345:Humanistic Buddhism 10185:Western philosophy 9783:Dzong architecture 9605:Vipassana movement 9600:Buddhist modernism 9028:Emperor Wen of Sui 8796:Pratyekabuddhayāna 8729:Threefold Training 8531:Vipassana movement 8247:Hungry Ghost realm 8067:Avidyā (Ignorance) 8014:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 7763:Great Renunciation 7758:Eight Great Events 7640: 7074:Miao folk religion 6970:Theravada Buddhism 6783:Buddhism under Mao 6739:Seeing Through Zen 6649:on 6 November 2015 6444:on 17 October 2015 5849:Guanghua Monastery 5827:on 12 October 2012 5287:, p. 119–120. 5050:von Le Coq, Albert 4759:, page 29, note 87 4699:, p. 125–126. 4565:Kathryn Ann Tsai, 4552:Kathryn Ann Tsai, 3968:Tzu Chi Foundation 3897: 3797: 3789:Tsz Shan Monastery 3779:Statue of Rúyìlún 3746: 3462:Guanghua Monastery 3446:and Vinaya master 3396: 3382:Buddhism in Taiwan 3325: 3194: 3080: 3047:, Chiang-hsi) and 2994: 2920: 2896:Central Asian monk 2776: 2766:for the Pratisara 2597: 2434:Nālanda University 2421: 2411:, in front of the 2401: 2393:Nalanda University 2378:Buddhism in Khotan 2295: 2262:Daily life of nuns 2204:Pure Land Buddhism 2076: 2060: 1936: 1817: 1755:White Horse Temple 1728: 1724:White Horse Temple 1682:Daoist immortality 1606:White Horse Temple 1526: 910:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 896:Golden Light Sutra 809:Vimalakirtinirdeśa 625:Bodhisattva stages 590:Consciousness-only 434:White Horse Temple 44: 10284:Buddhism in China 10271: 10270: 9909:Om mani padme hum 9615:Women in Buddhism 9531:Buddhist councils 9401:Western countries 9189:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 8950:Shaolin Monastery 8527:Samatha-vipassanā 8137:Pratītyasamutpāda 7941:Metteyya/Maitreya 7859: 7851: 7843: 7835: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7688:Four Noble Truths 7598: 7597: 7535:other territories 7225:Buddhism in Asia 7191: 7190: 7099:Yao folk religion 6907:Religion in China 6745:Mullin, Glenn H. 6617:978-1-4392-2134-1 6601:978-0-618-13384-0 6581:978-0-521-66991-7 6547:978-0-941532-89-1 6518:978-0-520-21972-4 6269:. 23 August 2007. 6106:The Tibet Journal 5877:www.tzuchi.org.tw 5784:978-0-231-55075-8 5731:www.authorama.com 5345:978-0-19-533357-2 5247:978-1-933633-86-2 5190:978-3-7001-8243-6 5148:978-0-19-993921-3 4995:978-0-8248-6194-0 4948:978-90-04-18491-6 4901:978-90-04-20401-0 4817:978-0-520-25569-2 4808:The Arts of China 4567:Lives Of The Nuns 4554:Lives Of The Nuns 4376:Hill 2009, p. 31. 4281:978-7-80200-985-1 4040:Ukiah, California 3933:Daxingshan Temple 3808:(from 1966 until 3348:Taiping rebellion 3336:Taiping rebellion 2987:Five Dyasties era 2423:During the early 2348:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2336:encounter stories 2329:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2308:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2068:Tripiṭaka Koreana 1930:, c. 250–300 CE, 1813:Emperor Wu of Han 1782:Emperor Wu of Han 1619:, and concluded: 1613:Peking University 1503:Mahayana Buddhism 1470:Taiping Rebellion 1397: 1396: 882:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 857:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 832:Samādhirāja Sūtra 555:Mind of Awakening 521:Mahāyāna Buddhism 505: 504: 340:Esoteric Buddhism 42:Chinese: "Buddha" 10301: 10261: 10260: 10249: 10248: 10088:Sacred languages 9936:Maya Devi Temple 9899:Mahabodhi Temple 9703:Secular Buddhism 9668:Engaged Buddhism 8508: 8356:Tibetan Buddhism 8307:Vietnamese Thiền 7906:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 7857: 7849: 7841: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7658: 7657: 7645: 7635: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7601: 7588: 7578: 7577: 7547:Christmas Island 7233:Sovereign states 7218: 7211: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7064:Manchu shamanism 7016: 6965:Tibetan Buddhism 6960:Chinese Buddhism 6905: 6904: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6836: 6834: 6828:, archived from 6827: 6815: 6813: 6807:, archived from 6806: 6794: 6742: 6733: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6691:, archived from 6681: 6671: 6665: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6648: 6642:, archived from 6641: 6629: 6604: 6584: 6569: 6550: 6521: 6493: 6492: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6440:. Archived from 6432: 6426: 6425: 6420:. Archived from 6414: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6335:on 21 July 2012. 6331:. Archived from 6321: 6315: 6314: 6309:. Archived from 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6189:on 14 July 2014. 