1868:
688:
4753:
377:
385:
393:
1618:
369:
608:'s view of "imperial power transfer", the name of the empire had not changed since ancient times, but it often had other names due to different ruling families; for instance, the name of "German Empire" would never change, but when the Austrian family ruled, it could also be called "Austrian Empire". Likewise, according to the newspaper
578:
separated by lines, as part of the "Chinese Empire" in published maps. In the last decade of the Qing dynasty, maps published in China caught up with
Western cartography, and China's Inner Asian frontiers were enclosed by fixed international boundaries and not separated from China proper by special
1639:
lasted more than two millennia, connecting ancient and modern history. Although
Chinese dynasties or empires rose and fell during those centuries, including during periods of strife and war, Imperial China endured with remarkable constancy. The defining characteristics of all Chinese empires were
446:(1368-1644) of China during their voyages in the early 16th century, the European intellectual community began to update its concept of the Chinese political system. Initially however the vast majority of them considered Ming China a kingdom rather than an empire. It appeared that it was
618:
On the other hand, modern scholars usually consider the imperial dynasties separate states or empires rather than a single continuous empire, especially since the end of
Imperial China. Meanwhile, the English term "Emperor" nowadays generally corresponds to the Chinese term
635:, has been referred to as "the first Chinese Empire" in modern sources. On the other hand, the Qing dynasty is regarded as the last Chinese Empire. The dynasties in between them are similarly regarded as empires instead of a single continuous empire, and terms such as "
643:" were introduced in the second half of the 20th century to highlight the changes during transitions of these periods, While imperial dynasties are no longer considered a single empire, some dynasties may be grouped together by some scholars, such as the Qin and the
587:
While the term "Chinese Empire" may be used to specifically mean the Ming or the Qing dynasties during the existence of these dynasties, it was often used in a sense to refer to a continuous empire ruled by various dynasties in
Chinese history, as the traditional
614:
published in 1853, "during four thousand and sixty years, twenty-one dynasties have swayed the destines of the
Chinese Empire, embracing, besides the present sovereign, two hundred and twenty Emperors, whose average reigns have been nearly nineteen years each".
529:
to China in 1793, had famously said "the Empire of China is an old, crazy, first-rate Man of War, which a fortunate succession of able and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past..." shortly after
474:
gradually constructed the name "Chinese Empire" by comparing the empire-kingdom level, translating
European and Chinese concepts and constructing genealogies. However, popular adoption was a slow process. Even the 1615 book
2541:
1661:, establishing Qin as the first imperial dynasty in 221 BC, the year where the first Chinese empire was established. Imperial China would continue to expand even after the collapse of the Qin dynasty, with the
542:. In the process, Qing dynasty's geographical boundaries were redefined by western powers and Japan through diplomacy and warfare. The Qing administration made an effort to effectively manage its borders while
604:, made the Chinese kingdom an empire; since China was already an empire during the time of the Yellow Emperor, all dynasties from then on were regarded as the continuation of the "empire". According to
485:) more often referred to Ming China as a kingdom than an empire. By the last decade of the Ming dynasty though, an increasing number of Europeans began to refer to the Ming dynasty as "Chinese Empire".
2435:
3616:
554:
at that time) were internalized and integrated into China's imperial dominion as accepted by the western countries. Throughout the 19th century, western cartographers commonly included
4253:
509:
began official communications with the Qing dynasty in the 1650s, and
Russian documents from that period referred to Qing China as "Empire of China", "Chinese state" or the state of
1736:
with himself as the emperor. It lasted only 83 days before his own abdication due to mounting disapproval and revolts as well as Yuan's declining health. In July 1917, Puyi was
2262:
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talked about ancient China in his work in the late 16th century, he clearly stated in three places that the first (mythical) sovereign of China, the
3531:
647:
that followed, collectively called the "Qin-Han Empire" by some researchers. Taken together, these two dynasties constitute the "classical" era of
501:(1644-1912). "Chinese Empire" (or "Empire of China") was commonly used during the Qing period, most notably in the western maps and international
5453:
4077:
6599:
3735:
2972:
2696:
1865:"Dmitriev, S.V. and Kuzmin, S.L. 2012. What is China? The Middle State in historical myth and real policy, Oriens (Moscow), no 3, pp. 5-19"
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four centuries later, China achieved a golden age in terms of its economic, military and political power. Tang's territory spanned
272:
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2418:"Overview and expansion of the Qing dynasty - the Qing dynasty - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9"
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320:. In 221 BC, China was unified under an emperor for the first time, and various dynasties or empires founded by
4381:
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The word "China" has been used in
English since the 16th century. China was previously known to Europeans as
2237:"Qin Shi Huang | Biography, Accomplishments, Family, United China, Tomb, & Facts | Britannica"
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From the Oxus River to the
Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
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24:
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3143:
3128:
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2346:. Studies on East Asia, Volume 20. Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University.
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1517:
1502:
988:
707:
589:
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1644:
1643:
Originally emerged as a loose collection of various Han
Chinese-speaking entities during the
1512:
929:
538:, by the second half of the 19th century it had become part of a European-style community of
482:
454:
pointed out that Ming China was at the imperial level based on the multi-level system of the
6351:
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6386:
6356:
6231:
6162:
6133:
6052:
5386:
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5214:
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3411:
3269:
2751:
2487:
1626:
1554:
767:
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text used the name "Imperii Sinici" (meaning "Chinese Empire") to refer to the Qing realm.
