980:
community began to appropriate
Buddhist temples in an attempt to build "cloisters" of tax exempt wealth. (But in 1109, an imperial decree stopped wealthy laymen from funding these temples and four years later in 1113 these temples lost their tax-exempt status. By 1129 it was estimated that 5,000 of these certificates were sold on an annual basis.) Some laymen even purchased their own ordination to avoid taxes. This way they would not have to pay money to the state, nor keep the Buddhist precepts since they were not real clergy. With an uneven balance of clergy and civilians, the state lost a major source of taxes and military personnel.
37:
3939:
3950:
1348:
1335:
956:
618:
1325:
918:(斤) (roughly 2.5 kilograms) of copper; lesser weights brought lesser penalties), but it is unclear how many Buddhist monks, nuns, or lay persons were executed under the requirements of the edicts. Traditional historical accounts conflict on the issue of whether there was suppression of Buddhist doctrines or practice, although they, in unison, showed a lack of evidence of massacres. The
972:‘Buddhist law society’ , clandestinely being loose in their morals.” An edict in 1035 offered a substantial reward, thirty strings of cash, to anyone who was able to seize such sectaries or who informed on them leading to their capture. (Note that thirty strings of cash was the estimated cost to the state of supporting a postal worker for one year.) This report concerned the western
971:
A report from the late 920s, on heretical
Buddhist believers, comments that “sometimes Buddhist clergy and laity are ignorant and thoughtless. Men and women live together illicitly, forming themselves into groups, gathering at night and dispersing at dawn, speciously proclaiming and handing down a
979:
Constant wars drained China of money. This forced the court to raise taxes and to sell
Buddhist “ordination certificates" (to prove a monk's tax, work, and military exempt status) in order to boost revenue. In 1067 these certificates became official policy. As a result, rich members of the lay
874:, and the large municipalities and each circuit were each allowed to maintain one temple with no more than 20 monks. More than 4,600 temples were destroyed empirewide, and more than 260,000 monks and nuns were forced to return to civilian life. The persecution lasted for twenty months before
850:" in an effort to appropriate war funds by stripping Buddhism of its financial wealth and to drive "foreign" influences from Tang China. Wuzong forced all Buddhist clergy into lay life or into hiding and confiscated their property. During this time, followers of
914:(951–960), due to the need for copper, ordered that Buddha statues be destroyed so that copper could be used to mint coins. His edict was issued at the threat of death (if one illegally continued to possess more than five
881:
Several reasons led to the proscriptions, among them the accumulated wealth by the monasteries and the case that many people entered the
Buddhist community to escape military service and tax duty, which lasted through the
987:(1021–1086), the state began to take on social welfare functions previously provided by Buddhist monasteries, instituting public orphanages, hospitals, dispensaries, hospices, cemeteries, and reserve granaries.
819:
had the monastery renovated. Compared to the first
Disaster of Wu, the second was relatively bloodless. When it officially ended was difficult to gauge, but it was probably over by the time that his son
811:
images destroyed and their clergy returned to lay life. He believed the temples had become too rich and powerful, so he confiscated their land and gave it to his own soldiers. During this time, the
886:. The increase in the number of temples and priests and nuns put financial pressure on the state, which prompted the successive dynasties to regulate Buddhism. A third reason was the rise of the
771:(蓋吳). During the campaign, weapons were located in Buddhist temples, and he therefore believed that Buddhists were against him. With encouragement from his also devoutly Taoist prime minister
940:
indicates that there were destructions of temples, and forced return to civilian life for monks and nuns whose vows were not approved of by their parents.