6185:. Archived from 6175: 6169: 6168: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6121:. Archived from 6115: 6109: 6102: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6073: 6049: 6032: 6031: 6026:. Third Series. 6015: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5957:. 4 April 2011. 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5853:. Archived from 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5823:. Archived from 5817: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5768: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5723: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5519: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5374:10.7916/d81g0t8p 5359: 5350: 5349: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5263:, p. 86–87. 5258: 5252: 5251: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5203: 5202: 5182: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5120: 5114: 5083: 5077: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4913: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4803: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4719:. Archived from 4718: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4620:, p. 54–55. 4615: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4593:, p. 85–90. 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4530:. Archived from 4522: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4385:Williams, Paul. 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4273: 4272: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4231: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4166: 4097: 4006:Overseas Chinese 3953:Xiu Ming Society 3918:Tiantai Buddhism 3905:Tiantai Buddhism 3901:Tiantai Buddhism 3783:, also known as 3560:), teacher, and 3152:Neo-Confucianism 3130: 3129: 3101: 3089: 3067:Avalokitesvara ( 2838:Shingon Buddhism 2799: 2798: 2625:Yungang Grottoes 2613:Longmen Grottoes 2589:Longmen Grottoes 2526:Cheng Weishi Lun 2243:Avataṃsaka Sūtra 2111:of the state of 2046:in front of the 1879: 1878: 1855: 1854: 1832: 1831: 1710: 1709: 1678:Buddhist nirvana 1662: 1661: 1604:established the 1576:Huang-Lao Daoism 1403:Chinese Buddhism 1389: 1382: 1375: 1164:Hongzhi Zhengjue 981:Tibetan Buddhism 889:Ghanavyūha sūtra 877: 845: 818:Pure Land Sutras 813: 788: 749:Wrathful deities 532: 522: 507: 506: 497: 490: 483: 429:Tiantai Mountain 368:Taishō Tripiṭaka 217:Hongzhi Zhengjue 31:Chinese Buddhism 18: 17: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10255: 10237: 10189: 10104: 10019: 9756:Ordination hall 9717: 9619: 9590:Buddhist crisis 9502: 9199: 9151:Mahayana sutras 9127: 9123:Thích Nhất Hạnh 8954: 8827: 8767: 8717:Bodhisattva vow 8402: 8268: 8208: 8167:Taṇhā (Craving) 8102:Five hindrances 8053: 7945: 7875: 7729: 7674: 7646: 7629: 7599: 7594: 7566: 7534: 7525: 7506:Northern Cyprus 7492: 7485: 7227: 7222: 7192: 7187: 7139: 7103: 7022:Other religions 7017: 7008: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6867: 6832: 6825: 6811: 6804: 6781:Welch, Holmes. 6774:Welch, Holmes. 6767:Welch, Holmes. 6698: 6696: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6602: 6582: 6567: 6548: 6538:India and China 6536:, vol. 1: 6519: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6424:on 5 July 2008. 6416: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6398: 6389: 6385: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6353:on 19 July 2013 6345: 6344: 6340: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6205:Washington Post 6199: 6198: 6194: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6050: 6035: 6016: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5986:. Tzu Chi Merit 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5869: 5862: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5798: 5797: 5785: 5769: 5756: 5745: 5738: 5725: 5724: 5715: 5711:, p. 240. 2020. 5706: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5536: 5529: 5521:Keown, Damien. 5520: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5385: 5381: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5322: 5318: 5310:Nan Huai-Chin. 5309: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5191: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5121: 5117: 5084: 5080: 5074:Wayback Machine 5063:Wayback Machine 5048: 5044: 5029: 5015: 5011: 4996: 4982: 4978: 4962: 4961: 4949: 4935: 4931: 4915: 4914: 4902: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4867:on 6 March 2005 4857:"Diamond Sutra" 4855: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4497: 4493: 4488:Wayback Machine 4474: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4451:Indian Buddhism 4448: 4444: 4438:Indian Buddhism 4435: 4431: 4425:Indian Buddhism 4422: 4418: 4412:Indian Buddhism 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320:144, pp. 26–27. 