422:), and it took a while for most Europeans to be convinced that Cathay referred to China or
384:
6336:
392:
8:
6248:
6128:
6094:
5996:
5816:
5811:
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2728:
1682:
719:
636:
514:
321:
31:
5964:
5954:
225:
6361:
6341:
6324:
6275:
6140:
5949:
5900:
5833:
5751:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5638:
5608:
5500:
5398:
5266:
5241:
4396:
4391:
4376:
4228:
4196:
4191:
4084:
4006:
3994:
3903:
3569:
3489:
3477:
3445:
3100:
3095:
3013:
2713:
2269:. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 2013. pp. 256–281.
1772:
1737:
1522:
702:
309:
2058:
The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind
1621:
Approximate territorial extent of the various dynasties and states in Chinese history.
6470:
6366:
6302:
6297:
6226:
6123:
5838:
5766:
5761:
5603:
5532:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5305:
5256:
5053:
4455:
4447:
4161:
4028:
3999:
3957:
3886:
3843:
3801:
3668:
3608:
3380:
3317:
3179:
2960:
2930:
2756:
2560:
2491:
2318:
2278:
2236:
2201:
2161:
2136:
2111:
2086:
2061:
2021:
1996:
1971:
1920:
1895:
1816:
1777:
1450:
1018:
998:
773:
567:
531:
506:
6319:
6106:
6101:
6057:
6044:
5974:
5942:
5937:
5801:
5796:
5778:
5739:
5672:
5655:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5522:
5478:
5448:
5408:
5391:
5374:
5337:
5088:
4959:
4728:
4698:
4656:
4573:
4566:
4465:
4460:
4386:
4314:
4233:
4148:
4138:
4109:
4045:
4040:
3874:
3848:
3833:
3718:
3696:
3680:
3586:
3035:
3025:
2865:
2658:
2643:
2635:
2552:
2347:
2270:
1970:. History of Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 211.
1129:
687:
679:
624:
471:
313:
293:
80:
2417:
463:
6537:
6505:
6378:
6346:
6329:
6285:
6280:
6258:
6253:
6211:
6204:
6179:
6039:
6034:
5875:
5756:
5650:
5645:
5613:
5438:
5428:
5322:
5315:
5310:
5295:
5251:
5133:
5119:
5049:
5042:
5032:
4742:
4181:
4176:
4099:
4050:
4011:
3675:
3257:
3063:
2950:
2521:
2274:
1717:
648:
610:
551:
539:
467:
5959:
19:
This article is about the general term. For Yuan Shikai's imperial attempt, see
6480:
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6292:
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6221:
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6024:
5979:
5905:
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5855:
5845:
5660:
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5300:
4737:
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4638:
4582:
4514:
4437:
4284:
4238:
4223:
4218:
4201:
4186:
3972:
3327:
3322:
3252:
2838:
1685:
in the eight century. Imperial China marked its revival under the Mongol-based
1678:
1674:
1636:
1031:
948:
601:
593:
401:
297:
244:
157:
47:
2595:
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6448:
6243:
6216:
6189:
6167:
6145:
5912:
5895:
5880:
5724:
5677:
5665:
5591:
5483:
5357:
5352:
5327:
5209:
5069:
4903:
4855:
4723:
4718:
4661:
4547:
4294:
4128:
3967:
3769:
3090:
3078:
2920:
2781:
1728:(Puyi), thus putting an end to the era of Imperial China. Three years later,
821:
788:
317:
5989:
5969:
4598:
2108:
Europe and the Asia-Pacific: Culture, Identity and Representations of Region
6453:
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5773:
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5709:
5704:
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5569:
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5554:
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5443:
5381:
5362:
5347:
5283:
5059:
5025:
4860:
4842:
4587:
4472:
4344:
4309:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2895:
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2880:
2798:
2793:
1702:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1396:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1290:
1249:
1187:
901:
891:
868:
656:
605:
575:
498:
459:
443:
431:
427:
419:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
305:
301:
191:
1842:
6172:
6157:
6006:
5719:
5628:
5618:
5544:
5192:
5187:
4850:
4166:
3083:
3068:
2875:
2833:
2828:
2776:
1754:
1729:
1662:
1658:
1303:
1174:
1008:
976:
963:
797:
644:
628:
592:
conceives its history in terms of an unbroken sequence of dynasties (see
423:
337:
329:
325:
6199:
6016:
5890:
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5783:
5064:
4966:
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4629:
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2298:
1767:
1761:
1690:
1055:
844:
547:
510:
411:
380:
A 1851 map showing the Inner Asian dependencies of the Chinese Empire.
6089:
5860:
5744:
5714:
5495:
5369:
5160:
4349:
4304:
3242:
3183:
2340:"Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and its Neighbors"
1741:
555:
426:. The term "Chinese Empire" first appeared in the 16th century (late
123:
2339:
5490:
5273:
5231:
5170:
4424:
4417:
3730:
1864:
1698:
563:
559:
324:
ruled China for a total of two millennia since then, including the
2585:
1617:
5403:
5332:
5288:
5143:
5037:
4708:
4651:
4646:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2600:
1993:
The People's Republic of China at 60: An International Assessment
1198:
1049:
1043:
206:
5204:
5236:
5111:
4519:
1892:
Remaking the Chinese Empire: Manchu-Korean Relations, 1616–1911
1653:
652:
502:
407:
174:
142:
65:
1705:, founded three centuries after the fall of the Yuan dynasty,
396:
A 1825 map showing the Chinese Empire and other Asian regions.
5870:
4971:
2631:
1694:
571:
518:
368:
300:. It was coined by western scholars and used to describe the
2158:
Empire and Politics in the Eastern and Western Civilizations
1815:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1575–1577,
497:, Europeans began to apply the name "Chinese Empire" to the
4693:
1725:
534:. While the Qing dynasty tried to maintain the traditional
450:
who first considered China an empire in his work. In 1585,
5080:
1744:
but the restoration was reversed in less than two weeks.
