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2371:). The king did this in anger because when he asked the monasteries in his domain for a Buddhist teacher to teach him Buddhism, the Buddhists did not send to him any learned scholar. Mahirakula cruel deed against the Buddhists triggered the king of Magadha to go to war with him. Mahirakula is defeated, forgiven but returns to power by assassinating the king of Kashmira and Gandhara. Xuanzang recites the hearsay stories he heard about Mahirakula's continued cruelty and destruction of 1600 stupas and monasteries. Xuanzang then describes the surviving monasteries in Sagala with hundreds of Buddhist monks, along with its three colossal stupas, each over 200 feet tall, two built by Ashoka.
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different subjects and use sharp words to argue. Each
Buddhist sect has different set of rules and regulations for their monks. The monks who cannot expound a single text must do the routine monastic duties (cleaning monastery and such). Those who can expound one Buddhist text flawlessly is exempt from such duties. Those who can recite two texts, get better quality rooms. Monks who can expound three Buddhist texts get attendants to serve them, while the few monks who can expound all four are provided with lay servants. Expounders of five texts have elephants for travel, while six texts entitles them to security retinue.
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2390:. Near this, states Xuanzang, are numerous small stupas and large Buddhist caves. Around this monastery in the Himalayan hills are "hundreds and thousands of stupas, built so closely together than their shadows touch one another" (Li Rongxi translation). From there, he visited Jalamdhara. It grows non-sticky rice and cereals, its forest are luxuriant, the region is lush with flowers and fruits. They have 50 monasteries with over 2000 monks studying Mahayana and Hinayana traditions of Buddhism. They also have
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2622:. The city has a great temple with decorated buildings. At the east of this great city two rivers meet forming a dune that is over ten li wide, and it is this place that wealthy people and kings such as Shiladitya come on pilgrimage from ancient times and give alms. It is called the Grand Place of Almsgiving. Numerous people gather here and bathe at the confluence of two rivers, some drown themselves, believing that this washes away their sins and that it will give them a better rebirth.
2100:). To its east are the "City of Svetavat temple" and the Aruna Mountain known for its frequent avalanches. His travelogue then describes several popular legends about a Naga king. He also describes miraculous events from a Buddhist stupa, such as raging flames bursting out of them leaving behind stream of pearls. The citizens here, states Xuanzang, worship pieces of Buddha's remains that were brought here in more ancient times. He mentions four stupas built in this area by king
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2089:, where the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism had come in vogue. It had over 100 monasteries with stupas. More than 6000 monks, mostly Mahayana, studied here. Along with these Buddhist monasteries, states his travelogue, there were over ten Deva temples (Hindu) with "heretical believers who go about naked and smear dust over their bodies", translates Li Rongxi. Furthermore, in the same capital region, there is a Hinayana monastery with 300 monks at the northern foothills.
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2410:(saints) live. He then headed south, into the country of Shatadru. Here, writes Xuanzang, people wear "gorgeous, extravagant" clothes, the climate is hot and citizens are honest and friendly by custom. It has ten monasteries, but ruined and with few monks. He visits the country of Pariyatra, where they have plenty of cattle and sheep, as well as a type of rice that they harvest in sixty days after planting. This region has eight ruined monasteries and ten
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2339:, this Rishi set out to "make inquiries into the way of learning" (Li Rongxi translation). He thoroughly studied all written and spoken language, words in ancient and his times, then created a treatise of one thousand stanzas. The heretics (Hindus) transmit this text orally from teacher to pupil, and it is this that makes the Brahmanas of this city "great scholars of high talent with knowledge of wide scope". They have an image of
3489:. Xuanzang, with a team of disciple translators, commenced translating the voluminous work in 660 CE, using all three versions to ensure the integrity of the source documentation. Xuanzang was being encouraged by a number of his disciple translators to render an abridged version. After a suite of dreams quickened his decision, Xuanzang determined to render an unabridged, complete volume, faithful to the original of 600 chapters.
2058:). There, state his travelogue is a colossal statue of standing Buddha, carved from a rock in the mountains, some one hundred and forty feet tall and decorated with gems. This valley has Buddhist monasteries, and also a colossal copper statue of the Buddha, that is over a hundred foot tall. He was told that it was cast in separate parts and then joined up together. To the east of a monastery in the Bamiyana valley was a
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2277:), and then into Kashmira. He was received by the king, and numerous monks from the Jayendra monastery. Kashmira is land with a very cold climate and is often calm without any wind. The region has lakes, grows plenty of flowers and fruit, saffron and medicinal herbs. Kashmira has over 100 monasteries and more than 5000 monks. The residents revere four large stupas that were built in ancient times by Ashoka.
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of the details in the surviving versions of
Xuanzang biography were invented or a paleographic confusion introduced an error, or the Persian-Turkish records are unreliable. The Japanese version is based on 8th to 10th-century translations of texts that ultimately came from Xuanzang's monastery, which unfortunately has added to the confusion. Most sources state that Xuanzang started his pilgrimage in 629 CE.
4266:, Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol 3, Issue 1, pp. 228–258, Quote: "Xuanzang's Datang Xiyu ji has been and is notoriously used for the reconstruction of South Asian history and the history of Buddhism in India. Very often Xuanzang's information is either dismissed because it does not corroborate or even contradicts the facts in Indian sources, or is used to overwrite these sources."
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2129:", equal to forty li, but varying between thirty and sixteen depending on the source. They divide day and night into kala, and substances into various divisions, all the way to a fineness that they call indivisible and emptiness. The country has three seasons: hot, cold, rainy according to some Buddhists; while others say it is four: three months each of spring, summer, monsoon, and autumn.
1913:). Here he met the king, a Buddhist along with his uncle Jnanachandra and precept Mokshagupta, who tried to persuade him to quit his journey and teach them Buddhist knowledge. He declined and they equipped him further for his travels with letters of introduction and valuables to serve as funds. Xuanzang observed that the country of Agni had more than ten monasteries following the
2840:. The country and its capital is sparsely populated. A fertile land, it produces a fragrant form of rice with extraordinary lustre. It regularly floods during the monsoon season, and during these months one can use a boat to travel. People are honest and simple here, and they revere Buddhism. Magadha has fifty monasteries and over ten thousand monks. It also has tens of
3457:, etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools. Xuanzang's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji (窺基) who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school. Xuanzang's logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lacked the necessary background in
2429:, calling it a part of central India. This region is fertile, people love mangoes, they produce cloth and gold. The climate is hot, the people are genial and good by custom, they advocate learning and virtue, states Xuanzang. This country has over twenty monasteries with over two thousand monks studying Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. Many
2809:, where says Xuanzang, people are honest and simple by custom. They study both orthodox Buddhist and heterodox non-Buddhist doctrines. The country of Vaishali has hundreds of monasteries, but only a few have monks and are in good condition. He describes the Svetapura monastery with lofty buildings and magnificent pavilions.
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manifestations". Crossing another 1000 li, he reached Darada valley – the old capital of
Udayana, with a 100 feet golden wood statue of Maitreya Boddhisattva. This statue, states his travelogue, was built by an artist who went three times into heaven to see how he looks and then carve the realistic image of him on earth.
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to south and long from east to west, he calls the Great Pure Lake. He describes supernatural monsters, fishes and dragons living in this lake. The
Xuanzang travelogues then rush through the names of many countries, stating that more details are provided in the return part of his journey, as he crosses into country of
5556:- In: 東アジアの宗教と文化 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集 = Essays on East Asian religion and culture: Festschrift in honor of Nishiwaki Tsuneki on the occasion of his 65th birthday / クリスティアン・ウィッテルン, 石立善編集 = ed. by Christian Wittern und Shi Lishan. - 京都 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集編集委員會; 京都大���人文科學研究所; Christian Wittern, 2007, pp. 35 - 73. See p. 35
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he slip away. They hurry towards a village. Near it, they meet a
Brahmana who is tilling his land. They tell him that robbers attacked them and their companions. The Brahmin goes to the village and beats a drum and blows a conch. About 80 men gather, and together they proceed to rescue the companions of Xuanzang.
2221:, one with nearly 2000 feet in diameter and a 25 layer wheel on the top. There is a large monastery near it. Gandhara has numerous holy Buddhist sites, and Xuanzang visited and worshipped all of them. He calls the stupas and the Buddha images in this region as "magnificent" and made with "perfect craftmanship".
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lineage. Three of his ancestors were also monarchs, and they were all known to the
Chinese monarchs as virtuous. Xuanzang then recites, at length, the story of prince Shiladitya and how he constructed both major monasteries and temples, feeding hundreds of Buddhist monks and hundreds of Hindu priests
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temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes. The country of
Vilashana and Kapitha are south and southeast of Ahicchattra. Most people in Vilashana are non-Buddhists, and there are two monasteries here with three hundred Buddhist monks. In Kapitha, there are four monasteries teaching Hinayana
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Xuanzang also describes implausible events such as glowing rock footprints of Buddha, dragons, tales of Naga, a stupa in which is preserved the Buddha's eyeball as "large as a crabapple" and that is "brilliant and transparent" throughout, a white stone Buddha idol that worked miracles and "frequently
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The monasteries in these kingdoms are splendid, with four corner towers and halls with three tiers. They have strange looking figures at the joints, rafters, eaves and roof beams. The
Indians paint the walls, doors and windows with colors and pictures. People prefer to have home that look simple from
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Xuanzang states that India is a vast country over ninety thousand li in circuit, with seventy kingdoms, sea on three sides and snow mountains to its north. It is a land that is rich and moist, cultivation productive, vegetation luxuriant. He adds that it has its own ancient customs, such as measuring
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From
Jalambhara, Xuanzang travelled northeast through jagged peaks, deep valleys and dangerous trails into the Himalayan country of Kuluta. It is surrounded by mountains, and has abundant fruits, flowers and trees. It has twenty monasteries and over a thousand Buddhist monks studying mostly Mahayana
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Xuanzang includes a section on the differences between the
Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhist communities. There are eighteen sects in Buddhism, according to Xuanzang. They stand against each other, debate "various viewpoints, as vehemently as crashing waves". Though they share the same goal, they study
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of "Xuanzang" include Hyun Tsan, Hhuen Kwan, Hiuan Tsang, Hiouen Thsang, Hiuen Tsang, Hiuen Tsiang, Hsien-tsang, Hsyan-tsang, Hsuan Chwang, Huan Chwang, Hsuan Tsiang, Hwen Thsang, Hsüan Chwang, Hhüen Kwān, Xuan Cang, Xuan Zang, Shuen Shang, Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang. Hsüan, Hüan, Huan
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After crossing Ganges, he entered into the country of Matipura. Here, according to Xuanzang, half of the population is Buddhist and the other believe in heterodox religions. The climate is cooler and more temperate, its people are honest and esteem learning. The king of this country worships at the
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temples are also found in this country. He describes the ritual carrying and worship of the Buddha and Buddhist deities in this country with incense and flowers scattered in streets. He visits and praises the Govinda monastery in the Mathura country. Next he visits the country of Sthanesvara, which
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Xuanzang describes many events where he is helped by both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. For example, he describes leaving the city of Sakala and Narasimha, then passing with his companions through the Great Palasha forest. They get robbed and are walked towards some dry pond to be killed. A monk and
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After further similar introduction covering the diverse aspects of the Indian culture he observed, including fashion, hair styles, preference for being barefoot, ritual washing their hands after releasing bodily waste, cleaning teeth by chewing special tree twigs, taking baths before going to their
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The residents of India clean their floor and then smear it with a preparation of cow dung, followed by decorating it with flowers, unlike Chinese homes. Their children go to school at age seven, where they begin learning a number of treatises of the five knowledges – first grammar, second technical
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The kingdoms of India have numerous villages and cities. Their towns and cities have square walls, streets are winding and narrow, with shops lined along these roads. Wine is sold in shops on the side streets. Those whose profession is butchering, fishing, executioners, scavengers (people that kill
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mountain ranges). Here, observed Xuanzang, the wind is cold and "blows with a piercing vehemence" (Li Rongxi translation). Ferocious dragons live here and trouble the travellers particularly those who wear "reddish brown" color clothes. Thereafter, he crossed past a salty sea, one narrow from north
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Xuanzang writes of a dragon race and a region where water dragons metamorphose into horses to mate and create dragon-horses, also into men and mating with women nearby, creating dragon-men who could run as fast as the dragon-horses. These were men who will have massacred an entire city, leaving the
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Yet, one version by Huili, states that Xuanzang met Yabghu Qaghan, someone who died in 628 CE according to Persian and Turkish records. If this detail in Xuanzang's biography and Persian-Turkish records are true, then Xuanzang must have left before Qaghan's death, or in 627 CE. In other words, some
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The date when Xuanzang's pilgrimage started is not resolved in any of the texts that Xuanzang himself wrote. Further, he did not write his own biography or travelogue, rather he recited it to his fellow monks after his return from India. Three of his immediate collaborators wrote his biography, and
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After Kapilavastu, he went eastward to the country of Ramagrama (Rama). The region is sparsely populated, the towns and villages in a dilapidated condition. He mentions a stupa where a snake-dragon comes out of the pond to circumambulate it, as well as elephants pick flowers and come to scatter on
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River to its west, with flowery forests of brilliant colors, transparent waters and prosperous people. They are simple and honest by custom, states Xuanzang, with handsome and graceful features. They cherish arts and literature, speak lucidly. Half of the population is Buddhist, half heretics. The
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temples with numerous heretics. East of this region is the Ganges river with dark blue waters and strange creatures living in it, but these creatures do not harm people. The water of Ganges is sweet in taste, and the heretics believe it to contain the "water of blessedness", and that bathing in it
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There is some dispute over the Chinese character for Xuanzang's given name at birth. Historical records provide two different Chinese characters, 褘 and 禕; both are similar in writing except that the former has one more stroke than the latter. Their pronunciations in pinyin are also different: the
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river in the middle of it. These people are like those in Sthanesvara country. They believe in heretical ideas (Hindu) and are honest by nature, states Xuanzang. They cherish learning, arts and crafts, and cultivate wisdom, blessedness. In this country are five Buddhist monasteries, over thousand
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deity as its guardian. The monastery and the capital attracts repeated raids from the Turk chieftains who seek to loot these precious jewels. This monastery has a large bathing pot that looks dazzlingly brilliant and has a Buddha's tooth relic and Buddha's broom made of "kasa grass". Outside is a
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is the longest and most detailed account of the countries of Central and South Asia that has been bestowed upon posterity by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. While his main purpose was to obtain Buddhist books and to receive instruction on Buddhism while in India, he ended up doing much more. He has
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with many buildings and courtyards. Inside these buildings are "most wonderful, and exquisitely done decorative paintings", states Xuanzang. It is painted in gold, silver, pinkish blue, lustrous white and semitransparent pigments, with the Buddha's ornaments in the panel embedded with gems and
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Buddhism was in vogue. He crossed the countries of Samarkand, Mimohe, Kaputana, Kusanika, Bukhara, Betik, Horismika and Tukhara. These had cities near rivers or lakes, then vast regions with no inhabitants, little water or grass. He describes warring factions of Turk chieftains in control, with
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is the basis for all Chinese commentaries on the sutra, and recitations throughout China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. His style was, by Chinese standards, cumbersome and overly literal, and marked by scholarly innovations in terminology; usually, where another version by the earlier translator
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temple near the Ganges river. The heretics call it the "Gate of the Ganges". People from all five parts of India – east, north, west, south, central – come here crossing long distances on pilgrimage and to bathe at these gates. This place has numerous rest and almshouses, where the "isolated,
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While other rescued companions of his wail about the loss of all their property, Xuanzang reminds them that they should all be happy to be alive and not worry about the loss of property. The villagers help his companions and him by hosting them before the resume their journey. Yet, elsewhere,
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To Xuanzang, he entered India as he crossed the Black range and entered the country of Lampa. His travelogue presents India in fascicles separate from those for Central Asia. He, however, does not call it India, but the phonetic equivalent of what previously has been variously interpreted as
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In all these places, he mentions how the Buddha lived here in one of his previous lives (Jataka legends) and illustrated compassion-strength through his actions. There is a Buddhist temple northeast of Manglaur with the Avalokitesvara Bodhusattva image, one is noted for "its miraculous
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on festive days. He describes numerous monasteries in the southeast of its capital, along with large Buddhist temple made of stone and brocks, with a thirty feet tall Buddha statue. To the south of this is temple, states Xuanzang, is a Surya temple built from bluestone. Next to the
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Xuanzang obtained and translated 657 Sanskrit Buddhist works. He received the best education on Buddhism he could find throughout India. Much of this activity is detailed in the companion volume to Xiyu Ji, the Biography of Xuanzang written by Huili, entitled the Life of Xuanzang.