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4282: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4204: 4200: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4024: 4018: 4008:communities in 4002: 3982:Main articles: 3980: 3941:Qinglong Temple 3926:Guanzong Temple 3882: 3843:Boluan Fanzheng 3839: 3802: 3757: 3751: 3744:province, China 3726:Thousand-armed 3720: 3652: 3636:Wayback Machine 3605: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3466:Malay Peninsula 3436:Zhanshan temple 3401: 3384: 3378: 3368: 3314: 3294:Amitabha Buddha 3282: 3256: 3248:Youxi Chuandeng 3231: 3180: 3164: 3057: 2968: 2888: 2882: 2756: 2750: 2710: 2595:province, China 2556: 2395:in India where 2385: 2380: 2370: 2346:identifies the 2317:Tathāgatagarbha 2283: 2277: 2264: 2206:established by 2199: 2193:in persuasion. 2160: 2097: 2036: 2031: 2021: 1981:. According to 1918: 1886:Mahāyāna sūtras 1802: 1763:Kaśyapa Mātaṅga 1717: 1590:Western Regions 1492: 1486: 1393: 1364: 1363: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1274:Thích Nhất Hạnh 1269:14th Dalai Lama 1204:Abhayākaragupta 1019: 1011: 1010: 926: 916: 915: 764: 762:Mahayana sutras 754: 753: 664: 650: 649: 620:Bodhisattva vow 540: 520: 501: 472: 471: 447: 439: 438: 399: 391: 390: 381: 373: 372: 358: 350: 349: 305: 297: 296: 92: 84: 83: 54: 12: 11: 5: 10307: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10253: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9820:Greco-Buddhist 9812: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9771:Burmese pagoda 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9727: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9629: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9553:Greco-Buddhism 9550: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9486:United Kingdom 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9431:Czech Republic 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9310: 9305: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9197: 9195:Abhidharmadīpa 9192: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9113:B. R. Ambedkar 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9033:Songtsen Gampo 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8837: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8712:Eight precepts 8709: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8591: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8500: 8490: 8485: 8483:Five Strengths 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8278: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8122:Mental factors 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7974:Mahamoggallāna 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7889:Avalokiteśvara 7885: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7853: 7845: 7837: 7829: 7821: 7813: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7628: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7582: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7221: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7130:Inner Mongolia 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6987:Roman Catholic 6984: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6919: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6866: 6865: 6854:10.2307/602960 6848:(1): 125–126, 6837: 6816: 6814:on 6 June 2010 6795: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6743: 6734: 6721: 6711: 6704: 6682: 6672: 6630: 6620: 6605: 6600: 6585: 6580: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6475:(2): 212–235. 6455: 6427: 6409: 6396: 6383: 6364: 6338: 6316: 6313:on 4 May 2007. 6298: 6272: 6254: 6236: 6218: 6192: 6170: 6152: 6140: 6136:Laliberte 2011 6128: 6110: 6094: 6085: 6033: 5997: 5975: 5940: 5915: 5889: 5860: 5838: 5812: 5783: 5754: 5736: 5713: 5707:Chün-fang Yü. 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5614: 5601: 5588: 5564: 5555: 5543: 5527: 5525:. 2003. p. 104 5509: 5496: 5481: 5461: 5446: 5426: 5405:10.1086/463182 5379: 5351: 5344: 5316: 5298: 5289: 5277: 5275:, p. 167. 5265: 5253: 5246: 5222: 5204: 5189: 5152: 5115: 5078: 5042: 5027: 5009: 4994: 4976: 4947: 4929: 4900: 4878: 4848: 4841: 4823: 4816: 4795: 4786: 4773: 4761: 4737: 4710:"Masato Tojo, 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4649:Broughton 1999 4641: 4622: 4618:Broughton 1999 4610: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4558: 4545: 4534:on 28 May 2013 4517: 4504: 4491: 4468: 4455: 4442: 4440:. 2000. p. 489 4429: 4427:. 2000. p. 278 4416: 4414:. 