372:
A 1890 map showing Qing China (labeled "Chinese Empire").
442:
As European explorers came into direct contact with the
2263:"Expansion and political transition of the Han Empire"
2133:
Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-century China
1640:
their large scale and the diversity of their peoples.
2551:. University of California Press. pp. 155–169.
1415:
1337:
1217:
1150:
1080:
954:
481:
by Matteo Ricci (one of the founding figures of the
316:", in reference to the status of the emperor as the
2542:"7 The Particularity of Ancient China as an Empire"
1665:expanding to the north, south and west. During the
582:
167:
2080:
2055:
1894:. Brighton: Cornell University Press. p. 10.
631:, which was the first to use the title Emperor or
2220:
2180:
1995:. History of Imperial China. Brill. p. 308.
6576:
2105:
1941:"A Lesson for American Foreign Trade with China"
1720:, the Qing monarchy was abolished following the
430:), and its usage increased during the following
388:A 1840 map showing the Chinese Empire and Japan.
292:) is a term referring to the realm ruled by the
2458:"The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)"
2130:
2060:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 513.
184:
5096:
4628:
4614:
4267:
2616:
1598:
266:
23:. For the timeline of Chinese dynasties, see
6553:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
2255:
2155:
1811:Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1994),
1810:
1707:laid ground to most of China's modern border
58:
2135:. University of Michigan Press. p. 6.
5103:
5089:
4621:
4607:
2623:
2609:
2591:Chinese History at the Columbia University
2195:
1605:
1591:
273:
259:
2484:Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics
2476:
2404:"Sinification of East and Southeast Asia"
2020:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2526:. Henan People's Publishing House. 1984.
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1681:, until the dynasty ended following the
1616:
391:
383:
375:
367:
6377:
2539:
2501:
6577:
3558:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2323:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2225:. Harvard University Press. p. 2.
2223:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
2185:. Harvard University Press. p. 1.
2183:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
2015:
1914:
1631:History of China § Imperial China
363:
25:History of China § Imperial China
5084:
4602:
2604:
2110:. Taylor & Francis. p. 154.
2018:Early Modern China and Northeast Asia
1990:
1871:from the original on 12 February 2022
1828:
2438:from the original on 10 October 2023
1965:
1889:
478:De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas
6600:Former countries in Chinese history
5015:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
4784:Protectorate of the Western Regions
4254:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
2586:Second Historical Archives of China
2337:
1968:China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
59:
13:
3392:
2630:
2581:First Historical Archives of China
2540:Fangyin, Zhou (31 December 2023).
2464:from the original on 10 April 2023
1862:
662:
14:
6611:
3549:Political Consultative Conference
2574:
2378:"Northeast Asian History Network"
2243:from the original on 20 July 2021
1788:Chinese Empire Reform Association
4751:
4335:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
4330:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
2358:from the original on 6 June 2024
2081:Dietmar W. Winkler, ed. (2013).
2056:The New York Times, ed. (2011).
1947:from the original on 9 June 2024
1711:its re-expansion into Inner Asia
686:
583:Continuous or separate empire(s)
418:in the 13th century (during the
4325:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
3522:Political parties and movements
2886:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2871:Northern and Southern dynasties
2514:
2450:
2424:
2410:
2396:
2384:from the original on 9 May 2024
2370:
2331:
2305:from the original on 9 May 2024
2291:
2229:
2221:Mark Edward Lewis, ed. (2010).
2214:
2189:
2181:Mark Edward Lewis, ed. (2010).
2174:
2149:
2124:
2099:
2074:
2049:
2034:
488:
437:
312:in general). Another term was "
2200:. Pegasus Books. p. 106.
2106:Stephanie Lawson, ed. (2013).
2045:. United States. 14 June 1853.
2009:
1984:
1959:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1856:
1804:
1545:Science and technology history
239:
235:
220:
216:
137:
133:
1:
1793:
915:
874:
850:
827:
803:
744:
458:. Afterwards, Europeans like
3627:Ministry of National Defense
2966:Chinese Communist Revolution
2275:10.1017/CBO9781139034395.015
1813:Asia in the Making of Europe
1798:
495:transition from Ming to Qing
7:
5110:
4290:Flowers of the Four Seasons
4275:Four Treasures of the Study
3894:Water supply and sanitation
3622:Central Military Commission
3617:Outline of military history
3367:Province-level subdivisions
2509:The Search for Modern China
2507:Spence, Jonathan D. (1999)
1747:
21:Empire of China (1915–1916)
10:
6616:
4884:against Northwest khanates
3563:Primary stage of socialism
3505:National People's Congress
2973:People's Republic of China
2596:Chinese Studies in History
2533:
2432:"Qing dynasty (1644–1911)"
2160:. De Gruyter. p. 30.
2156:Andrea Balbo, ed. (2022).
1991:Kirby, William C. (2020).
1843:"西方"中华帝国"概念的起源（1516—1688）"
1624:
623:(皇帝), also referred to as
546:, and its dependencies in
399:
168:
29:
18:
6546:
6498:
6015:
5419:
5118:
5006:
4945:
4912:
4874:
4841:
4799:
4769:
4760:
4749:
4637:
4560:
4528:
4446:
4367:
4147:
3953:
3944:
3902:
3862:
3704:
3695:
3607:
3458:
3388:
3379:
3342:
3313:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
3268:
3202:
3111:
3049:
3021:
3012:
2941:
2819:
2767:
2727:
2651:
2642:
2557:10.1525/9780520390997-010
1783:Tributary system of China
1649:Qin's wars of unification
1419:
1341:
1221:
1154:
1084:
958:
448:Maximilianus Transylvanus
226:Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)
201:
185:
152:
118:
105:
90:
75:
4677:Western Turkic Khaganate
4672:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
4488:Catholic Church in China
3632:People's Liberation Army
3599:One country, two systems
2344:East Asian Studies Press
2196:Samir Puri, ed. (2021).
