1823:, i.e. vernacular forms of Sanskrit, and from early forms of Buddhist Sanskrit, into a form of classical Chinese – have enjoyed enormous success in the Sinitic tradition. This success is so great that even when, in the subsequent centuries, other scholars produced new and supposedly improved translations of the same texts, it has been the “Kumarajiva versions” that have remained in use in the devotional, exegetical, and literary life of East Asia up to the present day. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, as the Sinitic Buddhist traditions have contributed to the emergence of a distinctly global modernist Buddhism, the Kumarajiva corpus of early fifth-century translations has been an implicit major presence.
1018:). At Chang'an, Kumārajīva led a court sponsored translation team of scholars who worked on translating numerous Sanskrit Buddhist texts into the Chinese language. Yao Xing looked upon him as his own teacher, and many young and old Chinese Buddhists flocked to him, learning both from his direct teachings and through his translation bureau activities at the Xiaoyao Gardens where daily sessions were held (attended by over a thousand monks). Within a dozen years, Kumārajīva's translation bureau had translated about thirty five sutras in 294 scrolls. His translations are still in use today in Chinese Buddhism. Kumarajiva had four main disciples who worked on his team:
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so disgusted with the world that they seek immediate nirvāṇa. Instead, a bodhisattva should always practice these meditations with the wish for perfecting themselves in order to help others. As such, Kumārajīva seems to have understood the practice of a bodhisattva to have consisted of the same methods of meditation found in śrāvaka-yāna sources, the only difference being that bodhisattvas have a different motivation and a different goal (Buddhahood).
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1604:). According to Greene, "following this, one moves through the so-called four nirvedha-bhāgīya-kuśalamūla (si shan gen 四善根), the "roots of good that lead to liberation", which in the Sarvāstivādin system are the highest levels of mundane accomplishment. This in turn leads to the so-called “path of vision” (darśana-maraga), a sequence of sixteen mental moments in which, by means of insight into the four noble truths."
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Chinese. The
Chinese monks and students would discuss the text with Kumārajīva and among themselves. A translation in Chinese would emerge from this process, which would be checked by Kumārajīva. The text was then written down and revised numerous times. These were also public events which were attended by devotees, including emperor Yao Xing.
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While T. 614 discusses the path of hinayana as well as the bodhisattva path, the actual meditation practices are not different, they are just approached in different ways. For example, the bodhisattva practices the same contemplation of impurity as the sravaka, but they are also warned not to become
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Scholars are divided on how many of these were actually worked on by Kumārajīva (though T. 613 and T. 614 are well attested in early catalogs and prefaces). Furthermore, Chinese sources indicate that these works were edited, summarized and extracted from Indian sources. Eric Greene explains that the
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Aside from the linguistic and terminological influence of Kumārajīva's translation work, his work also influenced the philosophical understanding of
Buddhism in China. According to Fan Muyou, before Kumārajīva, many Chinese Buddhists had serious misunderstandings of emptiness and not-self. This is
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to lead suffering beings to enlightenment. Apparent contradictions and confusions in
Buddhist texts are due to their upāya, which accommodate to the audience's level and lead them to the truth. Kumārajīva even suggests that the teachings in the sutras may delude those who are unprepared, i.e. at a
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made repeated pleas to the warlords of the Lü family to free Kumārajīva and send him east to Chang'an. When the Lü family would not free Kumārajīva from their hostage, an exasperated Yao Xing had armies dispatched to
Liangzhou in order to defeat the warlords of the Lü family and to have Kumārajīva
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sutras and
Madhyamika commentaries, Kumārajīva says that the Buddha's teachings ultimately come from and lead us to a level beyond words and thought. Because the Buddha and Bodhisattvas reside in this transcendent realm (which is none other than our present world) their wisdom enables them to use
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These translations were a group effort and therefore it is more accurate to say that they were translated by a committee which was guided by Kumārajīva, not by Kumārajīva alone. The process of translation began with the reading of the text by Kumārajīva who would also give a running commentary in
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style was distinctive, possessing a flowing smoothness that reflects his prioritization on conveying the meaning as opposed to precise literal rendering. Because of this, his renderings of seminal Mahāyāna texts have often remained more popular than later, more literal translations, e.g. those of
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He shows himself to be an orthodox Śūnyavādin and Mādhyamika, rejects the authority of the
Abhidharma, and interprets the Āgamas in a Mahāyāna way, holds that the Buddha's statements are purely pragmatic and do not imply any real entities, and denies that real entities arise, because (a) neither
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was dispatched with an army in order to conquer Kucha and return with Kumārajīva. Fu Jian is recorded as telling his general, "Send me Kumārajīva as soon as you conquer Kucha." However, when Fu Jian's main army at the capital was defeated, his general Lü Guang declared his own state and became a
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version — a somewhat surprising result emerges. While his translations are indeed shorter in many instances than their extant (and much later) Sanskrit counterparts, when earlier Indic-language manuscript fragments are available they often provide exact parallels of Kumārajīva's supposed
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warlord in 386 CE, and had Kumārajīva captured when he was around 40 years old. Being a non-Buddhist, Lü Guang had Kumārajīva imprisoned for many years, essentially as booty. During this time, it is thought that Kumārajīva became familiar with the
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main methods of mediation taught in T. 614 are the "five gates of chan" (五門禪) "associated with the so-called yogācāras of northwest India", which "became a standard arrangement in later writings on meditation" and are the following:
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romanization. This encounter with
Sanskrit influenced the development of the Chinese language itself, not only in the adoption of specifically Buddhist terms, but also regarding certain secular terms as well (such as "moment").
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inherence nor non-inherence of the effect in the cause is admissible, and (b) simultaneous and successive occurrence of cause and effect are alike untenable. He maintains that reality transcends the four modes of the
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in order to render
Sanskrit terms in Chinese by using certain Chinese characters and their sounds to represent each syllable of a foreign word. This system would go on to become the basis of the development of
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After having calmed the mind and entered dhyāna (chan 禪) through these methods, the meditator then proceeds to develop wisdom (prajñā) by cultivating the four "foundations of mindfulness" (si nian chu 思念處;
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being regarded as being more "precise." According to Jan
Nattier, this is actually an erroneous and mistaken view, and the main difference was due to the earlier versions of Kumarajiva's source texts:
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Likewise, according to John M. Thompson, the philosophy which emerges from the explanations of Kumārajīva is "virtually identical to the views of
Nagarjuna and other Madhyamikas, stressing the
1844:). Kumārajīva and his students like Sengzhao and Sengrui recognized these errors and worked to correct them by introducing proper interpretations based on Indian Madhyamaka philosophy.
1715:(The Great Teaching of Dharma Master Kumārajīva; T. no. 1856), which is a series of letters between Kumārajīva and Lushan Huiyuan (334–416) discussing some basic Mahayana topics.