2000. p. 281 4403: 4391: 4378: 4369: 4352: 4343: 4331: 4322: 4303: 4294: 4280: 4257: 4238: 4198: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4131: 4124: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4048:Hsi Lai Temple 4017: 4014: 4010:Southeast Asia 3979: 3976: 3957:mainland China 3922:Guoqing Temple 3881: 3878: 3855:commercialized 3838: 3835: 3816:as one of the 3801: 3798: 3785:Cintāmaṇicakra 3753:Main article: 3750: 3747: 3728:Avalokiteśvara 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3651: 3648: 3604: 3601: 3593:Chung Tai Shan 3562:philanthropist 3493:Main article: 3490: 3487: 3483:mainland China 3477: 3474: 3400: 3397: 3380:Main article: 3367: 3364: 3313: 3310: 3269: 3255: 3252: 3235:Hanshan Deqing 3230: 3227: 3223:Caodong school 3187:Hanshan Deqing 3179: 3176: 3163: 3160: 3104:northern China 3056: 3053: 3051:(Che-chiang). 3039:, named after 2991:British Museum 2967: 2964: 2955:Emperor Wuzong 2926:under Emperor 2881: 2878: 2780:Śubhakarasiṃha 2764:Siddhaṃ script 2749: 2746: 2742:Platform Sutra 2728:, his student 2709: 2708:Ch'an Buddhism 2706: 2645:Tang dynasties 2611:province, the 2555: 2552: 2384: 2381: 2369: 2366: 2279:Main article: 2276: 2273: 2263: 2260: 2198: 2195: 2159: 2156: 2127:Amitabha Sutra 2096: 2093: 2035: 2032: 2020: 2017: 1999:Suvastu valley 1956:Sarvāstivādins 1944:Dharmaguptakas 1917: 1914: 1801: 1798: 1737:Mouzi Lihuolun 1716: 1713: 1639:Yellow Emperor 1516:) through the 1510:Chinese Empire 1485: 1482: 1478:mainland China 1406:begins in the 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1229:Rangjung Dorje 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199:Ratnākaraśānti 1196: 1191: 1189:Śaṅkaranandana 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1139:Shāntarakshita 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1006:Chung Tai Shan 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 922: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 867: 860: 853: 846: 835: 828: 821: 814: 803: 796: 789: 780: 773: 765: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 709:Avalokiteśvara 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 665: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 645:Three Turnings 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Three vehicles 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 565:Skillful Means 562: 557: 552: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 525: 524: 516: 515: 503: 502: 500: 499: 492: 485: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 237:Hanshan Deqing 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 182:Śubhakarasiṃha 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 90: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 50: 49: 46: 45: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10306: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10252: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10025:Miscellaneous 10022: 10016: 10015:Vegetarianism 10013: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9837:Buddha in art 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9491:United States 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9048:Padmasambhava 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8960:Major figures 8957: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8906:Western tulku 8904: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8707:Five precepts 8705: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8685:Dhamma vicaya 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:Buddhābhiṣeka 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Enlightenment 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087:Dhamma theory 8085: 8083: 8082:Buddha-nature 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7921:Samantabhadra 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7838: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7626: 7621: 7619: 7614: 7612: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516:South Ossetia 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 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6755:1-57416-092-3 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6645: 6638: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6393: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6119:"murdoch edu" 6114: 6108:, 32.1 (2007) 6107: 6101: 6099: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6024:Pacific World 6021: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5985: 5979: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5826: 5822: 5821:"重現一代高僧的盛德言教" 5816: 5808: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5585:j.ctt6wqcxh.6 5582: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5548: 5541:. 