1890:Wang, Yuanchong (2018).
598:Juan González de Mendoza
536:Chinese tributary system
452:Juan González de Mendoza
296:during the era known as
30:Not to be confused with
4682:Second Turkic Khaganate
4320:Four Pillars of Destiny
4105:Regional discrimination
3527:Chinese Communist Party
2131:Chun-shu Chang (1998).
2016:Evelyn, Evelyn (2015).
1966:—— (2009).
1701:were incorporated. The
550:(collectively known as
308:dynasties (or imperial
16:Name for Imperial China
4667:First Turkic Khaganate
4073:Science and technology
3746:Special economic zones
2998:persecution of Uyghurs
2926:Century of humiliation
2041:"The Chinese Empire".
1622:
590:Chinese historiography
397:
389:
381:
373:
6523:Medieval great powers
4809:against Western Turks
4280:Four Great Inventions
3664:People's Armed Police
2482:Zhengyuan Fu. (1994)
2198:The Shadows of Empire
2043:New York Daily Herald
1915:Hayton, Bill (2021).
1645:Warring States period
1620:
1410:(mainland, 1912–1949)
596:). For example, when
525:, the first envoy of
483:Jesuit China missions
395:
387:
379:
371:
6533:European colonialism
6518:Ancient great powers
5021:Greater Central Asia
4259:World Heritage Sites
3787:Foreign aid received
3495:Environmental policy
3293:Environmental policy
3288:Environmental issues
2490:Press. pp. 153–154.
2488:Cambridge University
2338:Pan, Yihong (1997).
2085:. Lit. p. 126.
1693:territories such as
1651:brought most of the
1627:Chinese expansionism
649:Chinese civilization
641:Ming-Qing transition
532:his mission to China
517:, the authoritative
6595:Chinese imperialism
6528:Modern great powers
4505:History of religion
4500:Freedom of religion
4355:Four Pests campaign
4300:Four Classic Novels
3912:Automotive industry
3792:Foreign aid program
3483:Pro-democratisation
2978:Cultural Revolution
2549:Bridging Two Worlds
1917:製造中國：近代中國如何煉成的九個關鍵詞
1863:Kuzmin, Sergius L.
1716:One year after the
1683:An Lushan rebellion
637:Sui-Tang transition
627:. For example, the
515:Treaty of Nerchinsk
364:Etymology and usage
322:hereditary monarchs
42:Part of a series on
32:Chinese imperialism
4412:Population history
4392:Internal migration
4007:Harmonious Society
3882:Telecommunications
3839:Standard of living
3758:Online advertising
3510:Standing Committee
2523:Literary Knowledge
2352:10.25710/vs3m-gw59
1919:. 麥田. p. 23.
1773:Chinese uniformity
1659:one single dynasty
1623:
1425:
1235:Five Dynasties and
1227:
1162:Southern dynasties
1090:
989:Chu–Han Contention
544:modernizing itself
398:
390:
382:
374:
6572:
6571:
6494:
6493:
6459:Polish–Lithuanian
5634:Gurjara-Pratihara
5078:
5077:
5054:Chinese Turkestan
5002:
5001:
4823:Mongolian Plateau
4596:
4595:
4556:
4555:
4363:
4362:
3940:
3939:
3927:Shipping industry
3691:
3690:
3657:Strategic Support
3532:General Secretary
3517:National security
3500:Foreign relations
3454:
3453:
3375:
3374:
3338:
3337:
3041:Natural disasters
3008:
3007:
2961:Chinese Civil War
2956:Republic of China
2931:Taiping Rebellion
2804:Spring and Autumn
2709:Foreign relations
2566:978-0-520-39099-7
2284:978-0-521-89552-1
1977:978-0-674-03612-3
1822:978-0-226-46734-4
1778:Mandate of Heaven
1615:
1614:
1572:Transport history
1498:Education history
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1451:Republic of China
1433:People's Republic
1406:Republic of China
1385:
1384:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1214:
1213:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1078:
1077:
981:(206 BC – 220 AD)
911:Spring and Autumn
774:Liao civilization
568:Chinese Turkestan
507:Tsardom of Russia
310:Chinese dynasties
283:
282:
6607:
6375:
6374:
6040:Austro-Hungarian
5740:Chagatai Khanate
5105:
5098:
5091:
5082:
5081:
4767:
4766:
4755:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4576:
4569:
4466:Tibetan Buddhism
4461:Chinese Buddhism
4315:Four Holy Beasts
4265:
4264:
4117:Social relations
4046:Standard Chinese
4041:Chinese language
3951:
3950:
3736:Economic history
3702:
3701:
3681:Maritime Militia
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3357:Border crossings
3352:Baseline islands
3047:
3046:
3019:
3018:
2983:Tiananmen Square
2866:Sixteen Kingdoms
2674:Military history
2649:
2648:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2570:
2546:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2239:. 8 April 2024.