2157:, near the source of Kabul river) as the territory of north India, one whose circuit is more than 1000 li and where all monasteries studied Mahayana Buddhism. They have tens of Deva temples (Hindu) which heretics (non-Buddhists) frequent. To its southeast is the country of (modern
2750:, where towns and villages are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. He describes a large brick temple with reclining Buddha. He describes many monuments and sites he was able to see where numerous legends of the Buddha played out, including the site where he was cremated.
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solitary and needy people get free food and medical service". North of this place is the country of Brahmapura, densely populated with prosperous and rich people. Colder in climate, here people are rude and violent by custom. This region has five Buddhist monasteries and ten
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Taking the monastic name Xuanzang, he was fully ordained as a monk in 622, at the age of twenty. The myriad contradictions and discrepancies in the Chinese translations at that time prompted Xuanzang to decide to go to India and study in the cradle of Buddhism. He knew about
1978:. Xuanzang describes more monasteries, such as the Eastern Cakuri monastery and Ascarya monastery, with Buddha's footprints and Buddha idols. According to Xuanzang's accounts, mystical light emanated from Buddha's footprints on "fast days". In the country of Baluka, the
3333:. Instead, he retired to a monastery and devoted his energy to translating Buddhist texts until his death in 664 CE. According to his biography, he returned with "over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred
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living beings and deal with products derived from them) are not allowed to live inside the cities. The cities are built from bricks, while homes are either made mostly from bricks or from "wattled bamboo or wood". Cottages are thatched with straw and grass.
2633:. It produces abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and sugarcane. The citizens are bold, furious and dedicated to good deeds by custom. It has ten deserted and dilapidated Buddhist monasteries, attended by about three hundred monks. The country has fifty
2249:, Kasyapiya, Mahisasaka and Dharmagupta. These schools became unpopular, as the later form of Mahayana prospered. According to Xuanzang, these monasteries of early Buddhist schools are desolate and attract few monks. He then reached the city of Hi-lo and
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Moving further westward, Xuanzang met about two thousand Turkic robbers on horses. The robbers began fighting with each other on how to fairly divide the loot. After the loot had thus been lost, they dispersed. Xuanzang thereafter reached the country of
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school of Buddhism were composed. A few hundred li east of Ayodhya is the country of Ayamukha. Here too, states Xuanzang, people are honest and simple. They have five monasteries with over one thousand monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Near them are ten
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Xuanzang was known for his extensive but careful translations of Indian Buddhist texts to Chinese, which have enabled subsequent recoveries of lost Indian Buddhist texts from the translated Chinese copies. He is credited with writing or compiling the
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Xuanzang arrived in Taxila, after crossing a river with "poisonous dragons and evil animals". There, he visited a major Buddhist monastery of the Sautrantika school. From there, after covering some 2200 li, he passed through the country of Simhapura
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in 629–645 CE, his efforts to bring over 657 Indian texts to China, and his translations of some of these texts. He was only able to translate 75 distinct sections of a total of 1335 chapters, but his translations included some of the most important
2674:), describing it to be a country of over six thousand li in circuit. The capital city is desolate, states Xuanzang, though some residents still live here. There are over hundred monasteries in its capital city, many dilapidated, where monks study
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temples, worshipping in their temples, their alphabet that contains forty seven letters, the diversity of languages spoken, how harmonious and elegant they sound when they speak their languages, Xuanzang presents the various kingdoms of India.
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The stupa are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. The local Buddhists believe that the Buddha taught here while flying in the air, because were he to walk here, it caused many earthquakes. Nagarahara has a 300 feet high stupa built by
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this stupa, according to Xuanzang. There is a monastery near this special stupa, where monks study Hinayana. Some hundred li to the east is another colossal stupa in good condition, one built by Ashoka. Past this forest is the country of
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has wealthy but unkind citizens who show off their wealth. It has three Buddhist monasteries with over seven hundred monks, a lustrous and clean colossal stupa which witnesses "many divine manifestations". It also has well over hundred
2785:, he visits the country of Garjanapati, where he finds the Aviddhakarna monastery that is "very exquisitely" carved with decorative sculptures. It is lush with flowers, with reflections in the pond nearby. From there he heads north of
740:, is a notable source about Xuanzang, and also for scholarship on 7th-century India and Central Asia. His travelogue is a mix of the implausible, the hearsay and a firsthand account. Selections from it are used, and disputed, as a
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province of China. As a boy, he took to reading religious books, and studying the ideas therein with his father. Like his elder brother, he became a student of Buddhist studies at Jingtu monastery. Xuanzang was ordained as a
2947:. He describes Nalanda as a place with "azure pool winds around the monasteries, adorned with the full-blown cups of the blue lotus; the dazzling red flowers of the lovely kanaka hang here and there, and outside groves of
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He headed northeast, crossed Ganges river again, and this came to the country of Vishaka. He calls its people sincere and honest by custom, fond of learning. It has twenty monasteries and three thousand monks studying
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too built many Buddhist monasteries here. He also had treatises with 960,000 words written on copper plates and had them stored in a newly built great stupa. The Kashmira region has numerous monks well versed with the
2824:, near the Snow Mountains. It has many flowers and fruits, yaks and two-headed birds. The people here, says Xuanzang, are rude and disparaging by nature, but skilled in craftsmanship. Their Buddhist monasteries and
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temples and numerous non-Buddhists. In the capital, within the palace is a Buddhist temple with a Buddha statue made from sandalwood. This Buddha image "emits divine light" sometimes, states Xuanzang. He adds that
2026:
In the capital of the country of Bactra, states Xuanzang, is a monastery with a Buddha's idol decorated with jewels and its halls studded with rare precious substances. The Buddhist monastery also has an image of
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that had reached China. He was also concerned about the competing Buddhist theories in variant Chinese translations. He sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.
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was released in 2016 as an official Chinese and Indian production. It was offered as candidate for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards due to its camera work, but ultimately was not nominated.
2570:. It grows abundant amounts of cereals, is blessed with fruits and flowers. People are benign and dedicate themselves to arts and crafts. Ayodhya has over a hundred monasteries and three thousand monks studying
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temples. He also describes a Buddhist temple with painting of a prince riding on a white horse, as well many Buddhist monuments and legends about the Buddha's early life in this region, as well as those of the
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temples. Kapitha, states Xuanzang, has a "beautifully constructed monastery with many lofty and spacious buildings adoerned with exquisite carvings" (Li Rongxi translation). It has Buddha statue at the top,
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skills which he states includes arts, mechanics, yin-yang and the calendar, third medicine, fourth being logic, and fifth field of knowledge taught is inner knowledge along with theory of cause and effect.
1942:. This country of 1000 li by 600 li, had over one hundred monasteries with five thousand monks following the Sarvastivada school of Hinayana Buddhism, and studying its texts in "original Indian language".
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river to its west. The city is densely populated, with tightly packed homes in its lanes. The people are "enormously wealthy", mild and courteous by nature. Few here believe in Buddhism, most are heretics
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2555:) temple also made from bluestone. Both are profusely carved with sculptures. About 100 li to the southeast of Shiladitya's capital, states Xuanzang, is the Navadevakula city on the eastern bank of
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Reconstructed route of Xuanzang over 629–645 CE through India. Along with Nalanda in Bihar, he visited locations that are now in Kashmir, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Bangladesh.
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on his way back to China. He arrived in the capital, Chang'an, on the seventh day of the first month of 645, 16 years after he left Chinese territory, and a great procession celebrated his return.
2729:. This country has no ruler, he states, and every city has its own lord. Well over a thousand monasteries were in this region, but most are dilapidated. Some three thousand monks continue to study
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garden with two 70 feet high pillars standing, but the monastery there is in ruins. One pillar has a wheel carved at its top, the other a bull. Xuanzang saw all the monuments associated with the
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South of Bactra is the country of Kacik, then the Great Snow Mountains with valleys "infested with gangs of brigands" (Li Rongxi translation). Crossing this pass, thereafter is the country of
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temples. This country has ten Buddhist monasteries left. There were many more before, states Xuanzang. These were destroyed few hundred years ago, during the rule of a king named Mahirakula (
2169:, with marvellous sculptures. Xuanzang paid homage by circling it. Both Lampaka and Nagarahara countries were independent with their own kings, but they have become a vassal of the Buddhist
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from Daoxun and is also in Japanese and Korean texts. The 629 CE is found in Chinese and western versions. This confusion, though merely of two years, is of significance to western history.
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Xuanzang also recites the implausible tale of meeting a Brahmana who was 700 years old and had two associates, each over 100 years old, who had mastered all of the Vedas and the Buddhist
2300:. He calls them heretics (non-Buddhists). These heretics help him and his companions get new garments and food. He stayed with this implausibly old Brahmana for a month, and studied the
3398:
During Xuanzang's travels, he studied with many famous Buddhist masters, especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nalanda. When he returned, he brought with him some 657
731:. He departed from India with numerous Sanskrit texts on a caravan of twenty packhorses. His return was welcomed by Emperor Taizong in China, who encouraged him to write a travelogue.
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river to its east. They produce abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and wheat, also gold, brass, iron and other metals. They do not believe in Buddhism, and pray in several hundred
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of this doctrine, "the fruit of seven centuries of Indian Buddhist thought." In this scripture, Xuanzang appears to a certain extent as the continuator of both Asanga and Vasubandhu.
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temples. Southeast of here, states Xuanzang, is the country of Ahicchattra with ten monasteries and a thousand monks belonging to the Sammitiya sect of Hinayana Buddhism. It has five
2774:). Some of these heretic followers go naked and smear their bodies with ash. On the west bank of Varana river near Baranasi, is a great stupa that is 100 feet tall and was built by
3895:
3422:, and he founded a school taking after that tradition in China. His 7th-century scholarship on Yogacara has a major influence on Chinese Buddhism, and then on East Asian Buddhism.
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temples touch each other, and people simultaneously believe in Buddhist and non-Buddhist doctrines. The country has two thousand monks who study Hinayana and Mahayana teachings.
3691:— have been very helpful in the recording of the archaeological history of Bengal. His account has also shed welcome light on the history of 7th century Bengal, especially the
4041:
2686:'s palace, then to its east the Great Dhamma Hall stupa, another stupa and a temple for the maternal aunt of the Buddha. Next to these, states Xuanzang, is the great stupa of
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there which was also attended by both the monarchs as well as several others from neighboring kingdoms, Buddhist monks, Hindus, and Jains. Emperor Harsha invited Xuanzang to
5935:
5631:
2778:. Before it is a standing green-stone pillar polished as smooth as a mirror, states Xuanzang. He describes many more stupas, pillars and monasteries in Baranasi country.
2237:, with many holy Buddhist sites. Xuanzang worshipped at these "great stupas and big monasteries". Thereafter he reached the country of Udayana, through which flowed the
2610:
river. It has luxuriant fruit trees and cereal crops, its people are kind and helpful. Most of them believe in heretical religions, and Prayaga has several hundreds of
1750:. According to traditional biographies, Xuanzang displayed a superb intelligence and earnestness, studied with his father, and amazed him by his careful observance of
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715:
At age 27, he began his seventeen-year overland journey to India. He defied his nation's ban on travel abroad, making his way through central Asian cities such as
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temple about the same size as the Buddha temple, both in good condition. Over sixty li to the northwest of Shravasti capital, he saw a series of stupas built by
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where ceremonies are performed by naked heretics who smear ash on their body. About 30 li (about 12 kilometers in 7th-century) southeast from these temples is
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He then describes several legends associated with Ashoka, along with several stupas and monasteries he found in good condition. For example, he describes the
5554:"Has Xuanzang really been in Mathurā?: Interpretatio Sinica or Interpretatio Occidentalia — How to Critically Read the Records of the Chinese Pilgrim."