2008. p. 41 5540: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5482:0-8047-2865-8 5478: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5447:0-585-47161-4 5443: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399:(2): 87–114. 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5028:0-8047-2865-8 5024: 5020: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4842:0-521-43519-6 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4757:0-231-08361-0 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4697:Zvelebil 1987 4693: 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 87. 4674: 4673:Dumoulin 2005 4669: 4663:, p. 89. 4662: 4661:Dumoulin 2005 4657: 4650: 4645: 4639:, p. 26. 4638: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4608:, p. 88. 4607: 4606:Dumoulin 2005 4602: 4600: 4592: 4591:Dumoulin 2005 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4449:Warder, A.K. 4446: 4439: 4436:Warder, A.K. 4433: 4426: 4423:Warder, A.K. 4420: 4413: 4410:Warder, A.K. 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389:. 2008. p. 30 4388: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4277: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4239:9780199340378 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069:Fo Guang Shan 4065: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032:San Francisco 4029: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3972:Fo Guang Shan 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3847:Deng Xiaoping 3844: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:superstitious 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3517:Fo Guang Shan 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505:Fo Guang Shan 3502: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3229:Eminent monks 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:Yangtze River 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Mahavairocana 2803: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2698:Diamond Sūtra 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2566:statues of a 2565: 2560: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:consciousness 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:(present-day 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2391:The ruins of 2389: 2379: 2375: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352:Diamond Sūtra 2349: 2345: 2344:Nan Huai-Chin 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315:and those of 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2232:Vinaya school 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2121:Diamond Sutra 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2030: 2026: 2025:Six Dynasties 2015: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1960:Mahāsāṃghikas 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1630:Henri Maspero 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596:(present-day 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580:Kushan Empire 1577: 1573: 1570:(present-day 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1549:Yangtze River 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:first entered 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1219:Sakya Pandita 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1159:Dahui Zonggao 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 991:Fo Guang Shan 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924:Major schools 920: 919: 912: 911: 907: 905: 904: 900: 898: 897: 893: 891: 890: 886: 884: 883: 879: 876: 875: 874: 868: 866: 865: 861: 859: 858: 854: 852: 851: 847: 844: 843: 842: 836: 834: 833: 829: 827: 826: 822: 820: 819: 815: 812: 811: 810: 804: 802: 801: 797: 795: 794: 790: 787: 786: 781: 779: 778: 774: 772: 771: 767: 766: 763: 758: 757: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 739:Samantabhadra 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 694:Bhaiṣajyaguru 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 663: 659: 654: 653: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 635:Luminous mind 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 560:Buddha-nature 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 536: 535: 531: 527: 526: 523: 518: 517: 513: 509: 508: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 478: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 443: 442: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 395: 394: 387: 384: 383: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 354: 353: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 301: 300: 293: 290: 288: 287:Nan Huai-Chin 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 