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here Kumārajīva's work can be compared with an extant Indic manuscript – that is, in those rare cases where part or all of a text he translated has survived in a Sanskrit or
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A Companion to World Literature. Edited by Ken Seigneurie. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0312
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that was translated by Kumārajīva's team, actually contains numerous additions by Kumārajīva and his team or is actually a product of the editorship of Kumārajīva's student
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In 379 CE, Kumārajīva's fame reached China when a Chinese Buddhist monk named Seng Jun visited Kucha and described Kumārajīva's abilities. Efforts were then made by Emperor
1178:"abbreviations." What seems likely to have happened, in sum, is that Kumārajīva was working from earlier Indian versions in which these expansions had not yet taken place.
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now lost). Kumārajīva and his team are also responsible for a biography of Nagarjuna (T. 2047), which may have been based on Kumārajīva's own accounts to his students.
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A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. : Movement of Peoples and Ideas Between India and China from Kasyapa Matanga to Yi Jing,
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A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. : Movement of Peoples and Ideas Between India and China from Kasyapa Matanga to Yi Jing,
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philosophy and thus they saw emptiness as either a kind of non-being, as a real, or absolute substance (both of which are mistaken interpretations of the concepts of
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brought back to them. Finally the armies of Emperor Yao succeeded in defeating the Lü family, and Kumārajīva was brought east to the capital of Chang'an in 401 CE.
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is the means of removing all obstacles and hindrances, all attachments–even attachments to itself. As Kumārajīva says, "In the Buddha-Dharma, the medicine of
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Kumārajīva has sometimes been regarded by both the Chinese and by western scholars as abbreviating his translations, with later translators such as
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Kumārajīva's translations were very influential on the development of Buddhist Chinese and they introduced much commonly used terminology, such as:
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Cheng, Hsueh-li (2013). Nagarjuna's Twelve Gate Treatise Translated With Introductory Essays, Comments, and Notes. Springer,
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text, while not being a work of Madhyamaka, was influential on Chinese Madhyamaka, since it also taught the emptiness of dharmas.
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Among the most important sutras translated by Kumārajīva and his team (probably from Kuchan target sources) are the following:
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lower level of understanding. According to Kumārajīva, we truly understand the Dharma only when we attain complete and pure
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at the age of 20, Kumārajīva received full monastic ordination. Around this time he also began to study the Sarvastivada
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2594:"Persuasion and entertainment at once: Kumārajīva's Buddhist storytelling in his commentary on the Vimalakīrti sutra,"
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Investigating Translation: Selected Papers from the 4th International Congress on Translation, Barcelona, 1998,
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Kumārajīva also introduced the Madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy into China which would later be called
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recollection of the Buddha (nian fo 念佛; buddhānusmṛti) for those with "equally distributed" (等分) defilements.
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meditation on the breath (nian xi 念息; ānāpāna-smṛti) for those with "excessive thinking" (多思覺人; vitarka), and
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2827:"Narrative and Historicity in the Buddhist Biographies of Early Medieval China: The Case of Kumārajīva"
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A Reexamination of the Influence of Kumarajiva's Thought on His Translation of the Vimalakirtinirdesa.
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the contemplation of dependent origination (yin yuan 因 緣; pratītyasamutpāda) for those with ignorance,
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A Reexamination of the Influence of Kumārajīva's Thought on His Translation of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa
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Bulletin of the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy (Academia Sinica) 21 (2002), 93-103.
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Lai, Whalen (1991). "Tao Sheng's Theory of Sudden Enlightenment Re-examined". In Gregory, Peter N.
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The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China.
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notes, Kumārajīva's team also edited and abridged the latter half of this text considerably.
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the cultivation of love (ci xin 慈心; the four apramāṇa meditations) for those with aversion,
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the contemplation of the impure (bu jing guan 不淨觀; aśubha-bhāvanā) for those beset by lust,
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is just like this. By this medicine, one demolishes the objects of addictions. If within
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950:, commemorating Kumarajiva's white horse which carried the scriptures to China, c. 384 CE
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Buddhism Across Asia: Networks of Material, Intellectual and Cultural Exchange, volume 1
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beings then conceive addiction, then one must practice a method of treatment. If within
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After mastering the Chinese language, Kumārajīva settled as a translator and scholar in
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A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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The sutra on the concentration of sitting meditation (Taishō Volume 15, Number 614),
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Meditation, Repentance, and Visionary Experience in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism
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The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna - Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra
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attributed to Nāgārjuna, but this attribution is disputed by some modern scholars.
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According to John M. Thompson "at present there are fifty two translations in the
824:, where he stayed as a guest of the king. The king of Kucha was so impressed with
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Regarding Kumārajīva's own philosophical views, according to Richard H. Robinson:
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The Problem of the Authorship of the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa: A Re-examination,
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period. He was the head of a team of translators which included his amanuensis
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Kumārajīva is also known to have authored a few original works, including his
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under his name and their authenticity is fairly well accepted." They include
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pp. xiv-xvii. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
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both acquiesced to this marriage. It was therefore that Kumārajīva’s father
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Kumārajīva's additions to the Vinaya section of the Chinese canon are the
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Another text which contains some original teachings by Kumārajīva is the
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Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.);
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Understanding Prajñā: Sengzhao's "wild Words" and the Search for Wisdom,
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Understanding Prajñā: Sengzhao's "wild Words" and the Search for Wisdom,
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The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India, Volume 7
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Understanding Prajñā: Sengzhao's "wild Words" and the Search for Wisdom,
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Understanding Prajñā: Sengzhao's "wild Words" and the Search for Wisdom,
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Understanding Prajñā: Sengzhao's "wild Words" and the Search for Wisdom,
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studies and later those of their son, and thereafter begat Kumārajīva.
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Nāgārjuna's Philosophy: As Presented in the Mahā-Prajñāparamitā-Sastra
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The Eastern Buddhist 47/1: 57-80 ©2018 The Eastern Buddhist Society.
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Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought.
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Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.
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1889:
Beeby Lonsdale, Allison; Ensinger, Doris; Presas, Marisa (2000).
1829:
1820:
1800:
1548:
Scripture on the Bodhisattva's Methods of Censuring Sexual Desire
1174:
1031:
906:
899:
887:
801:
793:
782:
738:
671:
434:
411:
386:
321:
286:
276:
271:
256:
105:
4471:
4239:
5864:
5849:
5685:
5547:
5527:
5302:
4964:
4844:
4834:
4769:
4397:
4353:
4338:
4328:
4298:
4222:
4105:
3873:
3745:
3489:
3484:
3188:
1819:
The translations associated with his name – executed both from
1703:
1158:
976:
917:
894:
monasticism and scholarship. He later converted to and studied
785:
while his mother was a member of the Kucha royal family called
651:
291:
231:
6004:
5839:
5697:
5663:
5643:
5613:
5542:
4959:
4804:
4682:
4677:
4647:
4602:
4449:
4444:
4323:
4028:
3853:
3820:
3810:
3206:
1919:
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p. 180
1749:
1653:(T. 1436), and, according to tradition, the Pu-sa-chieh-p n (
913:
872:
853:
833:
821:
770:
691:
679:
381:
376:
281:
246:
70:
62:
48:
2869:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
2690:
BIBLID1012-8514(2004)34p.281-327 2004.10.19收稿，2004.12.21通過刊登
1739:
non-attachment to all things and teachings". Thompson adds,
694:). Kumārajīva is seen as one of the greatest translators of
5874:
4667:
4333:
3830:
1735:
of all dharmas (even the "emptiness of emptiness") and the
1083:
586:
2200:
1345:
They also translated several key treatises (mainly of the
927:
Over his early life, Kumārajīva became a famous figure in
5532:
4068:
1795:, which was traditionally held to be an original work of
1539:
The Scripture on the Practice of Dhyāna in The Wilderness
931:, known for his breadth of studies and skill in debate.