2089:
3004:
1479:
779:
region, the center of Gai's rebellion. The ban against
Buddhism was relaxed in Emperor Taiwu's later years, and formally ended after his grandson
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1048:(《魏书·释老志》):“世祖初继位，亦遵太祖、太宗之业，每引高德沙门，与共谈论。……及得寇谦之道，帝以清净无为，有仙化之证，遂信行其术。时司徒崔浩，博学多闻，帝每访以大事。浩奉谦之道，尤不信佛，与帝言，数加非毁，常谓虚诞，为世费害，帝以其辩博，颇信之。”
4000:
3980:
1642:
1484:
1115:
Chinese records state
Zoroastrianism and Christianity were regarded as heretical forms of Buddhism during this time. (see
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3819:
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1203:
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3716:
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1361:
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were persecuted as well. The ban was not a complete ban; two
Buddhist temples were permitted in both the main capital
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Chinese
History - Tang 唐 (618–907), Five Dynasties 五代 (907–960), Ten States 十國 (902–979) religion and customs
973:
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577:
272:
1086:《续高僧传》（卷二十三）：“数百年来官私佛寺，扫地并尽！融刮圣容，焚烧经典。禹贡八州见成寺庙，出四十千，并赐王公，充为第宅；三方释子，减三百万，皆复为民，还为编户。三宝福财，其赀无数，簿录入官，登即赏费，分散荡尽。”
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775:, Emperor Taiwu ordered Buddhism abolished under penalty of death, and slaughtered the Buddhists in the
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carried out on four occasions from the 5th through the 10th century by four
Chinese emperors:
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indicated that people who had dependents were disallowed from becoming monks or nuns. The
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The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions: The Legacy of the Jewish Community in Ancient China
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philosophies destroyed the social system of duty and rights of the upper and lower
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calling for the "abolition of Buddhism". In 574 and again in 577, Emperor Wu had
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On Some Factors Responsible for The Antibuddhist Persecution Under The Pei-Ch'ao
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of all three emperors who carried out the persecutions included the character "
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225:
1144:, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 19, (1/2), 67-105 – via
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1983:
1778:
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1283:, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 17 (1/2), 261-273 – via
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who wrote manifests against the foreign religion, believing its monastic and
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1823:
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but people accused of similar practices could also be found in the east.
960:
930:
suggest the lack of suppression of doctrines and practices, although the
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1998:
1955:
1918:
1685:
1650:
1617:
1592:
1547:
947:, Emperor Shizong destroyed 3,336 of China's 6,030 Buddhist temples.
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776:
702:
467:
442:
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The Economic Background of The Hui-ch'ang Suppression of Buddhism
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ascended the throne and put forth a policy of tolerance in 846.
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1978:
709:. The first three events are collectively known as the
1131:《旧唐书·武宗纪》（卷一八上）：“还俗僧尼二十六万五百人，收充两税户”“收奴婢为两税户十五万人”。
3967:
1163:four imperial persecutions of Buddhism in China
751:The first Disaster of Wu started in 446, when
1308:
642:
2090:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
1315:
1301:
649:
635:
983:During the Prime-Ministry of "Reformer"
954:
815:was closed but later reopened after the
3277:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
731:); they were named as such because the
3968:
3480:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1260:
1258:
783:, a Buddhist, took the throne in 452.
1296:
1158:
1156:
1069:History of the Shaolin Kung Fu Temple
1244:. Cambridge University Press, 1993 (
673:) were the wholesale suppression of
1255:
1234:
663:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
13:
3267:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1273:
1153:
945:Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism
795:(衛元嵩) submitted a memorial to the
100:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
95:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
4017:
1265:Song Dynasty Renaissance 960-1279
1219:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1197:New History of the Five Dynasties
937:Old History of the Five Dynasties
927:New History of the Five Dynasties
3948:
3938:
3937:
3495:Thai temple art and architecture
3240:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1480:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1346:
1333:
1323:
1117:Chapter 5: Christianity in China
834:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
781:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
616:
35:
1347:
1212:
1190:
1178:
1167:
848:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
791:In 567, former Buddhist priest
3485:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3287:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2367:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1558:Places where the Buddha stayed
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1122:
1109:
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1080:
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1022:The Northern Celestial Masters
761:the Northern Celestial Masters
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718:
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1:
3500:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
950:
822:Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
817:Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
753:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
4001:Religion in the Tang dynasty
3981:History of Buddhism in China
3257:Buddhism and the Roman world
3233:Decline of Buddhism in India
3228:History of Buddhism in India
1328: Topics in
298:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
2455:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2195:
1242:Law and Order in Sung China
1099:New York: iUniverse, 2006.