2121:"Tianzhu" or "Shengdu" or "Xiandou". More recent scholarship suggests the closest pronunciation of the 7th-century term in his travelogues would be "Indu".
1119:
Another form of his official style was "Yuanzang", written 元奘. It is this form that accounts for such variants as Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang.
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2543:
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3414:. He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese. His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of
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legends with the Buddha, though many of these were in dilapidated condition. He also saw a Buddhist temple 60 feet high with a seated Buddha image, and a
8923:
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On his return to China in 645 CE, Xuanzang was greeted with much honor but he refused all high civil appointments offered by the still-reigning emperor,
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food only that would be consistent with Mahayana Buddhist teachings. Therefore, the Buddhists in this country had stagnated in their Buddhist teachings.
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2877:. Within this monastery complex, states Xuanzang, there are three temples, the center one with a thirty foot tall Buddha idol, another has a statue of
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about 300 li southeast of the Magadha capital. It has four courts, lofty terraces, multi-storied pavilions where thousands of monks continue to study
2421:
Xuanzang describes Ganges river with blue waters, who heretics believe carries "waters of blessedness", and in which a dip leads to expiation of sins.
5681:. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. (a dated, abridged translation)
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2854:. One can see the very ancient foundations of Kusumapura. Later, when human life span reduced to "several thousand years", its name was changed to
2820:
temples and doctrines, states Xuanzang. It has over ten monasteries with less than a thousand Buddhist monks. He then travelled to the country of
2382:'s reign, peaches and pears plantations were imported into Chinabhukti, northern India. Further northeast, he visited a Buddhist monastery of the
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temples and stupas here, but several hundred such Buddhist and non-Buddhist monuments are in dilapidated and ruined condition, states Xuanzang.
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3862:, Japan. In November 1965, the relics of Xuanzang were returned by the Japanese government to Taiwanese government and eventually enshrined in
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composed and under study at the major Buddhist monasteries of Matipura. This region has the city of Mayura, densely populated and with a great
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Xuanzang visited the country of Chinabhukti next, which he states got its name because a region west of the Yellow river was a vassal state of
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will come to an end in a distant future, therefore anyone who comes to this place feels sad and "sheds tears" (Li Rongxi translation).
1843:
Xuanzang started his pilgrimage to India in either 627 or 629 CE, according to two East Asian versions. The 627 CE version is found in
1677:
6228:
2978:, who made available to Xuanzang and through him to the Sino-Japanese world the entire heritage of Buddhist Mahayana thought, and the
2320:. It is a great site of pilgrimage, where Indians from very far come with prayers. At the foot of this mountain is another temple for
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5509:. Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada dharma series. Sutra Translation Committee of the U.S. & Canada.
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and has visited the Vaikunta Perumal Temple and also said that Kanchi was a strong center of Buddhism. He continued travelling to
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Xuanzang describes Prayaga as a great city where Ganges and Yamuna meet, one where people ritually fast, bathe and give away alms.
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His elder brother was already a monk in a Buddhist monastery. Inspired, at a young age, Xuanzang expressed interest in becoming a
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1830:'s visit to India and, like him, sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.
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2766:). The country has over thirty Buddhist monasteries with three thousand monks studying Hinayana. There are over one hundred
1714:). His family was noted for its erudition for generations, and Xuanzang was the youngest of four children. His ancestor was
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The force of his own study, translation, and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the
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Xuanzang describes thousands of monasteries and stupas in northwest India. Above: the ruins of Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila.
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that was over one thousand foot long. The people and the king of this valley serve the Buddhist monks, records Xuanzang.
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There was also a biography of Xuanzang written by the monk Huili (慧立). Both books were first translated into English by
3015:. One of them was the Vāśibhã Monastery, where he found over 700 Mahayana monks from all over Eastern India. He visited
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Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk (Xuanzang) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment
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Bhat, R. B. & Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2014.
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In Fascicle 6 of the travelogue manuscript, Xuanzang focuses on some of the holiest sites in Buddhism. He begins with
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temples. The Matipura country has ten monasteries and over eight hundred monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Over fifty
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emitted light". The travelogue states that Xuanzang went into a dark cave here where dangerous beings lived, recited
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river. It is surrounded by flowery wood, has three monasteries with five hundred monks, and a multi-tiered terraced
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texts. He observed that there were many viharas at Amaravati and some of them were deserted. He later proceeded to
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thus leaving three versions and with variant details. All three of these versions begin his pilgrimage in 629 CE.
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When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"
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outside, but is much decorated inside. They construct their homes such a way that they open towards the east.
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Xuanzang visited Sravasti site (above), the place where the Buddha spent most of his time after enlightenment.
1816:. Here the two brothers spent two or three years in further study in the monastery of Kong Hui, including the
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The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang: Ninth and Tenth Chapters
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3599:. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
2213:, and they include Narayanadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dharmatrata, Monaratha and Parshva. To the southeast of
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To the northeast of Varsha country, states Xuanzang, there is a lofty mountain with a bluish stone image of
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3554:, in 1884 and 1911 respectively. An English translation with copious notes by Thomas Watters was edited by
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statues are "carved from stone with the most exquisite craftsmanship". About thirty li to the east of this
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of 645 CE for events, names and texts he mentions. His text in turn provided the inspiration for the novel
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Jain, Sandhya & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.
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2241:(now called Swat river). It had 1400 monasteries of five early Buddhist schools (of 18 sub-traditions) –
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Kingdoms of Konkanapura, Maharashtra, Malawa, Valabhi, Gurjara, Ujjayani, Sindhu, Langala, Avanda, Varnu
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by Tripitaka Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty, translation, and explanation by Ronald Epstein (1986)
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2191:, and they became Buddhists. Thereafter they all burnt incense and worshipped the Buddha with flowers.
1205:
674:(novice monk) at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the
262:
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7750:
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Buddhism, and they have over a thousand monks. Along with these Buddhist institution, Kapitha has ten
2161:), with many Buddhist monasteries and five Deva temples. The number of monks here, however, are few.
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707:'s visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the
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5312:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 259–268
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Rene Grousset. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971 p161
5199:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 229–249
5186:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 227–228
5173:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 207–208
5148:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 195–201
5132:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 190–192
5104:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 178–189
5076:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 171–177
5048:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 158–167
5032:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 151–157
5004:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 145–151
4988:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 139–142
4972:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 136–139
4959:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 132–136
4943:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 123–133
4925:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 121–124
4900:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 109–115
4874:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 103–108
4848:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 101–103
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relics." In celebration of Xuanzang's extraordinary achievement in translating the Buddhist texts,
2816:, he headed north and reached the country of Vriji. This country mostly venerates the non-Buddhist
1512:
1241:
132:
5260:"Xuanzang and the Three Types of Wisdom: Learning, Reasoning, and Cultivating in Yogācāra Thought"
4822:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 68–69
4780:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 83–87
4710:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 58–62
4692:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 55–57
4622:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 43–48
4600:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 41–44
4570:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 32–39
4542:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 25–32
4509:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 18–27
4493:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 17–18
4477:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 16–17
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19:
This article is about the historical Buddhist monk. For the fictional character based on him, see
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1822:. The abbot Zheng Shanguo allowed Xuanzang to study these advanced subjects though he was young.
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like his brother. After the death of his father in 611, he lived with his older brother Chen Su (
700:
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He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to
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built stupa, with a twenty feet high pillar and lion image on its top. From there he walked to
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school with 300 monks. He describes another colossal stupa that is over 200 feet tall built by
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How to Create a Great Monastery: Xuanzang's Foundation Legend of Nālandā in Its Indian Context
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Though Xuanzang is mainly known for his translation work, he also wrote a few original works.
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trees offer the inhabitants their dense and protective shade" (translation of Rene Grousset).
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2995:, Xuanzang travelled through several kingdoms, including Iranaparvata, Champa, from there to
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5239:. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971. p159-161
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in Magadha. It is very ancient. When human life was "innumerable years" long, it was called
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2908:'s hill, Vipula hill, Pippala Cave, Bamboo temple and other monuments, Xuanzang arrived in
2288:, states Xuanzang. He stays in Kashmira for two years and studies the treatises with them.
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A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
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A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
4351:
A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty
1722:. His great-grandfather Chen Qin (陳欽) served as the prefect of Shangdang (上黨; present-day
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4374:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
4353:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
4151:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley,
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Some five hundred li (~200 kilometer in 7th-century) to the southeast is the country of
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Xuanzang was born Chen Hui (or Chen Yi) on 6 April 602 in Chenhe Village, Goushi Town (
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1324:
742:
670:
647:, scholar, traveler, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to
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carved into the rocks of Bamiyan region (above: 19th-century sketch, destroyed by the
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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for a long time but was moved to a newly built memorial hall in Nalanda in 2007. The
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Central Asia and India. This book was first translated into French by the Sinologist
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flowers with a 100 foot ancient stupa with collapsed foundation, originally built by
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1187:("Three Baskets"), and in some English-language fiction and English translations of
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preserved the records of the political and social aspects of the lands he visited.
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temples frequented by heretics (Hindus). This region has many caves where Buddhist
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2023:). He adds that the Hinayana Buddhist schools were followed in all these regions.
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Xuanzang was born on 6 April 602 in Chenliu, what is now Kaifeng municipality in
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4278:"Fact versus Fiction: From Record of the Western Regions to Journey to the West"
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3794:
3749:, and is protected on his journey by four powerful disciples. One of them, the
3746:
3574:
3204:
3170:
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3087:
3075:
2996:
2859:
2707:
2539:
2074:
2020:
1955:
1419:
1414:
1103:
753:
708:
539:
458:
377:
370:
224:
9302:
9122:
3007:. There Xuanzang found 20 monasteries with over 3,000 monks studying both the
2927:
At Nalanda, he was in the company of several thousand monks. Xuanzang studied
9712:
9662:
9619:
9594:
9454:
9384:
9267:
8998:
8983:
8615:
8464:
7773:
7675:
7533:
7334:
7312:
7248:
6919:
6714:
6709:
6601:
6270:
6093:
6081:
5750:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California.
4031:
4017:
3626:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California.
3454:
3446:
3415:
3192:
where he witnessed the Emperor's generous distribution of gifts to the poor.
2671:
2643:
2509:
2274:
2097:
2092:
The citizens of this country, adds Xuanzang, fondly recall "King Kanishka of
2085:
Heading east and crossing the Black range, Xuanzang describes the country of
1967:
1502:
1492:
1469:
1404:
1389:
1246:
1184:
276:
8901:
7073:
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6435:
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became and remains an important milestone in all East Asian Buddhist sects.
2340:
2329:
2260:
9389:
9379:
9307:
9127:
8988:
8705:
8690:
8660:
8610:
8600:
8442:
8237:
7730:
7565:
7443:
7231:
7226:
7053:
6924:
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6260:
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4728:
4669:
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3828:
3790:
3777:
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3728:
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texts. With the emperor's support, he set up a large translation bureau in
3342:
2889:
2383:
2242:
2234:
1979:
1914:
1805:
1751:
1596:
1434:
1409:
1086:
757:
525:
444:
349:
210:
20:
9292:
7488:
7473:
7433:
7130:
6794:
6370:
2069:
30:"Hun Sang" redirects here. For the former prime minister of Cambodia, see
9599:
9509:
9359:
9157:
9147:
9047:
8675:
8504:
7645:
7630:
7413:
7221:
7149:
6929:
6759:
6661:
6508:
6380:
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See Eli Franco, "Xuanzang's proof of idealism." Horin 11 (2004): 199-212.
3707:
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3240:
3208:
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1991:
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4725:
4713:
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3293:
3253:
3130:
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2690:. About five li (~2 kilometers in 7th century) south of the city is the
1112:
in early Mandarin, which accounts for the archaic transliterations with
9177:
9018:
8968:
8938:
8620:
8578:
8454:
8260:
8185:
7799:
7783:
7745:
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6029:
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Xuanzang Memorial, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara on Google Cultural Institute
5792:
4282:
Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage
3954:
3859:
3855:
3824:
3750:
3684:
3442:
3437:(613–696), become influential authors in their own right. Although the
3212:
3196:
3189:
3024:
3004:
2959:
2944:
2905:
2893:
2687:
2683:
2394:
temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes (Shiva-Hinduism).
2368:
2238:
2007:
1975:
1909:
In 630 CE, he arrived in the kingdom of Agni (Yanqi, in a place called
1800:
In 618, the Sui Dynasty collapsed and Xuanzang and his brother fled to
1591:
1429:
1394:
1369:
1299:
255:
9312:
9008:
7640:
6636:
2963:
2713:
2351:
Kingdoms of Takka, Jalamdhara, Sthanesvara, Mathura, Matipura, Kapitha
1158:
628:
625:
617:
614:
9604:
9434:
9332:
9297:
9207:
9097:
9077:
9003:
8993:
8973:
8595:
8568:
7735:
7610:
7322:
7238:
7115:
7005:
6978:
6971:
6934:
6891:
6854:
6621:
6586:
6553:
6528:
6483:
3724:
3696:
3643:
3524:
3441:
school itself did not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding
3411:
2909:
2836:
In Fascicle 8 of the travelogue, Xuanzang begins with the country of
2722:
2695:
2667:
2661:
2285:
2202:. On its east, it is bordered by the Indus river, and its capital is
2011:
1999:
1995:
1707:
1454:
297:
106:
9589:
9499:
9374:
8368:
7204:
7058:
6824:
6606:
6475:
6467:
4393:
2475:
temples are frequented by the heretics here. Xuanzang describes the
703:, where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about
9657:
9559:
9494:
9444:
9364:
9182:
9102:
8885:
8725:
8680:
8625:
8590:
8494:
8153:
7720:
7715:
7600:
7518:
7483:
7478:
7139:
7010:
6998:
6909:
6568:
6265:
6216:
6210:
6174:
6087:
6041:
6035:
5892:
The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing
4012:
3688:
3680:
3434:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3224:
3178:
3174:
3099:
3031:
and other regions, which Xuanzang calls as "domain of east India".