741:. This team was responsible for the translation of many
2550:
2548:
2467:
Petzold, Bruno, The Classification of Buddhism, p. 300.
2124:
2122:
2120:
2802:(PhD dissertation), University of California, Berkeley
2188:
2176:
1010:
At Chang'an, Kumārajīva was introduced to the emperor
3020:
The Chinese recorder and missionary journal, Volume 3
2254:
1952:
1933:
Mair, Victor H.; Sanping Chen, Wood, Frances (2013).
1871:
878:
Beginning at the age of nine, Kumārajīva studied the
2791:, FOOCHOW.: American Presbyterian Mission Press: 217
2703:, pp. 21-26. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2622:, pp. 21-26. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2318:, pp. 74-76. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2117:
2071:
1660:), which is probably the second half of the present
1478:
Other treatises that the team worked on include the
934:
2978:
Chinese Religions From 1000 B.C. to the Present Day
2677:(Fukuoka: Kyushu University Press, 1958), lii-lxxv.
1964:
1940:
856:, became the royal priest, met Kumārajīva’s mother
2919:, New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc, p. 287,
1935:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization,
962:Dynasty to bring Kumārajīva to the Qin capital of
2675:Suvikrāntavikrāmi-pariprcchā Prajñāpāramitā-Sūtra
2096:
6057:
2648:, p. 90. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2583:, p. 74. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2480:, p. 74. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2222:, p. 79. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2068:, p. 73. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2055:, p. 71. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1668:
1110:'', or "greater vehicle", for the Sanskrit term
993:
985:overthrew the previous ruler Fu Jian, the ruler
777:in 344 CE. His father was an Indian monk called
2506:, p. 116. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1828:because they had been influenced by Neo-Taoist
1727:, and he holds Nagarjuna's concept of negation.
2939:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
2781:"Handbook for the Student of Chinese Buddhism"
2091:Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie.
1791:). Various modern scholars also hold that the
1441:"Commentary on the Great Perfection of Wisdom"
3398:
3086:Notable foreigners who visited pre-Qing China
3071:
2865:"The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?"
1558:Essential Explanation of The Method of Dhyāna
1504:Kumārajīva and his team also translated some
608:
16:Kuchan Buddhist monk and translator (344-413)
4180:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
1517:Scripture of the Secret Essentials of Dhyāna
1265:Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (
2785:The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal
2778:
2489:Yamabe, Nobuyoshi; Sueki, Fumihiko (2009).
2329:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.
2206:
1690:Commentary on the Vimalakīrti-nirdesa-sūtra
1349:school), which became the central works of
867:When Kumārajīva was just seven, his mother
836:princess and herself a devout Buddhist, to
3405:
3391:
3078:
3064:
2844:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen
2728:Kumarajiva “Great Man” and Cultural Event.
1777:, then further treatment is not applied."
1527:Scripture on the Samādhi of Sitting Dhyāna
1455:Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1283:(T 286) in collaboration with Buddhayaśas.
705:Kumārajīva first studied teachings of the
615:
601:
29:
2290:Chinese Buddhism and Traditional Culture,
120:Translation of Buddhist texts written in
35:The Statue of Kumārajīva in front of the
6101:Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) Buddhists
1672:
1055:
997:
938:
6086:Buddhist monks from the Western Regions
5367:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3022:, a publication from 1871, now in the
2914:
2889:
2859:
2763:Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India
2760:
2260:
2194:
2182:
1989:. Oxford University Press. p. 66.
1958:
1877:
860:who influenced both his own subsequent
800:endeavoured to journey from his native
729:(c. 401 CE) under the patronage of the
666:
6058:
5570:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2795:
2554:
2539:
2527:
2515:
1982:
1152:Kumārajīva also developed a system of
769:Kumārajīva was born in the kingdom of
3386:
3059:
2975:
2954:
2806:
2739:
2737:
2656:
2654:
2271:
2269:
2243:
2241:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2077:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2009:
1970:
1946:
1937:#28, Kumarajiva. Thames & Hudson.
871:joined the Tsio-li nunnery, north of
3018:This article incorporates text from
2932:
2779:Eitel, E.J.; Edkins, Joseph (1871),
2169:Williams, Paul, and Tribe, Anthony.
1929:
1927:
1925:
713:, and finally became an adherent of
2841:
2701:Early Madhyamika in China and India
2646:Early Madhyamika in China and India
2620:Early Madhyamika in China and India
2581:Early Madhyamika in China and India
2478:Early Madhyamika in China and India
2316:Early Madhyāmika in China and India
2251:pp. 69-70. Oxford University Press.
2220:Early Madhyāmika in China and India
2102:
2066:Early Madhyamika in China and India
2053:Early Madhyamika in China and India
1499:
1329:Sarva-puṇya-samuccaya-samādhi-sūtra
1182:
199:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
13:
5357:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2987:
2824:
2809:A History of Sino-Indian Relations
2734:
2651:
2305:, p. 15. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
2266:
2238:
2134:
2031:
2014:. Middleway Press. pp. 31–33.
1859:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1535:Bodhisattvadhyāna Pusa Chanfa Jing
1258:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1221:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1034:(僧睿). According to Paul Williams,
157:
14:
6172:
3031:
1922:
1893:p. 48. John Benjamins Publishing.
1622:(*Mahālaṃkāra-sūtra-śāstra)
1398:T. 1568), allegedly Nāgārjuna's *
1051:
935:Capture, imprisonment and release
6038:
6028:
6027:
5585:Thai temple art and architecture
5330:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3570:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3436:
3423:
3413:
3011:
1492:attributed to Nagarjuna and the
1392:The Treatise on the Twelve Gates
6146:Sixteen Kingdoms Buddhist monks
3437:
2719:
2706:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2638:
2625:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2461:
2440:
2419:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2351:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2225:
2212:
2163:
2150:
2108:
2083:
2058:
2045:
2028:p. 66. Oxford University Press.
2018:
2003:
1616:Other translations include the
756:(the "Three Treatise school").
