29:
807:
54:
898:
711:
227:
999:
208:
956:, who in 1625 published an English translation of Pantoja's letter and Ricci's account, thought that perhaps Cathay still can be found somewhere north of China. In this period, many cartographers were placing Cathay on the Pacific coast, north of Beijing (Pekin) which was already well known to Europeans. The borders drawn on some of these maps would first make Cathay the northeastern section of China (e.g.
318:
873:
China, as he met the members of a caravan returning from
Beijing to Kashgar, who told them about staying in the same Beijing inn with Portuguese Jesuits. (In fact, those were the same very "Saracens" who had, a few months earlier, confirmed it to Ricci that they were in "Cathay"). De Góis died in
570:
Southern China in its earlier periods), and would therefore not have been used by the
Chinese to describe themselves or their own country, but it was adopted by the Mongols to describe the people and country of Southern China. The name for South China commonly used on Western medieval maps was
733:
who, being able both to travel throughout China and to read, learned about the country from
Chinese books and from conversation with people of all walks of life. During his first fifteen years in China (1583–1598) Matteo Ricci formed a strong suspicion that Marco Polo's
2536:. Of particular relevance are Book Five, Chapter 11, "Cathay and China: The Extraordinary Odyssey of a Jesuit Lay Brother" and Chapter 12, "Cathay and China Proved to Be Identical." (pp. 499–521 in 1953 edition). There is also
768:
Most importantly, when the
Jesuits first arrived to Beijing 1598, they also met a number of "Mohammedans" or "Arabian Turks" – visitors or immigrants from the Muslim countries to the west of China, who told Ricci that now they
845:, on an overland expedition north and east, with the goal of reaching Cathay and finding out once and for all whether it is China or some other country. Góis spent almost three years (1603–1605) crossing
969:
1051:
matched as well. The story, soon published by
Martini in the "Additamentum" to his Atlas of China, seemed to have finally convinced most European scholars that China and Cathay were the same.
787:, which was published in Europe along with other Jesuits' letters in 1605. The Jesuits in India, however, were not convinced, because, according to their informants (merchants who visited the
173:(Western Liao dynasty) for another century thereafter. Originally, this name was the name applied by Central and Western Asians and Europeans to northern China; the name was also used in
1047:
into which, according to Nasir al-Din, the "Cathayans" were dividing the day – and
Martini, who of course knew no Persian, was able to continue the list. The names of the 24
977:
742:) name for the country he was in, i.e. China. Ricci supported his arguments by numerous correspondences between Marco Polo's accounts and his own observations:
818:
In retrospect, the
Central Asian Muslim informants' idea of the Ming China being a heavily Christian country may be explained by numerous similarities between
683:
estuary in 1513), they started calling the country by the name used in South and
Southeast Asia. It was not immediately clear to the Europeans whether this
2152:
Cathay and the Way
Thither: Preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the western nations previous to the discovery of the Cape route
1820:
uses the name in reference to "those states between the
Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers" as the novel is set in the fifth and sixth centuries B.C.
957:
1014:
The last nail into the coffin of the idea of there being a Cathay as a country separate from China was, perhaps, driven in 1654, when the Dutch
399:
in the early 12th century. When describing the fall of the Jin Empire to the Mongols (1234), Persian history described the conquered country as
721:) on the Pacific Coast north-east of China remained typical for a number of maps published in the decades to follow (originally published 1595)
636:
in modern Malay). Meanwhile, in China itself, people usually referred to the realm in which they lived on the name of the ruling dynasty, e.g.
2437:
2621:
2732:
2655:
783:(Portuguese India) and Europe about their discovery of the Cathay–China identity. This was stated e.g. in a 1602 letter of Ricci's comrade
337:
for later Muslim writers. This version of the name was then introduced to medieval and early modern Europe via Muslim and Russian sources.
2660:
2650:
2475:
2226:
and the Siamese as well, from whom the Portuguese learned to call the empire China, call this country Cin". (Gallagher (1953), pp. 6–7)
1763:
was sometimes used for China, although increasingly only in a poetic sense, until the 19th century, when it was completely replaced by
2310:
Duyvendak, J. J. L. (1950), "Review of "Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770. Fact and Fancy in the History of Macao" by C. R. Boxer",
989:
1335:
826:– which would make the two religions appear externally similar to a Muslim merchant. This may also have been the genesis of the
2581:
1962:
2562:
Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China. Issue 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society
988:
hypothesized that it was the ignorance of the fact that "China" is the mighty "Cathay" of Marco Polo that allowed the Dutch
2722:
2553:
2524:
348:, in today's Afghanistan) was visited by envoys from the Liao ruler, he was described as a "Qatā Khan", i.e. the ruler of
28:
995:
to embark on an "unfortunate" (for the Dutch) policy of treating the Ming Empire as "merely another 'oriental' kingdom".