222:Dahui Zonggao 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 207:Daman Hongren 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 91:Major figures 88: 87: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 64:Dharmaguptaka 62: 60: 57: 56: 53: 48: 47: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 10203:Bodhisattvas 10123:Christianity 10118:Baháʼí Faith 9983:Dharmachakra 9973:Prayer wheel 9963:Prayer beads 9731:Architecture 9610:969 Movement 9394:Saudi Arabia 9372:Central Asia 9365:South Africa 9187: 9170: 9103:Panchen Lama 9008:Buddhapālita 8604:Satipatthana 8599:Mindful Yoga 8512:Recollection 8426:Brahmavihara 8297:Japanese Zen 8292:Chinese Chan 8252:Animal realm 8059:Key concepts 7881:Bodhisattvas 7693:Three Jewels 7531:Dependencies 7461:Turkmenistan 7426:Saudi Arabia 7175: 7029:Baháʼí Faith 6977:Christianity 6945:Confucianism 6845: 6841: 6830:the original 6821: 6809:the original 6800: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6746: 6738: 6729: 6714: 6707: 6697:, retrieved 6693:the original 6687: 6677: 6651:, retrieved 6644:the original 6635: 6625: 6608: 6590: 6563: 6554: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6508: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6446:. Retrieved 6442:the original 6430: 6422:the original 6412: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6386: 6377: 6367: 6355:. Retrieved 6351:the original 6341: 6333:the original 6328: 6325:"archive.ph" 6319: 6311:the original 6301: 6289:. Retrieved 6287:. 1 May 2007 6284: 6275: 6266: 6257: 6249:fo.ifeng.com 6248: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6209:. Retrieved 6204: 6195: 6187:the original 6180: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6123:the original 6113: 6105: 6088: 6061: 6057: 6027: 6023: 5988:. Retrieved 5978: 5966:. Retrieved 5952: 5943: 5931:. Retrieved 5927: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5902:the original 5892: 5880:. Retrieved 5876: 5855:the original 5848: 5841: 5829:. Retrieved 5825:the original 5815: 5777:. New York. 5773: 5748: 5730: 5708: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5631: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5576: 5567: 5558: 5538: 5522: 5504: 5499: 5471: 5464: 5436: 5429: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5364: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5169: 5155: 5139: 5132:Tang Chinese 5118: 5098: 5081: 5054: 5045: 5018: 5012: 4985: 4979: 4938: 4932: 4890: 4871:12 September 4869:. Retrieved 4865:the original 4860: 4851: 4832: 4826: 4807: 4789: 4781: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4744: 4740: 4728:. Retrieved 4721:the original 4711: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4651:, p. 8. 4644: 4613: 4586: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4532:the original 4520: 4512: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4476: 4471: 4463: 4458: 4450: 4445: 4437: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4372: 4360: 4355: 4346: 4325: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4285: 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4211: 4201: 4191: 4186: 4159:Pallava king 4148: 4137: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4025: 4003: 3965: 3930: 3911:, including 3898: 3867: 3851: 3840: 3803: 3766:Panchen Lama 3758: 3671: 3653: 3626: 3606: 3578: 3548: 3529: 3498: 3479: 3472:and Taiwan. 3459: 3444:Shi Yinguang 3424:Chinese Chan 3409: 3402: 3356: 3333: 3326: 3322:Qing dynasty 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254:Eminent nuns 3245: 3238: 3232: 3219:Linji school 3215:Ming dynasty 3198:Ming dynasty 3195: 3191:Ming dynasty 3172:Ming dynasty 3168:Yuan dynasty 3165: 3156: 3139:, including 3137:Song dynasty 3133: 3124: 3120:Yellow River 3084:Song dynasty 3081: 3037:Fayan school 3033:Tang dynasty 3030: 3026:Liao dynasty 3022:Northern Han 3006:Song dynasty 3002:Tang dynasty 2995: 2952: 2948: 2939:Confucianism 2932: 2921: 2858: 2850:Shingon sect 2826:Tang Daizong 2822: 2814:Confucianism 2801: 2777: 2722:Japanese Zen 2711: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2683:filial piety 2668: 2664:Bodhisattvas 2657: 2653:Tang dynasty 2637:Northern Wei 2598: 2578:Kshitigarbha 2564:Tang dynasty 2544: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2486:Indian logic 2458: 2425:Tang dynasty 2422: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2306: 2296: 2289:Ven. Master 2281:Chinese Chán 2269: 2265: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2200: 2175:Sutta Pitaka 2168:Sūtra Piṭaka 2161: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2098: 2089: 2077: 2011: 1988: 1967:Central Asia 1964: 