2233:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1808:
1726:Xuantong Emperor
1607:
1600:
1593:
1535:Military history
1493:Economic history
1481:Related articles
1458:
1440:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1378:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1277:
1267:
1255:
1242:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1130:Sixteen Kingdoms
1113:
1103:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1037:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
982:
969:
956:
955:
934:
926:
924:
920:
917:
907:
897:
885:
883:
879:
876:
861:
859:
855:
852:
838:
836:
832:
829:
814:
812:
808:
805:
755:
753:
749:
746:
690:
680:History of China
667:
666:
625:Emperor of China
540:sovereign states
523:George Macartney
472:Philippe Couplet
314:Celestial Empire
294:Emperor of China
275:
268:
261:
241:
237:
222:
218:
203:
188:
187:
171:
170:
154:
139:
135:
120:
107:
92:
81:Celestial Empire
77:
62:
61:
50:
39:
38:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6557:American Empire
6542:
6538:African empires
6490:
6373:
6065:Central African
6011:
5829:Romano-Germanic
5415:
5149:Middle Assyrian
5122:
5114:
5109:
5079:
5074:
5050:Western Regions
5043:Chinese Tartary
5033:Eurasian nomads
4998:
4955:against Dzungar
4941:
4922:against Mongols
4908:
4870:
4837:
4795:
4779:against Xiongnu
4762:Chinese empires
4756:
4747:
4639:Nomadic empires
4633:
4627:
4597:
4592:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4552:
4524:
4442:
4402:Life expectancy
4359:
4263:
4143:
4063:Public holidays
4051:Written Chinese
4036:Intellectualism
3988:Sex trafficking
3936:
3898:
3858:
3687:
3603:
3450:
3441:Nationality law
3424:Law enforcement
3402:Judicial system
3371:
3334:
3308:Nature reserves
3298:Protected areas
3264:
3235:Water resources
3198:
3107:
3045:
3004:
2988:Economic reform
2951:1911 Revolution
2937:
2901:Jin (1115–1234)
2815:
2763:
2723:
2638:
2629:
2577:
2567:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2460:. 4 June 2013.
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2336:
2332:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2299:"Archived copy"
2297:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1750:
1718:1911 Revolution
1633:
1611:
1582:
1581:
1577:Women's history
1483:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1003:(202 BC – 9 AD)
1002:
992:
980:
972:
967:
952:
951:
940:
939:
932:
922:
918:
913:
905:
895:
881:
877:
872:
864:
857:
853:
848:
834:
830:
825:
817:
810:
806:
801:
792:
791:
780:
779:
751:
747:
742:
734:
723:
722:
665:
663:General history
611:New York Herald
585:
552:Chinese Tartary
491:
468:Martino Martini
440:
404:
366:
290:Empire of China
279:
232:
213:
198:
181:
164:
149:
130:
115:
102:
87:
72:
48:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Names of China
6587:
6585:Imperial China
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5421:Post-classical
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5220:Middle Kingdom
5217:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5176:Neo-Babylonian
5173:
5168:
5166:Old Babylonian
5158:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5010:
5008:
5007:Related topics
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:against Turpan
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4789:Chief Official
4781:
4775:
4773:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:history series
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:Four Gentlemen
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4268:Fours of China
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Civil aviation
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3866:
3864:
3863:Infrastructure
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Semiconductors
3814:
3809:
3799:
3797:Historical GDP
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3727:
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3689:
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3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3575:Vice President
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3540:
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3514:
3513:
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3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3398:
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3372:
3370:
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3364:
3359:
3354:
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3340:
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3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:National parks
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Climate policy
3280:
3278:Climate change
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Central Plains
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Extreme points
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
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2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2839:Three Kingdoms
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:Warring States
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Historiography
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2575:External links
2573:
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2033:
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2008:
2001:
1983:
1976:
1958:
1932:
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1679:Southeast Asia
1675:Northeast Asia
1637:Imperial China
1635:The period of
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
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1587:
1584:
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1574:
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1520:
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1508:Jewish history
1505:
1500:
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1474:
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1439:(1949–present)
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1038:
1032:Three Kingdoms
1026:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
984:
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971:
970:
959:
953:
947:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
936:
935:
930:Warring States
927:
898:
887:
886:
863:
862:
840:
839:
835: 1046 BC
816:
815:
811: 1600 BC
793:
787:
786:
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782:
781:
778:
777:
757:
756:
752: 2000 BC
733:
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711:
710:
708:Historiography
705:
700:
692:
691:
683:
682:
676:
675:
664:
661:
602:Yellow Emperor
594:dynastic cycle
584:
581:
579:demarcations.
513:. In the 1689
490:
487:
456:tribute system
439:
436:
402:Names of China
365:
362:
298:Imperial China
286:Chinese Empire
281:
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211:
210:
209:
197:
196:
195:
194:
180:
179:
178:
177:
163:
162:
161:
160:
158:Nine Provinces
148:
147:
146:
145:
129:
128:
127:
126:
114:
113:
112:
111:
101:
100:
99:
98:
96:Chinese Empire
86:
85:
84:
83:
71:
70:
69:
68:
53:
52:
49:Names of China
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6612:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
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6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6563:
6562:Soviet empire
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:Miscellaneous
6545:
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6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6512:
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6501:
6497:
6487:
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6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
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6235:
6233:
6230:
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6223:
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6171:
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6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:German Empire
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
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6110:
6109:
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5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5886:Turco-Persian
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
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5827:
5823:
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5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
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5758:
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5753:
5750:
5746:
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5708:
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5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
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5462:
5460:
5457:
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5452:
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5447:
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5407:
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5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5071:
5070:Greater China
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4904:Northern Yuan
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:Northern Liao
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:against Tibet
4816:
4814:
4813:Eastern Turks
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:Mongol Empire
4722:
4720:
4719:Khamag Mongol
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4493:Protestantism
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:Folk religion
4476:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Ethnic groups
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Four Beauties
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Urban society
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:Social issues
4088:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Rural society
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Chinese Dream
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3932:Space program
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:State Council
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Civil service
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:South Central
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Jin (266–420)
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Ethnic groups
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2496:0-521-44228-1
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2207:9781643136691
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2167:9783110731590
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2142:9780472085286
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2117:9781136497322
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2092:9783643903297
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2067:9781429950855
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2027:9781107093089
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2002:9781684171217
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1926:9786263100275
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:9781501730511
1897:
1893:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:imperial rule
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:and parts of
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Naval history
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:Music history
1521:
1519:
1518:Media history
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:Legal history
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1457:1949–present)
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1272:Southern Song
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:Northern Song
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
986:
985:
979:
978:
974:
973:
966:
965:
961:
960:
957:
950:
944:
943:
931:
928:
923: 476 BC
912:
909:
908:
904:
903:
899:
896:(1046–771 BC)
894:
893:
889:
888:
882: 256 BC
871:
870:
866:
865:
847:
846:
842:
841:
824:
823:
819:
818:
800:
799:
795:
794:
790:
784:
783:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
763:
759:
758:
741:
740:
736:
735:
731:
730:
726:
725:
721:
715:
714:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
677:
673:
669:
668:
660:
659:in the West.