2367:
47:
with its caravan of traders appears in the bottom right corner, while the Pacific coast runs along the top-left corner.
2614:
2377:
2204:
2177:
2084:
2060:
2031:
409:
90:
199:(d. 1331) also writes about Cathay and the Khan in his travelbooks from his journey before 1331, perhaps 1321–1330.
1862:, Grand Cathay is the largest human empire, situated in the far east of the setting and based on medieval China.
750:" divides the empire into two halves, with nine provinces ("kingdoms") south of the river and six to the north;
2096:
See the following source for the title "Cathay and the Way Tither": Editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica. "
469:
395:
The name's currency in the Muslim world survived the replacement of the Khitan Liao dynasty with the Jurchen
2336:
van Dalen, Benno; Kennedy, E.S.; Saiyid, Mustafa K., "The Chinese-Uighur Calendar in Tusi's Zij-i Ilkhani",
2607:
1328:
499:
417:
110:
initially evolved as a term referring to what is now Northern China, completely separate and distinct from
2727:
1744:) exists, and it refers to "East Asian", literally meaning "dwarf" or "short-legged" in today's language.
806:
1854:
1003:
606:
584:
443:
396:
166:
2518:
S. J. "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583–1610". English translation by
2022:
Sinor, D. (1998), "Chapter 11 – The Kitan and the Kara Kitay", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),
1826:
1858:, a fantastical reimagination of the world used as a setting for various novels and games produced by
617:
in the south, ended in the late 13th century with the conquest of southern China by the Yuan dynasty.
952:
Ricci's and de Gois' conclusion was not, however, completely convincing for everybody in Europe yet.
819:
178:
2097:
882:
city he reached – while waiting for an entry permit to proceed toward Beijing; but, in the words of
1693:
803:– had a large Christian population, while the Jesuits in China had not found any Christians there.
1911:
are, respectively, a financial services company and an insurance company, both located in Taiwan.
2772:
1933:
1321:
426:
53:
20:
2123:
1978:
527:
284:
2194:
2167:
1099:
Below is the etymological progression from "Khitan" to Cathay as the word travelled westward:
534:, and Marco Polo all referred to Northern China as Cathay, while Southern China, ruled by the
311:
document describing the external people circa 1000. The Khitans refer to themselves as Qidan (
2645:
2050:
1952:
1908:
897:
776:
773:
living in the Great Cathay. This all made them quite convinced that Cathay was indeed China.
726:
668:
2415:
2115:
2744:
1036:
992:
588:
710:
276:)). The objects in "Cataio" are based on Marco Polo's description and include the capital
226:
8:
2504:
Karl A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-Sheng, "History of Chinese Society: Liao (907–1125)". in
1898:
1842:
1660:
1509:
1349:
680:
312:
305:
196:
1830:(1915) is a collection of classical Chinese poems translated freely into English verse.
1747:
In Uyghur, the word "Xitay (Hitay)"is used as a derogatory term for Ethnic Han Chinese.
1455:
1288:
2519:
2319:
1904:
1803:
1592:
1527:
1491:
1362:
985:
936:, as shown by de Góis, but toward the mysterious "Cathaya, the Chief Kingdome of Great
507:
473:
810:
A typical early 17th-century depiction of "Cataia" as China's northeastern neighbour,
2577:
2456:
2373:
2200:
2173:
2116:
2080:
2056:
2027:
1958:
1723:
1610:
1545:
1068:
961:
714:
485:
446:
289:
264:
191:
822:
ecclesiastical rituals – from having sumptuous statuary and ecclesiastical robes to
601:
The division of China into northern and southern parts ruled by, in succession, the
2682:
2565:. Translated by Yule, Sir Henry. Printed for the Hakluyt society. pp. 529–596.
2533:
2515:
2236:
1891:
is a bank with multiple branches throughout the United States and other countries.