5575:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5377:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4457:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3648:Places where the Buddha stayed
2990:"Some Notes on Kao Seng Chuan"
2811:, APH Publishing Corporation,
2012:The Flower of Chinese Buddhism
1976:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1568:The Abridged Essence of Dhyāna
1494:Treatise On Arising Bodhicitta
1378:") alongside a commentary by *
1072:
886:under masters in North India,
812:teachings. After crossing the
656:
647:
639:
506:Buddhist architecture in China
1:
6116:Chinese Buddhist missionaries
5590:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2796:Greene, Eric Matthew (2012),
2249:The Silk Road: A New History,
2026:The Silk Road: A New History,
1864:
1781:These ideas are found in the
1669:Original works and philosophy
1533:坐禪三昧經), ZSJ (also called the
1293:Viśeṣacintā-brahma-paripṛcchā
1287:Acintyaprabhāsa-nirdeśa-sūtra
994:Chang'an and translation work
764:
709:schools, later studied under
572:Buddhist Association of China
6111:Sanskrit–Chinese translators
6096:Sixteen Kingdoms translators
6091:Chinese scholars of Buddhism
5347:Buddhism and the Roman world
5323:Decline of Buddhism in India
5318:History of Buddhism in India
3418: Topics in
3047:Works by or about Kumārajīva
2976:Smith, David Howard (1971),
2917:Worlds Together Worlds Apart
2875:(2): 153–223, archived from
2301:Ramanan, K. Venkata (1987).
1986:The Silk Road: A New History
1810:
1696:Taisho number 1775) and the
1677:A painting of Kumārajīva at
1416:The Hundred(-Verse) Treatise
1374:("Fundamental Verses on the
1340:
1144:" for dhatū (nature, source)
890:, and Kucha: all centers of
7:
6126:People from Aksu Prefecture
4545:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4285:
3365:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
2962:, Pearson Education India,
2915:Pollard, Elizabeth (2015),
2699:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2644:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2618:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2579:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2476:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2448:Madhyamaka thought in China
2427:Madhyamaka thought in China
2406:Madhyamaka thought in China
2359:Madhyamaka thought in China
2314:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2218:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2064:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
2051:Robinson, Richard H. 1967.
1847:
1815:According to Rafal Felbur,
1773:there are no addictions to
10:
6177:
6151:Philosophers from Xinjiang
6081:5th-century Buddhist monks
6076:4th-century Buddhist monks
5495:The unanswerable questions
2899:University of Hawaii Press
2807:Kumar, Yukteshwar (2005),
2754:
1854:Chinese Translation Theory
1368:), comprising Nāgārjuna's
1126:(placement of mindfulness)
1077:Kumārajīva revolutionized
966:. To do this, his general
832:(also known as Jīvaka), a
674:, scholar, missionary and
670:, 344–413 CE) was a
6023:
5975:
5890:
5805:
5580:Buddhist temples in Korea
5503:
5405:
5288:
4985:
4913:
4740:
4613:
4553:
4188:
4143:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4054:
4046:Three planes of existence
3994:
3839:
3731:
3661:
3653:Buddha in world religions
3515:
3460:
3432:
3301:
3228:
3091:
2982:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
2660:Thompson, John M. (2008)
2605:Thompson, John M. (2008)
2566:Yukteshwar Kumar (2005).
2275:Thompson, John M. (2008)
2231:Thompson, John M. (2008)
2156:Thompson, John M. (2008)
2143:Yukteshwar Kumar (2005).
1542:E lan Rou Xi Chan Fa Jing
1506:treatises on meditation (
1402:, also reconstructed as *
1386:(Ch. 青目, pinyin: Qingmu).
1250:Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra
1241:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
1210:
116:
101:
78:
55:
28:
21:
5362:Persecution of Buddhists
4583:Four stages of awakening
3964:Three marks of existence
3550:Physical characteristics
2988:Wu, Ching-hsing (1938),
2935:Buddhism in Central Asia
2765:, Abhinav Publications,
2247:Hansen, Valerie (2015).
2024:Hansen, Valerie (2015).
1983:Hansen, Valerie (2015).
1906:p. 83. Indus Publishing.
1789:Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa
1611:
1451:Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa
1037:Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa
981:After the Yao family of
179:Buddhism in Central Asia
4725:Ten principal disciples
3608:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3335:Fernão Pires de Andrade
3280:Giovanni de' Marignolli
3244:Niccolò and Maffeo Polo
3238:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar
3000:, Kelly and Walsh, ltd.
2842:Nan, Huai-Chin (1998),
2570:p. 128. APH Publishing.
2446:Liu, Ming-Wood (1994).
2425:Liu, Ming-Wood (1994).
2404:Liu, Ming-Wood (1994).
2357:Liu, Ming-Wood (1994).
2207:Eitel & Edkins 1871
2147:p. 128. APH Publishing.
2010:Ikeda, Daisaku (1976).
1630:Samyukta avadana sutra.
1453:). A commentary on the
1335:Maitreyavyākaraṇa Sūtra
1272:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
1233:Smaller Sukhāvatī-vyūha
1006:painted in Qing dynasty
884:Sarvastivada Abhidharma
759:
5435:Buddhism and democracy
4948:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4943:Chinese Buddhist canon
4175:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4170:Early Buddhist schools
3317:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
2761:Chandra, Moti (1977),
1904:March of Central Asia,
1825:
1779:
1729:
1713:Jiumoluoshi fashi dayi
1685:
1666:
1634:According to Robinson,
1618:Da zhuang yan jing lun
1180:
1069:
1007:
951:
781:who was probably from
483:Chinese Buddhist canon
189:Silk Road transmission
163:
6136:Writers from Xinjiang
6121:Buddhist missionaries
5445:Eight Consciousnesses
3555:Life of Buddha in art
3026:in the United States.
3004:Zürcher, Erik (2007)
2393:Surangamasamadhisutra
2292:chapter 2. Routledge.
1817:
1741:
1720:
1676:
1636:
1353:Buddhism. These are:
1351:East Asian Madhyamaka
1171:
1059:
1001:
942:
161:
6161:Missionary linguists
6141:Former Qin Buddhists
6131:Buddhist translators
5922:East Asian religions
5352:Buddhism in the West
4923:Early Buddhist texts
4538:Four Right Exertions
4004:Ten spiritual realms
3497:Noble Eightfold Path
3256:John of Montecorvino
3159:Sugawara no Kiyotomo
3135:Takamuko no Kuromaro
2933:Puri, B. N. (1987),
2042:Zürcher 2007 p. 226.
1552:Pusa he seyu fa jing
1531:Zuòchán sān mēi jīng
1486:a commentary to the
1408:Dvādaśanikāyaśāstra.
1371:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
1317:Ratnajāli-paripṛcchā
1195:as well as works on
745:Buddhist texts into
194:Dunhuang manuscripts
132:of Mahayana Buddhism
6156:Madhyamaka scholars
6106:Later Qin Buddhists
6045:Religion portal
5792:Temple of the Tooth
5671:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4710:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4203:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3986:Two truths doctrine
3806:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3606:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3355:(fl. ca. 1500–1516)
3268:Odoric of Pordenone
3141:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
3038:Works by Kumārajīva
2288:Litian Fang (2018)
1902:Rahul, Ram (2000).