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
2940:
2936:
2858:. Towards the north of his royal city is a huge standing pillar of
2782:
2754:
2691:
2639:
2630:
2615:
2582:
temples. This is the country where some of the key shastras of the
2571:
2528:
2524:
2455:
2379:
2375:
2356:
2344:
2325:
2280:
2270:
2250:
2218:
2214:
2203:
2195:
2093:
1983:
1971:
1918:
1790:
1723:
1464:
1424:
1329:
1314:
1289:
1162:
657:
634:
318:
122:
9068:
Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)
7710:
7700:
7685:
7508:
7378:
6646:
5911:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
5629:
Relic of famous Chinese monk moved to new memorial hall in N India
3506:
In 646, under the Emperor's request, Xuanzang completed his book,
2984:, Xuanzang's great philosophical treatise, is none other than the
2904:
After crossing the Maha river, visiting many stupas, monasteries,
2614:
temples. At the south of this great city here is a forest full of
2563:
temple that is "exquisitely constructed" (Li Rongxi translation).
1706:) and died on 5 February 664 in Yuhua Palace (玉華宮, in present-day
9672:
9634:
9624:
9439:
9404:
9394:
9369:
9072:
8630:
8573:
8558:
7705:
7695:
7670:
7545:
7540:
7498:
7468:
7400:
7366:
7253:
7194:
7189:
7043:
6946:
6784:
6734:
6521:
6347:
6204:
6186:
6180:
6099:
5780:
Chasing the Monk's Shadow: A Journey in the Footsteps of Xuanzang
5647:
Arai, Kiyomi. "Yakushiji offers peace of mind." (originally from
3847:
3840:
3836:
3820:
3438:
3426:
3392:
3216:
3200:
3162:
3079:
2992:
2932:
2921:
2917:
2837:
2753:
In Fascicle 7, Xuanzang describes five countries. He starts with
2626:
2603:
2567:
2515:
2442:
2426:
2360:
2313:
2230:
2174:
2112:
2078:
2016:
1813:
1809:
1786:
1758:
1711:
1699:
1497:
1474:
1449:
1384:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1319:
1174:
720:
688:
683:
679:
644:
382:
110:
83:
31:
9414:
7317:
7085:
5940:
5899:
Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas, and Transcendence
3597:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang
3429:
school (法相宗) in East Asia. Some of Xuanzang's students, such as
3035:
Kingdoms of Kalinga, Multan, Andhra, Chola, Dravida and Malakuta
2198:– which some historic Chinese texts phonetically transcribed as
9687:
9677:
9629:
9614:
9579:
9449:
9429:
9424:
9317:
8710:
8695:
8531:
8393:
8373:
8148:
7810:
7690:
7680:
7615:
7243:
7199:
7184:
7174:
7144:
7068:
6951:
6719:
6591:
6335:
6330:
6198:
6122:
6058:
4035:
4022:
4007:
3953:
Statue of Xuanzang at Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery in
3815:
A skull relic purported to be that of Xuanzang was held in the
3668:
3651:
3512:, which has become one of the primary sources for the study of
3334:
3220:
3181:
3115:
3095:
3000:
2955:
2913:
2847:
2821:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2775:
2763:
2758:
2739:
2703:
2619:
2607:
2556:
2519:
2503:
2450:
2446:
2387:
2166:
2126:
2101:
2051:
1963:
1910:
1827:
1735:
1727:
1354:
1294:
1166:
1142:
1095:
704:
4042:
A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea
2832:
Kingdoms of Magadha, Iranaparvata, Champa, Kajangala, Kamarupa
2710:, one who lived for "twenty thousand" years, states Xuanzang.
9569:
9514:
9464:
9419:
9242:
9197:
9038:
8850:
8685:
8543:
8509:
8489:
8459:
8388:
7805:
7650:
7528:
7523:
7493:
7448:
7295:
7290:
7169:
6874:
6699:
6666:
6656:
6192:
6012:
5761:
Nattier, Jan. "The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?".
5324:"Xuan Zang stayed in Vijayawada to study Buddhist scriptures"
3941:
Statue of Xuanzang in front of Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an
3761:
3758:
3450:
3430:
3358:
3111:
3103:
2948:
2928:
2771:
2552:
2548:
2499:
2407:
2403:
2336:
2321:
2317:
2148:
2038:
2033:
1939:
1703:
1444:
1439:
1344:
1309:
1109:
in today's Mandarin, was previously pronounced as the h-like
724:
716:
664:
361:
152:
87:
50:
5763:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
5012:
5010:
4517:
4515:
4454:
4452:
4450:
2793:
temple. It has storied pavilions and terraces, the numerous
8720:
7513:
7179:
6676:
3797:
by Wu Changling (吳昌齡) about Xuanzang obtaining scriptures.
1970:. After a feast, Xuanzang continued west then southwest to
1875:
the Buddhist doctrine was imperfect and the scriptures were
1649:
1170:
1122:
Tang Monk (Tang Seng) is also transliterated /Thang Seng/.
4428:(2010), "Note sur la chronologie du voyage de Xuanzang."
4235:
2954:
According to Grousset, the founders of Mahayana idealism,
2510:
Kingdoms of Kanyakubja, Ayodhya, Prayaga, Kausambi, Visaka
1789:, supported by the Sui state. During this time he studied
8378:
6914:
5151:
5107:
5079:
5051:
5007:
4903:
4795:
4783:
4573:
4545:
4512:
4447:
3901:
Golden statue of Xuanzang. Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an
3823:
until 1956 when it was taken to Nalanda—allegedly by the
3745:
is the reincarnation of the Golden Cicada, a disciple of
1958:
before turning northwest to cross the Tian Shan and then
1885:
the Mahayana sutras would have not only been sprinkled at
1877:
incomplete. Having many doubts, I wish to go and find out
1183:"Sanzang" is the Chinese term for the Buddhist canon, or
1125:
Another of Xuanzang's standard aliases is Sanzang Fashi (
337:
323:
309:
1879:
the truth, and so I decided to travel to the West at the
1734:; his grandfather Chen Kang (陳康) was a professor in the
267:
5868:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
3843:
province also claims to have part of Xuanzang's skull.
3727:, and the legends that grew up around it, inspired the
3471:
as a commentary on these texts. His translation of the
2209:
This is the land of ancient sages and authors of Indic
1887:
Kapilavastu, but the sublime truth may also be known in
1742:. His father Chen Hui (陳惠) served as the magistrate of
4435:
2642:
is the place that Buddhists text predict is where the
2107:
4631:
3576:
On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. Vol.1
1881:
risk of my life in order to seek for the teachings of
603:; 6 April 602 – 5 February 664), born
544:
530:
463:
449:
243:
229:
215:
5999:
5310:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5197:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5184:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5171:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5146:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5130:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5102:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5074:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5046:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5030:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
5002:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4986:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4970:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4957:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4941:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4923:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4898:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4872:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4846:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4833:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4820:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4778:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4708:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4690:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4620:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4598:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4568:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4540:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4507:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4491:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4475:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
4149:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
3624:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
3483:
Xuanzang returned to China with three copies of the
3410:), drawing students and collaborators from all over
2846:
According to Xuanzang, there is city south of river
2654:. Vishaka has numerous non-Buddhists and over fifty
1990:
From here, he crossed a desert, icy valleys and the
1873:
offerings. It is because I regretted, in my country,
719:
to India. He visited, among other places, the famed
5799:(retracing Xuanzang's journeys). Harper Perennial.
3753:, was a popular favorite and profoundly influenced
2943:school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda with
2733:in many of these monasteries. This country has two
1871:
The purpose of my journey is not to obtain personal
288:
5444:
4345:
4343:
2662:Kingdoms of Sravasti Kushinagara, Baranasi, Nepala
1804:, which had been proclaimed as the capital of the
4236:Stephen Gosch; Peter Stearns (12 December 2007).
3478:
2725:, Xuanzang travelled southeast to the country of
2414:temples. The monks study Hinayana Buddhism here.
2359:, extending from the Indus river to its west and
9710:
9268:Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)
9253:Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)
4364:
3913:Xuanzang Memorial Hall in Nalanda, Bihar, India.
3562:, and published posthumously in London in 1905.
3074:Xuanzang turned southward and travelled towards
2566:About 600 li to the southeast is the country of
760:, around nine centuries after Xuanzang's death.
9263:Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)
5834:. Westview Press, 1996. Revised and updated as
5416:"The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings"
4635:Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World
4340:
4318:London: Royal Asiatic Society. pp. xi–xii.
3378:
3118:and Pravata before returning to Nalanda again.
2224:
5530:
5528:
4315:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India 629–645 A.D.
3827:—and presented to India. The relic was in the
3776:series), and became well known in the West by
3699:, although at times he can be quite partisan.
2531:teachings. The heretics have over two hundred
2343:installed in reverence of him in this city of
1883:which I have not yet heard, so that the Dew of
1858:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
567:
8931:
8917:
6244:
5985:
5832:Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road
5827:. Reprint, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973.
5739:The Life of Hsuan Tsang by Huili (Translated)
5615:
5613:
5451:. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–142.
4331:
4193:
3366:
3363:The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings
3352:
3346:
3243:mural depicting Xuanzang returning from India
1671:
1090:and Chuang are also found. The sound written
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
623:
612:
500:
486:
419:
405:
185:
16:7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar
7026:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
5964:Verses Delineating the Eight Consciousnesses
5140:
5138:
5124:
5122:
5096:
5094:
5068:
5066:
5040:
5038:
4996:
4994:
4980:
4978:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
3780:'s translation and later the cult TV series
3019:(present-day Assam and northeastern India),
2328:, which says Xuanzang was the birthplace of
1949:
1157:'Sanzang Dharma (or Law) Teacher'):
9258:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)
5904:
5537:
5525:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4772:
4770:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4684:
4682:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4562:
4560:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4501:
4499:
4485:
4483:
4469:
4467:
4311:
4275:
3846:Part of Xuanzang's remains were taken from
3667:His record of the places visited by him in
3536:There is also another original text called
1921:Buddhism, with two thousand monks who ate "
1152:
8959:Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)
8924:
8910:
6251:
6237:
5992:
5978:
5960:, by Shaman (monk) Hwui Li (Hui Li) (沙门慧立)
5662:. 25 September 2008. Accessed 23 May 2009.
5610:
5448:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
4432:, Vol. 298, No. 1, pp. 157–168 (in French)
2149:Kingdom of Lampa, Nagarahara, and Gandhara
1678:
1664:
49:
5864:Yu, Anthony C. (ed. and trans.) (1980 ).
5703:. Feltham, Middlesex: Hamlyn Publishing.
5476:Religion and Biography in China and Tibet
5322:Rao, G. Venkataramana (3 November 2016).
5275:
5176:
5163:
5135:
5119:
5091:
5063:
5035:
5022:
4991:
4975:
4962:
4946:
4928:
4915:
4877:
4851:
4838:
3977:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
3199:, he returned to the imperial capital of
3090:. He stayed at Amaravati and studied the
2602:About 700 li southeast is the country of
2425:Xuangzang next arrived in the country of
2332:and the author of "Sabda-vidya-sastra".
2307:
5741:. Chinese Buddhist Association, Beijing.
5736:
5438:
5208:
5157:
5113:
5085:
5057:
5016:
4909:
4825:
4807:
4801:
4789:
4767:
4761:
4746:
4734:
4719:
4695:
4679:
4673:
4603:
4585:
4579:
4557:
4551:
4527:
4521:
4496:
4480:
4464:
4458:
4441:
4168:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
3642:
3523:Xuanzang also wrote a large treatise on
3382:
3234:
3215:mountain range, Xuanzang passed through
2974:. Thus Xuanzang had reached his teacher
2896:. Near the tree, he states there is the
2712:
2682:temples. He saw the decaying remains of
2593:
2416:
2259:
2111:
2068:
1193:, Xuanzang is addressed as "Tripitaka."
1180:, the implied meaning being "Buddhism".
727:, India where he studied with the monk,
8954:Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)
8213:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5445:Garfield, J.L.; Westerhoff, J. (2015).
4231:
4229:
3572:
3203:where he was given a grand farewell by
2217:city is a 400-foot-high stupa built by
1777:), for five years at Jingtu Monastery (
1754:after one such study about that topic.
9711:
9203:Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)
8416:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5580:from the original on 21 September 2022
5513:from the original on 20 September 2021
5380:
5257:
3715:exists, Kumārajīva's is more popular.
3611:Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales
2770:temples, most dedicated to Mahesvara (
2045:
585:
339:
245:
8905:
6232:
5973:
5853:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
5765:Vol. 15 (2), p. 153-223. (1992)
5743:(a more recent, abridged translation)
5718:Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008.
5638:} China.com, Xinhua, 11 February 2007
5564:
5562:
5489:
5487:
5426:from the original on 24 February 2017
5334:from the original on 28 November 2016
4421:
4419:
4132:
1106:, which represents the s- or sh-like
9405:Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)
9343:Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)
9063:Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)
5941:Details of Xuanzang's life and works
5894:, Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33
5811:The Real Tripitaka, and Other Pieces
5502:
4226:
4169:Wriggins, Sally (27 November 2003).
4104:
4102:
4100:
3288:
3248:
3125:
3038:
2862:. There once were many monasteries,
734:This Chinese travelogue, titled the
9525:Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)
9058:Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)
5943:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5851:The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang
5836:The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang
5731:Histoire de la vie de Hiouen-Thsang
5570:"Xuanzang's Translations and Works"
5362:Google Maps, retrieved 17 July 2016
5321:
4398:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4171:The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang
3584:. Reprint. Hesperides Press, 1996.
3341:ordered renowned Tang calligrapher
2502:statue at left of the entrance and
2153:Xuanzang describes Lampaka (modern
2108:Travel through India and South Asia
1962:on its northwest. He met the great
1932:
1262:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
692:(full monk) at the age of twenty.
651:, the travelogue of his journey to
13:
9565:Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)
9475:Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)
9168:Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)
9138:Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)
8949:Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó)
8203:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
5881:
5797:Ten Thousand Miles Without a Cloud
5559:
5484:
4416:
4394:"Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) (602—664)"
4200:. Pearson Education. p. 563.
4120:from the original on 16 March 2023
4067:while the latter is pronounced as
3988:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3854:in 1942, and are now enshrined at
3671: — mainly Raktamrittika near
3324:
2518:, also called Kusumapura, has the
1987:"illness and pestilence" rampant.