1834:
1812:
1756:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1681:
1649:
1638:
1473:
1396:
1143:
1077:
1044:
1040:
1015:
784:
704:
457:
453:
365:
322:
231:
136:
118:
increased, Cathay came to be seen as the same polity as China as a whole. The term
67:
842:
676:
2750:
2667:
2560:
2537:
2509:
2476:"Our first look at Total War: Warhammer 3's Cathay army in action is spectacular"
2150:
1894:
1685:
1677:
1581:
1432:
1414:
1378:
1022:
973:
926:
906:
875:
823:
811:
461:
333:
the final -n or -ń became -y, and this form may have been the source of the name
998:
165:
from 916 to 1125, and who later migrated west after they were overthrown by the
1875:
1859:
1797:
1768:
1689:
1621:
1563:
1307:
1220:
1158:
1110:
1094:
1018:
953:
695:. Therefore, it would not be uncommon for 16th-century maps to apply the label
661:
625:
186:
162:
99:
2766:
2710:
2672:
2222:, writing less than a century after the events, states: "Today the people of
1060:
1031:
788:
491:
369:
330:
212:
154:
131:
40:
2254:
Relación de la entrade de algunos padres de la Compania de Iesus en la China
2689:
2630:
2541:
2529:
2393:
2223:
2219:
1881:
1838:
1254:
937:
879:
827:
758:
730:
699:
just to the coastal region already well known to the Europeans (e.g., just
644:
638:
614:
610:
602:
535:
472:
authorities have attempted to ban its use. The term also strongly connotes
259:
182:
158:
32:
2715:
1897:
is a cinema operator in Singapore operated by mm2 Asia, acquired from the
1054:
Even then, some people still viewed Cathay as distinct from China, as did
2677:
1888:
1055:
862:
846:
531:
465:
389:
385:
170:
48:
2737:
2694:
2548:
2323:
2297:
1821:
1817:
1048:
981:
965:
902:
883:
850:
692:
523:
341:
308:
174:
2599:
468:
is considered pejorative by both its users and its referents, and the
384:, apparently as two separate countries (presumably, referring to the
2438:"Ini Delapan Ramalan Joyoboyo tentang Nusantara yang Dipercaya Sakti"
1792:
1186:
941:
914:
910:
854:
700:
567:
498:
in a number of spelling variants. The name occurs in the writings of
435:
361:
278:
243:
207:
115:
2349:
562:
is a derogatory term in Chinese meaning "barbarians of the south" (
2240:
1954:
The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto
918:
866:
858:
421:
273:
251:
44:
2338:
Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften
2252:
Lach & Van Kley (1993), p. 1565. Pantoja's letter appeared in
2049:
James A. Millward & Peter C. Perdue (2004). S.F. Starr (ed.).
707:' 1570 map), and to place the mysterious Cathay somewhere inland.
106:
that was used in Europe. During the early modern period, the term
1356:
1269:
1043:. Upon meeting Martini, Golius started reciting the names of the
945:
930:
800:
757:", and Ricci learned that there was no other country between the
754:
747:
439:
2235:
Gallagher (trans.) (1953), pp. 311–312. Also, in p.7, Ricci and
2196:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery
2048:
368:
in the following decades. The Persian scholar and administrator
317:
2522:, S.J. (New York: Random House, Inc. 1953) of the Latin work,
1237:
1205:
1026:
1007:
922:
796:
739:
672:
620:
While Central Asia had long known China under names similar to
592:
345:
144:
841:
controversy, the India Jesuits sent a Portuguese lay brother,
2365:
596:
255:
103:
340:
The Khitans were known to Muslim Central Asia: in 1026, the
79:
792:
764:
People in China had not heard of any place called "Cathay".
460:
to refer to China. The ethnonym derived from Khitay in the
407:(i.e., "Jurchen Cathay"). The Mongols themselves, in their
114:, which was a reference to southern China. As knowledge of
82:
2446:(in Indonesian, transcription of King Jayabaya's prophecy)
948:
are shown in Cathay, while Shuntien (Beijing) is in China.
1801:. One of the largest commercial banks of Taiwan is named
1787:
have histories of approximately equal length in English.
780:
494:, they described the Mongol-controlled Northern China as
73:
51:
is seen enthroned. A flag with three red crescent moons (
1519:
2148:
1537:
1501:
1370:
968:
and possibly some mountains and/or wilderness (as in a
761:
and "Tartary" (i.e., the lands of Mongols and Manchus).