1640:Sarvāstivāda-vinaya
1521:Chan mi yao fa jing
1480:Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā
1443:(Ch. 大智度論, pinyin:
1394:(Ch. 十二門論, pinyin:
1358:The Middle Treatise
1197:Buddhist meditation
792:Himself an eminent
636:traditional Chinese
465:Humanistic Buddhism
82:413 CE (aged 68-69)
5967:Western philosophy
5565:Dzong architecture
5387:Vipassana movement
5382:Buddhist modernism
4810:Emperor Wen of Sui
4578:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4511:Threefold Training
4313:Vipassana movement
4029:Hungry Ghost realm
3849:Avidyā (Ignorance)
3796:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3545:Great Renunciation
3540:Eight Great Events
3422:
3353:'Ali Akbar Khata'i
3286:Sa'id of Mogadishu
3195:Abu Zayd Al-Sirafi
2994:T'ien Hsia Monthly
2502:Tansen Sen (2014)
2391:Lamotte, Etienne.
1694:Zhu Weimojie Jing.
1686:
1679:White Horse Pagoda
1404:Dvādaśamukhaśāstra
1400:Dvādaśadvāraśāstra
1323:Vidhi-hṛdaya-vyūha
1267:T 223, 403–404 CE)
1261:, (T 227, 408 CE)
1070:
1008:
952:
944:White Horse Pagoda
644:simplified Chinese
554:White Horse Temple
164:
6053:
6052:
5691:Om mani padme hum
5397:Women in Buddhism
5313:Buddhist councils
5183:Western countries
4971:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
4732:Shaolin Monastery
4309:Samatha-vipassanā
3919:Pratītyasamutpāda
3723:Metteyya/Maitreya
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3470:Four Noble Truths
3380:
3379:
3213:Sulaiman al-Tajir
3183:Yamanoue no Okura
3042:Project Gutenberg
2926:978-0-393-91847-2
2825:Lu, Yang (2004),
1996:978-0-19-021842-3
1489:Daśabhūmikā Sūtra
1419:(Ch. 百論, pinyin:
1360:(Ch. 中論, pinyin:
1280:Daśabhūmikā Sūtra
1002:Brief map of Han
731:Later Qin dynasty
715:Mahayana Buddhism
625:
624:
460:Esoteric Buddhism
162:Chinese: "Buddha"
136:
135:
128:, founder of the
112:, and philosopher
6168:
6043:
6042:
6031:
6030:
5870:Sacred languages
5718:Maya Devi Temple
5681:Mahabodhi Temple
5485:Secular Buddhism
5450:Engaged Buddhism
4290:
4138:Tibetan Buddhism
4089:Vietnamese Thiền
3688:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3051:Internet Archive
3015:
3014:
3001:
2984:
2972:
2951:
2929:
2911:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2856:
2838:
2833:, Third Series,
2821:
2803:
2792:
2775:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2327:Nan, Huai-Chin.
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1662:Brahmajala-sutra
1572:Siwei Lue Yao Fa
1500:Meditation texts
1449:, T. 1509; Skt.
1423:, T. 1569; Skt.
1366:Madhyamakaśāstra
1364:, T. 1564; Skt.
1311:Pūrṇa-paripṛcchā
1183:Translated Texts
1079:Chinese Buddhism
973:Chinese language
735:Sixteen Kingdoms
696:Chinese Buddhism
668:
658:
649:
641:
617:
610:
603:
549:Tiantai Mountain
488:Taishō Tripiṭaka
337:Hongzhi Zhengjue
151:Chinese Buddhism
138:
137:
33:
19:
18:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6037:
6019:
5971:
5886:
5801:
5538:Ordination hall
5499:
5401:
5372:Buddhist crisis
5284:
4981:
4933:Mahayana sutras
4909:
4905:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4736:
4609:
4549:
4499:Bodhisattva vow
4184:
4050:
3990:
3949:Taṇhā (Craving)
3884:Five hindrances
3835:
3727:
3657:
3511:
3456:
3428:
3411:
3381:
3376:
3347:Leonel de Sousa
3323:Galeote Pereira
3311:Kenchū Keimitsu
3297:
3288:(1301– ? )
3224:
3171:Awata no Mahito
3165:Abe no Nakamaro
3087:
3084:
3034:
3012:
2970:
2949:
2927:
2909:
2882:
2880:
2854:
2819:
2773:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2735:
2725:Felbur, Rafal.
2724:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2445:
2441:
2424:
2420:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2356:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2114:Wu 1938, p. 455
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1850:
1813:
1805:Etienne Lamotte
1787:(T. 1509; Skt.
1671:
1642:(T. 1435), the
1614:
1562:Chán fǎ yào jiě
1502:
1468:Ch'eng-shih lun
1343:
1305:Vasudhara-sūtra
1213:
1193:Mahāyāna sutras
1185:
1075:
1060:Section of the
1054:
996:
937:
814:Pamir Mountains
767:
762:
717:, studying the
698:. According to
667:Chiu mo lo shih
621:
592:
591:
567:
559:
558:
519:
511:
510:
501:
493:
492:
478:
470:
469:
425:
417:
416:
212:
204:
203:
174:
97:
83:
74:
60:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6174:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6035:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5602:Greco-Buddhist
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5553:Burmese pagoda
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5335:Greco-Buddhism
5332:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5268:United Kingdom
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Czech Republic
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4977:Abhidharmadīpa
4974:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4895:B. R. Ambedkar
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4815:Songtsen Gampo
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Eight precepts
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4282:
4272:
4267:
4265:Five Strengths
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Mental factors
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Mahamoggallāna
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3671:Avalokiteśvara
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3250:Ahmad Fanakati
3247:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3219:Vairocanavajra
3216:
3210:
3204:
3201:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3177:Kibi no Makibi
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3105:Śubhakarasiṃha
3102:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3033:
3032:External links
3030:
3029:
3028:
3009:
3002:
2985:
2973:
2969:978-8131716779
2968:
2956:Singh, Upinder
2952:
2948:978-8120803725
2947:
2930:
2925:
2912:
2908:978-0824830038
2907:
2887:
2857:
2853:978-1578630202
2852:
2839:
2822:
2818:978-8176487986
2817:
2804:
2793:
2776:
2771:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2733:
2718:
2705:
2692:
2686:Chou, Po-kan,
2679:
2666:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2592:Lo Yuet-Keung
2585:
2572:
2559:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2460:
2450:. E.J. Brill,
2439:
2429:. E.J. Brill,
2418:
2408:. E.J. Brill,
2397:
2384:
2378:Ruegg, David.
2371:
2361:. E.J. Brill,
2350:
2333:
2320:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2265:
2253:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2209:, p. 217.
2199:
2197:, p. 188.
2187:
2185:, p. 186.
2175:
2162:
2149:
2133:
2131:, p. 108.
2116:
2107:
2095:
2089:Duan, Wenjie.
2082:
2080:, p. 107.
2070:
2057:
2044:
2030:
2017:
2002:
1995:
1975:
1973:, p. 115.
1963:
1961:, p. 180.