1904:
1220:
699:, then under the peaceful rule of
14:
9870:
9555:Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)
9273:Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)
9173:Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)
8964:Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)
5929:
5819:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India
5733:, par Hui Li et Yen-Tsung, Paris.
4652:from the original on 7 March 2023
4404:from the original on 28 July 2018
4239:Premodern Travel in World History
4214:from the original on 7 March 2023
4097:
3889:, a fictional account of travels.
3883:An illustration of Xuanzang from
3764:and anime (including the popular
3613:, L'Imprimerie impériale, Paris.
3492:
2355:The country of Takka is south of
9520:Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)
9505:Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)
9228:Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)
9148:Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)
9143:Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)
9093:Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)
9037:
8989:Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)
8884:
8874:
8873:
8431:Thai temple art and architecture
8176:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
6416:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
6282:
6269:
6259:
6000:Chinese travellers and explorers
4764:, pp. 67–71 with footnotes.
4749:, pp. 64–67 with footnotes.
4737:, pp. 63–65 with footnotes.
4722:, pp. 61–62 with footnotes.
4676:, pp. 57–59 with footnotes.
4173:. New York: Westview (Penguin).
4079:. (Both sources are in Chinese.)
3946:
3934:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3876:
3622:Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995).
3609:Julien, Stanislas, (1857/1858).
3579:. Royal Asiatic Society, London.
3292:
3252:
3129:
3042:
2032:vihara built ages ago, and many
1925:" with other foods, rather than
1161:being a Chinese translation for
6283:
5641:
5622:
5601:
5592:
5546:
5506:The Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra
5496:
5465:
5408:
5374:
5365:
5346:
5315:
5302:
5293:
5290:Watters II (1996), pp. 164-165.
5284:
5251:
5242:
5230:
5202:
5189:
4625:
4391:
4385:
4328:Christie 123, 126, 130, and 141
4322:
4284:. Rhythms Monthly. p. 62.
3737:, one of the great classics of
3542:Verses on the Structure of the
2438:temples and numerous heretics.
383:
362:
338:
324:
310:
289:
268:
9490:Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)
9485:Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)
9480:Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)
9390:Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)
9360:Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)
8421:Japanese Buddhist architecture
8223:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
7303:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
6494:Places where the Buddha stayed
5897:Weerawardane, Prasani (2009).
5849:Wriggins, Sally Hovey (2004).
5813:. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
5668:
4632:trans. by Samuel Beal (1994).
4305:
4269:
4256:
4187:
4162:
4056:
3660:Records of the Western Regions
3509:Records of the Western Regions
3499:Records of the Western Regions
3479:The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra
3361:stones, collectively known as
1782:
1774:
1766:
1738:(Imperial Academy) during the
1695:
1569:Buddhist architecture in China
1147:
1138:
1130:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
737:Records of the Western Regions
624:
613:
545:
531:
501:
487:
464:
450:
420:
406:
244:
230:
216:
186:
1:
9764:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9510:Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)
9178:Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)
9108:Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)
9073:Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)
8436:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
5688:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
5675:Beal, Samuel, trans. (1911).
5216:. Kosei. pp. 47, 53–54.
4242:. Routledge. pp. 89–92.
4086:
3723:Xuanzang's journey along the
3718:
3351:) and inscriber Wan Wenshao (
1833:
1718:(104–186), a minister of the
1698:), Luozhou (near present-day
1635:Buddhist Association of China
1196:
686:, where he was ordained as a
55:Painting of Xuanzang. Japan,
9739:Chinese scholars of Buddhism
9218:Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)
9208:Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)
9133:Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)
9128:Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)
9098:Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)
8193:Buddhism and the Roman world
8169:Decline of Buddhism in India
8164:History of Buddhism in India
6264: Topics in
5758:(a recent, full translation)
5258:Jannel, Romaric (May 2022).
4091:
3741:. The fictional counterpart
3379:Chinese Buddhism (influence)
2881:, the third has a statue of
2463:causes sins to be expiated.
2233:, he arrived in the city of
2225:Kingdom of Udayana, Kashmira
1769:), later known as Zhangjie (
643:, was a 7th-century Chinese
7:
9829:7th-century Chinese writers
9774:Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
9545:Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)
9338:Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)
9233:Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)
9083:Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)
8999:Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)
7391:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
7131:
5816:Watters, Thomas (1904–05).
5746:Li, Rongxi, trans. (1995).
5684:Bernstein, Richard (2001).
4312:Rhys Davids, T. W. (1904).
4280:. In Wang Chichhung (ed.).
3961:
3565:
3169:, who was an ally of Kumar
2920:. He stayed and studied at
1859:Travel through Central Asia
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
10:
9875:
9729:7th-century Buddhist monks
9213:Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)
9188:Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)
9123:Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)
8969:Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)
8341:The unanswerable questions
5729:Julien, Stanislas (1853).
5699:Christie, Anthony (1968).
5392:Princeton University Press
3998:Chinese Translation Theory
3869:
3817:Temple of Great Compassion
3496:
2883:Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva
2757:, stating the country has
2678:. The country has hundred
2670:(present-day northeastern
2188:Srimaladevi Simhanadasutra
1808:, and thence southward to
29:
18:
9789:Translators from Sanskrit
9779:Explorers of Central Asia
9683:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
9653:
9578:
9463:
9455:Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)
9241:
9193:Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)
9156:
9088:Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)
9046:
9035:
8984:Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)
8937:
8932:Chinese Buddhist pantheon
8869:
8821:
8736:
8651:
8426:Buddhist temples in Korea
8349:
8251:
8134:
7831:
7759:
7586:
7459:
7399:
7034:
6989:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6900:
6892:Three planes of existence
6840:
6685:
6577:
6507:
6499:Buddha in world religions
6361:
6306:
6278:
6161:
6132:
6115:
6068:
6051:
6022:
6005:
5901:, biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18
5503:To, L.; Li, S.K. (1995).
5353:Xuanzang Pilgrimage Route
4337:Wriggins 1996, pp. 7, 193
3810:
3638:
3527:Buddhist philosophy, the
3367:
3353:
3347:
3207:. Travelling through the
3161:Xuanzang was welcomed to
2398:Buddhism. It has fifteen
1950:Baluka and other kingdoms
1899:(Translator: Li Yung-hsi)
723:University in modern day
598:
575:
568:
561:
556:
538:
524:
517:
512:
508:
494:
480:
475:
457:
443:
436:
431:
427:
413:
399:
394:
376:
369:
355:
348:
331:
317:
303:
296:
282:
275:
261:
254:
237:
223:
209:
202:
197:
193:
179:
174:
170:
165:
143:
138:
128:
118:
95:
69:
64:
48:
41:
23:. For the 2016 film, see
9734:Tang dynasty translators
9560:Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)
9348:Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)
9333:Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)
9313:Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)
9223:Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)
9183:Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)
9019:Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)
8974:Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)
8208:Persecution of Buddhists
7429:Four stages of awakening
6810:Three marks of existence
6396:Physical characteristics
5958:The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang
5838:. Westview Press, 2003.
5678:The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang
5653:Buddhist Channel Website
5634:20 February 2007 at the
4638:. Motilal Banarasidass.
4063:former is pronounced as
4049:
3993:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
3573:Watters, Thomas (1904).
3486:Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra
3114:; from there he went to
1923:three kinds of pure meat
1838:
1242:Buddhism in Central Asia
765:
569:ह्वे॒न् साङ् , मोक्षदेवः
482:Traditional Chinese
401:Traditional Chinese
9834:7th-century translators
9819:Emperor Taizong of Tang
9754:Historiography of India
9540:Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)
9535:Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)
9515:Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)
9500:Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)
9450:Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)
9353:Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)
9298:Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)
9198:Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)
9078:Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)
9024:Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)
7571:Ten principal disciples
6454:(aunt, adoptive mother)
5866:The Journey to the West
5830:Wriggins, Sally Hovey.
5809:Waley, Arthur (1952).
5772:29 October 2013 at the
5358:24 October 2016 at the
4426:Étienne de la Vaissière
4114:Encyclopedia Britannica
3983:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
3927:Great Wild Goose Pagoda
3373:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
3339:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
3331:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2551:temple is a Mahesvara (
2538:The current monarch is
2458:, and over one hundred
1954:Further west he passed
701:Emperor Taizong of Tang
496:Simplified Chinese
415:Simplified Chinese
9804:Chinese travel writers
9794:Translators to Chinese
9550:Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)
9530:Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)
9445:Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)
9246:諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)
9004:Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)
8281:Buddhism and democracy
7794:Tibetan Buddhist canon
7789:Chinese Buddhist canon
7021:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
7016:Early Buddhist schools
5543:Wriggins 1996, pg. 207
5299:Li (1996), pp. 298-299
4194:Upinder Singh (2008).
3852:Imperial Japanese Army
3654:
3395:
3387:Statue of Xuanzang at
3244:
3167:Emperor Harshavardhana
3165:at the request of the
2970:and whose student was
2718:
2599:
2578:. Its capital has ten
2454:monks mostly studying
2449:river to its east and
2422:
2308:The memorial of Pāṇini
2265:
2229:Heading north towards
2117:
2082:
1892:
1819:Abhidharma-kośa Śāstra
1795:early Buddhist schools
1546:Chinese Buddhist canon
1252:Silk Road transmission
1226:
9859:7th-century travelers
9824:Linguists of Sanskrit
9769:Sui dynasty Buddhists
9583:高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)
9495:Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)
9395:Thunder god (Léigōng)
9014:Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)
8291:Eight Consciousnesses
6401:Life of Buddha in art
5825:Royal Asiatic Society
5778:Saran, Mishi (2005).
5737:Yung-hsi, Li (1959).
5619:Nattier 1992, pg. 188
5534:Wriggins 1996, pg.206
5420:Vincent's Calligraphy
3646:
3595:Beal, Samuel (1884).
3544:Eight Consciousnesses
3386:
3238:
3098:, the capital of the
2716:
2625:Five hundred li from
2597:
2523:Buddhists study both
2506:statue to the right.
2420:
2378:. From there, during
2316:. She is the wife of
2263:
2115:
2072:
1889:the eastern country.
1863:
1224:
633:), also known by his
9809:Writers from Luoyang
9744:Buddhist translators
9570:Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)
9365:Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)
9328:Marici (Mólìzhītiān)
9293:Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)
9103:Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)
9009:Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)
8979:Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)
8768:East Asian religions
8198:Buddhism in the West
7769:Early Buddhist texts
7384:Four Right Exertions
6850:Ten spiritual realms
6343:Noble Eightfold Path
5954:on 13 February 2005.
5905:Kahar Barat (2000).
5658:8 March 2011 at the
5387:Relics of the Buddha
4276:Cao Shibang (2006).
3925:Statue of Xuanzang.
3416:Yogācāra (瑜伽行派), or
3177:, to attend a great
1974:, capital of modern
1257:Dunhuang manuscripts
9839:Chinese translators
9799:Pilgrimage accounts
9759:Journey to the West
9435:Gandharva (Gāntàpó)
9288:Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)
9113:Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)
9029:Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)
8994:Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)
8891:Religion portal
8638:Temple of the Tooth
8517:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
7556:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
7049:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
6832:Two truths doctrine
6652:Mahapajapati Gotamī
6452:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5277:10.3390/rel13060486
4003:Chinese exploration
3886:Journey to the West
3850:by soldiers of the
3793:, there was also a
3734:Journey to the West
3706:His version of the
2898:Mahabodhi monastery
2871:Tiladhaka monastery
2789:and visits a large
2096:" (2nd-century CE,
2073:Xuanzang describes
2046:Kingdom of Bamiyana
2042:(Buddhist saints).
1793:as well as various
1720:Eastern Han dynasty
1528:Humanistic Buddhism
1190:Journey to the West
1135:traditional Chinese
749:Journey to the West
133:East Asian Yogācāra
9849:Explorers of Nepal
9784:Explorers of India
9600:Bodhidharma (Dámó)
9440:Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)
9430:Garuda (Jiālóuluó)
9375:Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)
9243:Deities and Demons
9118:Tara (Duōluó Púsà)
8813:Western philosophy
8411:Dzong architecture
8233:Vipassana movement
8228:Buddhist modernism
7656:Emperor Wen of Sui
7424:Pratyekabuddhayāna
7357:Threefold Training
7159:Vipassana movement
6875:Hungry Ghost realm
6695:Avidyā (Ignorance)
6642:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
6391:Great Renunciation
6386:Eight Great Events
6268:
5782:. Penguin Books.
5714:Gordon, Stewart.
5552:Deeg, Max (2007).
5308:Li Rongxi (1996),
5195:Li Rongxi (1996),
5182:Li Rongxi (1996),
5169:Li Rongxi (1996),
5144:Li Rongxi (1996),
5128:Li Rongxi (1996),
5100:Li Rongxi (1996),
5072:Li Rongxi (1996),
5044:Li Rongxi (1996),
5028:Li Rongxi (1996),
5000:Li Rongxi (1996),
4984:Li Rongxi (1996),
4968:Li Rongxi (1996),
4955:Li Rongxi (1996),
4939:Li Rongxi (1996),
4921:Li Rongxi (1996),
4896:Li Rongxi (1996),
4870:Li Rongxi (1996),
4844:Li Rongxi (1996),
4831:Li Rongxi (1996),
4818:Li Rongxi (1996),
4776:Li Rongxi (1996),
4706:Li Rongxi (1996),
4688:Li Rongxi (1996),
4618:Li Rongxi (1996),
4596:Li Rongxi (1996),
4566:Li Rongxi (1996),
4538:Li Rongxi (1996),
4505:Li Rongxi (1996),
4489:Li Rongxi (1996),
4473:Li Rongxi (1996),
4370:Li Rongxi (1995),
4349:Li Rongxi (1995),
4147:Li Rongxi (1996),
4116:. 1 January 2023.
3739:Chinese literature
3679:and its environs,
3655:
3433:(窺基, 632–682) and
3418:Consciousness-only
3396:
3304:. You can help by
3264:. You can help by
3245:
3141:. You can help by
3054:. You can help by
2918:Nalanda University
2719:
2629:is the country of
2606:, on the banks of
2600:
2423:
2266:
2118:
2083:
2054:(a part of modern
1946:place deserted.".