300:
came from the name for the Khitans. A form of the name
1739:
1733:
1555:
413:(13th century) talk of both Khitans and Kara-Khitans.
2547:"The Journey of Benedict Goës from Agra to Cathay" –
1865:
1717:
1602:
1483:
1406:
449:
that could be used to buy luxury items such as silk.
91:
70:
1424:
1388:
1075:, a Japanese botanist) published a paper describing
490:
As European and Arab travelers started reaching the
430:, a guide about trade in China, a country he called
1573:
1465:
1230:
1029:. Golius knew no Chinese, but he was familiar with
76:
2459:[How My Uyghur "Nationalism" Was Formed].
964:), or, later, a region separated by China by the
869:, he, too, became convinced that his destination
575:, a term still used in maps in the 16th century.
2764:
2372:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–223.
2243:, who live to the west, speak of it as Cathay".
2199:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 817.
1934:"Catalan Atlas. The Cresques Project - Panel VI"
1670:
1664:
1513:
799:), Cathay – a country that could be reached via
2557:, with detailed notes and an introduction. In:
2079:, Boston: Wadsworth, Cencage Learning, p. 183,
1531:
1495:
1365:
1039:, completed in 1272, in which he described the
452:Words related to Khitay are still used in many
2506:Transactions of American Philosophical Society
2396:(in Chinese). 中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆. 1 December 2014
2192:
1873:is more prevalent in proper terms, such as in
1727:
1722:) remains the usual modern name for China. In
1614:
1549:
1247:
578:
442:) and how merchants could exchange silver for
2615:
1653:
1642:
1596:
1477:
1400:
1329:
2572:Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1994),
2571:
2418:. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index)
2165:
1585:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1418:
1382:
1121:
667:When the Portuguese reached Southeast Asia (
16:Alternative name for China in some languages
2551:'s translation of the relevant chapters of
2356:, Vol. 65, No. 3 (Jul., 1970), pp. 493–498.
2275:
2273:
2271:
2104:(online source). Accessed 6 September 2016.
1957:. University of Toronto Press. p. 32.
1767:. Demonyms for the people of Cathay (i.e.,
1631:
1625:
1567:
1459:
1088:
929:) – but has it directed not toward China's
624:, that country was known to the peoples of
2622:
2608:
2044:
2042:
1336:
1322:
675:in 1511) and the southern coast of China (
2309:
2026:, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing,
1083:Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute
1002:Cathay is finally gone: This 1689 map by
890:... finally disappear from view, leaving
753:Marco Polo's "Cathay" was just south of "
526:has a story called "The Road to Cathay".
2576:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2366:De-Yuan Hong; Stephen Blackmore (2015).
2268:
2024:History of Civilisations of Central Asia
997:
896:
805:
709:
225:
206:
27:
2629:
2467:
2259:
2039:
1950:
717:'s placing of the "Kingdom of Cathay" (
382:Book on the Administration of the State
2765:
2135:
2133:
2118:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest
2113:
894:only in the mouths and minds of men".
779:promptly informed their colleagues in
329:), but in the language of the ancient
2603:
2279:Lach & Kley (1993), pp. 1575–1577
2169:Dynastic China: An Elementary History
2077:Western Civilization: a Brief History
2021:
1010:identifies it (and Mangi) with China.
2558:
2554:De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas
2525:De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas
2288:Gallagher, p. 500; Yule, pp. 551–552
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
886:, it was his expedition that made "
2508:(vol. 36, Part 1, 1946). Available
2473:
2350:"Why Did Milton Err on Two Chinas?"
2130:
2052:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
1951:Cavallo, Jo Ann (28 October 2013).
1437:
1401:
1383:
1122:
1035:, a work by the Persian astronomer
479:
13:
2149:Henry Yule; Henri Cordier (1967),
1866:In the names of organized entities
940:", northeast of China. Naturally,
520:Travels in the Land of Kublai Khan
14:
2784:
2416:"Iridaceae Iris cathayensis Migo"
1997:
1845:), the analog of China is called
1750:
628:and India under names similar to
2172:. The Other Press. p. 247.
1841:stories (including the tales of
1353:
1081:(meaning "Chinese iris") in the
1021:met with the China-based Jesuit
909:' layout: He shows the chain of
613:dynasties in the north, and the
316:
122:became a poetic name for China.
66:
52:
2474:Zak, Robert (19 October 2021).