658:
654:
651:, as did the
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
613:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
580:
577:
574:, along with
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
527:Great Britain
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
479:
473:
469:
465:
464:Álvaro Semedo
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:, as used in
409:
403:
394:
386:
378:
370:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:Son of Heaven
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
246:
243:
242:
234:
233:
227:
224:
223:
215:
214:
208:
205:
204:
200:
199:
193:
190:
189:
183:
182:
176:
173:
172:
166:
165:
159:
156:
155:
151:
150:
144:
141:
140:
132:
131:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
82:
79:
78:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
6413:
6313:Contemporary
6163:Indo-Persian
6151:Nazi Germany
6095:Contemporary
6069:
5997:Vijayanagara
5896:Great Seljuk
5807:Thessalonica
5735:Golden Horde
5539:
5375:Carthaginian
5182:
5154:Neo-Assyrian
5139:Neo-Sumerian
5060:China proper
5026:Central Asia
5013:
4861:Eastern Liao
4851:Western Liao
4761:
4483:Christianity
4473:Confucianism
4433:Urbanization
4369:Demographics
4345:Gang of Four
4310:Four Symbols
4209:Martial arts
3983:Prostitution
3870:Architecture
3724:Central bank
3592:Vice Premier
3544:United front
3473:Constitution
3429:Penal system
3407:Human rights
3344:Subdivisions
3182: /
3178: /
3101:Southwestern
3096:Northwestern
2799:Western Zhou
2747:Yellow River
2697:1949–present
2548:
2522:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2483:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2426:
2412:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2343:
2333:
2307:. Retrieved
2293:
2266:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2157:
2151:
2132:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2017:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1935:
1916:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1812:
1806:
1760:
1753:
1715:
1703:Qing dynasty
1687:Yuan dynasty
1671:Central Asia
1667:Tang dynasty
1652:
1642:
1634:
1513:LGBT history
1449:
1431:
1404:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1270:
1260:
1248:
1237:Ten Kingdoms
1233:
1186:
1173:
1160:Northern and
1158:
1128:
1106:
1096:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:(220–280 AD)
1030:
1017:
1007:
997:
993:(206–202 BC)
987:
975:
968:(221–207 BC)
962:
933:(475–221 BC)
906:(771–256 BC)
902:Eastern Zhou
900:
892:Western Zhou
890:
867:
843:
820:
796:
772:
766:
760:
737:
727:
632:
620:
617:
609:
606:Matteo Ricci
586:
576:China proper
499:Qing dynasty
492:
489:Qing dynasty
476:
460:Matteo Ricci
444:Ming dynasty
441:
438:Ming dynasty
432:Qing dynasty
428:Ming dynasty
420:Yuan dynasty
405:
289:
285:
284:
95:
36:
5901:Khwarezmian
5834:Carolingian
5639:Rashtrakuta
5343:Shaishunaga
5242:Hellenistic
5225:New Kingdom
5215:Old Kingdom
4833:Tarim Basin
4249:Variety art
4244:Tea culture
4172:Calligraphy
4157:Archaeology
4017:Food safety
3812:Gold mining
3714:Aquaculture
3709:Agriculture
3669:Coast Guard
3436:Naming laws
3270:Environment
3258:South China
2737:Paleolithic
2729:Prehistoric
2687:before 1912
2267:Early China
1755:Chinoiserie
1738:reinstalled
1730:Yuan Shikai
1691:Inner Asian
1663:Han dynasty
1657:realm into
1560:Discoveries
1555:Cartography
1550:Archaeology
1488:Art history
1377:(1644–1912)
1364:(1368–1644)
1351:(1271–1368)
1321:(1115–1234)
1308:(1038–1227)
1304:Western Xia
1276:(1127–1279)
1108:Eastern Jin
1098:Western Jin
1023:(25–220 AD)
1019:Eastern Han
999:Western Han
878: 1046
858: 1046
854: 1250
831: 1600
807: 2070
748: 8500
729:Paleolithic
720:Prehistoric
645:Han dynasty
629:Qin dynasty
424:North China
416:his travels
414:'s book on
110:Divine land
6579:Categories
6471:Portuguese
6352:Revival Le
6342:Vietnamese
5985:Later Tran
5955:Vietnamese
5851:Singhasari
5839:Holy Roman
5463:Bulgarian
5399:Satavahana
5370:Phoenician
5306:Achaemenid
5267:Indo-Greek
5247:Macedonian
5161:Babylonian
5065:Sinosphere
4967:Lifan Yuan
4866:Later Liao
4630:Inner Asia
4510:Irreligion
4407:Statistics
4377:Emigration
4340:Four Wangs
4229:Philosophy
4214:Mass media
4197:Literature
4095:Patriarchy
4058:Propaganda
3978:Corruption
3963:Censorship
3753:E-commerce
3460:Government
3253:East China
3225:Waterfalls
3171:Peninsulas
3139:Grasslands
1875:8 February
1794:References
1768:Sinosphere
1762:Pax Sinica
1722:abdication
1625:See also:
1565:Inventions
1295:(916–1125)
1266:(960–1127)
1254:(960–1279)
921: – c.