1937: 1928:funerary jar 1908: 1905: 1889: 1888:such as the 1862: 1818: 1791: 1785: 1767: 1748: 1743: 1735: 1729: 1702: 1694: 1685: 1674: 1666: 1654: 1627: 1622: 1610: 1584: 1557: 1545:Paul Pelliot 1541:Liang Qichao 1534: 1527: 1463: 1436: 1420:Central Asia 1400: 1398: 1259:D. T. Suzuki 1064:Buddhapālita 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 871: 862: 855: 848: 840: 830: 823: 816: 807: 798: 791: 776: 768: 662:Bodhisattvas 595:Three bodies 462:Martial arts 414:Mount Jiuhua 398:Sacred Sites 380:Architecture 252:Miyun Yuanwu 51: 15: 10048:Dharma talk 9877:Asalha Puja 9673:Eschatology 9476:Switzerland 9456:New Zealand 9384:Middle East 9293:Philippines 9213:Afghanistan 9018:Bodhidharma 9003:Buddhaghosa 8923:Householder 8833:Monasticism 8786:Bodhisattva 8641:Prostration 8594:Mindfulness 8522:Anapanasati 8505:Kammaṭṭhāna 8302:Korean Seon 8242:Asura realm 8237:Human realm 8177:Ten Fetters 8132:Parinirvana 8034:Uppalavanna 7999:Mahākaccana 7984:Mahākassapa 7916:Kṣitigarbha 7911:Ākāśagarbha 7808:Suddhodāna 7753:Four sights 7680:Foundations 7590:Asia portal 7491:States with 7411:Philippines 7351:South Korea 7346:North Korea 7241:Afghanistan 7069:Manichaeism 6699:29 November 6653:19 February 6568:(paperback) 6448:29 November 6357:29 November 5928:religion.vn 5831:4 September 5261:Welter 2000 5136:Uyghur rule 5111:endnote #32 5109:. See also 4730:19 February 4527:法鼓山聖嚴法師數位典藏 4163:Kanchipuram 3828:. Buddhist 3731:Bodhisattva 3196:During the 3166:During the 3108:Jin dynasty 3096:inner China 3065:Bodhisattva 3041:Fayan Wenyi 2983:Mogao Caves 2975:Vaishravana 2928:Tang Wuzong 2908:Tarim Basin 2854:Tendai sect 2788:Amoghavajra 2770:, from the 2714:Bodhidharma 2601:Mogao Caves 2568:bodhisattva 2546:Heart Sūtra 2374:Sui dynasty 2303:Bodhidharma 2237:Lotus Sūtra 2133:Lotus Sutra 2080:monasticism 2048:Kizil Caves 2001:, north of 1983:A.K. Warder 1948:Mahīśāsakas 1932:Jin dynasty 1858:bodhisattva 1809:Mogao Caves 1793:Book of Han 1770:Mogao Caves 1759:Dharmaratna 1699:transcribed 1697:, which is 1530:Han dynasty 1520:during the 1514:Han dynasty 1408:Han dynasty 1401:history of 1297:Han Chinese 1119:Amoghavajra 1094:Bodhidharma 1084:Candrakīrti 1079:Dharmakīrti 1074:Bhāvaviveka 1029:Ashvaghosha 1018:Key figures 777:Lotus Sūtra 734:Ākāśagarbha 729:Kṣitigarbha 719:Vajrasattva 610:One Vehicle 545:Bodhisattva 419:Mount Putuo 404:Mount Wutai 277:Yang Wenhui 197:Bodhidharma 192:Amoghavajra 10278:Categories 10165:Psychology 10145:Gnosticism 10133:Comparison 10128:Influences 10110:Comparison 9993:Bhavacakra 9951:Kushinagar 9926:Pilgrimage 9872:Māgha Pūjā 9827:Bodhi Tree 9643:Buddhology 9633:Abhidharma 9625:Philosophy 9558:Menander I 9426:Costa Rica 9377:Uzbekistan 9218:Bangladesh 9172:Dhammapada 9156:Pali Canon 9118:Ajahn Chah 9098:Dalai Lama 8998:Kumārajīva 8993:Vasubandhu 8968:The Buddha 8876:Zen master 8811:Sakadagami 8791:Buddhahood 8722:Pratimokṣa 8537:Shikantaza 8493:Meditation 8468:Deity yoga 8339:Madhyamaka 8232:Deva realm 8127:Mindstream 8077:Bodhicitta 7989:Aṅgulimāla 7856:Devadatta 7832:Yaśodharā 7735:The Buddha 7725:Middle Way 7471:Uzbekistan 7446:Tajikistan 7361:Kyrgyzstan 7341:Kazakhstan 7261:Bangladesh 7251:Azerbaijan 7004:Falun Gong 6982:Protestant 6329:archive.ph 6211:26 October 5793:1154101063 5537:Jiang Wu. 5285:McRae 2003 5052:. (1913). 5004:1199729266 4637:McRae 2003 4579:McRae 2003 4266:中国文化科目认证指南 4173:References 4020:See also: 3810:Mao Zedong 3762:Dalai Lama 3674:Mount Kōya 3667:Mount Kōya 3659:Kongōbu-ji 3455:Zhao Puchu 3390:Venerable 3370:See also: 3020:, but not 2960:Christians 2906:, eastern 2894:Blue-eyed 2884:See also: 2876:chanting. 2784:Vajrabodhi 2772:Later Tang 2752:See also: 2734:Wu Zhetian 2535:Vasubandhu 2465:perception 2372:See also: 2325:buddhahood 2246:, and the 2148:, and the 2101:Kumārajīva 2044:Kumārajīva 2042:Statue of 2023:See also: 1958:, and the 1952:Kāśyapīyas 1844:abhidharma 1840:meditation 1608:in 68 CE. 1553:Huai River 1522:Kushan Era 1466:modern era 1428:Paramartha 1424:Kumarajiva 1239:Longchenpa 1234:Tsongkhapa 1149:Mazu Daoyi 1134:Shāntideva 1059:Sthiramati 1054:Vasubandhu 1044:Kumārajīva 1001:Fa Gu Shan 931:Mādhyamaka 679:Adi-Buddha 669:Shakyamuni 630:Pure Lands 585:Two truths 550:Buddhahood 409:Mount Emei 304:Traditions 247:Ouyi Zhixu 212:Mazu Daoyi 187:Vajrabodhi 117:Paramartha 102:Kumārajīva 10233:Festivals 10213:Buddhists 10175:Theosophy 9978:Symbolism 9968:Hama yumi 9941:Bodh Gaya 9708:Socialism 9683:Evolution 9658:Economics 9496:Venezuela 9411:Australia 9406:Argentina 9330:Sri Lanka 9325:Singapore 9243:Indonesia 9205:Countries 9146:Tripiṭaka 9108:Ajahn Mun 8983:Nagarjuna 8978:Aśvaghoṣa 8861:Anagārika 8856:Śrāmaṇerī 8851:Śrāmaṇera 8846:Bhikkhunī 8806:Sotāpanna 8695:Passaddhi 8636:Offerings 8611:Nekkhamma 8488:Iddhipada 8408:Practices 8378:Theravada 8351:Vajrayana 8344:Yogachara 8314:Pure Land 8227:Six Paths 8214:Cosmology 7994:Anuruddha 7969:Sāriputta 7959:Kaundinya 7951:Disciples 7926:Vajrapāṇi 7778:Footprint 7743:Tathāgata 7557:Hong Kong 7511:Palestine 7436:Sri Lanka 7431:Singapore 7311:Indonesia 7125:Northeast 7115:Hong Kong 7108:By region 7049:Dongbaism 7034:Benzhuism 6557:. c. 800. 