2449:
2430:
2408:
2394:"中国植物采集简史I — 1949年之前外国人在华采集（三）"
2386:
2359:
2343:
2330:
2303:
2291:
2282:
2246:
2229:
2213:
2193:Donald F. Lach (15 July 2008).
2186:
2166:Tan Koon San (15 August 2014).
2159:
2142:
2075:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2011).
1985:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009
57:) appears on all the territory.
2107:
2090:
2069:
2015:
1983:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1971:
1944:
1926:
1795:flag-bearing airline is named
1791:is still used poetically. The
1302:
1298:
1283:
1279:
1200:
1196:
901:Not convinced by the Jesuits,
149:
1:
2559:Yule, Sir Henry, ed. (1866).
1914:
1041:Chinese ("Cathayan") calendar
262:" in the west. There is also
216:
157:nomadic people who ruled the
39:for Cathay) according to the
2574:Asia in the Making of Europe
2098:Francesco Balducci Pegolotti
2012:Wittfogel (1946), p. 1.
1919:
1357:
648:("Great Qing state"), or as
500:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
418:Francesco Balducci Pegolotti
7:
2055:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 43.
1740:
1734:
1718:
1603:
1574:
1556:
1538:
1520:
1502:
1484:
1466:
1425:
1407:
1389:
1371:
1004:Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola
913:cities visited by de Góis (
738:is simply the Tatar (i.e.,
585:Europeans in Medieval China
579:Identifying China as Cathay
486:Names of China § Mangi
10:
2789:
2497:
2461:The New York Times Chinese
2354:The Modern Language Review
2327:(specifically pp. 185–186)
2239:unambiguously state, "the
1708:a form of "Cathay" (e.g.,
1231:
1092:
1025:, who was passing through
582:
483:
202:
18:
2728:Memorial for Yelü Yanning
2703:
2638:
2532:'s journals completed by
1728:
1713:
1568:
1550:
1532:
1514:
1496:
1478:
1460:
1443:
1419:
1366:
1289:Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)
1264:
1248:
1215:
1181:
1168:
1153:
1138:
1072:
642:("Great Ming state") and
326:
140:
129:originates from the term
2733:Administrative divisions
2114:Dillon, Michael (2003).
1089:Etymological progression
1058:in the 11th Book of his
725:It was a small group of
258:" in the southwest and "
33:Empire of the Great Khan
2318:(1/3), BRILL: 183–197,
2102:Encyclopædia Britannica
1938:www.cresquesproject.net
1560:) (archaic or obsolete)
990:governor of East Indies
687:is the same country as
427:Pratica della mercatura
360:appears in writings of
268:(between "Cataio" and
21:Cathay (disambiguation)
2139:Wittfogel (1946), p. 2
1876:Cathay Pacific Airways
1671:
1665:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1615:
1597:
1586:
1449:
1011:
949:
820:Christian and Buddhist
815:
722:
528:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
510:(c. 1220–c. 1293) (as
293:
242:(referring to today's
223:
185:China (he referred to
58:
43:(1375, rotated 180°).
1909:Cathay Life Insurance
1093:Further information:
1067:In 1939, Hisao Migo (
1001:
900:
809:
713:
669:Afonso de Albuquerque
583:Further information:
566:was used to describe
434:, noting the size of
372:(1018–1092) mentions
238:is located inland of
229:
210:
31:
2738:Shangjing Linhuangfu
2589:A Century of Advance
1037:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
993:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
589:Sino-Roman relations
230:On this 1570 map by
19:For other uses, see
2457:"我的维吾尔"民族主义"是怎样形成的"
2369:The Plants of China
1899:Cathay Organisation
1843:Conan the Barbarian
1350:Classical Mongolian
1105:Part of a series on
777:China-based Jesuits
502:(c. 1180–1252) (as
313:Khitan small script
254:), and borders on "
197:Odoric of Pordenone
2520:Louis J. Gallagher
1905:Cathay United Bank
1804:Cathay United Bank
1012:
986:J. J. L. Duyvendak
950:
861:with Muslim trade
816:
723:
508:William of Rubruck
474:Uyghur nationalism
420:, a merchant from
294:
224:
59:
2760:
2759:
2646:Goryeo–Khitan War
2583:978-0-226-46734-4
2516:Trigault, Nicolas
2340:11 (1997) 111–151
2314:, Second Series,
2265:Yule, pp. 534–535
1964:978-1-4426-6667-2
1895:Cathay Cineplexes
1855:Warhammer Fantasy
1346:
1345:
962:Gerardus Mercator
857:, and Kingdom of
715:Gerardus Mercator
392:, respectively).