1951:
1949:, p. 523.
1939:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1880:, p. 287.
1869:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1812:
1809:
1745:Prajñāpāramita
1743:Like both the
1670:
1667:
1613:
1610:
1602:smṛtyupasthāna
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1524:
1501:
1498:
1476:
1475:
1458:
1437:
1436:
1411:
1410:
1388:
1387:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1212:
1209:
1184:
1181:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1123:smṛtyupasthāna
1114:
1074:
1071:
1053:
1052:Scholarly work
1050:
1046:Sarvāstivādins
995:
992:
936:
933:
808:to spread his
766:
763:
761:
758:
623:
622:
620:
619:
612:
605:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
485:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:Hanshan Deqing
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
302:Śubhakarasiṃha
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
154:
153:
147:
146:
134:
133:
118:
117:Known for
114:
113:
103:
99:
98:
84:
80:
76:
75:
61:
57:
53:
52:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6173:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5807:Miscellaneous
5804:
5798:
5797:Vegetarianism
5795:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:Buddha in art
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:United States
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Padmasambhava
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4742:Major figures
4739:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4688:Western tulku
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Five precepts
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Dhamma vicaya
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Buddhābhiṣeka
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Enlightenment
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Dhamma theory
3867:
3865:
3864:Buddha-nature
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:Samantabhadra
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:Jorge Álvares
3327:
3324:
3321:
3319:(fl. 1419-22)
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3024:public domain
3019:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2879:on 2013-10-29
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2772:9788170170556
2768:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2557:, p. 46.
2556:
2551:
2549:
2542:, p. 45.
2541:
2536:
2530:, p. 44.
2529:
2524:
2518:, p. 41.
2517:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2346:9789400977778
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2263:, p. 60.
2262:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2105:, p. 84.
2104:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1737:Bodhisattva's
1734:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:(Lotus Sutra)
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:Diamond Sutra
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1154:transcription
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1062:Diamond Sutra
1058:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1000:
991:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
949:
945:
941:
932:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Buddhist monk
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Sarvastivadin
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:(present-day
681:
677:
673:
672:Buddhist monk
669:
663:
659:
653:
645:
637:
633:
629:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
596:
595:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
515:
514:
507:
504:
503:
497:
496:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
474:
473:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
407:Nan Huai-Chin
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Dahui Zonggao
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Daman Hongren
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:Major figures
208:
207:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
184:Dharmaguptaka
182:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
144:
140:
139:
131:
130:Sanlun school
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:Buddhist monk
104:
102:Occupation(s)
100:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
20:
5985:Bodhisattvas
5905:Christianity
5900:Baháʼí Faith
5765:Dharmachakra
5755:Prayer wheel
5745:Prayer beads
5513:Architecture
5392:969 Movement
5176:Saudi Arabia
5154:Central Asia
5147:South Africa
4969:
4952:
4885:Panchen Lama
4790:Buddhapālita
4779:
4386:Satipatthana
4381:Mindful Yoga
4294:Recollection
4208:Brahmavihara
4079:Japanese Zen
4074:Chinese Chan
4034:Animal realm
3841:Key concepts
3663:Bodhisattvas
3475:Three Jewels
3359:Matteo Ricci
3303:Ming dynasty
3274:Dhyānabhadra
3230:Yuan dynasty
3129:Ono no Imoko
3098:
3021:
3017:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2977:
2959:
2934:
2916:
2894:
2891:Nattier, Jan
2881:, retrieved
2877:the original
2872:
2868:
2861:Nattier, Jan
2843:
2834:
2830:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2784:
2762:
2744:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2463:
2447:
2442:
2426:
2421:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2358:
2353:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2261:Nattier 2005
2256:
2248:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2202:
2195:Nattier 1992
2190:
2183:Nattier 1992
2178:
2173:2000. p. 100
2170:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2110:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1966:
1959:Chandra 1977
1954:
1942:
1934:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1878:Pollard 2015
1873:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:Treatise on
1701:
1698:Shixiang lun
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1661:
1655:bodhisattva-
1654:
1647:
1644:Sarvāstivāda
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1598:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1428:
1425:Śatakaśāstra
1424:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:Shiermenlun,
1395:
1391:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1313:( T 310, 17)
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1186:
1172:
1164:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1061:
1035:
1015:
1009:
980:
977:monk's vows.
958:(苻堅) of the
953:
926:
924:philosophy.
911:
892:Sarvastivada
877:
866:
791:
768:
751:
721:doctrine of
711:Buddhasvāmin
704:
686:Prefecture,
665:
655:
634:: कुमारजीव;
627:
626:
582:Martial arts
534:Mount Jiuhua
518:Sacred Sites
500:Architecture
372:Miyun Yuanwu
221:
5830:Dharma talk
5659:Asalha Puja
5455:Eschatology
5258:Switzerland
5238:New Zealand
5166:Middle East
5075:Philippines
4995:Afghanistan
4800:Bodhidharma
4785:Buddhaghosa
4705:Householder
4615:Monasticism
4568:Bodhisattva
4423:Prostration
4376:Mindfulness
4304:Anapanasati
4287:Kammaṭṭhāna
4084:Korean Seon
4024:Asura realm
4019:Human realm
3959:Ten Fetters
3914:Parinirvana
3816:Uppalavanna
3781:Mahākaccana
3766:Mahākassapa
3698:Kṣitigarbha
3693:Ākāśagarbha
3590:Suddhodāna
3535:Four sights
3462:Foundations
3371:Ivan Petlin
3367:(1591–1666)
3361:(1552–1610)
3343:(1465–1540)
3325:(1549-1553)
3294:(1304–1369)
3292:Ibn Battuta
3282:(1290–1353)
3276:(1289-1363)
3270:(1286–1331)
3264:(1254–1324)
3258:(1247–1328)
3252:(1242—1282)
3246:(1230–1309)
3240:(1211–1279)
3153:Amoghavajra
2743:Fan Muyou.
2673:R. Hikata,
2631:Fan Muyou.
2555:Greene 2012
2540:Greene 2012
2528:Greene 2012
2516:Greene 2012
2331:1997. p. 91
2093:1995. p. 94
1496:(T. 1659).