1074:September 18, 2006, at the
990:
870:and the subsidiary capital
10:
4022:
3405:The unanswerable questions
1228:February 18, 2006, at the
1032:
831:
3986:Religious policy in China
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3800:
3715:
3490:Buddhist temples in Korea
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2098:
2053:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1964:
1956:Three planes of existence
1904:
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1563:Buddha in world religions
1425:
1370:
1342:
1206:October 11, 2007, at the
901:
786:
3976:Persecution of Buddhists
3272:Persecution of Buddhists
2493:Four stages of awakening
1874:Three marks of existence
1460:Physical characteristics
827:
824:took the throne in 578.
746:
2635:Ten principal disciples
1518:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1288:(subscription required)
1279:Ch'En, Kenneth (1954).
1149:(subscription required)
1140:Ch'en, Kenneth (1956).
318:Philosophical reasoning
3345:Buddhism and democracy
2858:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2853:Chinese Buddhist canon
2085:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2080:Early Buddhist schools
968:
85:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3355:Eight Consciousnesses
1465:Life of Buddha in art
958:
801:Northern Zhou dynasty
711:Three Disasters of Wu
691:Northern Zhou dynasty
353:Aids to Enlightenment
178:Dependent Origination
3832:East Asian religions
3262:Buddhism in the West
2833:Early Buddhist texts
2448:Four Right Exertions
1914:Ten spiritual realms
1407:Noble Eightfold Path
910:(r. 954–959) of the
799:(r. 561–578) of the
683:Northern Wei dynasty
323:Devotional practices
146:Noble Eightfold Path
3955:Religion portal
3702:Temple of the Tooth
3581:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2620:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
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1716:Mahapajapati Gotamī
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1240:McKnight, Brian E.
763:, was fighting the
623:Buddhism portal
496:Buddhism by country
258:Sanskrit literature
3877:Western philosophy
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3297:Vipassana movement
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2720:Emperor Wen of Sui
2488:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2421:Threefold Training
2223:Vipassana movement
1939:Hungry Ghost realm
1759:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1706:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1455:Great Renunciation
1450:Eight Great Events
1332:
969:
912:Later Zhou dynasty
707:Later Zhou dynasty
110:Buddhist modernism
3963:
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3601:Om mani padme hum
3307:Women in Buddhism
3223:Buddhist councils
3093:Western countries
2881:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2642:Shaolin Monastery
2219:Samatha-vipassanā
1829:Pratītyasamutpāda
1633:Metteyya/Maitreya
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1380:Four Noble Truths
1002:Buddhism in China
943:According to the
813:Shaolin Monastery
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141:Four Noble Truths
4013:
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3780:Sacred languages
3628:Maya Devi Temple
3591:Mahabodhi Temple
3395:Secular Buddhism
3360:Engaged Buddhism
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2048:Tibetan Buddhism
1999:Vietnamese Thiền
1598:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
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1007:Chinese Buddhism
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733:posthumous names
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1794:Five hindrances
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1274:Further reading
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1230:Wayback Machine
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1208:Wayback Machine
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1185:s:zh:資治通鑑:第292卷
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1095:Tiberiu Weisz,
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1076:Wayback Machine
1067:
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908:Emperor Shizong
904:
846:initiated the "
838:In 845, Taoist
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703:Emperor Shizong
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607:
498:
488:
487:
438:
428:
427:
393:
383:
382:
288:
278:
277:
248:Mahayana Sutras
228:
218:
217:
158:Five Aggregates
136:
135:
115:
114:
105:Later Buddhists
70:
12:
11:
5:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:Greco-Buddhist
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:Burmese pagoda
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3245:Greco-Buddhism
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:United Kingdom
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Czech Republic
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:Abhidharmadīpa
2884:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:B. R. Ambedkar
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Songtsen Gampo
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Eight precepts
2401:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2175:Five Strengths
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Mental factors
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Mahamoggallāna
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1581:Avalokiteśvara
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1233:
1211:
1189:
1177:
1166:
1152:
1133:
1121:
1108:
1088:
1079:
1061:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:Shaolin Temple
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
992:
989:
952:
949:
921:Zizhi Tongjian
903:
900:
888:Neo-Confucians
864:Zoroastrianism
840:Emperor Wuzong
832:Main article:
829:
826:
788:
785:
748:
745:
728:sān wǔ zhī huò
695:Emperor Wuzong
657:
656:
654:
653:
646:
639:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
610:
609:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
413:Pratyekabuddha
410:
405:
400:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:Buddhist chant
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
229:
226:Buddhist texts
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
154:
153:
143:
137:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
54:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4018:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Northern Zhou
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3717:Miscellaneous
3714:
3708:
3707:Vegetarianism
3705:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Buddha in art
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:United States
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Padmasambhava
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2652:Major figures
2649:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:Western tulku
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Five precepts
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Dhamma vicaya
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Buddhābhiṣeka
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1789:Enlightenment
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1779:Dhamma theory
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1774:Buddha-nature
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1058:Wei Yüan-sung
1054:
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967:(960-1279 AD)
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860:Manichaeanism
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759:who followed
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378:Vegetarianism
376:
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333:Recollections
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303:Five precepts
301:
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281:
274:
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268:Chinese canon
266:
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263:Tibetan canon
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45:
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42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
3991:Northern Wei
3895:Bodhisattvas
3815:Christianity
3810:Baháʼí Faith
3675:Dharmachakra
3665:Prayer wheel
3655:Prayer beads
3423:Architecture
3302:969 Movement
3086:Saudi Arabia
3064:Central Asia
3057:South Africa
2879:
2862:
2795:Panchen Lama
2700:Buddhapālita
2296:Satipatthana
2291:Mindful Yoga
2204:Recollection
2118:Brahmavihara
1989:Japanese Zen
1984:Chinese Chan
1944:Animal realm
1751:Key concepts
1573:Bodhisattvas
1385:Three Jewels
1241:
1236:
1218:
1214:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1169:
1136:
1124:
1111:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1064:
1053:
1041:
982:
978:
970:
965:Song Dynasty
944:
942:
935:
931:
925:
919:
915:
906:In 955, the
905:
884:Song Dynasty
880:
852:Christianity
844:Tang dynasty
837:
793:Wei Yuansong
790:
750:
740:
737:temple names
726:
710:
699:Tang dynasty
662:
660:
328:Merit making
293:Three Jewels
233:Buddhavacana
163:Impermanence
151:Dharma wheel
3740:Dharma talk
3569:Asalha Puja
3365:Eschatology
3168:Switzerland
3148:New Zealand
3076:Middle East
2985:Philippines
2905:Afghanistan
2710:Bodhidharma
2695:Buddhaghosa
2615:Householder
2525:Monasticism
2478:Bodhisattva
2333:Prostration
2286:Mindfulness
2214:Anapanasati
2197:Kammaṭṭhāna
1994:Korean Seon
1934:Asura realm
1929:Human realm
1869:Ten Fetters
1824:Parinirvana
1726:Uppalavanna
1691:Mahākaccana
1676:Mahākassapa
1608:Kṣitigarbha
1603:Ākāśagarbha
1500:Suddhodāna
1445:Four sights
1372:Foundations
961:Bodhisattva
932:New History
892:egalitarian
755:, a devout
563:New Zealand
418:Bodhisattva
403:Four Stages
358:Monasticism
338:Mindfulness
308:Perfections
238:Early Texts
4006:Later Zhou
3970:Categories
3857:Psychology
3837:Gnosticism
3825:Comparison
3820:Influences
3802:Comparison
3685:Bhavacakra
3643:Kushinagar
3618:Pilgrimage
3564:Māgha Pūjā
3519:Bodhi Tree
3335:Buddhology
3325:Abhidharma
3317:Philosophy
3250:Menander I
3118:Costa Rica
3069:Uzbekistan
2910:Bangladesh
2864:Dhammapada
2848:Pali Canon
2810:Ajahn Chah
2790:Dalai Lama
2690:Kumārajīva
2685:Vasubandhu
2660:The Buddha
2568:Zen master
2503:Sakadagami
2483:Buddhahood
2414:Pratimokṣa
2229:Shikantaza
2185:Meditation
2160:Deity yoga
2031:Madhyamaka
1924:Deva realm
1819:Mindstream
1769:Bodhicitta
1681:Aṅgulimāla
1548:Devadatta
1524:Yaśodharā
1427:The Buddha
1417:Middle Way
1199:, vol. 12
985:Wang Anshi
951:Regulation
797:Emperor Wu
687:Emperor Wu
436:Traditions
373:Pilgrimage
313:Meditation
273:Post-canon
253:Pāli Canon
183:Middle Way
80:The Buddha
3925:Festivals
3905:Buddhists
3867:Theosophy
3670:Symbolism
3660:Hama yumi
3633:Bodh Gaya
3400:Socialism
3375:Evolution
3350:Economics
3188:Venezuela
3103:Australia
3098:Argentina
3022:Sri Lanka
3017:Singapore
2935:Indonesia
2897:Countries
2838:Tripiṭaka
2800:Ajahn Mun
2675:Nagarjuna
2670:Aśvaghoṣa
2553:Anagārika
2548:Śrāmaṇerī
2543:Śrāmaṇera
2538:Bhikkhunī
2498:Sotāpanna
2387:Passaddhi
2328:Offerings
2303:Nekkhamma
2180:Iddhipada
2100:Practices
2070:Theravada
2043:Vajrayana
2036:Yogachara
2006:Pure Land
1919:Six Paths
1906:Cosmology
1686:Anuruddha
1661:Sāriputta
1651:Kaundinya
1643:Disciples
1618:Vajrapāṇi
1470:Footprint
1435:Tathāgata
1221:, vol. 5
963:from the
959:A wooden
777:Guanzhong
583:Sri Lanka
573:Singapore
528:Indonesia
468:Vajrayāna
443:Theravāda
398:Awakening
286:Practices
243:Tripiṭaka
213:Cosmology
188:Emptiness
168:Suffering
3943:Category
3872:Violence
3842:Hinduism
3790:Sanskrit
3745:Hinayana
3730:Amitābha
3690:Swastika
3559:Uposatha
3549:Holidays
3534:Calendar
3380:Humanism
3218:Kanishka
3208:Timeline
3032:Thailand
3000:Kalmykia
2995:Buryatia
2980:Pakistan
2965:Mongolia
2960:Maldives
2955:Malaysia
2920:Cambodia
2785:Shamarpa
2780:Nichiren
2730:Xuanzang
2665:Nagasena
2583:Rinpoche
2313:Pāramitā
2155:Devotion
2075:Navayana
2063:Dzogchen
2026:Nichiren
1974:Mahayana
1966:Branches
1844:Saṅkhāra
1593:Mañjuśrī
1550:(cousin)
1542:(cousin)
1510:(mother)
1502:(father)
1490:Miracles
1440:Birthday
1357:Glossary
1330:Buddhism
1226:Archived
1204:Archived
1072:Archived
997:Buddhism
991:See also
974:circuits
924:and the
868:Chang'an
805:Buddhist
765:Lushuihu
675:Buddhism
593:Thailand
553:Mongolia
548:Malaysia
513:Cambodia
478:Navayana
458:Hinayana
453:Mahāyāna
363:Lay life
193:Morality
173:Not-self
131:Concepts
90:Councils
75:Timeline
47:Glossary
29:Buddhism
21:a series
19:Part of
3920:Temples
3900:Buddhas
3862:Science
3852:Judaism
3847:Jainism
3765:Lineage
3725:Abhijñā
3695:Thangka
3638:Sarnath
3623:Lumbini
3544:Funeral
3539:Cuisine
3415:Culture
3390:Reality
3340:Creator
3330:Atomism
3200:History
3173:Ukraine
3133:Germany
3052:Senegal
3042:Vietnam
2970:Myanmar
2770:Shinran
2760:Karmapa
2735:Shandao
2705:Dignāga
2630:Śrāvaka
2610:Donchee
2605:Kappiya
2563:Sayadaw
2533:Bhikkhu
2508:Anāgāmi
2465:Nirvana
2431:Samadhi
2318:Paritta
2259:Tonglen
2254:Mandala
2209:Smarana
2190:Mantras
2138:Upekkha
2108:Bhavana
2058:Shingon
2011:Tiantai
1864:Tathātā
1854:Śūnyatā
1849:Skandha
1839:Saṃsāra
1834:Rebirth
1809:Kleshas
1799:Indriya
1701:Subhūti
1586:Guanyin
1540:Ānanda
1532:Rāhula
1412:Nirvana
1352:Outline
1046:Wei Shu
1033:Sources
896:classes
872:Luoyang
856:Judaism
842:of the
773:Cui Hao
743:" (武).