1866:Purpose of journey
1617:White Horse Temple
1227:
1127:simplified Chinese
1079:Tang Dynasty Monk
743:terminus ante quem
9854:Chinese Buddhists
9844:Explorers of Asia
9814:Yogacara scholars
9749:Chinese explorers
9706:
9705:
9698:Religion in China
9693:Chinese mythology
9370:Sudhana (Shàncái)
9308:Chandra (Yuètiān)
9283:Indra (Dìshìtiān)
8942:佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái)
8899:
8898:
8537:Om mani padme hum
8243:Women in Buddhism
8159:Buddhist councils
8029:Western countries
7817:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
7578:Shaolin Monastery
7155:Samatha-vipassanā
6765:Pratītyasamutpāda
6569:Metteyya/Maitreya
6487:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6447:
6439:
6316:Four Noble Truths
6226:
6225:
5918:978-0-933070-46-2
5874:978-0-226-97150-6
5788:978-0-14-306439-8
5701:Chinese Mythology
5458:978-0-19-023129-3
5401:978-0-691-11764-5
5371:Wriggins 186-188.
5223:978-4-333-01893-2
5160:, pp. 98–99.
5116:, pp. 97–98.
5088:, pp. 96–97.
5060:, pp. 93–95.
5019:, pp. 90–92.
4912:, pp. 79–81.
4804:, pp. 74–75.
4792:, pp. 73–74.
4582:, pp. 55–66.
4554:, pp. 53–55.
4524:, pp. 36–48.
4461:, pp. 36–43.
4430:Journal Asiatique
4262:Max Deeg (2020),
4157:978-1-886439-02-3
3757:and contemporary
3590:978-1-4067-1387-9
3357:) to install two
3322:
3321:
3282:
3281:
3159:
3158:
3092:Abhidhammapitakam
3072:
3071:
2875:Mahayana Buddhism
2731:Hinayana Buddhism
2676:Hinayana Buddhism
2652:Hinayana Buddhism
2576:Mahayana Buddhism
2302:Madhyamika sastra
2298:Madhyamika sastra
2281:Emperor Kanishika
2273:), of Urasa (now
2171:Kingdom of Kapisa
2125:its distance as "
1845:Guang hongming ji
1688:
1687:
1523:Esoteric Buddhism
1225:Chinese: "Buddha"
1155:
1083:
1082:
1048:Hyeonjang-samjang
579:
578:
552:
551:
519:Standard Mandarin
471:
470:
438:Standard Mandarin
390:
389:
305:Yale Romanization
204:Standard Mandarin
161:
160:
9866:
9318:Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)
9278:Brahma (Fàntiān)
9041:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8903:
8902:
8889:
8888:
8877:
8876:
8716:Sacred languages
8564:Maya Devi Temple
8527:Mahabodhi Temple
8331:Secular Buddhism
8296:Engaged Buddhism
7136:
6984:Tibetan Buddhism
6935:Vietnamese Thiền
6534:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
6485:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6437:
6286:
6285:
6273:
6263:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6230:
6229:
6140:Rabban Bar Sauma
5994:
5987:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5956:Chinese text of
5955:
5950:. Archived from
5948:"大慈恩寺三藏法师传 (全文)"
5922:
5890:Sen, T. (2006).
5742:
5663:
5645:
5639:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5574:www.acmuller.net
5566:
5557:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5482:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5319:
5313:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5210:Nakamura, Hajime
5206:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5142:
5133:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5042:
5033:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5005:
4998:
4989:
4982:
4973:
4966:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4937:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4894:
4875:
4868:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4823:
4816:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4704:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4601:
4594:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4564:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4525:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4273:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4166:
4160:
4145:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4106:
4080:
4060:
3970:Cheng Weishi Lun
3950:
3938:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3880:
3833:Wenshu Monastery
3580:
3556:T.W. Rhys Davids
3538:Bashi guiju song
3530:Cheng Weishi Lun
3518:Stanislas Julien
3468:Cheng Weishi Lun
3389:Longmen Grottoes
3370:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3317:
3314:
3296:
3289:
3277:
3274:
3256:
3249:
3154:
3151:
3133:
3126:
3067:
3064:
3046:
3039:
3003:(in present-day
2981:Cheng Weishi Lun
2879:Tara Bodhisattva
2376:Emperor Kanishka
2239:Subhavastu river
2219:Emperor Kanishka
2075:colossal Buddhas
2060:Reclining Buddha
1933:Kingdom of Kuchi
1900:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1744:Jiangling County
1697:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1612:Tiantai Mountain
1551:Taishō Tripiṭaka
1400:Hongzhi Zhengjue
1214:Chinese Buddhism
1201:
1200:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1069:Tripiṭaka Master
1066:Tripiṭaka Master
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
914:
907:
900:
898:Xuánzàng Sānzàng
893:
886:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
851:
850:
844:
843:
830:
829:
823:
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
802:
801:
782:Xuanzang Sanzang
770:
769:
649:Chinese Buddhism
632:
631:
621:
620:
602:
588:
571:
570:
548:
547:
534:
533:
510:
509:
504:
503:
490:
489:
467:
466:
453:
452:
429:
428:
423:
422:
409:
408:
386:
385:
365:
364:
344:
343:
342:
327:
326:
313:
312:
292:
291:
271:
270:
250:
249:
248:
233:
232:
219:
218:
195:
194:
189:
188:
163:
162:
102:
79:
77:
53:
39:
38:
9874:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9709:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9649:
9582:
9574:
9467:
9459:
9420:Asura (Āxiūluō)
9400:Skanda (Wéituó)
9323:Yama (Yán Wáng)
9245:
9237:
9160:
9152:
9050:
9042:
9033:
8941:
8933:
8930:
8900:
8895:
8883:
8865:
8817:
8732:
8647:
8384:Ordination hall
8345:
8247:
8218:Buddhist crisis
8130:
7827:
7779:Mahayana sutras
7755:
7751:Thích Nhất Hạnh
7582:
7455:
7395:
7345:Bodhisattva vow
7030:
6896:
6836:
6795:Taṇhā (Craving)
6730:Five hindrances
6681:
6573:
6503:
6357:
6302:
6274:
6257:
6227:
6222:
6195:(fl. 1385–1429)
6157:
6154:(fl. 1311–1350)
6128:
6111:
6064:
6047:
6032:(164 BC–113 BC)
6018:
6015:(255 BC–210 BC)
6001:
5998:
5946:
5932:
5919:
5884:
5882:Further reading
5879:
5774:Wayback Machine
5671:
5666:
5660:Wayback Machine
5649:Yomiuri Shimbun
5646:
5642:
5636:Wayback Machine
5627:
5623:
5618:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5568:
5567:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5394:. p. 188.
5379:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5360:Wayback Machine
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5320:
5316:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5207:
5203:
5194:
5190:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4992:
4983:
4976:
4967:
4963:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4895:
4878:
4869:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4680:
4672:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4646:
4630:
4626:
4617:
4604:
4595:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4497:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4424:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4392:Lee, Der Huey.
4390:
4386:
4369:
4365:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4234:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4167:
4163:
4146:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4108:
4107:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4028:Xuanzang Temple
3964:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3939:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3911:
3902:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3864:Xuanzang Temple
3813:
3755:Chinese culture
3721:
3648:Xuanzang Temple
3641:
3636:
3568:
3501:
3495:
3481:
3381:
3327:
3325:Return to China
3318:
3312:
3309:
3302:needs expansion
3278:
3272:
3269:
3262:needs expansion
3239:Eighth century
3195:After visiting
3155:
3149:
3146:
3139:needs expansion
3124:
3084:Amaravati Stupa
3068:
3062:
3059:
3052:needs expansion
3037:
2834:
2708:Kashyapa Buddha
2664:
2514:The country of
2512:
2441:The country of
2353:
2310:
2227:
2151:
2110:
2048:
1952:
1935:
1907:
1905:Kingdom of Agni
1902:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1841:
1836:
1684:
1655:
1654:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1237:
1199:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1051:Hyeonjang-daesa
990:
985:
980:
964:
959:
954:
946:
936:
931:
927:T'ang San-tsang
920:
878:
836:
794:
768:
157:
149:
148:
114:
104:
100:
91:
81:
75:
73:
60:
59:(14th century).
57:Kamakura period
44:
35:
28:
25:Xuanzang (film)
17:
12:
11:
5:
9872:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9586:
9584:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9471:
9469:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9425:Yaksha (Yèchà)
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9303:Surya (Rìtiān)
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9249:
9247:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9164:
9162:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9044:
9043:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8945:
8943:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8906:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8881:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8827:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8748:
8742:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8657:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8448:Greco-Buddhist
8440:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8399:Burmese pagoda
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8355:
8353:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8181:Greco-Buddhism
8178:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8114:United Kingdom
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:Czech Republic
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8019:
8009:
8008:
8007:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7933:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7823:Abhidharmadīpa
7820:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7741:B. R. Ambedkar
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7661:Songtsen Gampo
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7340:Eight precepts
7337:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7128:
7118:
7113:
7111:Five Strengths
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
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6938:
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6932:
6927:
6922:
6906:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6846:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6750:Mental factors
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6602:Mahamoggallāna
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6517:Avalokiteśvara
6513:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6359:
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6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6256:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6065:
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6062:
6055:
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6049:
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6045:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5944:
5938:
5931:
5930:External links
5928:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5862:
5847:
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5807:
5790:
5776:
5759:
5744:
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5727:
5712:
5697:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5640:
5621:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5558:
5545:
5536:
5524:
5495:
5483:
5472:Benjamin Penny
5464:
5457:
5437:
5407:
5400:
5373:
5364:
5345:
5314:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5250:
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5175:
5162:
5150:
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5106:
5090:
5078:
5062:
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5021:
5006:
4990:
4974:
4961:
4945:
4927:
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4902:
4876:
4850:
4837:
4824:
4806:
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4339:
4330:
4321:
4304:
4290:
4268:
4255:
4248:
4225:
4206:
4186:
4180:978-0813365992
4179:
4161:
4159:, pp. xiii-xiv
4131:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:
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4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3965:
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3960:
3959:
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3940:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3812:
3809:
3747:Gautama Buddha
3720:
3717:
3695:kingdom under
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3620:
3607:
3593:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3497:Main article:
3494:
3493:Original works
3491:
3480:
3477:
3380:
3377:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3313:September 2021
3299:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3273:September 2021
3259:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3231:Return journey
3205:Emperor Harsha
3171:Bhaskaravarman
3157:
3156:
3150:September 2021
3136:
3134:
3123:
3120:
3088:Nagarjunakonda
3070:
3069:
3063:September 2021
3049:
3047:
3036:
3033:
2997:Pundravardhana
2966:, who trained
2860:Emperor Ashoka
2842:deva' temples.
2833:
2830:
2663:
2660:
2544:Bais Kshatriya
2540:Harshavardhana
2511:
2508:
2388:Emperor Ashoka
2352:
2349:
2309:
2306:
2226:
2223:
2150:
2147:
2109:
2106:
2047:
2044:
1951:
1948:
1934:
1931:
1906:
1903:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1627:
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1620:
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1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
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1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
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1565:
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1548:
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1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1485:
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1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:Hanshan Deqing
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:Śubhakarasiṃha
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
987:
982:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
961:
956:
951:
948:
942:
941:
938:
933:
928:
925:
922:
916:
915:
908:
905:Xuánzàng Dàshī
901:
894:
887:
880:
874:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
832:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
790:
789:
786:
785:Xuanzang Dashi
783:
780:
777:
774:
767:
764:
709:Buddhist texts
577:
576:
573:
572:
565:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
528:
522:
521:
515:
514:
513:Transcriptions
506:
505:
498:
492:
491:
484:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:
461:
455:
454:
447:
441:
440:
434:
433:
432:Transcriptions
425:
424:
417:
411:
410:
403:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
387:
380:
378:Middle Chinese
374:
373:
371:Middle Chinese
367:
366:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
335:
329:
328:
321:
315:
314:
307:
301:
300:
298:Yue: Cantonese
294:
293:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
265:
259:
258:
252:
251:
241:
235:
234:
227:
221:
220:
213:
207:
206:
200:
199:
198:Transcriptions
191:
190:
183:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
167:
159:
158:
156:
155:
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:
139:Senior posting
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
105:
103:(aged 61)
99:5 February 664
97:
93:
92:
82:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9871:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9652:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9571:
9568:
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9563:
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9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
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9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9385:Ziwei Emperor
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9161:明王 (Míngwáng)
9159:
9155:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9040:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8927:
8922:
8920:
8915:
8913:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8880:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8653:Miscellaneous
8650:
8644:
8643:Vegetarianism
8641:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8465:Buddha in art
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8119:United States
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7676:Padmasambhava
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7588:Major figures
7585:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7534:Western tulku
7532:
7531:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7458:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7335:Five precepts
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7313:Dhamma vicaya
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7081:Buddhābhiṣeka
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6725:Enlightenment
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6715:Dhamma theory
6713:
6711:
6710:Buddha-nature
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:Samantabhadra
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6240:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6201:(fl. 14th c.)
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6104:
6102:(fl. 751–762)
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6044:(1st century)
6043:
6040:
6038:(1st century)
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:0-8133-6599-6
5856:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:0-8133-6599-6
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5805:0-00-712974-2
5802:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:1-886439-00-1
5753:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:0-306-81556-7
5721:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5694:0-375-40009-5
5691:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5673:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5616:
5614:
5604:
5595:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5529:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5368:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5254:
5245:
5238:
5237:René Grousset
5233:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5214:Gotama Buddha
5211:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5185:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5158:Yung-hsi 1959
5154:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5115:
5114:Yung-hsi 1959
5110:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5087:
5086:Yung-hsi 1959
5082:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5059:
5058:Yung-hsi 1959
5054:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5018:
5017:Yung-hsi 1959
5013:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4965:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4910:Yung-hsi 1959
4906:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4803:
4802:Yung-hsi 1959
4798:
4791:
4790:Yung-hsi 1959
4786:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4762:Yung-hsi 1959
4758:
4756:
4748:
4747:Yung-hsi 1959
4743:
4736:
4735:Yung-hsi 1959
4731:
4729:
4721:
4720:Yung-hsi 1959
4716:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4674:Yung-hsi 1959
4670:
4668:
4651:
4647:
4645:9788120811072
4641:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4580:Yung-hsi 1959
4576:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4552:Yung-hsi 1959
4548:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:Yung-hsi 1959
4518:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4459:Yung-hsi 1959
4455:
4453:
4451:
4444:, p. 28.