1462:Satyasiddhi
1299:Bhadrakalpa
1137:(awakening)
1092:translation
1073:Translation
1042:Vaibhāṣikas
903:Buddhayaśas
852:settled in
820:stopped in
775:Tarim Basin
733:during the
657:Jiūmóluóshí
539:Mount Putuo
524:Mount Wutai
397:Yang Wenhui
317:Bodhidharma
312:Amoghavajra
108:, scholar,
41:Kuqa County
37:Kizil Caves
6071:413 deaths
6066:344 births
6060:Categories
5947:Psychology
5927:Gnosticism
5915:Comparison
5910:Influences
5892:Comparison
5775:Bhavacakra
5733:Kushinagar
5708:Pilgrimage
5654:Māgha Pūjā
5609:Bodhi Tree
5425:Buddhology
5415:Abhidharma
5407:Philosophy
5340:Menander I
5208:Costa Rica
5159:Uzbekistan
5000:Bangladesh
4954:Dhammapada
4938:Pali Canon
4900:Ajahn Chah
4880:Dalai Lama
4780:Kumārajīva
4775:Vasubandhu
4750:The Buddha
4658:Zen master
4593:Sakadagami
4573:Buddhahood
4504:Pratimokṣa
4319:Shikantaza
4275:Meditation
4250:Deity yoga
4121:Madhyamaka
4014:Deva realm
3909:Mindstream
3859:Bodhicitta
3771:Aṅgulimāla
3638:Devadatta
3614:Yaśodharā
3517:The Buddha
3507:Middle Way
3341:Tomé Pires
3262:Marco Polo
3111:Vajrabodhi
3099:Kumārajīva
2883:2013-10-23
2831:Asia Major
2456:9004099840
2435:9004099840
2414:9004099840
2367:9004099840
2129:Kumar 2005
2078:Kumar 2005
1971:Smith 1971
1947:Singh 2009
1865:References
1793:Dazhidulun
1784:Dazhidulun
1725:tetralemma
1664:(T. 1484).
1657:prātimokṣa
1649:prātimokṣa
1472:Abhidharma
1446:Dazhidulun
1429:Śataśāstra
1376:Middle Way
1347:Madhyamaka
1331:(T 381–82)
1307:(T 481–82)
1295:(T 585–86)
1245:(T 263–62)
1205:Abhidharma
1068:to Chinese
1030:(道融), and
960:Former Qin
922:Madhyamaka
900:Kashmirian
898:under the
850:Kumārāyana
842:Kumārāyana
838:Kumārāyana
826:Kumārāyana
818:Kumārāyana
798:Kumārāyana
779:Kumārāyana
765:Early life
723:Nāgārjuna.
719:Mādhyamaka
676:translator
662:Wade–Giles
628:Kumārajīva
529:Mount Emei
424:Traditions
367:Ouyi Zhixu
332:Mazu Daoyi
307:Vajrabodhi
237:Paramartha
222:Kumārajīva
110:translator
23:Kumārajīva
6015:Festivals
5995:Buddhists
5957:Theosophy
5760:Symbolism
5750:Hama yumi
5723:Bodh Gaya
5490:Socialism
5465:Evolution
5440:Economics
5278:Venezuela
5193:Australia
5188:Argentina
5112:Sri Lanka
5107:Singapore
5025:Indonesia
4987:Countries
4928:Tripiṭaka
4890:Ajahn Mun
4765:Nagarjuna
4760:Aśvaghoṣa
4643:Anagārika
4638:Śrāmaṇerī
4633:Śrāmaṇera
4628:Bhikkhunī
4588:Sotāpanna
4477:Passaddhi
4418:Offerings
4393:Nekkhamma
4270:Iddhipada
4190:Practices
4160:Theravada
4133:Vajrayana
4126:Yogachara
4096:Pure Land
4009:Six Paths
3996:Cosmology
3776:Anuruddha
3751:Sāriputta
3741:Kaundinya
3733:Disciples
3708:Vajrapāṇi
3560:Footprint
3525:Tathāgata
3373:(17th c.)
3349:(16th c.)
3337:(16th c.)
3331:(16th c.)
3313:(15th c.)
3221:(12th c.)
3161:(770-842)
3155:(705–774)
3149:(704–760)
3147:Bodhisena
3117:Peroz III
3113:(671–741)
3107:(637-735)
3101:(344–413)
2837:(2): 1–43
1811:Influence
1797:Nagarjuna
1733:emptiness
1626:Asvaghosa
1570:(T. 617.
1560:(T. 616.
1550:(T. 615.
1544:阿蘭若習禪法經).
1537:菩薩禪法經 or
1529:(T. 614.
1519:(T. 613.
1482:(T. 1521)
1470:) – This
1380:Vimalākṣa
1341:Treatises
983:Later Qin
445:Pure Land
392:Hsuan Hua
297:Chengguan
217:Lokakṣema
90:Later Qin
6033:Category
5962:Violence
5932:Hinduism
5880:Sanskrit
5835:Hinayana
5820:Amitābha
5780:Swastika
5649:Uposatha
5639:Holidays
5624:Calendar
5470:Humanism
5308:Kanishka
5298:Timeline
5122:Thailand
5090:Kalmykia
5085:Buryatia
5070:Pakistan
5055:Mongolia
5050:Maldives
5045:Malaysia
5010:Cambodia
4875:Shamarpa
4870:Nichiren
4820:Xuanzang
4755:Nagasena
4673:Rinpoche
4403:Pāramitā
4245:Devotion
4165:Navayana
4153:Dzogchen
4116:Nichiren
4064:Mahayana
4056:Branches
3934:Saṅkhāra
3683:Mañjuśrī
3640:(cousin)
3632:(cousin)
3600:(mother)
3592:(father)
3580:Miracles
3530:Birthday
3447:Glossary
3420:Buddhism
3215:(9th c.)
3209:(9th c.)
3203:(9th c.)
3197:(9th c.)
3191:(8th c.)
3185:(8th c.)
3179:(8th c.)
3173:(8th c.)
3167:(8th c.)
3143:(7th c.)
3137:(7th c.)
3131:(7th c.)
3125:(7th c.)
3119:(7th c.)