304:is attested in a
2780:
2683:Battle of Qatwan
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2566:
2534:Nicolas Trigault
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1835:Robert E. Howard
1757:English language
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1706:Slavic languages
1674:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1251:
1250:
1234:
1233:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1183:
1170:
1155:
1144:Celestial Empire
1140:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1078:Iris cathayensis
1074:
905:in 1626 follows
785:Diego de Pantoja
705:Abraham Ortelius
480:Cathay and Mangi
458:Slavic languages
366:Abu Said Gardezi
328:
320:
232:Abraham Ortelius
221:
218:
151:
142:
95:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
56:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:History of Liao
2699:
2668:Chanyuan Treaty
2656:Second conflict
2634:
2628:
2598:
2584:
2538:full Latin text
2510:on Google Books
2500:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2308:
2304:
2300:(1866), p. 530.
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2020:
2016:
2011:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1868:
1753:
1342:
1295:
1276:
1261:
1244:
1227:
1212:
1193:
1178:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1111:
1097:
1091:
1023:Martino Martini
974:Jodocus Hondius
907:Jodocus Hondius
833:To resolve the
824:Gregorian chant
812:Jodocus Hondius
599:
581:
488:
482:
462:Uyghur language
424:, compiled the
342:Ghaznavid court
219:
205:
177:'s book on his
100:historical name
93:
69:
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2773:Names of China
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:Third conflict
2658:
2653:
2651:First conflict
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2587:. Volume III,
2582:
2568:
2567:
2545:
2513:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2466:
2448:
2429:
2407:
2385:
2378:
2358:
2342:
2329:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2267:
2258:
2245:
2228:
2212:
2205:
2185:
2178:
2158:
2141:
2129:
2106:
2089:
2068:
2061:
2038:
2032:
2014:
1996:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1867:
1864:
1860:Games Workshop
1798:Cathay Pacific
1769:Chinese people
1752:
1751:Use in English
1749:
1698:
1697:
1675:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1622:Medieval Latin
1619:
1608:
1590:
1579:
1561:
1543:
1525:
1507:
1489:
1471:
1453:
1430:
1412:
1394:
1376:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:Nine Provinces
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1159:Chinese Empire
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1112:Names of China
1107:
1106:
1095:Names of China
1090:
1087:
1019:Jacobus Golius
954:Samuel Purchas
865:. In 1605, in
766:
765:
762:
751:
662:Names of China
654:Middle Kingdom
626:Southeast Asia
580:
577:
481:
478:
416:In about 1340
410:Secret History
405:Djerdaj Khitāy
222:(South is up.)
204:
201:
187:southern China
163:northern China
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2785:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:Khitan people
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Northern Liao
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2594:
2591:, Book Four,
2590:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:available on
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2379:9781107070172
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2352:Y. Z. Chang,
2351:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2206:9780226467085
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2179:9789839541885
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2155:, p. 177
2154:
2153:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2085:0-495-57147-4
2082:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2062:9781317451372
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2033:92-3-103467-7
2029:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1061:Paradise Lost
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1032:Zij-i Ilkhani
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Suzhou, Gansu
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:Bento de Góis
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
813:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
772:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
744:
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:reaching the
678:
677:Jorge Álvares
674:
670:
665:
664:for details.