715:Chinese
705:of the
697:of the
689:of the
681:of the
667:Chinese
603:Vietnam
558:Myanmar
473:Tibetan
463:Chinese
391:Nirvāṇa
208:Saṃsāra
203:Rebirth
68:History
57:Outline
3915:Sutras
3910:Suttas
3775:Siddhi
3760:Koliya
3735:Brahmā
3650:Poetry
3596:Mantra
3586:Kasaya
3458:Pagoda
3438:Kyaung
3433:Vihāra
3428:Temple
3370:Ethics
3213:Ashoka
3163:Sweden
3158:Poland
3153:Norway
3143:Mexico
3128:France
3113:Canada
3108:Brazil
3047:Africa
3027:Taiwan
2990:Russia
2915:Bhutan
2875:Vinaya
2755:Naropa
2745:Saraha
2680:Asanga
2436:Prajñā
2345:Refuge
2308:Nianfo
2269:Tertön
2264:Tantra
2249:Ganana
2239:Tukdam
2165:Dhyāna
2133:Mudita
2128:Karuṇā
2021:Risshū
2016:Huayan
1949:Naraka
1889:Anattā
1884:Dukkha
1879:Anicca
1784:Dharma
1736:Channa
1671:Ānanda
1656:Assaji
1623:Skanda
1526:(wife)
1495:Family
1475:Relics
1400:Sangha
1395:Dharma
1390:Buddha
1248:
1103:
1017:Taoism
902:Fourth
809:Taoist
787:Second
769:Gai Wu
767:rebel
757:Taoist
725::
723:pinyin
717::
701:, and
671:三武一宗法難
669::
588:Taiwan
568:Russia
508:Brazil
503:Bhutan
423:Buddha
343:Wisdom
126:Dharma
3887:Lists
3755:Kalpa
3750:Iddhi
3613:Music
3608:Mudra
3574:Vassa
3554:Vesak
3524:Budai
3470:Candi
3453:Stupa
3385:Logic
3138:Italy
3037:Tibet
2975:Nepal
2945:Korea
2940:Japan
2930:India
2925:China
2870:Sutra
2825:Texts
2775:Dōgen
2765:Hōnen
2750:Atiśa
2715:Zhiyi
2625:Achar
2593:Tulku
2588:Geshe
2573:Rōshi
2558:Ajahn
2513:Arhat
2473:Bodhi
2443:Vīrya
2360:Sacca
2355:Satya
2350:Sādhu
2338:Music
2281:Merit
2274:Terma
2234:Zazen
2170:Faith
2123:Mettā
1804:Karma
1764:Bardo
1731:Asita
1721:Khema
1711:Upāli
1696:Nanda
1534:(son)
1508:Māyā
1485:Films
1362:Index
1285:JSTOR
1146:JSTOR
828:Third
747:First
598:Tibet
538:Korea
533:Japan
523:India
518:China
483:Newar
408:Arhat
198:Karma
52:Index
3785:Pāḷi
3770:Māra
3680:Flag
3081:Iran
3005:Tuva
2950:Laos
2578:Lama
2426:Śīla
2394:Śīla
2382:Pīti
2372:Sati
2323:Puja
2244:Koan
2150:Dāna
1741:Yasa
1628:Tārā
1246:ISBN
1101:ISBN
862:and
807:and
719:三武之禍
661:The
543:Laos
448:Pāli
3507:Art
3443:Wat
1979:Zen
916:jin
735:or
3972::
3009:ru
1257:^
1224:.
1202:.
1155:^
898:.
858:,
854:,
741:Wu
721:;
693:,
685:,
578:US
23:on
3011:)
3007:(
2225:)
2221:(
1316:e
1309:t
1302:v
1252:)
1187:.
1119:)
713:(
665:(
650:e
643:t
636:v
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