4443:
4442:Yung-hsi 1959
4438:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4380:1-886439-00-1
4377:
4373:
4367:
4360:
4359:1-886439-00-1
4356:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4334:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4293:
4291:9789868141988
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4251:
4249:9781134583706
4245:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4213:
4209:
4207:9788131716779
4203:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:Nantou County
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3633:
3632:1-886439-02-8
3629:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:consciousness
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3406:(present-day
3405:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3364:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3300:This section
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3260:This section
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3241:Dunhuang cave
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3137:This section
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:to visit the
3077:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3050:This section
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:(present-day
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
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2801:temple is an
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2098:Kushan empire
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2036:to honor the
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2018:
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1759:Buddhist monk
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1730:) during the
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1274:Major figures
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1247:Dharmaguptaka
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1087:romanizations
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645:Buddhist monk
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557:Sanskrit name
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72:
68:
63:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
9640:Emperor Ming
9609:
9380:Puti Shushen
9158:Wisdom Kings
9048:Bodhisattvas
8831:Bodhisattvas
8751:Christianity
8746:Baháʼí Faith
8611:Dharmachakra
8601:Prayer wheel
8591:Prayer beads
8359:Architecture
8238:969 Movement
8022:Saudi Arabia
8000:Central Asia
7993:South Africa
7815:
7798:
7731:Panchen Lama
7665:
7636:Buddhapālita
7232:Satipatthana
7227:Mindful Yoga
7140:Recollection
7054:Brahmavihara
6925:Japanese Zen
6920:Chinese Chan
6880:Animal realm
6687:Key concepts
6509:Bodhisattvas
6321:Three Jewels
6108:(fl. 7th c.)
6075:
5957:
5952:the original
5907:
5865:
5850:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5818:
5810:
5796:
5779:
5762:
5747:
5738:
5715:
5700:
5685:
5677:
5643:
5624:
5603:
5594:
5584:27 September
5582:. Retrieved
5573:
5548:
5539:
5517:20 September
5515:. Retrieved
5505:
5498:
5475:
5467:
5447:
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5419:
5410:
5386:
5382:Strong, J.S.
5376:
5367:
5348:
5336:. Retrieved
5327:
5317:
5309:
5304:
5295:
5286:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5244:
5232:
5213:
5204:
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4845:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4797:
4785:
4777:
4742:
4715:
4707:
4689:
4654:. Retrieved
4634:
4627:
4619:
4597:
4575:
4567:
4547:
4539:
4506:
4490:
4474:
4437:
4406:. Retrieved
4397:
4387:
4371:
4366:
4350:
4333:
4324:
4314:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4281:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4238:
4216:. Retrieved
4196:
4189:
4170:
4164:
4148:
4122:. Retrieved
4068:
4064:
4058:
4040:
3975:
3968:
3884:
3845:
3829:Patna Museum
3814:
3801:
3799:
3791:Yuan Dynasty
3788:
3781:
3778:Arthur Waley
3771:
3765:
3743:Tang Sanzang
3732:
3722:
3705:
3701:
3677:Pundranagara
3673:Karnasuvarna
3666:
3658:
3656:
3623:
3610:
3596:
3575:
3560:S.W. Bushell
3549:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3484:
3482:
3466:
3463:
3459:Indian logic
3424:
3417:
3397:
3365:in Chinese (
3362:
3343:Chu Suiliang
3328:
3310:
3306:adding to it
3301:
3270:
3266:adding to it
3261:
3194:
3160:
3147:
3143:adding to it
3138:
3091:
3073:
3060:
3056:adding to it
3051:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2953:
2926:
2903:
2887:
2868:
2863:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2794:
2780:
2767:
2752:
2744:
2734:
2720:
2699:
2679:
2665:
2655:
2648:
2634:
2624:
2611:
2601:
2588:
2579:
2565:
2560:
2537:
2532:
2513:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2411:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2384:Sarvastivada
2373:
2364:
2354:
2335:Inspired by
2334:
2330:Rishi Pāṇini
2311:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2247:Mahāsāṃghika
2243:Sarvastivada
2235:Pushkalavati
2228:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2163:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2091:
2084:
2049:
2037:
2025:
1994:(which link
1989:
1980:Sarvastivada
1953:
1944:
1936:
1915:Sarvastivada
1908:
1896:
1893:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1824:
1817:
1806:Tang dynasty
1799:
1756:
1752:filial piety
1689:
1645:Martial arts
1597:Mount Jiuhua
1581:Sacred Sites
1563:Architecture
1435:Miyun Yuanwu
1304:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1148:Sānzàngfǎshī
1146:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1099:
1091:
1085:Less common
1084:
1074:Great Master
1064:Tang Dynasty
1045:Dang-samjang
1025:Genjō-daishi
968:Tong4 Zang1
947:(Cantonese)
891:Táng Sānzàng
779:Tang Sanzang
762:
758:Ming dynasty
747:
741:
735:
733:
714:
694:
687:
669:
662:
660:scriptures.
640:
608:
604:
590:
581:
580:
526:Hanyu Pinyin
445:Hanyu Pinyin
350:Southern Min
284:Romanization
263:Romanization
211:Hanyu Pinyin
175:Chinese name
36:
21:Tang Sanzang
9468:羅漢 (Luóhàn)
9415:Nāga (Lóng)
9410:Deva (Tiān)
8676:Dharma talk
8505:Asalha Puja
8301:Eschatology
8104:Switzerland
8084:New Zealand
8012:Middle East
7921:Philippines
7841:Afghanistan
7646:Bodhidharma
7631:Buddhaghosa
7551:Householder
7461:Monasticism
7414:Bodhisattva
7269:Prostration
7222:Mindfulness
7150:Anapanasati
7133:Kammaṭṭhāna
6930:Korean Seon
6870:Asura realm
6865:Human realm
6805:Ten Fetters
6760:Parinirvana
6662:Uppalavanna
6627:Mahākaccana
6612:Mahākassapa
6544:Kṣitigarbha
6539:Ākāśagarbha
6436:Suddhodāna
6381:Four sights
6308:Foundations
6219:(1587–1641)
6213:(1412–1433)
6207:(1409–1451)
6189:(1385–1436)
6183:(1380–1460)
6177:(1371–1435)
6171:(1365–1457)
6152:Wang Dayuan
6146:Zhou Daguan
6142:(1220–1294)
6125:(1207–1299)
6106:Wang Xuance
5669:Works cited
5430:24 February
5338:28 November
4408:11 February
4382:, pp. 13-17
4361:, pp. 12-15
3767:Dragon Ball
3708:Heart Sutra
3657:Xuanzang's
3552:Samuel Beal
3473:Heart Sutra
3285:Other sites
3209:Khyber Pass
3186:Kumbha Mela
2906:Rishi Vyasa
2856:Pataliputra
2748:Kushinagara
2727:Kapilavastu
2584:Sautrantika
2173:found near
2064:Parinirvana
2056:Afghanistan
2029:Vaishravana
1992:Pamir range
1748:Sui dynasty
1746:during the
1740:Northern Qi
1732:Eastern Wei
1602:Mount Putuo
1587:Mount Wutai
1460:Yang Wenhui
1380:Bodhidharma
1375:Amoghavajra
1018:Genjō-sanzō
994:Đường Tăng
989:Huyền Trang
984:Huyền Trang
976:Huyền Trang
973:Vietnamese
963:Jyun4 Zong6
960:Saam1 Zong6
958:Jyun4 Zong6
953:Tong4 Saam1
950:Jyun4 Zong6
940:T'ang Seng
935:Hsüan-tsang
930:Hsüan-tsang
924:Hsüan-tsang
921:(Mandarin)
879:(Mandarin)
793:Traditional
756:during the
754:Wu Cheng'en
752:written by
676:Sui dynasty
638:Dharma name
591:Hsüen Tsang
311:Yùhn-chohng
231:Hsüan-tsang
101:(664-02-05)
80:6 April 602
9724:664 deaths
9719:602 births
9713:Categories
9645:Emperor Wu
9595:Moggallāna
8793:Psychology
8773:Gnosticism
8761:Comparison
8756:Influences
8738:Comparison
8621:Bhavacakra
8579:Kushinagar
8554:Pilgrimage
8500:Māgha Pūjā
8455:Bodhi Tree
8271:Buddhology
8261:Abhidharma
8253:Philosophy
8186:Menander I
8054:Costa Rica
8005:Uzbekistan
7846:Bangladesh
7800:Dhammapada
7784:Pali Canon
7746:Ajahn Chah
7726:Dalai Lama
7626:Kumārajīva
7621:Vasubandhu
7596:The Buddha
7504:Zen master
7439:Sakadagami
7419:Buddhahood
7350:Pratimokṣa
7165:Shikantaza
7121:Meditation
7096:Deity yoga
6967:Madhyamaka
6860:Deva realm
6755:Mindstream
6705:Bodhicitta
6617:Aṅgulimāla
6484:Devadatta
6460:Yaśodharā
6363:The Buddha
6353:Middle Way
6169:Chen Cheng
6030:Zhang Qian
5793:Sun Shuyun
5709:0600006379
5270:(6): 486.
4297:2 February
4110:"Xuanzang"
4087:References
3955:Bangladesh
3866:, Taiwan.
3856:Yakushi-ji
3825:Dalai Lama
3800:The movie
3719:In fiction
3713:Kumārajīva
3687: and
3685:Tamralipti
3443:perception
3371:), at the
3213:Uparisyena
3201:Kanyakubja
3163:Kanyakubja
3116:Mulasthana
3076:Andhradesa
3025:Tamralipti
3005:Bangladesh
2976:Silabhadra
2972:Silabhadra
2968:Dharmapala
2960:Vasubandhu
2945:Silabhadra
2939:, and the
2894:Bodhi tree
2888:He visits
2852:Kusumapura
2688:Angulimala
2684:Prasenajit
2516:Kanyākubja
2369:Mihirakula
2304:with him.
2215:Purusapura
2204:Purusapura
2200:Qiantuowei
2008:Uparisyena
1982:school of
1976:Uzbekistan
1927:vegetarian
1917:school of
1834:Pilgrimage
1592:Mount Emei
1487:Traditions
1430:Ouyi Zhixu
1395:Mazu Daoyi
1370:Vajrabodhi
1300:Paramartha
1285:Kumārajīva
1197:Early life
1104:Wade–Giles
1054:Dangseung
919:Wade–Giles
835:Simplified
788:Tang Seng
729:Śīlabhadra
540:Wade–Giles
459:Wade–Giles
384:ɣwen-dzáng
363:Hiân-tsòng
290:Hian-tsong
225:Wade–Giles
9668:Pure Land
9605:An Shigao
9051:菩薩 (Púsà)
8861:Festivals
8841:Buddhists
8803:Theosophy
8606:Symbolism
8596:Hama yumi
8569:Bodh Gaya
8336:Socialism
8311:Evolution
8286:Economics
8124:Venezuela
8039:Australia
8034:Argentina
7958:Sri Lanka
7953:Singapore
7871:Indonesia
7833:Countries
7774:Tripiṭaka
7736:Ajahn Mun
7611:Nagarjuna
7606:Aśvaghoṣa
7489:Anagārika
7484:Śrāmaṇerī
7479:Śrāmaṇera
7474:Bhikkhunī
7434:Sotāpanna
7323:Passaddhi
7264:Offerings
7239:Nekkhamma
7116:Iddhipada
7036:Practices
7006:Theravada
6979:Vajrayana
6972:Yogachara
6942:Pure Land
6855:Six Paths
6842:Cosmology
6622:Anuruddha
6597:Sāriputta
6587:Kaundinya
6579:Disciples
6554:Vajrapāṇi
6406:Footprint
6371:Tathāgata
6096:(730–790)
6090:(688–763)
6084:(635–713)
6078:(602–664)
6061:(337–422)
5876:(fiction)
5607:Beal 1911
5598:Beal 1884
5328:The Hindu
5264:Religions
4656:16 August
4218:7 October
4092:Citations
3725:Silk Road
3697:Shashanka
3520:in 1857.
3412:East Asia
2910:Rajagriha
2723:Shravasti
2696:Shravasti
2668:Shravasti
2658:temples.
2591:temples.
2535:temples.
2337:Mahesvara
2322:Mahesvara
2318:Mahesvara
2314:Bhimadevi
2286:Tripitaka
2159:Nangarhar
2081:in 2001).
2062:entering
2000:Karakoram
1996:Tian Shan
1708:Tongchuan
1508:Pure Land
1455:Hsuan Hua
1360:Chengguan
1280:Lokakṣema
1185:Tripiṭaka
1042:Hyeonjang
999:Japanese
979:Đường Tam
965:Daai6 Si1
932:San-tsang
912:Táng Sēng
671:śrāmaṇera
641:Mokṣadeva
465:Ch'en Hui
325:Jyun-zong
107:Tongchuan
76:602-04-06
9688:Tantrism
9658:Mahayana
9625:Shàn Dào
9610:Xuánzàng
8879:Category
8808:Violence
8778:Hinduism
8726:Sanskrit
8681:Hinayana
8666:Amitābha
8626:Swastika
8495:Uposatha
8485:Holidays
8470:Calendar
8316:Humanism
8154:Kanishka
8144:Timeline
7968:Thailand
7936:Kalmykia
7931:Buryatia
7916:Pakistan
7901:Mongolia
7896:Maldives
7891:Malaysia
7856:Cambodia
7721:Shamarpa
7716:Nichiren
7666:Xuanzang
7601:Nagasena
7519:Rinpoche
7249:Pāramitā
7091:Devotion
7011:Navayana
6999:Dzogchen
6962:Nichiren
6910:Mahayana
6902:Branches
6780:Saṅkhāra
6529:Mañjuśrī
6486:(cousin)
6478:(cousin)
6446:(mother)
6438:(father)
6426:Miracles
6376:Birthday
6293:Glossary
6266:Buddhism
6217:Xu Xiake
6211:Hong Bao
6175:Zheng He
6148:(1270-?)
6088:Jianzhen
6076:Xuanzang
6042:Gan Ying
6036:Ban Chao
5823:London,
5795:(2003).
5770:Archived
5656:Archived
5632:Archived
5578:Archived
5511:Archived
5474:(2002),
5424:Archived
5384:(2007).