663:
659:
658:Central State
655:
651:
647:
646:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
598:
594:
590:
586:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Mongol Empire
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Nizam al-Mulk
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
324:
319:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
291:
290:marble bridge
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
214:
213:Fra Mauro map
211:"Chataio" on
209:
200:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:para-Mongolic
152:
146:
138:
134:
133:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
87:
63:
55:
50:
46:
42:
41:Catalan Atlas
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2749:
2690:Eastern Liao
2678:Western Liao
2631:Liao dynasty
2592:
2588:
2573:
2561:
2552:
2542:Google Books
2530:Matteo Ricci
2523:
2505:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2441:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2388:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2293:
2284:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2231:
2220:Matteo Ricci
2215:
2195:
2188:
2168:
2161:
2151:
2144:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2076:
2071:
2051:
2023:
2017:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1882:Cathay Hotel
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1839:Hyborian Age
1832:
1825:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:. The terms
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1699:
1694:Scandinavian
1361:(cf. modern
1128:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1045:12 divisions
1030:
1013:
951:
933:
891:
887:
878:– the first
870:
838:
834:
832:
828:Prester John
817:
775:
770:
767:
735:
731:Matteo Ricci
724:
718:
696:
688:
684:
666:
660:); see also
657:
653:
649:
643:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
615:Song dynasty
600:
572:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:Song dynasty
519:
515:
511:
503:
495:
489:
451:
431:
425:
415:
408:
404:
400:
394:
390:Song Empires
381:
377:
373:
357:
353:
349:
339:
334:
301:
297:
295:
283:
277:
269:
263:
247:
239:
235:
190:
183:Yuan dynasty
169:to form the
159:Liao dynasty
148:
130:
126:
124:
119:
111:
107:
61:
60:
36:
25:
1889:Cathay Bank
1759:, the word
1726:, the word
1456:Kazan Tatar
1173:Divine land
1056:John Milton
1049:solar terms
1016:Orientalist
847:Afghanistan
759:Ming Empire
746:The River "
719:Cathay Reg.
691:known from
681:Pearl River
671:conquering
645:Da Qing Guo
639:Da Ming Guo
568:unsinicised
554:. The word
532:ibn Battuta
466:Han Chinese
447:paper money
397:Jin dynasty
220: 1450
171:Qara Khitai
167:Jin dynasty
49:Kublai Khan
2695:Later Liao
2549:Henry Yule
2485:11 January
2442:Detik News
2422:21 January
2312:T'oung Pao
2298:Henry Yule
2122:. p.
1915:References
1822:Ezra Pound
1818:Gore Vidal
1810:The novel
1661:Portuguese
1510:Belarusian
982:John Speed
966:Great Wall
903:John Speed
884:Henry Yule
880:Ming China
851:Badakhshan
693:Marco Polo
652:(中國, lit.
632:(cf. e.g.
524:Marco Polo
484:See also:
309:Manichaean
175:Marco Polo
2716:Yelü clan
2593:East Asia
2528:based on
2400:9 October
1920:Citations
1793:Hong Kong
1593:Slovenian
1528:Bulgarian
1492:Ukrainian
1363:Mongolian
1187:Four Seas
911:Silk Road
855:Kashgaria
791:capitals
729:, led by
701:Guangdong
436:Khanbaliq
362:al-Biruni
296:The term
244:Guangdong
125:The name
116:East Asia
2767:Category
2723:Emperors
2704:See also
2480:PC Gamer
2241:Saracens
2237:Trigault
1979:"Cathay"
1813:Creation
1773:Cathayan
1724:Javanese
1700:In many
1696:: Cathay
1611:Croatian
1557:Khataeti
1546:Georgian
1308:Zhonghua
1069:Japanese
1064:(1667).
978:1626 map
970:1610 map
958:1595 map
863:caravans
650:Zhongguo
558:(蠻子) or
438:(modern
422:Florence
288:, and a
274:Shandong
252:Zhejiang
45:Xinjiang
2745:Coinage
2639:History
2498:Sources
2324:4527279
1989:23 June
1777:Cataian
1771:) were
1755:In the
1710:Russian
1682:English
1650:Spanish
1639:Italian
1551:ხატაეთი
1474:Russian
1397:Persian
1372:Khyatad
1270:Tianxia
976:, or a
942:Cambalu
931:Shaanxi
919:Chialis
801:Kashgar
755:Tartary
748:Yangtze
727:Jesuits
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516:Cathaia
506:), and
444:Chinese
440:Beijing
380:in his
331:Uyghurs
323:Chinese
279:Cambalu
248:Chequan
203:History
179:travels
137:Chinese
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1847:Khitai
1827:Cathay
1789:Cathay
1785:Cathay
1761:Cathay
1702:Turkic
1686:German
1678:French
1666:Cataio
1627:Cataya
1582:Polish
1433:Kazakh
1415:Kyrgyz
1408:khatāy
1379:Uyghur
1238:Serica
1232:Σηρικά
1206:Huaxia
1129:Cathay
1027:Leyden
1008:Modena
934:Sancii
923:Turfan
915:Cuchia
888:Cathay
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859:Cialis
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830:myth.
814:, 1610
797:Lahore
789:Mughal
740:Mongol
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689:Cathay
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593:Serica
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1714:Китай
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550:, or
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1907:and
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1775:and
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1073:御江久夫
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