3092:Pre-Yuan
2958:(2009),
2893:(2005),
2863:(1992),
2103:Nan 1998
1848:See also
1821:Prakrits
1748:various
1683:Dunhuang
1554:菩薩訶色欲法經)
1433:Āryadeva
1362:Zhonglun
1167:Xuanzang
1118:niàn chǔ
1112:Mahāyāna
1108:Dà chéng
1097:Xuanzang
1089:readable
1066:Sanskrit
1024:Sengzhao
1020:Daosheng
1012:Yao Xing
1004:Chang'an
987:Yao Xing
968:Lü Guang
964:Chang'an
948:Dunhuang
929:Buddhism
920:and the
896:Mahayana
882:and the
862:Buddhist
810:Buddhist
743:Sanskrit
727:Chang'an
700:Lu Cheng
688:Xinjiang
632:Sanskrit
544:Mount Lu
402:Yin Shun
362:Zhu Hong
252:Woncheuk
242:Xuanzang
227:Sengzhao
143:a series
141:Part of
122:Sanskrit
96:, China)
86:Chang'an
45:Xinjiang
6010:Temples
5990:Buddhas
5952:Science
5942:Judaism
5937:Jainism
5855:Lineage
5815:Abhijñā
5785:Thangka
5728:Sarnath
5713:Lumbini
5634:Funeral
5629:Cuisine
5505:Culture
5480:Reality
5430:Creator
5420:Atomism
5290:History
5263:Ukraine
5223:Germany
5142:Senegal
5132:Vietnam
5060:Myanmar
4860:Shinran
4850:Karmapa
4825:Shandao
4795:Dignāga
4720:Śrāvaka
4700:Donchee
4695:Kappiya
4653:Sayadaw
4623:Bhikkhu
4598:Anāgāmi
4555:Nirvana
4521:Samadhi
4408:Paritta
4349:Tonglen
4344:Mandala
4299:Smarana
4280:Mantras
4228:Upekkha
4198:Bhavana
4148:Shingon
4101:Tiantai
3954:Tathātā
3944:Śūnyatā
3939:Skandha
3929:Saṃsāra
3924:Rebirth
3899:Kleshas
3889:Indriya
3791:Subhūti
3676:Guanyin
3630:Ānanda
3622:Rāhula
3502:Nirvana
3442:Outline
3123:Narsieh
3049:at the
2755:Sources
2437:. p. 27
2416:. p. 27
2395:. p. 40
2369:. p. 27
1841:anatman
1835:śūnyatā
1830:Xuanxue
1801:Sengrui
1464:Shastra
1406:or as *
1384:Piṅgala
1325:(T 307)
1319:(T 433)
1301:(T 425)
1289:(T 484)
1275:(T 642)
1253:(T 475)
1236:(T 366)
1175:Prakrit
1032:Sengrui
1028:Daorong
1022:(竺道生),
956:Fu Jian
907:Kashgar
888:Kashmir
802:Kashmir
783:Kashmir
773:in the
747:Chinese
739:Sengrui
577:Cuisine
566:Culture
435:Tiantai
412:Nenghai
387:Hsu Yun
322:Huineng
287:Zhanran
277:Shandao
272:Daochuo
267:Tanluan
262:Huiyuan
257:Daoxuan
172:History
126:Chinese
6005:Sutras
6000:Suttas
5865:Siddhi
5850:Koliya
5825:Brahmā
5740:Poetry
5686:Mantra
5676:Kasaya
5548:Pagoda
5528:Kyaung
5523:Vihāra
5518:Temple
5460:Ethics
5303:Ashoka
5253:Sweden
5248:Poland
5243:Norway
5233:Mexico
5218:France
5203:Canada
5198:Brazil
5137:Africa
5117:Taiwan
5080:Russia
5005:Bhutan
4965:Vinaya
4845:Naropa
4835:Saraha
4770:Asanga
4526:Prajñā
4435:Refuge
4398:Nianfo
4359:Tertön
4354:Tantra
4339:Ganana
4329:Tukdam
4255:Dhyāna
4223:Mudita
4218:Karuṇā
4111:Risshū
4106:Huayan
4039:Naraka
3979:Anattā
3974:Dukkha
3969:Anicca
3874:Dharma
3826:Channa
3761:Ānanda
3746:Assaji
3713:Skanda
3616:(wife)
3585:Family
3565:Relics
3490:Sangha
3485:Dharma
3480:Buddha
3189:Hyecho
3016:
3008:BRILL.
2966:
2945:
2923:
2905:
2850:
2815:
2769:
2664:p. 79.
2609:p. 78.
2458:. p.27
2454:
2433:
2412:
2365:
2348:. p. 5
2344:
2279:p. 78.
2235:p. 78.
2160:p. 76.
1993:
1775:prajñā
1771:prajñā
1767:prajñā
1763:prajñā
1759:Prajñā
1755:prajñā
1704:Tattva
1651:-sutra
1620:大莊嚴經論
1574:思惟略要法)
1564:禪法要解).
1523:禪祕要法經)
1508:dhyāna
1421:Bailun
1211:Sutras
1203:) and
1201:dhyāna
1189:Taishō
1159:pinyin
1133:" for
1120:" for
1026:(僧肇),
1016:guoshi
918:Vinaya
880:Agamas
834:Kuchan
754:Sanlun
664::
654::
652:pinyin
646::
638::
455:Sanlun
450:Weishi
440:Huayan
352:Zongmi
292:Fazang
232:Jizang
59:344 CE
5977:Lists
5845:Kalpa
5840:Iddhi
5703:Music
5698:Mudra
5664:Vassa
5644:Vesak
5614:Budai
5560:Candi
5543:Stupa
5475:Logic
5228:Italy
5127:Tibet
5065:Nepal
5035:Korea
5030:Japan
5020:India
5015:China
4960:Sutra
4915:Texts
4865:Dōgen
4855:Hōnen
4840:Atiśa
4805:Zhiyi
4715:Achar
4683:Tulku
4678:Geshe
4663:Rōshi
4648:Ajahn
4603:Arhat
4563:Bodhi
4533:Vīrya
4450:Sacca
4445:Satya
4440:Sādhu
4428:Music
4371:Merit
4364:Terma
4324:Zazen
4260:Faith
4213:Mettā
3894:Karma
3854:Bardo
3821:Asita
3811:Khema
3801:Upāli
3786:Nanda
3624:(son)
3598:Māyā
3575:Films
3452:Index
3207:Egaku
1803:. As
1750:upaya
1612:Other
1427:, or
1135:Bodhi
1131:pú tí
1106:大乘 ''
914:Kucha
873:Kucha
854:Kucha
822:Kucha
806:China
771:Kucha
692:China
680:Kucha
678:from
477:Texts
382:Tanxu
377:Taixu
347:Linji
282:Zhiyi
247:Kuiji
94:Xi'an
92:(now
71:China
65:(now
63:Kucha
49:China
5875:Pāḷi
5860:Māra
5770:Flag
5171:Iran
5095:Tuva
5040:Laos
4668:Lama
4516:Śīla
4484:Śīla
4472:Pīti
4462:Sati
4413:Puja
4334:Koan
4240:Dāna
3831:Yasa
3718:Tārā
2964:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2342:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1838:and
1628:and
1142:xìng
1129:菩提 "
1116:念處 "
1084:geyi
869:Jīva
858:Jīva
846:Jīva
844:and
830:Jīva
787:Jīva
760:Life
684:Aksu
648:鸠摩罗什
640:鳩摩羅什
587:Diyu
430:Chan
79:Died
67:Kuqa
56:Born
5597:Art
5533:Wat
4069:Zen
3040:at
1624:of
1382:/ *
1140:性 "
1099:.
1048:).
912:In
905:in
875:.
804:to
789:.
749:.
124:to
39:in
6062::
5099:ru
2996:,
2992:,
2980:,
2941:,
2937:,
2901:,
2897:,
2873:15
2871:,
2867:,
2846:,
2835:17
2829:,
2787:,
2783:,
2736:^
2653:^
2547:^
2268:^
2240:^
2136:^
2119:^
2033:^
1924:^
1757:.
1681:,
1207:.
946:,
909:.
840:.
816:,
796:,
690:,
660:;
650:;
642:;
145:on
88:,
69:,
47:,
43:,
5101:)
5097:(
4315:)
4311:(
3406:e
3399:t
3392:v
3079:e
3072:t
3065:v
2998:7
2789:3
2382:.
1999:.
1706:,
1700:(
1692:(
1646:-
1510:)
1484:,
1466:(
1435:.
1228:)
1224:(
1199:(
1044:(
630:(
616:e
609:t
602:v
73:)
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