919: 770
880: – c.
856: – c.
845:Late Shang
833: – c.
809: – c.
750: – c.
548:Inner Asia
412:Marco Polo
400:See also:
6464:Couronian
6102:Ethiopian
6090:Manchukuo
6045:Brazilian
5891:Ghaznavid
5861:Srivijaya
5812:Trebizond
5797:Byzantine
5779:North Sea
5774:Norwegian
5762:Almoravid
5745:Ilkhanate
5715:Majapahit
5688:Muromachi
5597:Solomonic
5582:Ethiopian
5496:Caliphate
5429:Aragonese
5257:Ptolemaic
4979:Manchuria
4932:Manchuria
4889:Manchuria
4397:Languages
4350:Four Olds
4305:Four arts
4192:Libraries
4122:Structure
4085:Sexuality
4022:incidents
3995:Education
3904:Transport
3780:Renewable
3775:Petroleum
3570:President
3537:Politburo
3490:Elections
3478:Democracy
3446:Terrorism
3194:Volcanoes
3176:Northeast
3154:Mountains
3064:Northeast
3014:Geography
2921:High Qing
2742:Neolithic
2714:Dynasties
2692:1912–1949
2683:Economic
2652:Overviews
2511:, p. 282.
1799:Citations
1742:Zhang Xun
1732:restored
1241:(907–979)
1202:(690–705)
1192:(618–907)
1179:(581–618)
1166:(420–589)
1134:(304–439)
1112:(317–420)
1102:(266–316)
1070:(266–420)
1013:(9–23 AD)
739:Neolithic
703:Dynasties
556:Manchuria
493:With the
124:Four Seas
6444:Japanese
6407:Scottish
6387:American
6379:Colonial
6308:Imperial
6276:Moroccan
6212:Japanese
6190:Afsharid
6049:Burmese
6035:Austrian
5990:Later Le
5965:Early Le
5950:Venetian
5876:Tiwanaku
5789:Hellenic
5752:Moroccan
5683:Kamakura
5673:Japanese
5656:Saffarid
5609:Georgian
5523:Chalukya
5501:Rashidun
5491:Calakmul
5459:Bruneian
5338:Haryanka
5316:Sasanian
5311:Parthian
5262:Bactrian
5252:Seleucid
5232:Goguryeo
5210:Egyptian
5144:Assyrian
5134:Akkadian
5125:Colonies
4994:Xinjiang
4984:Mongolia
4960:genocide
4894:Mongolia
4729:Chagatai
4662:Göktürks
4583:Category
4456:Buddhism
4448:Religion
4425:Post-90s
4418:Post-80s
4162:Archives
4029:HIV/AIDS
4000:Literacy
3958:Abortion
3887:Internet
3844:Taxation
3827:Textiles
3807:Chemical
3802:Industry
3731:Currency
3609:Military
3417:in Tibet
3381:Politics
3318:Wildlife
3230:Wetlands
2993:COVID-19
2821:Imperial
2719:Monarchs
2679:Language
2664:Timeline
2636:articles
2468:16 April
2462:Archived
2442:16 April
2436:Archived
2388:16 April
2382:Archived
2362:16 April
2356:Archived
2319:cite web
2309:16 April
2303:Archived
2247:16 April
2241:Archived
1945:Archived
1869:Archived
1748:See also
1699:Mongolia
1528:Timeline
1455:(Taiwan,
1435:of China
949:Imperial
698:Timeline
672:a series
670:Part of
564:Xinjiang
560:Mongolia
503:treaties
245:Zhonghua
6511:largest
6506:Empires
6486:Swedish
6481:Spanish
6476:Russian
6439:Italian
6414:Chinese
6402:English
6397:British
6392:Belgian
6367:Vietnam
6357:Tay son
6303:Tsarist
6298:Russian
6293:Ottoman
6259:Dzungar
6254:Khoshut
6227:Mexican
6222:Maratha
6205:Pahlavi
6185:Safavid
6180:Iranian
6107:Haitian
6070:Chinese
6030:Ashanti
6002:Wagadou
5928:Eastern
5923:Western
5906:Timurid
5866:Tibetan
5856:Songhai
5846:Serbian
5767:Almohad
5757:Idrisid
5661:Samanid
5651:Tahirid
5646:Iranian
5624:Kannauj
5604:Genoese
5540:Chinese
5533:Eastern
5528:Western
5516:Fatimid
5511:Abbasid
5506:Umayyad
5479:Burmese
5439:Ayyubid
5434:Angevin
5404:Xianbei
5392:Eastern
5387:Western
5333:Magadha
5296:Iranian
5289:Xiongnu
5274:Hittite
5183:Chinese
5171:Kassite
5120:Ancient
5112:Empires
5038:Tartary
4828:Beiting
4743:Dzungar
4738:Timurid
4689:Tibetan
4652:Xianbei
4647:Xiongnu
4567:Outline
4530:Symbols
4387:Eunuchs
4234:Smoking
4182:Cuisine
4149:Culture
4139:Welfare
4110:Suicide
4078:history
3946:Society
3875:Housing
3849:Tourism
3834:Poverty
3719:Banking
3697:Economy
3676:Militia
3587:Premier
3189:Valleys
3149:Islands
3134:Deserts
3124:Canyons
3112:Terrain
3091:Western
3079:Central
3051:Regions
3036:Geology
3026:Borders
2769:Ancient
2752:Yangtze
2659:History
2644:History
2534:Sources
1724:of the
1689:, when