5356:Archived
5332:Archived
5212:(2000).
4650:Archived
4402:Archived
4212:Archived
4118:Archived
4013:Song Yun
3962:See also
3929:, Xi'an.
3803:Xuanzang
3759:Japanese
3689:Harikela
3681:Samatata
3582:Volume 2
3566:Editions
3525:Yogacara
3514:medieval
3435:Wŏnch'ŭk
3404:Chang'an
3400:Sanskrit
3225:Dunhuang
3179:Buddhist
3175:Kamarupa
3100:Pallavas
3021:Samatata
3017:Kamarupa
3013:Mahayana
3011:and the
3009:Hinayana
2962:trained
2941:Yogacara
2937:Sanskrit
2901:jewels.
2892:and the
2814:Vaishali
2807:Vaishali
2799:Narayana
2791:Narayana
2783:Baranasi
2755:Baranasi
2692:Jetavana
2640:Kausambi
2631:Kausambi
2616:champaka
2572:Hinayana
2529:Hinayana
2525:Mahayana
2456:Hinayana
2380:Kanishka
2357:Kashmira
2345:Salatura
2326:Salatura
2271:Kalabagh
2251:Manglaur
2196:Gandhara
2175:Bamiyana
2094:Gandhara
2052:Bamiyana
2019:(modern
2012:Himalaya
2010:and the
1984:Hinayana
1972:Tashkent
1968:Göktürks
1919:Hinayana
1897:Xuanzang
1802:Chang'an
1791:Mahayana
1724:Changzhi
1716:Chen Shi
1607:Mount Lu
1465:Yin Shun
1425:Zhu Hong
1315:Woncheuk
1305:Xuanzang
1290:Sengzhao
1206:a series
1204:Part of
1163:Sanskrit
1076:Xuanzang
1071:Xuanzang
1059:Meaning
1011:Tō-Sanzō
986:Tam Tạng
945:Jyutping
884:Xuánzàng
837:Chinese
795:Chinese
776:Xuanzang
697:Chang'an
658:Mahayana
635:Sanskrit
605:Chen Hui
582:Xuanzang
563:Sanskrit
451:Chén Huī
395:Chen Hui
319:Jyutping
269:Yeu-tsaõ
217:Xuánzàng
166:Xuanzang
147:Students
123:Buddhism
119:Religion
65:Personal
43:Xuanzang
9673:Tiantai
8939:Buddhas
8856:Temples
8836:Buddhas
8798:Science
8788:Judaism
8783:Jainism
8701:Lineage
8661:Abhijñā
8631:Thangka
8574:Sarnath
8559:Lumbini
8480:Funeral
8475:Cuisine
8351:Culture
8326:Reality
8276:Creator
8266:Atomism
8136:History
8109:Ukraine
8069:Germany
7988:Senegal
7978:Vietnam
7906:Myanmar
7706:Shinran
7696:Karmapa
7671:Shandao
7641:Dignāga
7566:Śrāvaka
7546:Donchee
7541:Kappiya
7499:Sayadaw
7469:Bhikkhu
7444:Anāgāmi
7401:Nirvana
7367:Samadhi
7254:Paritta
7195:Tonglen
7190:Mandala
7145:Smarana
7126:Mantras
7074:Upekkha
7044:Bhavana
6994:Shingon
6947:Tiantai
6800:Tathātā
6790:Śūnyatā
6785:Skandha
6775:Saṃsāra
6770:Rebirth
6745:Kleshas
6735:Indriya
6637:Subhūti
6522:Guanyin
6476:Ānanda
6468:Rāhula
6348:Nirvana
6288:Outline
6205:Yishiha
6187:Fei Xin
6181:Ma Huan
6100:Du Huan
3870:Gallery
3848:Nanjing
3841:Sichuan
3837:Chengdu
3821:Tianjin
3789:In the
3773:Saiyuki
3540:八識規矩頌 (
3455:rebirth
3439:Faxiang
3427:Faxiang
3393:Luoyang
3217:Kashgar
3211:of the
3082:at the
3080:viharas
3029:Kalinga
2993:Nalanda
2964:Dignaga
2933:grammar
2922:Nalanda
2838:Magadha
2627:Prayaga
2604:Prayaga
2568:Ayodhya
2477:sastras
2443:Srughna
2427:Mathura
2361:Vipasha
2231:Kashmir
2211:sastras
2155:Laghman
2087:Kapishi
2079:Taliban
1966:of the
1814:Sichuan
1810:Chengdu
1787:Luoyang
1779:Chinese
1771:Chinese
1763:Chinese
1712:Shaanxi
1700:Luoyang
1692:Chinese
1640:Cuisine
1629:Culture
1498:Tiantai
1475:Nenghai
1450:Hsu Yun
1385:Huineng
1350:Zhanran
1340:Shandao
1335:Daochuo
1330:Tanluan
1325:Huiyuan
1320:Daoxuan
1235:History
1175:Prakrit
1039:Korean
937:Ta-shih
721:Nalanda
684:Sichuan
680:Chengdu
609:Chen Yi
595:Chinese
546:Ch'en I
532:Chén Yī
476:Chen Yi
181:Chinese
113:, China
111:Shaanxi
90:, China
84:Luoyang
32:Hun Sen
9678:Huayan
9635:Jìgōng
9630:Huìguǒ
9620:Yìjìng
9615:Fǎxiǎn
9590:Ānanda
9580:Sangha
9465:Arhats
8851:Sutras
8846:Suttas
8711:Siddhi
8696:Koliya
8671:Brahmā
8586:Poetry
8532:Mantra
8522:Kasaya
8394:Pagoda
8374:Kyaung
8369:Vihāra
8364:Temple
8306:Ethics
8149:Ashoka
8099:Sweden
8094:Poland
8089:Norway
8079:Mexico
8064:France
8049:Canada
8044:Brazil
7983:Africa
7963:Taiwan
7926:Russia
7851:Bhutan
7811:Vinaya
7691:Naropa
7681:Saraha
7616:Asanga
7372:Prajñā
7281:Refuge
7244:Nianfo
7205:Tertön
7200:Tantra
7185:Ganana
7175:Tukdam
7101:Dhyāna
7069:Mudita
7064:Karuṇā
6957:Risshū
6952:Huayan
6885:Naraka
6825:Anattā
6820:Dukkha
6815:Anicca
6720:Dharma
6672:Channa
6607:Ānanda
6592:Assaji
6559:Skanda
6462:(wife)
6431:Family
6411:Relics
6336:Sangha
6331:Dharma
6326:Buddha
6199:Lin Nu
6123:Jakuen
6094:Wukong
6082:Yijing
6059:Faxian
5915:
5872:
5857:
5842:
5803:
5786:
5754:
5722:
5707:
5692:
5480:p. 110
5455:
5398:
5220:
4642:
4378:
4357:
4288:
4246:
4204:
4177:
4155:
4124:22 May
4071:. See
4036:Taiwan
4023:Hyecho
4018:Yijing
4008:Faxian
3811:Relics
3783:Monkey
3751:monkey
3731:novel
3669:Bengal
3652:Taiwan
3639:Legacy
3630:
3605:Vol. 2
3601:Vol. 1
3588:
3335:sarira
3223:, and
3221:Khotan
3197:Prayag
3190:Prayag
3182:Sangha
3108:Ajanta
3096:Kanchi
3001:Sylhet
2956:Asanga
2916:) and
2914:Rajgir
2848:Ganges
2822:Nepala
2812:After
2803:Ashoka
2787:Ganges
2781:After
2776:Ashoka
2764:Hindus
2759:Ganges
2742:clan.
2740:Shakya
2704:Ashoka
2620:Ashoka
2608:Yamuna
2557:Ganges
2520:Ganges
2504:Brahma
2451:Yamuna
2447:Ganges
2408:Rishis
2404:arhats
2341:Pāṇini
2275:Hazara
2167:Ashoka
2127:yojana
2102:Ashoka
2039:arhats
2034:stupas
2017:Bactra
2004:Kunlun
1964:Khagan
1960:Tokmak
1911:Turpan
1828:Faxian
1781::
1773::
1765::
1736:Taixue
1728:Shanxi
1694::
1518:Sanlun
1513:Weishi
1503:Huayan
1415:Zongmi
1355:Fazang
1295:Jizang
1178:Dhamma
1167:Dharma
1145::
1143:pinyin
1137::
1129::
1096:pinyin
991:Đại Sư
877:Pinyin
717:Khotan
705:Faxian
689:bhikṣu
597::
357:Tâi-lô
129:School
8823:Lists
8691:Kalpa
8686:Iddhi
8549:Music
8544:Mudra
8510:Vassa
8490:Vesak
8460:Budai
8406:Candi
8389:Stupa
8321:Logic
8074:Italy
7973:Tibet
7911:Nepal
7881:Korea
7876:Japan
7866:India
7861:China
7806:Sutra
7761:Texts
7711:Dōgen
7701:Hōnen
7686:Atiśa
7651:Zhiyi
7561:Achar
7529:Tulku
7524:Geshe
7509:Rōshi
7494:Ajahn
7449:Arhat
7409:Bodhi
7379:Vīrya
7296:Sacca
7291:Satya
7286:Sādhu
7274:Music
7217:Merit
7210:Terma
7170:Zazen
7106:Faith
7059:Mettā
6740:Karma
6700:Bardo
6667:Asita
6657:Khema
6647:Upāli
6632:Nanda
6470:(son)
6444:Māyā
6421:Films
6298:Index
6193:Fu An
6013:Xu Fu
4050:Notes
3762:manga
3693:Gauda
3618:Vol.2
3615:Vol.1
3451:Karma
3431:Kuiji
3408:Xi'an
3368:雁塔聖教序
3359:stele
3112:Malwa
3104:Nasik
2991:From
2986:Summa
2949:mango
2929:logic
2772:Shiva
2721:From
2553:Shiva
2549:Surya
2500:Indra
2021:Balkh
1940:Kuchi
1839:Dates
1785:) in
1704:Henan
1540:Texts
1445:Tanxu
1440:Taixu
1410:Linji
1345:Zhiyi
1310:Kuiji
1169:" or
1004:Genjō
955:Zong6
773:Names
766:Names
725:Bihar
665:Henan
653:India
589:, or
277:Hakka
153:Kuiji
88:Henan
9663:Chan
8721:Pāḷi
8706:Māra
8616:Flag
8017:Iran
7941:Tuva
7886:Laos
7514:Lama
7362:Śīla
7330:Śīla
7318:Pīti
7308:Sati
7259:Puja
7180:Koan
7086:Dāna
6677:Yasa
6564:Tārā
6162:Ming
6133:Yuan
6116:Song
6069:Tang
5913:ISBN
5870:ISBN
5855:ISBN
5840:ISBN
5801:ISBN
5784:ISBN
5752:ISBN
5720:ISBN
5705:ISBN
5690:ISBN
5586:2022
5519:2021
5453:ISBN
5432:2017
5396:ISBN
5340:2016
5218:ISBN
4658:2019
4640:ISBN
4410:2020
4376:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4299:2014
4286:ISBN
4244:ISBN
4220:2020
4202:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4126:2023
4077:here
4075:and
4073:here
3860:Nara
3795:play
3770:and
3729:Ming
3628:ISBN
3586:ISBN
3558:and
3420:(唯識)
3086:and
2999:and
2958:and
2890:Gaya
2864:deva
2826:deva
2818:deva
2795:deva
2768:deva
2735:deva
2706:for
2700:deva
2680:deva
2656:deva
2635:deva
2612:deva
2589:deva
2580:deva
2574:and
2561:deva
2533:deva
2527:and
2495:deva
2490:deva
2486:deva
2481:deva
2473:deva
2469:deva
2460:deva
2445:has
2436:deva
2431:deva
2412:deva
2406:and
2400:deva
2392:deva
2365:deva
1956:Aksu
1650:Diyu
1493:Chan
1171:Pali
1154:lit.
1139:三藏法師
1131:三藏法师
1098:and
1032:Tōsō
981:Tạng
863:玄奘大师
856:玄奘三藏
821:玄奘大師
814:玄奘三藏
96:Died
70:Born
8443:Art
8379:Wat
6915:Zen
6052:Jin
6023:Han
6006:Qin
5767:PDF
5651:).
5272:doi
4065:Huī
3858:in
3835:in
3650:in
3547:).
3354:萬文韶
3348:褚遂良
3308:.
3268:.
3188:in
3173:of
3145:.
3058:.
2885:.
2253:.
2206:.
1783:淨土寺
1696:緱氏鎮
1102:in
1094:in
849:唐三藏
807:唐三藏
682:in
333:IPA
239:IPA
9715::
7945:ru
5612:^
5576:.
5572:.
5561:^
5527:^
5486:^
5478:,
5422:.
5418:.
5390:.
5330:.
5326:.
5268:13
5266:.
5262:.
5137:^
5121:^
5093:^
5065:^
5037:^
5009:^
4993:^
4977:^
4948:^
4930:^
4879:^
4853:^
4809:^
4769:^
4754:^
4727:^
4697:^
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4648:.
4605:^
4587:^
4559:^
4529:^
4514:^
4498:^
4482:^
4466:^
4449:^
4418:^
4400:.
4396:.
4342:^
4228:^
4210:.
4134:^
4112:.
4099:^
4069:Yī
4034:,
4030:,
3839:,
3819:,
3786:.
3683:,
3675:,
3603:,
3533:.
3461:.
3453:,
3449:,
3445:,
3391:,
3375:.
3219:,
3110:,
3106:,
3027:,
3023:,
2935:,
2931:,
2924:.
2347:.
2245:,
2177:.
2104:.
2006:,
2002:,
1998:,
1812:,
1797:.
1775:長捷
1767:陳素
1726:,
1710:,
1702:,
1208:on
1151:;
1141:;
1133:;
1116:.
1100:hs
870:唐僧
842:玄奘
828:唐僧
800:玄奘
622:/
607:/
600:玄奘
593:,
502:陈祎
488:陳禕
421:陈袆
407:陳褘
256:Wu
187:玄奘
109:,
86:,
8925:e
8918:t
8911:v
7947:)
7943:(
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1159:法
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1092:x
629:禕
626:陳
618:褘
615:陳
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27:.
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