6489:2214-3947 6080:2053-1079 6064:: 81–93. 6030:: 95–129. 5963:0040-781X 5801:cite book 5421:162235701 5413:0018-2710 5199:2412-3196 5107:2191-6411 4965:cite book 4957:716806704 4941:. Brill. 4918:cite book 4910:731667667 4685:Kambe n.d 4367:, p. 402. 4178:Citations 4075:(慈濟) and 4054:Sheng Yen 4028:Hsuan Hua 3909:Hong Kong 3874:Changzhou 3818:four olds 3793:Hong Kong 3597:Hong Kong 3581:Wei Chueh 3566:Ying Shun 3558:bhikkhuni 3544:Pure Land 3532:Sheng Yen 3501:Hsing Yun 3470:Hong Kong 3392:Hsuan Hua 2912:Tocharian 2660:Wu Zetian 2582:Vairocana 2450:East Asia 2291:Wei Chueh 2220:Sukhāvatī 2216:pure land 2179:Theravada 2113:Later Qin 1979:bhikṣuṇīs 1872:Lokakṣema 1825:An Shigao 1780:portrays 1647:apologist 1600:), where 1585:Da Yuezhi 1537:Silk Road 1518:Silk Road 1443:Pure Land 1439:Sinicized 1412:Silk Road 1354:Indonesia 1264:Sheng-yen 1039:Lokakṣema 1024:Nāgārjuna 976:Vajrayāna 966:Pure Land 714:Vajrapāṇi 699:Vairocana 684:Akshobhya 580:Emptiness 539:Teachings 325:Pure Land 272:Hsuan Hua 177:Chengguan 97:Lokakṣema 10251:Category 10180:Violence 10150:Hinduism 10098:Sanskrit 10053:Hinayana 10038:Amitābha 9998:Swastika 9867:Uposatha 9857:Holidays 9842:Calendar 9688:Humanism 9526:Kanishka 9516:Timeline 9340:Thailand 9308:Kalmykia 9303:Buryatia 9288:Pakistan 9273:Mongolia 9268:Maldives 9263:Malaysia 9228:Cambodia 9093:Shamarpa 9088:Nichiren 9038:Xuanzang 8973:Nagasena 8891:Rinpoche 8621:Pāramitā 8463:Devotion 8383:Navayana 8371:Dzogchen 8334:Nichiren 8282:Mahayana 8274:Branches 8152:Saṅkhāra 7901:Mañjuśrī 7858:(cousin) 7850:(cousin) 7818:(mother) 7810:(father) 7798:Miracles 7748:Birthday 7665:Glossary 7638:Buddhism 7580:Category 7501:Abkhazia 7451:Thailand 7406:Pakistan 7386:Mongolia 7381:Maldives 7376:Malaysia 7276:Cambodia 7054:Hinduism 6992:Orthodox 6955:Buddhism 6662:citation 6553:Han Yu. 6291:27 April 6285:BBC News 6148:Lai 2003 5491:36423511 5456:53119548 5087:Sogdians 5070:Archived 5067:Tafel 19 5059:Archived 5037:36423511 4484:Archived 4271:华语教学出版社. 4244:Archived 3814:Buddhism 3632:Archived 3551:Buddhist 3420:Yin Shun 3352:licences 3298:Maitreya 3210:Yogacara 3116:Hangzhou 2979:Dunhuang 2900:Bezeklik 2852:and the 2792:Xuanzong 2774:. 927 CE 2694:Printing 2623:and the 2605:Dunhuang 2562:Massive 2517:and the 2505:and the 2497:Yogācāra 2490:Woncheuk 2454:Yogācāra 2442:Chang'an 2438:Sanskrit 2429:Xuanzang 2409:Xuanzang 2399:studied. 2397:Xuanzang 2363:buddhas. 2350:and the 2313:Yogācāra 2230:and the 2212:Amitābha 2208:Hui Yuan 2191:Mahāyāna 2187:Hīnayāna 2109:Yao Xing 2056:Xinjiang 2003:Gandhāra 1995:Oḍḍiyāna 1991:Aparānta 1925:Jiangnan 1900:Akṣobhya 1882:Gandhāra 1864:Mahāyāna 1821:Parthian 1774:Dunhuang 1692:Sanskrit 1564:Liu Ying 1432:Xuanzang 1416:Buddhism 1349:Malaysia 1344:Mongolia 1184:Nichiren 1109:Xuanzang 1034:Āryadeva 986:Dzogchen 971:Nichiren 936:Yogācāra 724:Maitreya 704:Mañjuśrī 674:Amitabha 512:a series 510:Part of 424:Mount Lu 282:Yin Shun 242:Zhu Hong 132:Woncheuk 122:Xuanzang 107:Sengzhao 23:a series 21:Part of 10228:Temples 10208:Buddhas 10170:Science 10160:Judaism 10155:Jainism 10073:Lineage 10033:Abhijñā 10003:Thangka 9946:Sarnath 9931:Lumbini 9852:Funeral 9847:Cuisine 9723:Culture 9698:Reality 9648:Creator 9638:Atomism 9508:History 9481:Ukraine 9441:Germany 9360:Senegal 9350:Vietnam 9278:Myanmar 9078:Shinran 9068:Karmapa 9043:Shandao 9013:Dignāga 8938:Śrāvaka 8918:Donchee 8913:Kappiya 8871:Sayadaw 8841:Bhikkhu 8816:Anāgāmi 8773:Nirvana 8739:Samadhi 8626:Paritta 8567:Tonglen 8562:Mandala 8517:Smarana 8498:Mantras 8446:Upekkha 8416:Bhavana 8366:Shingon 8319:Tiantai 8172:Tathātā 8162:Śūnyatā 8157:Skandha 8147:Saṃsāra 8142:Rebirth 8117:Kleshas 8107:Indriya 8009:Subhūti 7894:Guanyin 7848:Ānanda 7840:Rāhula 7720:Nirvana 7660:Outline 7476:Vietnam 7391:Myanmar 7371:Lebanon 7301:Georgia 7256:Bahrain 7246:Armenia 7144:Related 7094:Sikhism 7059:Judaism 7039:Bimoism 6500:Sources 6437:中國評論新聞網 6267:Reuters 5968:10 July 5933:10 July 5908:10 July 5882:10 July 5612:, p. 6. 5085:Ethnic 4538:29 July 4145:Brahman 4138:/c. 715 4079:(法鼓山). 4073:Tzu Chi 4071:(佛光山), 3859:incense 3820:, as a 3781:Guanyin 3770:Hsu Yun 3738:Nunnery 3735:Guanyin 3708:America 3585:Sichuan 3579:Master 3574:Tzu Chi 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