1199:Wu Zhou
789:Ancient
768:Yangtze
639:" and "
633:Huangdi
621:Huangdi
570:), and
207:Tianxia
6449:Mongol
6434:German
6429:French
6419:Danish
6362:Dainam
6337:Tongan
6325:Somali
6320:Sokoto
6286:'Alawi
6264:Kalmyk
6244:Mongol
6237:Second
6217:Korean
6168:Mughal
6158:Indian
6141:German
6134:Second
6124:French
6117:Second
6053:Second
6025:Afghan
6017:Modern
5943:Kyrgyz
5938:Uighur
5933:Second
5913:Turkic
5881:Toltec
5817:Epirus
5802:Nicaea
5725:Mongol
5678:Yamato
5614:Huetar
5472:Second
5409:Rouran
5358:Shunga
5353:Maurya
5328:Kushan
5301:Median
5279:Hunnic
5237:Harsha
4709:Mongol
4704:Kyrgyz
4699:Uyghur
4657:Rouran
4588:Portal
4543:Emblem
4538:Anthem
4520:Taoism
4202:Poetry
4177:Cinema
4100:Racism
4012:Health
3765:Energy
3741:Reform
3652:Rocket
3637:Ground
3362:Cities
3248:Yellow
3220:Rivers
3210:Canals
3164:passes
3159:ranges
2943:Modern
2634:
2563:
2494:
2281:
2204:
2164:
2139:
2114:
2089:
2064:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1951:9 June
1923:
1898:
1848:5 June
1819:
1654:Huaxia
1647:, the
1397:Modern
1053:, and
771:, and
762:Yellow
674:on the
657:Romans
653:Greeks
505:. The
408:Cathay
356:, and
175:Serica
169:Σηρικά
143:Huaxia
66:Cathay
6499:Lists
6454:Omani
6424:Dutch
6330:Isaaq
6281:Saadi
6249:Oirat
6232:First
6200:Qajar
6129:First
6112:First
6085:China
6058:Third
5918:First
5871:Tikal
5822:Morea
5792:Roman
5710:Latin
5705:Khmer
5700:Kanem
5666:Buyid
5592:Zagwe
5587:Aksum
5577:Chola
5484:First
5467:First
5454:Bornu
5449:Benin
5444:Aztec
5382:Roman
5363:Gupta
5348:Nanda
5284:White
4989:Tibet
4972:Amban
4937:Tibet
4899:Tibet
4714:Tatar
4574:Index
4515:Islam
4438:Women
4239:Sport
4224:Names
4219:Music
4187:Dance
3973:Crime
3854:Trade
3822:Steel
3328:Flora
3323:Fauna
3243:Bohai
3239:Seas
3215:Lakes
3203:Water
3180:North
3144:Hills
3129:Caves
3084:South
3069:North
2782:Shang
2632:China
2545:(PDF)
1709:with
1695:Tibet
822:Shang
572:Tibet
519:Latin
511:Bogda
192:Shina
60:خىتاي
6269:Bogd
6195:Zand
6173:Sikh
6080:Qing
6075:Ming
6007:Wari
5975:Tran
5960:Dinh
5730:Yuan
5720:Mali
5629:Pala
5619:Inca
5570:Yuan
5560:Song
5555:Liao
5550:Tang
5323:Kush
5205:Dʿmt
4947:Qing
4914:Ming
4876:Yuan
4843:Liao
4801:Tang
4694:Zubu
4548:Flag
4129:Time
3922:Rail
3770:Coal
3642:Navy
3412:LGBT
3119:Bays
3059:East
2916:Qing
2911:Ming
2906:Yuan
2896:Song
2891:Liao
2881:Tang
2794:Zhou
2787:Late
2757:Liao
2561:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2470:2024
2444:2024
2390:2024
2364:2024
2325:link
2311:2024
2279:ISBN
2249:2024
2202:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1953:2024
1921:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1877:2015
1850:2024
1817:ISBN
1697:and
1629:and
1373:Qing
1360:Ming
1347:Yuan
1291:Liao
1250:Song
1188:Tang
869:Zhou
655:and
470:and
358:Qing
354:Ming
350:Yuan
346:Song
342:Tang
306:Qing
304:and
302:Ming
288:(or
91:中華帝國
6347:Mac
5784:Oyo
5693:Edo
5565:Jīn
5545:Sui
5198:Jin
5193:Han
5188:Qin
4771:Han
4167:Art
3647:Air
3394:Law
2876:Sui
2849:Han
2844:Wei
2834:Han
2829:Qin
2777:Xia
2553:doi
2348:doi
2271:doi
1740:by
1317:Jin
1175:Sui
1066:Jin
1050:Shu
1044:Wei
1009:Xin
977:Han
964:Qin
860:BC)
798:Xia
338:Sui
334:Jin
330:Han
326:Qin
6581::
5980:Ho
5970:Ly
4811:/
2854:Wu
2559:.
2547:.
2486:,
2434:.
2380:.
2354:.
2342:.
2321:}}
2317:{{
2301:.
2277:.
2265:.
1943:.
1867:.
1830:^
1713:.
1673:,
1056:Wu
1047:,
916:c.
875:c.
851:c.
828:c.
804:c.
765:,
745:c.
562:,
558:,
466:,
462:,
434:.
360:.
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
240:中華
238:;
236:中华
221:中國
219:;
217:中国
202:天下
186:支那
153:九州
138:華夏
136:;
134:华夏
119:四海
106:神州
76:天朝
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5123:(
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5097:t
5090:v
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